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Sweden should be internationally leading in taking advantage of the opportunities offered by digitalization. Though several industries report successes, the community-building sector is far behind. The Swedish government has initiated several assignments to enable and push the digitalization of the community-building process forward. The process that has been analogous, time-consuming, fragmented and resulted in a loss of valuable information, shall become digital, uniform, and cohesive, as well as facilitate decision-making, collaboration, information- and knowledge flows. This thesis has been limited to studying the planning and building permit process, a central part of the community-building process, from an innovation ecosystem perspective. The purpose has been to understand how actors collaborate to realize the goal of a digital community-building process. It includes understanding also how actors work and relate to digitalization internally in their organization, how they interact with others, what roles they take, as well as what values, challenges, and success factors they identify. Literature- and document studies have been completed to understand innovation ecosystems, digitalization in the sector and how the innovation ecosystem perspective can be used to understand the digitization of the planning and building permit process. Interviews have been held with eight different actors who in various ways are significant for the digitization of the process. The result clarifies that the actors have reached different digital maturity. While some have taken on a leadership role, are innovative and explore opportunities, others are waiting to see which direction the sector takes and are open to adapting to the results of other actors' exploring and innovations. Moreover, the history of a long collaboration has served as a foundation for the actors' work with digitalization and proved crucial for achieving the goal of a cohesive digital process. The results have a, Sverige ska vara bäst i världen på att tillvarata digitaliseringens möjligheter, men trots att flera branscher redovisar framgångar ligger samhällsbyggandssektorn långt efter. För att pådriva och möjliggöra en digitalisering av samhällsbyggnadsprocessen har regeringen initierat en rad uppdrag. Processen som varit analog, tidskrävande, fragmenterad och resulterat i att värdefull information går förlorad, ska bli digital, enhetlig, sammanhållen och underlätta beslutsfattande, samverkan, informations- och kunskapsflöden. Uppsatsen har avgränsats till att studera digitaliseringen av skedena plan- och bygglovsprocessen från ett innovationsekosystemperspektiv. Syftet har varit att förstå hur aktörer samverkar för att realisera målbilden om en digital samhällsbyggnadsprocess. Det har även inneburit att förstå hur aktörerna arbetar och förhåller dig till digitalisering internt, vilka roller de tar, hur de samverkar och vad för värden, utmaningar och framgångsfaktorer de identifierar. Litteratur- och dokumentstudier har genomförts för att skapa en förståelse för innovationsekosystem, digitalisering inom sektorn samt för hur innovationsekosystemperspektivet kan användas för att förstå digitaliseringen av plan- och bygglovsprocessen. Intervjuer har hållits med åtta olika aktörer som på olika sätt är betydande för digitaliseringen av processen. Resultatet har tydliggjort att aktörerna arbetar med digitalisering på olika sätt. Medan vissa tagit på sig en ledartröja, är innovativa och utforskar möjligheter, är andra mer inväntande för att se vilken riktning sektorn tar och är öppna för att anpassa sig till resultaten av andra aktörers utforskande. Den samverkan som länge funnits etablerat har lagt en grund för digitaliseringsarbetet och visat sig vara avgörande för att målbilden om en digital sammanhållen process ska kunna uppnås. Resultatet har även visat att aktörer har olika specialiseringar som skapat ett beroende till andra aktörers kompetenser och utrymme för agerande. Det

This essay is a quantitative study of Swedish municipal labour market policy. The essay uses methods and theoretical constructs from evaluation theory in general and policy evaluation I particular to assess whether the labour market policies and priorities of Swedish municipalities are effective in increasing labour market participation and decreasing dependency on social security handouts. The material used is statistic variables from all or most of Sweden municipalities relating to the costs, organisation, and prioritized methods of their respective labour market departments as well as results indicators in the form of statistics on employment, dependency on social welfare and entrance into the labour market. The correlations between these variables are calculated using the IBM SPSS statistics programme, which provides the essay with several statistically significant as well as statistically insignificant correlations. The statistically significant findings of the essay and thereby its overall results suggest that investments in adult education, lowered taxes, a competitive business climate, allowing private adult education providers, a focus on matching those unemployed towards the labour market, practise working in the private sector, active job-application initiatives and guidance counselling are the key pieces of municipal labour market policy. Combined with an organisation of the labour market units of the municipalities together with its units for financial aid and integration of immigrants, these policies and priorities seem to generally amount to a better situation on the local labour market.

Since its foundation in the 1950s, social policy has been an issue of contention within the European Union and its member states. The issue was raised most recently in 2017 with the commission’s initiative to introduce the European Pillar of Social Rights. The ensuing debate has been a suitable opportunity to examine the reception in one of the member countries. What is the attitude of the Swedish parliamentary parties towards strengthening the EU’s social dimension and with what kind of arguments do the parties justify their positions? The study shows that the outcome has been four parties in favor and four parties against strengthening the social dimension. Even so, the arguments from parties in favor have been few and defensive, and they argue that the current national self-determination will remain overall unchanged. The most common argument against strengthening the social dimension is based on the lack of formal legitimacy, as a breach of the principle of subsidiarity. The opposition parties also interpret the social dimension in the EU as a potential threat to the Swedish model.

