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Objective: To evaluate a new self-etch conditioner used with resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) in bonding orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Sixty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into three groups. In group 1 (control), 20 orthodontic brackets were bonded to teeth using Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer; in group 2, 20 brackets were bonded using an RMGI with a 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner. In group 3, 20 brackets were bonded using Fuji Ortho LC with a new no-rinse self-conditioner for RMGIs. The same bracket type was used on all groups. The teeth were debonded in shear mode using a universal testing machine, and the amount of residual adhesive remaining on each tooth was evaluated. Analysis of variance was used to compare the shear bond strength (SBS), and the χ² test was used to compare the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores. Results: There were no significant differences in the SBS (P = .556) between the groups. The mean SBS for Transbond Plus was 8.6 ± 2.6 MPa, for Fuji Ortho LC using 10% polyacrylic acid 9.1 ± 4.6 MPa, and for Fuji Ortho LC using GC Self-conditioner 9.9 ± 4.1 MPa. The comparisons of the ARI scores between the three groups (χ² = 35.5) indicated that bracket failure mode was significantly different (P < .001), with more adhesive remaining on the teeth bonded using Transbond. Conclusions: The new self-etch conditioner can be used with an RMGI to successfully bond brackets. In addition, brackets bonded with Fuji Ortho LC resulted in less residual adhesive remaining on the teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets when the self- etching primer (SEP) and the bracket adhesive are light cured either separately or simultaneously. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five human molars were randomly divided into five equal groups. Brackets precoated with Transbond XT composite adhesive were used. The five protocols were: Group 1 (control), the SEP Transbond Plus was applied, brackets placed, and adhesive light cured for 20 seconds; Group 2, SEP Adper Prompt L-Pop was applied, light cured, brackets placed, and light cured; Group 3, the same SEP as in Group 2 was used, however, the SEP and bracket adhesive were light cured together; Group 4, SEP Clearfil S3 Bond was applied, light cured, brackets placed, and light cured; and Group 5, the same SEP as in group 4 was used, however, the SEP and the adhesive were light cured together. The teeth were debonded using a universal testing machine, and the enamel was examined for residual adhesive. Analysis of variance was used to compare the SBS. Results: The SBS of Clearfil S3 Bond after one light cure and two light cures were significantly greater than the bonds of brackets using Transbond Plus. Brackets bonded using Adper Prompt L-Pop after one light cure and two light cures were not significantly different from the other groups. The groups did not differ significantly in their bracket failure modes. Conclusion: Only one light curing application is needed to successfully bond brackets when using SEPs and adhesives. This approach can potentially reduce technique sensitivity as well as chair time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the influence of operator skill on microleakage in class V restorations using two-step bonding systems. Methods: Two standardized box cavities were made on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 54 human bicuspid teeth, with the cervical margin in dentin. The teeth were randomly assigned to two groups according to the operator''s skill. Students group: undergraduate students. Expert group: a dentist with 20 years of clinical experience in dental adhesion. The buccal cavities of each tooth were treated with Prime&Bond NT (two-step total-etch system); the lingual cavities were treated with AdheSE (two-step self-etch system). All cavities were restored by a single calibrated operator with one bulk increment of resin composite (InTens; Ivoclar Vivadent). Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in 2% methylene blue and sectioned in a bucco-lingual plane in the middle of the restorations. They were then examined under a stereomicroscope and scored according to microleakage by two operators who were blind to the specimen preparation. The data was subjected to a multilevel statistical model. Results: The microleakage resulting from the self-etch adhesive was similar in the student and in the expert groups. On the other hand, the total-etch adhesive microleakage within the expert group resulted lower than that within the student group. However, the interaction term skill×adhesive resulted statistically significant at the dentin margin (p =0.0474) but not at the enamel margin (p =0.1267). Conclusion: While the total-etch adhesive used in this study showed to be skill-sensitive, the self-etch one proved to be less skill-sensitive in obtaining a reliable seal with dentin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: One-step self-etch adhesives are undoubtedly the most user-friendly adhesives, but have been associated with lower bonding effectiveness as compared to two-step and three-step adhesives. Conversion of a one-step self-etch system into a two-step self-etch adhesive by adding a bonding step, or into a three-step etch&rinse adhesive by adding a beforehand etching step and a bonding step might be tempting in order to improve bond strength. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate whether adding application steps influences the bond strength of a one-step self-etch adhesive. Methods: In this study, the bonding effectiveness of two experimental one-step self-etch adhesives and three different commercial adhesives to enamel and dentin was determined using a micro-tensile bond-strength protocol. This procedure was repeated for the experimental adhesives transformed into two-step self-etch and three-step etch&rinse adhesives. In addition, their interaction with tooth tissue was investigated using TEM and Feg-SEM. Results: Transforming a one-step into a two-step self-etch adhesive did improve the bond strength to enamel and dentin, though not significantly. By adding a preceding etching step, the bond strength to enamel was significantly improved, but that to dentin was decreased considerably. The latter must be attributed to hampered resin infiltration of the one-step self-etch adhesive within the relatively deeply exposed collagen fibril network. Significance: Additional application of a hydrophobic bonding agent slightly improved bonding effectiveness. Adding a preceding etching step is beneficial for enamel but should be avoided for dentin as this will decrease bond strengths, and may even jeopardize the bonding durability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a filled adhesive (One-Step Plus; Bisco) versus an unfilled adhesive (One-Step; Bisco) on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin using total-etch (Uni-etch; Bisco) and self-etch (Tyrian SPE; Bisco) techniques. Methods: Twenty extracted human third molars were ground flat to expose occlusal dentin. After the dentin surfaces were polished with 600-grit SiC paper, the teeth were randomly assigned to four groups according to the bonding agent and technique being used. Dentin surfaces were bonded with One-Step Plus+total-etch; One-Step Plus+self-etch; One-Step+total-etch and One-Step+self-etch. Composite buildups were performed with Clearfil AP-X (Kuraray Medical). Following storage in distilled water at 37°C for 24h, the bonded specimens were serially sectioned into 0.7mm-thick slabs and then trimmed to hour-glass shapes with a 1mm2 cross-sectional area (n=20). Microtensile bond strengths were determined using the EZ-test (Shimadzu) at a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey''s post hoc test. Results: There were no significant differences in the μTBS between One-Step Plus and One-Step adhesives when they were used with the total-etch and self-etch techniques (p>0.05). However with the total-etch technique both adhesives yielded significantly higher bond strength values than the self-etch technique (p<0.001). Conclusion: The filled adhesive One-Step Plus did not show any beneficial effect than the unfilled adhesive One-Step on the μTBS to dentin with total-etch and self-etch techniques. Irrespective from the adhesive type, self-etch technique revealed lower bond strengths than the total-etch technique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The favorable self-adhesiveness of resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) might be even further improved if the time-consuming and technically sensitive etch-and-rinse pre-treatment step with polyalkenoic acids could be avoided. We undertook this study to assess the effectiveness of an experimental self-etch adhesive for RMGIs that does not need to be rinsed off. Ultrastructural analysis and micro-tensile bond strength testing to enamel and dentin of a RMGI restorative material and a RMGI adhesive were performed after 4 different surface pre-treatments: no conditioning; 25% polyalkenoic acid; an experimental self-etch adhesive; and 37.5% phosphoric acid followed by the experimental self-etch adhesive. The use of an experimental self-etch adhesive increased the bond strength of RMGIs, especially after an additional conditioning step. Interfacial analysis showed the formation of a thin hydroxyapatite-containing hybrid layer. The self-etch technique enhances the user-friendliness of RMGIs and lowers their technique-sensitivity, while maintaining desirable characteristics of the conventional etch-and-rinse approach with polyalkenoic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: The aim of the present study was to clinically evaluate the effect of two different adhesive/resin composite combinations for luting of IPS Empress inlays. Methods: Ninety-four IPS Empress restorations were placed in 31 patients in a controlled prospective clinical split-mouth study. The restorations were luted with EBS Multi/Compolute (3M Espe) or with Syntac/Variolink II low (Ivoclar Vivadent) without lining. At baseline and after 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 years, the ceramic restorations were examined according to modified USPHS codes and criteria. Results: Two patients including four restorations missed the 4 years recall (drop out). After 4 years of clinical service, four restorations in two patients (three luted with Compolute, one with Variolink II) had to be replaced due to hypersensitivities, 90 inlays and onlays were acceptable (failure rate 4%; Kaplan–Meier survival analysis). Between the five recalls, a statistically significant deterioration was found for the criteria marginal adaptation and inlay fracture (Friedman 2-way ANOVA; p<0.05). Between the adhesives no statistical difference was found. At baseline, 95% of the restorations revealed luting composite overhangs. After 4 years, 55% of cases had overhangs and 38% showed marginal ditching. No differences were found for surface roughness, color matching, integrity tooth, proximal contact, hypersensitivity, and satisfaction (p>0.05). Conclusion: For luting of ceramic inlays, no difference between the two luting systems was detectable. The overall failure rate after 4 years was 4%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study compared the enamel bond strengths of self-etching and one bottle adhesives, and evaluated microscopically their debonding modes. Evaluated systems were: Self-etch– Prompt L-Pop (LP); one bottle, total etch– Single Bond (SB), Prime & Bond NT (PB); compomer– Hytac Aplitip (HA), F2000 (F2); resin composite– Reference 21 Aplitip (R2), Herculite XRV (XRV), Esthet.X (EX); in the following combinations: LP/HA; LP/R2; SB/F2; SB/XRV; PB/EX. Flat surfaces of enamel were ground on caries free extracted