Introduction: After a period of stagnation, alcohol policy in Australia has received increased attention in the past decade, with Sydney's lockout laws and Queensland's restrictions on trading hours garnering media attention. This study will investigate any changing trends in support towards alcohol policy and identify any demographic-specific shifts. Methods: Respondents from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey (conducted every 3 years from 2004 to 2019) were asked to gauge their level of support for 16 alcohol policy items proposed to reduce the problems associated with excessive alcohol use. Mean levels of support for various policy options, as well as demographic predictors of support, were assessed. Results: After an increase from 2004 to 2013, support for more evidence-based policies on alcohol (e.g., restricting the availability of alcohol) has decreased since 2013. Support for policy items that focus less on the restriction of the availability of alcohol and more on education remained relatively stable in comparison. While demographic groups continue to vary in their extent of support, shifts appear to be occurring fairly uniformly across sex, age, states and drinking groups. Discussion and Conclusions: Support for public health-oriented alcohol policies has been decreasing since 2013. The introduction of high-profile policies and less of a media focus on alcohol may be contributing to decreases in support.

This article critically examines the state's steering capacity of ‘green innovation’ programs using Sweden's implementation of the agricultural European Innovation Partnership (EIP-AGRI) as a case representing part of the EU's Green Deal. The innovations should promote the competitiveness of rural areas and contribute to national environmental protection and climate goals. We found that despite expectations, implementation rests on compartmentalized networking within the agricultural sector, prioritizing increased ‘competitiveness’ before ‘green’ development, and interpreting ‘innovation’ mainly in the technical sense. The results indicate that the state´s steering capacity of ‘green innovation’ programs meets several obstacles: the overall goals from the top tend to be both too many and too vague, leaving it to the administration to interpret what kinds of features should be prioritized from below. The state's steering in the case of EIP-AGRI relies mostly on internal agricultural expertise contrary to previous research that suggests a recent ‘de-compartmentalisation’ of European agricultural policymaking.

In recent years, binding regulations in the “home states” of corporations have emerged mainly in the Global North with the aim of holding corporations accountable for human rights and environmental impacts throughout their supply chains. However, we still need a better understanding about to what extent such regulations contribute to enhance “foreign corporate accountability (FCA).” This article introduces a special issue that theorizes and empirically investigates foreign accountability dynamics. We do so by advancing an analytical framework that conceptualizes FCA and identify important contextual conditions that help to explain accountability dynamics. Applying this framework, we show that the drafting, implementation, and enforcement of such regulations are highly political processes, wherein competing ideas embedded within unequal actor constellations and institutional environments shape the possibilities to achieve more transformative change. By theorizing and empirically investigating FCA dynamics, we contribute to advance debates about the sustainability governance of global supply chains.

This paper investigates the consequences of bureaucratic discretion in public procurement. I exploit a Hungarian policy reform, which allows a high-discretion procedure below a certain contract value. At the threshold, I document large discontinuities both in procurement outcomes and in the density of contract values, which indicates that buyers manipulate contract values to avoid auctions. I combine the reform and a structural model to find that discretion increases prices and results in the selection of less productive contractors. I also show that high discretion benefits firms with connections to the party of the central government. I use the structural model to document that public buyers are willing to sacrifice more contract value to increase their discretion if more connected firms are operating in the market. I also use the model to simulate the effects of counterfactual procurement thresholds on different procurement outcomes.

Den här boken har lyft många problem med nuvarande styrning av skolan, särskilt vad anbelangar lärares arbetsmiljö och handlingsutrymme. I det här kapitlet analyserar Åsa vad det är som gått förlorat, och går igenom ett antal möjliga politiska förslag som skulle göra det möjligt att förbättra situationen.

This article explores municipal acceptance of wind power in Sweden and draws conclusions on the basis of semi-structured interviews with municipal decision-makers, together with analysis of documents and statistical data. In line with previous research, it demonstrates that wind power opposition is more complex than just a NIMBY effect. The attitudes of local residents influence municipal decision-makers, but may also act to augment and mobilize opposition. Perceptions of distributional injustice, generated by the lack of local economic benefits and the geographically uneven deployment of wind and hydropower, are also relevant in explaining community and municipal acceptance. Moreover, municipal acceptance depends on national political discourses, economic aspects, institutional settings, regulations and sociopolitical factors. To overcome acceptance barriers, the article argues for the need of some kind of formal compensation schemes, directed to both local communities and the municipality. The authority of the municipality to levy taxes on wind power could potentially rectify perceptions of energy injustice between different geographic regions, stimulate higher approval rates, and motivate municipalities to assume a role as an intermediary, accommodating different, and sometimes conflicting, local, national, and global interests.