third molars. An adhesive resin was applied to this surface and a restorative material built on it. The teeth were sectioned longitudinally into 1 mm thick specimens and trimmed to a 1 mm2 area at the enamel/adhesive interface. For each material combination, 10 specimens were tested. Microtensile bond strengths were determined at 0·5 mm min−1. Fractured specimens were examined using confocal and scanning electron microscopy to determine failure modes. Bond strength data was analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, a log-rank test and a Bonferroni multiple comparison. Failure mode data was analysed with a χ2 test. The interface of additional fluorescent-labelled specimens was examined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The bond strength data showed significant differences: LP/R2 > LP/HA, SB/F2 and PB/EX; SB/F2 < LP/HA, SB/XRV and PB/EX. Both compomers principally exhibited cohesive failure. Resin composite materials showed more complex failure modes. Fluorescence images demonstrated interfacial characteristics consistent with the failure modes observed. Significance: bond strength was not influenced by the use of self-etch or one bottle adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. In this intra-individual comparison (an 18-months' randomized, controlled prospective study), we evaluated the clinical performance of one self-etch and one “etch & rinse” adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions. Methods. Twenty-five patients with at least two pairs of similar-sized non-carious cervical lesions participated. Seventy-eight restorations were placed; 39 with etch & rinse (Single-Bond) and 39 with self-etch (Adper Prompt). Both adhesives were combined with the microfilled resin composite Filtek-A110. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months according to slightly modified USPHS criteria. Statistical differences between the adhesives was tested with McNemar's test and clinical degradation over time for each material with the Fisher exact test (a=0.05). Results. Thirty pairs were evaluated at 12 and 18 months. Two self-etch restorations were lost after 18 months. Nine Adper Prompt and four Single-Bond restorations scored bravo for marginal adaptation at 18 months ( p [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aims of this in vitro study were to evaluate the ultra-morphological changes in resin–dentine interfaces after different amounts of thermomechanical load (TML), and to determine the corresponding microtensile bond strengths (μTBS). Enamel/dentine discs with a thickness of 2mm were cut from 24 human third molars and bonded with four adhesives involving different adhesion approaches: Syntac (Ivoclar Vivadent; used as multi-step etch-and-rinse adhesive), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray; two-step self-etch adhesive), Xeno III (Dentsply DeTrey; mixed all-in-one self-etch primer adhesive system), and iBond (Heraeus Kulzer; non-mixed all-in-one self-etch adhesive). The resin–dentine discs were cut into beams (width 2mm; 2mm dentine, 2mm resin composite) and subsequently subjected to cyclic TML using ascending amounts of mechanical/thermal cycles (20N at 0.5Hz of mechanical load and 5–55°C of thermal cycles: for 0/0, 100/3, 1,000/25, 10,000/250, 100,000/2,500 cycles). Loaded specimens were either cut perpendicularly in order to measure μTBS (; crosshead speed: 1mm/min) or were immersed in an aqueous tracer solution consisting of 50wt% ammoniacal silver nitrate and processed for ultra-morphological nanoleakage examination using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). μTBS were significantly decreased by increasing amounts of TML for all adhesives (p<0.05). Bond strengths after 0 vs. 100,000 thermomechanical cycles were: Syntac: 41.3/30.1MPa; Clearfil SE Bond 44.8/32.5MPa; Xeno III 27.5/13.7MPa; iBond 27.0/6.2MPa. Relatively early, a certain amount of nanoleakage was observed in all groups by TEM, which was more pronounced for Xeno III and iBond. The incidence of nanoleakage remained stable or was even reduced with increasing load cycles for all adhesives except iBond, where exact failure origins were detected within the adhesive and at the top of the hybrid layer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Besides micro-mechanical interlocking through hybrid-layer formation, self-etch adhesives may benefit from additional chemical interaction between the functional monomer and residual hydroxyapatite. One-step adhesives are commonly associated with lower bonding effectiveness, which must be attributed in part to the dissolution of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers in a relatively highly concentrated solvent In this 'difficult' mixture, also water is essential as ionization medium to enable self etching activity. Due to the high hydrophilicity, one step self-etch adhesives have been reported to behave as semi-permeable membranes, allowing fluids to pass through and seriously jeopardizing bond durability. Recent research has also revealed that HEMA-free one step adhesives are prone to phase separation, which may also account for their lower bonding effectiveness. Employing an appropriate air-drying technique may, however, improve the bonding effectivenes of such phase-separating adhesives by getting rid of substantially more interfacial water than HEMA-containing adhesives, of which water might be more difficult to remove from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect polymerization contraction stress may have on bond durability.Methods: Bonding effectiveness was assessed by micro-tensile bond strength testing (μTBS) and electron microscopy. The μTBS to flat dentin surfaces and in standardized cavities was determined (this after 1 day as well as 1 year water storage). Six adhesives representing all current classes were applied: two etch-and-rinse (OptiBond FL, Kerr; Scotchbond 1, 3M ESPE), two self-etch (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray; Adper Prompt, 3M ESPE) and two glass-ionomer (Fuji Bond LC, GC; Reactmer, Shofu) adhesives.Results: The conventional 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive OptiBond FL bonded most effectively to dentin, and appeared insensitive to polymerization shrinkage stress and water degradation. The 2-step self-etch adhesive Clearfil SE Bond most closely approached this superior bonding effectiveness and only slightly lost bond strength after 1-year water exposure. The 2-step etch-and-rinse adhesive Scotchbond 1 and the ‘strong’ 1-step self-etch adhesive Adper Prompt appeared very sensitive to cavity configuration and water-aging effects. The 2-step resin-modified glass-ionomer adhesive Fuji Bond LC only suffered from shrinkage stress, but not from 1-year water-exposure. Remarkable also is the apparent repairability of the ‘mild’ 1-step glass-ionomer adhesive Reactmer when stored for 1 year in water, in spite of the very low 1-day μTBS.Significance: Simplified bonding procedures do not necessarily imply improved bonding performance, especially in the long term. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Koshiro K, Inoue S, Tanaka T, Koase K, Fujita M, Hashimoto M, Sano H. In vivo degradation of resin–dentin bonds produced by a self-etch vs. a total-etch adhesive system. Eur J Oral Sci 2004; 112: 368–375. © Eur J Oral Sci, 2004 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term durability of in vivo bond strengths and the morphological changes of interfaces between dentin and two adhesive systems. Class V preparations were prepared on the facial surfaces of 14 intact teeth of two monkeys and restored with a combination of Unifil Bond/Z250 or Single Bond/Z250. One year later, 10 additional teeth were restored with the same materials and the monkeys were killed after 24 h. All of the restored teeth were subjected to microtensile bond strength ( µTBS) testing. The debonded surfaces of the dentin sides were morphologically observed using Fe-scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as were the polished cross-sections of resin–dentin interfaces. For both Unifil Bond and Single Bond, the µTBS at 24 h was significantly higher than that at 1 yr . Fe-SEM observations of polished cross-sectioned and fractured surfaces showed that porosity within the hybrid layers produced by Single Bond increased over time. However, the interface produced by Unifil Bond revealed no noticeable changes in morphology between 24-h and 1-yr specimens. It is concluded that even though the bond strengths of both adhesive systems declined over time, the bonding interface using self-etching primers was relatively stable over time compared to the wet bonding system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-step self-etch adhesives behave as permeable membranes after polymerization, permitting water to move through the cured adhesives. We hypothesize that osmotic blistering occurs in bonded enamel when these adhesives are used without composite coupling. Tooth surfaces from extracted human premolars were bonded with 5 one-step self-etch adhesives. They were immersed in distilled water or 4.8 M CaCl2, and examined by stereomicroscopy, field-emission/environmental SEM, and TEM. Water blisters were observed in bonded enamel but not in bonded dentin when specimens were immersed in water. They collapsed when water was subsequently replaced with CaCl2. Blisters were absent from enamel in specimens that were immersed in CaCl2 only. Water trees were identified from adhesive-enamel interfaces. Osmotic blistering in enamel is probably caused by the low water permeability of enamel. This creates an osmotic gradient between the bonded enamel and the external environment, causing water sorption into the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To evaluate the microtensile bond strength of total-etch or self-etch adhesives to caries-affected versus normal dentine, and to correlate these bond strengths with DIAGNOdent laser fluorescence and Knoop microhardness (KH) measurements of the substrates.Methods. Extracted carious human molars were ground to expose flat surfaces where the caries lesion was surrounded by normal dentine. Surfaces were bonded with either Prime & Bond NT, Scotchbond 1, Clearfil SE Bond or Prompt L-Pop, according to manufacturers'' recommendations. A crown was built up using resin composite (Tetric Ceram). After storage in water (37 °C, 24 h), teeth were vertically serially sectioned into 0.7 mm thick slabs and trimmed to yield 1 mm2 test area that contained either caries-affected or normal dentine. Samples were tested in tension in an Instron machine at 1 mm/min. The quality of the dentine just beneath each fractured specimen was measured by laser fluorescence and KH.Results. Total-etch adhesives yielded higher bond strengths than self-etching systems. Significantly lower results were obtained with Prompt L-Pop. All the adhesives attained higher strengths in normal than in caries-affected dentine, but the differences were only significant for Prime & Bond NT and Clearfil SE Bond. Higher laser fluorescence values and lower KH (p<0.001) were recorded in caries-affected dentine compared to normal dentine.Conclusions. The total-etch adhesives evaluated produced higher bond strengths to normal and caries-affected dentine than self-etching systems. Laser fluorescence measurements discriminated caries-affected dentine from normal dentine, and were strongly correlated with KH. However, laser fluorescence and KH did not permit high correlations with resin-dentine bond strengths in caries-affected dentine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Carious dentin is partially demineralized and contains mineral crystals in the tubules. This may permit the deeper etching of intertubular dentin but prevent resin tag formation during bonding. We hypothesize that resin adhesives will produce lower bond strengths to caries-infected and caries-affected dentin compared with