In this review we considered how community wealth building (CWB) can be applied in a rural and island context. The Scottish Government made a strong commitment to explore the potential for CWB to deliver inclusive growth, including through the National Strategy for Economic Transformation, planning reform and commitments relating to land reform. We reviewed a range of academic and other evidence relating to CWB from Scotland and beyond, with a particular focus on the rural and island implications of taking a CWB approach. To date CWB research and practice has mainly focused on urban contexts (such as Preston in the UK), and academic work remains at an early stage, particularly in relation to rural and island contexts, where other concepts such as community development and empowerment have tended to be more commonly used. When implemented in rural and island locations, the five core principles of CWB (progressive procurement, fair employment and just labour markets, shared ownership of the local economy, socially just use of land and property, and making financial power work for local places) may bring different challenges and opportunities.

The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files’ properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts’ licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard’s requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.’ Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,’ a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival, CC BY 4.0This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organizations in the SUDO project.

BackgroundThe initial responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark and Sweden differed markedly. Balancing disparate concerns was crucial to generate trust in the COVID-19 restrictions. The aim was to investigate the extent to which there was trust in the handling of the pandemic by the Danish and Swedish governments and public health authorities in each country. A further aim was also to investigate the characteristics of those in Denmark and Sweden who expressed the lowest degree of trust. MethodsCross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2021, using web panels that are nationally representative of the socio-demographic characteristics. The population consisted of 2619 individuals from Denmark and 2633 from Sweden, representative of the age, sex and region of residence of the populations aged ≥ 18 years. Trust in government and health authorities was captured in two separate trust questions on a 5-point Likert scale and dichotomized into low trusters and non-low trusters for analysis. ResultsApproximately, 61% of the Danish respondents expressed moderately large or very large trust in the government’s handling of the pandemic. The corresponding proportion for Sweden was 42%. The proportion of low trusters was 11% in Denmark and 34% in Sweden (p < 0.001). Moderately large or very large trust in the public health authority’s handling was expressed by 83% of the Danish respondents and 74% of the Swedish respondents. The proportion of low trusters was 5% in Denmark and 17% in Sweden (p < 0.001). In both countries, trust was lower among men than among women. Age and education were associated with trust but differed between countries (p < = 0.011). ConclusionsIn this study, differences in trust between Denmark and Sweden and both overall and within socio-demographic factors were observed. However, given the limitations and bias in the study, it is difficult to determine the cause and true size of these differences. With that in mind, we still believe specific, Funding agencies: Open access funding provided by Royal Library, Copenhagen University Library. This study was funded by the Innovation Fund Denmark.

It is increasingly argued that public management should build on a service logic instead of the prevailing manufacturing logic of New Public Management (NPM). Drawing from three cases in Swedish public healthcare, key features of a service logic such as value creation, co-production, and collaboration are prominent in formal documents and everyday talk. However, the 67 interviews in this study reveal that the service logic ideal is practically unreachable in a context impregnated by NPM. Instead, we suggest that street-level bureaucrats often need to address service logic expectations (public values, relationship-building, etc.) using an NPM logic (measurements, control, etc.).

Purpose: Circular procurement is assumed to foster innovation and influence demand for and supply of goods through criteria setting and dialogue with suppliers. However, even in countries placed at the forefront of sustainability practices such as Sweden, examples of procurement that can truly be considered to be circular are rare. This paper aims to examine circular public procurement practices in a selection of Swedish municipalities and regions through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework. The authors propose a categorisation of municipalities by circular procurement uptake and identify factors that support the acceleration of the circular transition in Sweden. Design/methodology/approach: Using the key informant approach, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with employees of seven municipalities, one region and one external procurement agency, as well as seven suppliers of various sizes. The authors also analysed procurement documents received from municipalities. Participating organisations represented a variety of Swedish local government structures and local conditions. Findings: The authors proposed a categorisation of circular procurement uptake. Notably, beginners differ from leaders in circular procurement, most importantly by the level of flexibility policy brokers have within their organisations and by policy brokers’ ability to accommodate changes that materialise between existing organisational structures and set routines. Social implications: The fragmented uptake of circular procurement poses a challenge for local businesses interested in implementing circular business models. It also both highlights and exacerbates inequalities in access to resources between sparsely populated, rural municipalities and more urbanised areas. Originality/value: Despite existing national government guidelines for the circular economy transition in Sweden, circular procurement is not fully realised at the local level. In this paper, the authors exa, Correspondence Address: A. Hunka; Sustainable Business, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden;This research was financially supported by the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS) under the project number 2019-02235: Realising Circular Economy in Society.

Politicians and policymakers call for public sector innovation to address societal challenges and to streamline and cut costs. This results in rationales to handle both smaller and more complex types of innovation. To explore how these rationales materialize at a workplace level, this paper aims to examine perceptions of why innovation in the public sector is needed, what innovation is, and how innovation work can be conducted. The findings demonstrate difficulties in establishing an organizational purpose for innovation and translating this understanding into practice. The result is a gap between the rhetorical why and the practical what and how of innovation.