normal dentin. We tested this by measuring the microtensile bond strength of a total-etch adhesive and an experimental self-etching adhesive (ABF) to caries-infected, caries-affected, and sound dentin and by correlating those results with ultrastructural observations. The bond strengths of both adhesives to sound dentin were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those to caries-affected dentin, which, in turn were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those to caries-infected dentin. For both adhesives, hybrid layers in caries-affected dentin were thicker but more porous than those in sound dentin. The lower bond strengths may be due to the lower tensile strength of caries-affected dentin. Clinically, this may not be a problem, since such lesions are normally surrounded by normal dentin or enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-etch adhesives that etch, prime, and bond simultaneously should not exhibit incomplete resin infiltration within hybrid layers. We hypothesized that nanoleakage patterns in these systems are artifacts caused by mineral dissolution in mildly acidic silver nitrate. Resin-dentin interfaces bonded with four single-step, self-etch adhesives were examined for nanoleakage by conventional (pH 4.2) and basic ammoniacal (pH 9.5) silver nitrate and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. All adhesives exhibited a reticular mode of nanoleakage within hybrid layers when conventional silver nitrate was used. With ammoniacal silver nitrate, an additional spotted pattern of nanoleakage was observed within adhesive and hybrid layers. The reticular mode of nanoleakage in self-etch adhesives probably represents sites of incomplete water removal that leads to regional suboptimal polymerization. The spotted pattern identified with the use of ammoniacal silver nitrate probably represents potentially permeable regions in the adhesive and hybrid layers that result from the interaction of the basic diamine silver ions with acidic/hydrophilic resin components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the 24-month clinical performance of a "no wait" universal adhesive with different application modes in comparison with an etch-and-rinsew and two-step self-etch adhesive in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs)., Materials and Methods: A total of 234 non-carious cervical lesions in 34 patients were restored following 5 different adhesive approaches: 1. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, self-etch mode (CUQ-SE); 2. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, selective etch mode (CUQ-SLE); 3. Clearfil Universal Bond Quick, etch-and-rinse mode (CUQ-ER); 4. Clearfil SE Bond (self-etch adhesive) (CSEB); 5. Tetric N-Bond Universal, etch-and-rinse mode (TBU-ER). All NCCLs were restored with a nanohybrid composite (Tetric N-Ceram). The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6, 12, and 24months of clinical service regarding retention, marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, post-operative sensitivity, color match, surface texture using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria., Results: The patient recall rate at 24 months was 73.5%. Eleven restorations, 6 of the CUQ-SE group, 4 of the CSEB group and 1 of the TBU-ER group, were clinically unacceptable due to retention loss. Regarding marginal adaptation and discoloration, CUQ-SE and CSEB groups exhibited higher bravo scores than other groups after 24 months (p < 0.05). At the end of 24-month examinations, no significant differences were detected among the groups regarding secondary caries, post-operative sensitivity, color match and surface texture., Conclusion: The clinical survival rates of the "no wait" universal adhesive at self-etch mode after 24 months were not acceptable. The "no wait" universal adhesive showed clinically acceptable performance in selective-etch and etch-and-rinse mode according to the evaluated USPHS criteria.

Background: Self-etching has been shown to be beneficial compared to the other resin sealants especially in pediatric practice. The present in-vivo study was designed to clinically evaluate the sealing ability and retention of the self-etching sealant compared to the conventional resin sealant. The aim was to evaluate and compare the retention and marginal integrity of the self-etch and acid etch sealant materials at three, six and twelve-month follow up. Methods: The study was designed as a double blinded, split mouth randomized controlled trial, . In total, 35 children (70 teeth) between 7 and 10 years of age formed part of the study. Group 1 received acid-etch sealant and Group 2 received self-etch sealants. The study participants and the investigator who performed the statistical analysis were blinded to the treatment allocation. All the samples were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months. The inter-group and intragroup comparison were carried out using the Chi-Square test and Friedman test with level of significance set at 5% and the P value less than 0.05. Results: Complete retention of sealants was observed in 34.5% of conventional acid etch (group 1) and 22.9% of self-etch samples (group 2) whereas complete loss of sealants were seen in 11.4% of group 1 and 20% of the group 2 samples and intergroup comparison of retention failure was non-significant (p=0.135). In total, 85.7% of the group 1 and 82.9% of the group 2 samples exhibited good marginal integrity with no clinical changes in the enamel around the margins but this was not statistically significant (p=0.5). Conclusions: Sealants with fewer procedural steps and those which provide adequate retention would be ideal for use in children. Thus, self-etch sealants have been found to be effective and efficient as a sealant in the present in-vivo study. Clinical Trials Registry, India registration: CTRI/2019/03/018343 (29/03/2019)., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Gupta D et al.)

Background: Self-etching has been shown to be beneficial compared to the other resin sealants especially in pediatric practice. The present in-vivo study was designed to clinically evaluate the sealing ability and retention of the self-etching sealant compared to the conventional resin sealant. The aim was to evaluate and compare the retention and marginal integrity of the self-etch and acid etch sealant materials at three, six and twelve-month follow up. Methods: This was designed a randomized controlled trial, with double blind parallel, split-mouth design. In total, 35 children (70 teeth) between 7 and 10 years of age formed part of the study. Group 1 received acid-etch sealant and Group 2 received self-etch sealants. The study participants and the investigator who performed the statistical analysis were blinded to the treatment allocation. All the samples were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months. The inter-group and intragroup comparison were carried out using the Chi-Square test and Friedman test with level of significance set at 5% and the P value less than 0.05. Results: Complete retention of sealants was observed in 34.5% of conventional acid etch (group 1) and 22.9% of self-etch samples (group 2) whereas complete loss of sealants were seen in 11.4% of group 1 and 20% of the group 2 samples and intergroup comparison of retention failure was non-significant (p=0.135). In total, 85.7% of the group 1 and 82.9% of the group 2 samples exhibited good marginal integrity with no clinical changes in the enamel around the margins but this was not statistically significant (p=0.5). Conclusions: Sealants with fewer procedural steps and those which provide adequate retention would be ideal for use in children. Thus, self-etch sealants have been found to be effective and efficient as a sealant in the present in-vivo study. Clinical Trials Registry, India registration: CTRI/2019/03/018343 (29/03/2019)., Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed., (Copyright: © 2022 Gupta D et al.)

Aim: To evaluate the bonding of composite to glass ionomer cement (GIC) using two different bonding systems. Materials and Methods: The occlusal surface of 30 teeth was flattened and they were divided into three groups. In Group A, composite (Filtek™ Z350 XT, 3M ESPE, USA) was bonded to GIC (Fuji II, GC Corporation, Japan) after initial setting of the GIC being employed as a total-etch adhesive(AdperSinglebond 2, 3M ESPE, USA). In Group B and C, self-etch primer(Adper&#8482; Easy One, 3M ESPE, USA) was employed to bond composite to GIC before and after initial setting of GIC respectively. Shear bond strength and nature of fracture of specimens was determined. Statistical analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Results: Group B showed higher bond strength than Group A & Group C (p<0.01). Group C showed the least bond strength. Conclusion: Bond strength of composite to GIC was significantly higher for self-etch primer group employed on unset GIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the clinical performance of the universal adhesive used in etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) adhesive strategies for 48-month in class II bulk-fill restorations., Methods: A total of 84 class II bulk-fill resin composite (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) restorations were placed in 35 participants by one operator using the universal adhesive's (Adhese Universal VivaPen) etch-and-rinse or self-etch mode randomly. The restorations were evaluated by two calibrated examiners at baseline and after 6-, 12-, 24-, 36- and 48-month using modified USPHS criteria. The comparison of the two adhesive strategies for each evaluation criteria was performed with the chi-square test. The baseline scores were compared with those at the recalls using the Friedman and Cochran's Q-test (p < .05)., Results: At 48-month, 74 restorations were evaluated in 30 participants (recall rate: 85.7%). Marginal discoloration was statistically more frequent in SE approach (p < .05), whereas no significant difference was observed between the two strategies in terms of marginal adaptation (p > .05). There were statistically significant differences between the baseline and 48-month recall in the SE group in terms of marginal adaptation and discoloration (p < .05). In ER group, significant differences were found between baseline and 48-month only for marginal adaptation (p < .05). None of the restorations showed post-operative sensitivity. Secondary caries was observed in one restoration from SE group., Conclusions: The tested bulk-fill restorative exhibited better clinical performance only in terms of marginal discoloration when the universal adhesive was used with ER strategy., Clinical Relevance: Though ER approach of the tested universal adhesive appears to be advantageous in terms of marginal discoloration, both adhesive strategies had similar impact on the clinical success of bulk-fill resin restorations., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of dental adhesives doped with nano-sized bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG) on the resin–dentin interfacial bond strength. Two etch-and-rinse adhesives (Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (ASB) and Solobond Plus (SB)) and one self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond (CF)) were doped with different concentrations of BAG (5, 10, and 20 wt%). The unmodified (0 wt% BAG) commercial adhesives served as control groups. Dentin of 120 molars (n = 10 per group) was treated with the different adhesives, followed by buildups with a conventional composite restorative material. From each tooth, 14 sticks were prepared for micro-tensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. The sticks were stored in simulated body fluid at 37 °C and tested after 24 h or six months for µTBS and failure mode. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis tests in combination with post-hoc Conover-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at a level of significance of α = 0.05. After 24 h and six months, both etch-and-rinse adhesives with a low BAG content (up to 10 wt% for ASB and 5 wt% for SB) showed similar µTBSs as their respective control groups (0 wt% BAG). CF showed a significant decrease in µTBS even after addition of 5 wt% BAG. At a high concentration of added BAG (20 wt%), all three adhesives showed a significant decrease in µTBS compared to the unmodified controls. The CF control group showed significantly lower µTBS after 6 months of storage than after 24 h. In contrast, the µTBS of all CF groups modified with BAG was unaffected by aging. In conclusion, the tested etch-and-rinse adhesives can be modified with up to 5 wt% (SB), or 10 wt% (ASB) of BAG without reducing their short- and long-term dentin bond strength. Moreover, the addition of nano-sized BAG may prevent long-term bond strength deterioration of a self-etch adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is still not fully understood what pretreatment is best for achieving maximum tightness for pit and fissure sealings (PFS)., Aim: This study investigated microleakage of PFS placed after etching with phosphoric acid or after the application of self-etching primers/adhesives (SEPA)., Design: 131 third molars were assigned to ten groups. In Hel-P, Helioseal® was applied after phosphoric acid etching. In the other groups, SEPA were used (Dyr-AP: Adper™ Prompt™ L-Pop™, Dyract® Seal; Bea: BeautiSealant Primer and Paste; Hel-Exp: Experimental primer, Helioseal®; Hel-Cl: Clearfil™ SE Bond 1 , Helioseal®). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C (28 days), followed by 3500 thermocycles and staining with 5% methylene blue (M) or 5% silver nitrate (S). After methylene blue staining and sectioning, microleakage was assessed light microscopically. During silver nitrate staining, specimens were dissolved by 32% HCl and remaining PFS were evaluated under a SEM., Results: Tightness, percentage of penetrated area, and maximum dye penetration were best for Hel-P and Hel-Cl (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Phosphoric acid etching of enamel and Clearfil™ SE Bond resulted in the best sealing quality. Methylene blue staining allowed the evaluation of more criteria (fissure shape, voids, sealant penetration depth) compared to silver nitrate., (© 2021 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Multi-mode adhesives (MMA) with different adhesion protocols are postulated to improve bonding to enamel. Thus, this study compared the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of (MMA) and self-etch adhesive (SEA) to different regions and prism orientations of enamel. Thirty premolars were assigned for preparing 160 specimens for μSBS. Specimens were equally divided (n = 80) according to the enamel region evaluated: cuspal, and mid coronal enamel. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the direction of tooth sectioning: axial, or tangential. Each subgroup was divided into two classes according to the applied adhesive system; either MMA or SEA. Finally; each class was divided into two subclasses (n = 10) according to the adhesion protocol utilized; self-etch adhesion protocol or with etch-and-rinse (pre-etching) adhesion protocol. Nano-filled flowable composite was used to prepare μSBS specimens. μSBS was measured using universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. Statistical analysis was carried out using four-way ANOVA test. Different enamel regions had no statistically significant effect at P-value 0.491. Direction of sectioning had a statistically significant effect at P-value <0.001. Adhesive systems had a statistically significant effect at P-value <0.001. Adhesion protocols had a statistically significant effect at P-value 0.001. Pre-etching of enamel before the application of the MMA improves the resin-enamel μSBS, while there was no advantage of the pre-etching step with the SEA. The μSBS of the tested adhesive systems were influenced by the direction of enamel prisms. The μSBS of the tested adhesive systems were not influenced by the enamel regions tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remaining index (ARI) using one conventional and two novel adhesive systems with clinical step reduction and direct and indirect bonding. A sample of 72 human premolars were divided into six groups of 12 samples. The first three groups (G1, G2, G3) were bonded with a direct technique, while the remaining groups (G4, G5, G6) were bonded by the indirect technique. Groups G1 and G4 used conventional acid-etching primer composite (XT); groups G2 and G5 used self-etching bonding (BO), and groups G3 and G6 had an acid-etching treatment followed by a self-adhesive composite (OC). All groups were exposed to thermocycling. Shear bond strength was analyzed with a universal test machine, and the ARI was examined with 4× magnification. The results showed statistically significant differences between the three adhesive systems. The highest strength values were observed in the XT group G1 (13.54 ± 4 MPa), while the lowest were shown in the BO G2 samples (5.05 ± 2 MPa). There was no significant difference between the direct or indirect bonding techniques on the three compared groups. The type of primer and bonding material significantly influenced the SBS. Values with self-etching bonding were below the minimum recommended for clinical use (5.9–7.8 MPa). There was no difference between indirect and direct bonding techniques. The lowest ARI scores (0–1) were observed in both self-etching and BO groups. Further clinical studies are needed to compare in vivo results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioactive mineral-based dentin desensitizers that can quickly and effectively seal dentinal tubules and promote dentin mineralization are desired. This in vitro study evaluated a novel nanohydroxyapatite-based desensitizer, Predicta (PBD, Parkell), and its effect on bond strength of dental adhesives. Human dentin discs (2-mm thick) were subjected to 0.5 M EDTA to remove the smear layer and expose tubules, treated with PBD, and processed