The generation of waste is certain and unavoidable. Waste will always exist in some form. It is, however, possible to minimize waste generation and thereby improve virgin resource utilization. Within the European Union, the concept of End of Waste is a legal instrument adopted to facilitate the transition from waste to product, thus by extension facilitate the conditions for a circular economy. In this paper, the implications of the legal definition transforming waste to product, End of Waste, is discussed against the backdrop of waste as a potential resource. Through legal analysis, three primary issues regarding the current formulation of article 6(1) of the Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) are highlighted: (1) the cumulative conditions stated in article 6(1) creating (unnecessary) bottlenecks; (2) the fact that the conditions for End of Waste originally were intended to be operationalized through legislative acts, such as the regulation for iron scrap or glass cullet; and (3) the fact that there is no clear indication of what level of proof the conditions stated in article 6(1) requires and the ambiguity of its application this implies in general. The fact that there must be a specified use as well as a market for a 'waste' to transform into something else implies that the underlying idea of the incorporation of End of Waste loses some of its meaning., Validerad;2023;Nivå 1;2023-08-21 (hanlid)

National policies aiming at marketisation and privatisation in welfare sectors such as Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) require governance and organisation to be realised. In Sweden, the municipalities are key but largely under-researched organisers for preschool quasi-market infrastructures. This study explores the different ways in which Swedish municipalities act as quasi-market organisers in the preschool setting. Following organisational theory, we analyse their market shaping activities in translating national regulations in efforts to influence, support and control their local preschool quasi-market. Documents, websites, and interviews with public officials from 30 municipalities characterised as having either a large (N = 10), medium (N = 10), or small (N = 10) private ECEC sector are analysed. The analysis highlights large variations on how municipalities act as market makers, which is further discussed in the form of three ideal types: the Frontier, the Keeper, and the Endorser. We conclude that municipalities’ varying and hybridised market shaping activities and local characteristics are important to understand the implications that emerge in terms of different rules of the game, stakeholder interdependencies and relationships, composition of market actors etc. Attentiveness to the sub-national/local actors are essential in understanding different welfare quasi-markets within national policy frameworks of marketisation and privatisation.

Despite an increase in Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) initiatives that aim to pave the way for both public and private MaaS Operators, such MaaS models have received limited scholarly attention. Uncertainties therefore remain in terms of how public-private MaaS can be realized and governed. This paper addresses this problem through an exploratory case study of an attempt to reform the business ecosystem for mobility services in Sweden, which is conceptualized as a move towards public-private MaaS. Inspired by the What-is-the-Problem -Represented-to-Be approach, the paper analyzes what problem representations and assumptions underpin the proposed reform and outlines issues of conflict across the involved actors. Drawing on these findings, the paper highlights disagreements on problems, centralization, and responsibilities as challenges to public-private MaaS developments and proposes that an inclusive and pragmatic governance strategy is key for effective and dem-ocratic governance of MaaS. Additionally, three avenues for future research are identified: development of analytical tools that better represent the complexity of MaaS governance choices, studies of how the prevailing narrative around MaaS influences developments, and analyses of governance strategies' effectiveness in relation to political objectives for MaaS developments.

Collaborative contracting between public transport authorities (PTAs) and bus operators has been presented as a successful method for reaching public transport policy goals. This paper examines management processes and outcome data, asking whether this management approach, incorporating more far-reaching collaborative elements, is associated with higher goal achievement in two Swedish regions and two contracts. Stated regional policy goals are ridership growth, reaching set levels of customer satisfaction, and some cost-efficiency. This management approach suggests that PTAs should delegate more planning responsibility to operators. PTA management assessed the approach to be valid but, to our surprise, also said that they frequently reclaimed previously abandoned control to secure desired outcomes. This indicates that more delegation may not necessarily have led to increased goal achievement. Without making claims as to causality, we note that ridership increased in both regions and individual contracts, while customer satisfaction stagnated and costs increased steeply in both regions, but not in one contract. The paper questions whether collaborative contracting, on average, has contributed to ridership increases generally, although it may have in some instances.

This article provides a systematic review of the literature on backsourcing. The aim is to synthesize existing literature in order to compare and analyze similarities and differences in backsourcing in the private and public sectors. The study asks questions about: which methods and theories have been used, why backsourcing has been implemented, and what reasons have been described for backsourcing. The study is based on an analysis of 500 articles about backsourcing and 33 articles in the final data set. The results show that backsourcing is primarily caused by: increased costs, lack of quality, and contract problems in the private sector, along with loss of control, cost saving, and changed strategy in the public sector. The study's synthesis highlights three explanations for how backsourcing is managed and interpreted in both the sectors. The article contributes specifically to summarizing current research on backsourcing, synthesizing how backsourcing has been studied, illustrating gaps in the research, as well as explaining relevant differences between private and public backsourcing., This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution andreproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Trenden att använda styrelser som styrform inom och mellan offentliga organisationer utgör nya utmaningar för de folkvalda politiker som ofta innehar uppdragen som styrelseledamöter. De träder nu in i styrelserum och leder offentligt ägda bolag som verkar enligt en marknadsbaserad logik. I den här litteraturstudien granskar vi forskning om bolagsstyrning för att utröna vilka nya roller detta kan medföra. Tre styrelseroller diskuteras: övervakare, mentorer och länkare till externa resurser. Vi granskar även vilka metoder forskare använt för att studera bolagsstyrning och finner en påtaglig dominans av kvantitativa metoder. Vilket dels kan ha påverkat vilka teoretiska modeller som har skapats, dels pekar det på möjliga luckor som forskningen framåt kan fylla. Analysen visar även att roller som härrör från bolagsstyrning inte behöver stå i strid med klassiska politikerroller – de skulle kunna komplettera dem. Studien bygger på 129 artiklar publicerade i 4 topptidskrifter under 2010–2019., The trend of using boards as a form of governance within and between public organizations presents new challenges for elected politicians who often hold positions as board members. They are now entering boardrooms and leading publicly owned companies that operate according to market-based logic. In this literature review, we examine research on corporate governance to identify potential new roles that politicians may undertake. Three board roles are discussed: supervisors, mentors, and connectors to external resources. We also examine the methods used by researchers to study corporate governance and find a significant dominance of quantitative methods, which may have influenced the creation of theoretical models and highlight potential gaps that future research could fill. The analysis shows that roles stemming from corporate governance do not necessarily conflict with classic political roles -they could complement them. The study is based on 129 articles published in four top journals from 2010 to 2019., Konkurrensdemokrati i svenska kommuner –Hur lokala politiska konflikter formas av parlamentarism och marknadisering

Using six focus groups with frontline employees within the Swedish sick-leave service, this article explores the co-creation/destruction of value. The article both adheres to and questions the public service logic by utilizing an empirical case in which frontline staff represents not one, but multiple, public service organizations. Moreover, as value creation/destruction is not restricted to one beneficiary, and several beneficiaries can be tied to one single service, the research builds upon this notion and distinguishes between four levels of value creation/destruction.

Whereas the rise of private space entrepreneurship is indisputable, we contend that contrary to the “NewSpace” narrative, the development of privately owned and operated human spacefaring does not dispel or fundamentally alter the American space dream, but rather implies continuity of the narrative of America as the dominant global space power, specifically regarding a return to the Moon and with the explicit aim of colonizing Mars. Herein, we analyze the continuity of the American space dream and how it is expressed by public and private space actors, as well as being supported by popular culture, entertainment, and an active space enthusiast community. We maintain that the continuity of the American space dream as a unifying national narrative is facilitated by how private spacefaring is dependent on the U.S. Government’s emphasis on the pivotal role of private space industry for space exploration. This dependent relationship provides incentives for private space entrepreneurs to share and leverage the established American space dream. The continuity of the American space dream is achieved through a prevailing, yet reconfigured, government-industrial complex.

Sedan Nollvisionen antogs av den svenska riksdagen hösten 1997 har dödsfallen i trafiken minskat avsevärt trots en ökad trafikmängd. Nollvisionen anses ha haft en väsentlig betydelse för den utvecklingen. Nollvisionen har även varit framgångsrik i andra avseenden. Den har spridits till ett antal länder och flera andra politikområden. Den har dessutom blivit ett varumärke för Trafikverket och en del av Sverigebilden, med trygghet och säkerhet, entreprenörskap och ingenjörskonst samt samverkan mellan politik, marknad och civilsamhälle som centrala komponenter. Men trots framgångarna fanns redan från starten ett antal spänningar och olösta spörsmål som alltjämt präglar Nollvisions-arbetet. Den här boken handlar om vilka dessa spänningar och konfliktlinjer är och hur de påverkat styrningen mot noll.

The Nordic countries have continuously ranked at the top of international assessments with regards to SDG implementation. This does not mean, however, that sustainable development in the Nordic Region has been fully achieved. Each country continues to face numerous challenges, including unsustainable consumption and production patterns, the effects of a changing climate, as well as rebalancing our societies after multiple crises marked by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing recovery, energy supply shortages in Europe and the war in Ukraine. According to the European Sustainable Development Report for 2022, the world is currently not on track to achieving most of the SDGs, underscoring the importance of the Nordic Region’s ability and need to reverse this trend and enhance progress on multiple fronts. The purpose of this edition is to update and compile an overview of the 2030 Agenda efforts in the Nordic Region with relevant and accessible information. It describes central policy decisions, actors and national structures in ongoing SDG work, and highlights inspiring examples of national networks and societal participation. The processes and structures for SDG implementation show that the Nordic countries each have their respective strengths and challenges. The ways in which national priorities and strategic plans have been put in place and how progress is monitored vary, as does the interaction between government, parliament, and societal actors. What is increasingly noticeable is the effort to improve stakeholder engagement, and there is an increasing data collection consistency on part of the national statistics agencies that have been given responsibility for following up on national SDG indicators. This work is also reflected in the voluntary national reviews, which make the reporting even more comprehensive in scope.