for surface and cross-sectional SEM examination before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for four weeks (ISO 23317-2014). The effects of two dental desensitizers on the microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive and a two-step self-etch system were compared. SEM showed coverage and penetration of nanoparticles in wide tubules on the PBD-treated dentin at the baseline. After four weeks in SBF, untreated dentin showed amorphous mineral deposits while PBD-treated dentin disclosed a highly mineralized structure integrated with dentin. Desensitizers significantly reduced microshear bond strength test (MSBS) of adhesives by 15–20% on average, depending on the bonding protocol. In conclusion, PBD demonstrated effective immediate tubules sealing capability and promoted mineral crystal growth over dentin and into the tubules during SBF-storage. For bonding to desensitizer-treated dentin, a two-step self-etching adhesive or universal bond with phosphoric acid pretreatment are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This in vitro investigation should identify the effect of protective liners on dentine bond strength of a polyacid modified resin composite to dentine of primary teeth., Methods: Forty-two extracted caries-free primary molars were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 6) and flattened. Six test groups were centrally covered with different protective liners/base materials: Kerr Life (KL), IRM zinc oxide eugenol cement (IRM), Ketac Bond (KB), Vitrebond (VB), Dycal (DY), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Specimens were bonded with Prime&Bond NT (PB) and restored with Dyract eXtra. The control group (C) did not receive liner pretreatment. After 24-h storage in Aqua dest. (37 °C), specimens were cut and regional microtensile bond strengths of the uncovered areas were tested. Fractography was conducted under a light microscope and further interface/surface analyses were performed under a SEM. Statistical appraisal was carried out using oneway ANOVA (mod. LSD test; p < 0.05)., Results: Independent of the distance to the applied liner, all groups exhibited inferior μ-TBS to dentine of primary teeth compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The results were as follows in MPa(SD) x :significance level/percentage of adhesive fractures: PB: 34 (10) A /72%; KL: 23 (25) B /64%; KB: 15 (12) C /76%; DY 15 (13) C /55%; IRM: 14 (10) C /68%; VB: 12 (10) C /61%; MTA 12 (10) C /69%., Conclusions: Protective liners significantly reduced μ-TBS to dentine of primary teeth., (© 2021. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry.)

Objective: To characterize whether the bonding performance and fatigue strength of resin-dentin interfaces created by a universal adhesive would be affected by different H 3 PO 4 -application times to more accurately assess long-term durability., Methods: Mid-coronal flat dentin surfaces with standardized smear-layers were produced on sound third molars, etched with 32% H 3 PO 4 for 0, 3 and 15 s, bonded with a mild universal adhesive (3M-ESPE) and restored with a nanofilled composite. Bonded specimens (0.9 × 0.9 mm) were stored in deionized water for 24 h and sectioned into beams for microtensile testing (n = 10). Resin-dentin beams were tested under tension until failure (0.5 mm/min) after 24 h or 6 month storage in artificial saliva at 37 ̊C. Bar-shaped resin-dentin beams (0.9 × 0.9 × 12 mm) were tested under 4-point-flexure initially at quasi-static loads (n = 22) and then under cyclic loads (n > 50). The stress-life fatigue behavior was evaluated using the twin-bonded interface approach by the staircase method at 4 Hz. Fractured interfaces and the tension side of unfractured beams were evaluated under SEM, along with the micro-morphology of the etched dentin surfaces and hybrid layers. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (α = 0.05)., Results: Quasi-static loads were limited to discriminate the bonding performance of resin-dentin interfaces. Application modes significantly affected etching patterns, fatigue strength, endurance limits and hybrid layer morphology (p < 0.001)., Significance: Reductions in fatigue strength of self-etched bonded interfaces raise concerns about the true ability of universal adhesives to properly bond to dentin., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Adhesive bond strength at the composite/dentin interface is influenced by various factors, including the etching mode and composite resin type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the total-etch and self-etch mode on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of conventional and bulk-fill composite to dentin, using the universal adhesive system. Sixty non-carious human teeth were sectioned parallel to their longitudinal axis, using a low-speed diamond saw to obtain a flat dentin surface. According to the etching technique and composite resin type used, teeth were randomly divided into four different groups (n = 15): TC (total-etch/conventional composite), TB (total-etch/bulk-fill composite), SC (self-etch/conventional composite), and SB (self-etch/bulk-fill composite). Cylindric composite build-ups were made with 3M Filtek Z250 and 3M Filtek Bulkfill Posterior, using a plastic mold, 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height. The specimens were subjected to the μTBS test in a universal testing machine and failure force was recorded. Failure modes were determined using stereoscopic and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA and Student's t test. The μTBS was significantly affected by the etching technique. A significant statistical difference was determined between total-etch and self-etch groups, irrespective of the composite resin type used. Higher bond strength was obtained in total-etch groups. The μTBS was not affected by the composite resin type. No significant statistical difference was determined between the conventional and bulk-fill groups, irrespective of the etching-mode., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)