This article explores practices of evaluation in academic recruitment in Swedish as a Second Language (SSL), an expanding and transdisciplinary subject area. As is common elsewhere, Swedish academia relies on a tradition of external expert review intended to ensure a meritocratic process. Here, we present an analysis of 109 written expert reports concerning recruitment to 57 positions in SSL during 2000–20. Because SSL lacks institutional autonomy, and is spread across several sub-disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, the material encompasses experts with diverse academic backgrounds. The SSL reports are broadly characterized by qualitative assessment. In contrast to other fields, the SSL experts seldom use quantitative proxy measures. Instead, they mainly rely on received conceptions of the boundaries of SSL as a means of justifying their inclusion and exclusion of candidates. This dominant regularity consists of attempts to define and delimit SSL and its core research areas, to locate the candidates in a core-to-periphery scheme with respect to these boundaries, and to rank them accordingly. This mechanism of social closure serves to restrict access to SSL to candidates with qualifications that conform to the experts’ own conceptions of SSL. As we show, the experts’ internally ambiguous conceptions of SSL tend to be constructed in relation to their own scientific habitus and investments. Beyond evaluating applicants’ possession of scientific capital, their distinctive style of reasoning around research qualifications and skills thus involves power-laden boundary-work, which leaves ample room for individual, yet habitus-specific arbitrariness., QC 20230523

Det här kapitlet handlar om svenska folkets åsikter om lokalisering av offentlig service. Vi analyserar uppfattningar relaterade till bevarande av skolor och stöd till livsmedelsbutiker i glesbygd, samt centralisering av universitet och sjukvård, och undersöker i vilken grad ideologiska och avståndsbaserade faktorer bidrar till att förklara åsiktsvariationen. Dramatiken i lokaliseringspolitiken beskrivs ofta som en konflikt mellan stad och land, eller centrum och periferi, men resultaten visar att bostadsort och avstånd till service inte alls är så avgörande som man skulle kunna tro. Det är svårt att koppla människors åsikter om lokalisering till var de bor. Däremot har ideologiska faktorer en viss betydelse. Våra resultat väcker därmed nya spännande frågor om vad som egentligen förklarar den stora åsiktspridning och de starka känslor som kommer till uttryck när politiker och medborgare hanterar dessa frågor., I tabellbilagan redovisas resultat på de frågor projektet Lokaliseringsutmaningen ställt i den nationella SOM-undersökningen 2022 och som ligger till grund för analyserna i kapitlet.

Vattenförvaltning innebär upprättandet av förvaltningsplaner för hur vattenförekomster ämnas hanteras. I samband med att hela avrinningsområden är den vedertagna skalan att genomföra vattenförvaltning på uppstår det problem när avrinningsområden överskrider administrativa gränser, särskilt nationella sådana. Denna studie ämnar att utreda hur formerna för internationellt gränsöverskridande vattenförvaltning kan se ut genom att undersöka Torneälvens avrinning – ett internationellt avrinningsdistrikt. Studien frågar sig hur den nationella kontexten påverkar en internationell vattenförvaltning. Det är även av intresse för studien hur samarbetsorganisationer kan verka i denna förvaltningsform, samt vilken uppföljning som går att se i projekt- och plandokument. Genom en kvalitativt analyserande fallstudie appliceras ett “soft space”-perspektiv på den internationella vattenförvaltningen i Torneälven. Analysen visar på en informalitet i plandokument trots etablerade förvaltningsformer. Den nationella kontexten beror dels på institutionaliseringen av den allmänna vattenförvaltningen samt på mellanstatliga relationer. Studien finner även potential i samarbetsorganisationer och konstruktiv uppföljning.

The crisis triggered by Covid-19 has exposed the interdependencies of modern society and sparked interest in local response to protracted and complex crisis situations. There has been a growing awareness and interest in the key roles of political and professional stakeholders, their emotional regulation and how they influence team performance and outcomes in dealing with uncertainty and complex crisis situations. While cognitive and behavioral aspects of crisis leadership are well researched, less is understood about how one can mitigate negative emotions, instill trust, or restore public faith and support of security forces and emergency response teams during crises. In addressing this gap, we propose a simplified conceptual roadmap for research and training of local crisis leadership. In this, we emphasize complex problem solving, team interaction, team context and technology and team training design. These four factors represent significant barriers if neglected. On the other side, they may be considerable force multipliers when better understood and managed. We suggest how seven research and training questions could be linked to the four conceptual factors and guide an evidence-based approach to develop local crisis leadership.

Syftet med rapporten var att se över beslutsprocesser och kartlägga arbetssätt inombeslutsfattning i komplexa industriprojekt i kommunal linjeverksamhet. Arbetet har innefattat studier av beslutsprocesser i kommunal verksamhet, projektmodeller, delegationsordning och etableringsprojekt som har identifierats och sammanställts. För att få ett bredare perspektiv har intervjuer gjorts med personer i ledande roller iindustrietableringar i andra kommuner

Att uppnå motivation bland medarbetare kräver tålamod och öppenhet från en organisation. Lyckas detta arbete blir det många fördelar för organisationen. Motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse är de två mest utforskade ämnena inom organisationsstudier. Kunskap om motivation bland medarbetare är betydelsefullt, eftersom det påverkar medarbetarnas arbetstillfredsställelse. Människor i en organisation är olika, har olika behov och motiveras av olika saker, vilket även påverkar arbetstillfredsställelsen. Att arbeta med att öka motivationen bland medarbetare är ett viktigt men också ett komplext arbete. Detta arbete kan försvåras i stora statliga organisationer inom rättsväsendet, eftersom medarbetare inom rättsväsendet har ett viktigt samhällsuppdrag samtidigt som risken att utsättas för hot eller hot om våld är mer framträdande än i andra yrkesgrupper. Syfte med denna studie har varit att bidra med kunskap om hur motivation påverkar medarbetares arbetstillfredsställelse inom Kriminalvården. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med kriminalvårdare som arbetar klientnära på ett säkerhetshäkte. Empirin har analyserats utifrån en teoretisk analysmodell som grundar sig på Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori och Self-determination teorin. I det empiriska materialet har det framkommit några motivationsfaktorer som inte går att förklara utifrån Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori eller Self-determination teorin. Dessa faktorer är utmaningar, mellanmänskliga relationer, trygghet och säkerhet, samhällsnytta och lön. Studiens slutsatser indikerar på att det finns flera motivationsfaktorer som är av betydelse för kriminalvårdares arbetstillfredsställelse. De mest framträdande är erkännande och bekräftelse, tillhörighet, utveckling, trygghet och säkerhet samt mellanmänskliga relationer. Avslutningsvis lyfter respondenterna systematisk återkoppling som ett viktigt verktyg för motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse., To achieve employee motivation requires patience and openness from an organization. If this work is successful, there will be many benefits for the organization. Motivation and job satisfaction are two of the most researched topics in organizational studies. Knowledge about employee motivation is important because it affects employee job satisfaction. People in an organization are different, have different needs and are motivated by different things, which also affects job satisfaction. Working to increase motivation among employees is an important but also a complex process. This work can be made more difficult in large governmental organizations in the judicial system, as employees in the judicial system have an important social mission, while the risk of being exposed to threats or threats of violence is more prominent than in other occupational groups. The purpose of this study has been to contribute knowledge about how motivation affects employees' job satisfaction in the Swedish Prison and Probation Service. The study is based on a qualitative method where 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with correctional officers who work close to clients at a security jail. The empirical data has been analyzed by a theoretical analysis model based on Herzberg's two-factor theory and Self-determination theory. The empirical material has revealed some motivational factors that cannot be explained by Herzberg's two-factor theory or the Self-determination theory. These factors are challenges, interpersonal relationships, safety and security, social benefit and salary. The study's conclusions indicate that there are several motivational factors that are important for correctional officer’s job satisfaction. These are acknowledgment and confirmation, belonging, development, safety and security, as well as interpersonal relationships. Finally, respondents highlight systematic feedback as an important tool for motivation and job satisfaction.

AI har fått en ökad betydelse för både privat och offentlig sektor och har potentialen till att revolutionera våra samhällen och liv i större utsträckning än både industriella och digitala revolutionen. Trots detta så finns det en svårighet att framgångsrikt implementera AI inom den offentliga sektorn där mängden forskning och framgångar ligger bakom den privata sektorn. Syftet med denna studie är att utforska kritiska framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar vid implementering av AI inom den administrativa delen av offentlig sektor och sammanställa detta till ett ramverk bestående av riktlinjer för att framgångsrikt implementera AI inom offentlig sektor. För att uppnå detta har en liten N-studie utförts bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer med offentliga verksamheter från Sverige, Finland, Danmark och Island som idag har framgångsrikt implementerat AI. Resultatet har identifierat framgångsfaktorer i form av samverkan, utforskning, kompetens & expertis, transparens, acceptans, juridik, data, och etik som alla har kopplats samman till ett föreslaget ramverk. Juridiska aspekter har identifierats som en stor utmaning för implementeringen av AI och är en aspekt som kan vara komplex att navigera. Verksamheter uttryckte stort intresse för generativa modeller, mer specifikt språkmodeller, men svårigheter finns att implementera dessa på grund av juridik och integritet., AI has gained a lot of traction both in the private and public sector and has significant potential to revolutionize our societies and lives in more extensive ways than both the industrial and digital revolution. Despite the benefits, there are difficulties in successfully implementing AI within the public sector due to a lack of both research and success compared to the private sector. The purpose of this study is to explore the critical success factors and challenges when implementing AI within the administrative part of the public sector and compile this into a framework consisting of guidelines to successfully implement AI within the public sector. To achieve this goal, we performed a small N-study consisting of semi-structured interviews with public agencies in Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland that have successfully implemented AI. The results have identified the following success factors: collaboration, exploration, knowledge & expertise, transparency, acceptance, law, data, and ethics which have been summarized into a proposed framework. Laws have been identified as posing major challenges for the implementation of AI and is a complex aspect to navigate. Organizations showed big interest for generative models, more specifically large language models but found it difficult to implement due to laws and privacy.

Distansarbetet under COVID-19-pandemin påskyndade den digitala transformeringen av arbetslivet och förskjutningen mot ökat hybridarbete. När arbete på heltid på ett fysiskt kontor utmanas som norm kan yteffektiviserande och flexibla kontorslösningar, t.ex. aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt, bli mer attraktiva för arbetsgivare. Organisationer av idag hanterar därmed två trender samtidigt, dels att utforma hybridarbete i det ”nya normala” i dagens arbetsliv och dels att anpassa framtida kontorslösningar för flexibla arbetssätt. Chefer som leder hybridarbete behöver balansera närvaro på ett fysiskt kontor med distansarbete parallellt med styrning från organisationen och medarbetarnas individuella preferenser. Hybridarbete kan medföra inbyggda motsättningar (paradoxer) för chefer. Syftet med undersökningen är att öka kunskapen om hur chefer i offentlig sektor leder och hanterar utmaningar i att kombinera hybridarbete med ett aktivitetsbaserat kontor. En kvalitativ fallstudie har genomförts genom 14 semi-strukturerade intervjuer med chefer i en större svensk kommun som i samband med återgången efter pandemin infört både hybridarbete och aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt. En teoretisk modell om paradoxala ramverk tillämpas i denna studie på chefer som leder medarbetare i hybridarbete. Utifrån fem paradoxala ramverk: arbete-privatliv, avstånd-närhet, formell-informell, information-kommunikation samt kontroll-tillit, undersöks hur chefer hanterar inbyggda motsättningar i hybridarbete genom tre olika kognitiva processer, integrering, differentiering och polarisering. Studien visar att chefer hanterar motsättningar på olika sätt i respektive paradoxalt ramverk. Studien visade också på kopplingar mellan de paradoxala ramverken. Slutsatsen är att chefer gör balanserade avvägningar mellan flera paradoxala ramverk inom ramen för organisationens styrning av hybridarbete och medarbetarnas preferenser. En integrerad modell för chefer som leder hybridarbete föreslås som förenar de paradoxala r, Teleworking during the COVID-19-pandemic speeded up the digital transformation of work and the shift towards increased hybrid work. When full time work at a physical office is challenged as a norm, space efficient and flexible office solutions, for example activity-based working, can become more attractive to employers. Organisations of today are therefore managing two trends at the same time, on the one hand how to shape hybrid work in the “new normal” of today’s work life, on the other hand how to design future office solutions. Managers leading hybrid work need to balance work in the office with teleworking parallel with guidelines from the organisation and employees’ individual preferences. Hybrid work can entail inherent contradictions, paradoxes, to managers. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge on how managers in the public sector lead and manage challenges with hybrid work in an activity-based office. A qualitative case study has been conducted through 14 semi-structured interviews with managers in one of Sweden’s largest municipalities, in which both hybrid work and activity-based working have been implemented after the pandemic. A theoretical model on paradoxical frameworks in hybrid work is in this study applied on managers leading employees in hybrid work. Using five paradoxical frameworks, work-life, remoteness-closeness, formal-informal, information-communication and control-trust, the study investigates how managers handle inherent contradictions in hybrid work through three different cognitive processes, integration, differentiation and polarisation. The study,shows that managers who lead hybrid work handle contradictions differently in each of the paradoxical frameworks. The results also showed connections between the paradoxical frameworks. The conclusion is that managers make balanced trade-offs between multiple paradoxical frameworks within the framework of the organisation’s guidelines for hybrid work and employees’ preferences. An int

Examensarbetets syfte var att belysa och bidra till kunskaper om hur elva kommuner i en delregion förhåller sig till nya förutsättningar med en förändrad nationell arbetsmarknadspolitik efter Arbetsförmedlingens reformering 2019. Arbetet bidrar till att ge insikter kring kommunernas strategier för organisering och samverkan, samt konsekvenser för kommunala aktiviteter för deltagarna. Empirin är inhämtad med kvalitativ metod genom att djupintervjua elva kommunala chefer, med ansvar inom arbetsmarknadsområdet i sin kommun, på en strategisk eller strategisk/operativ nivå. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering har till exempel inneburit nedstängning av många lokala kontor och att insatser som tidigare ofta utfördes av kommunerna på uppdrag av Arbetsförmedlingen nu utförs av fristående aktörer. Som en följd av de statliga förändringarna har det påverkat den lokala arbetsmarknadspolitiken som kommunerna utför, med anpassning av kommunernas organisationer och vilka aktiviteter som kan erbjudas deltagarna i målgruppen. Arbetsförmedlingens reformering innebar till en början omfattande konsekvenser för den lokala samverkan och individsamverkan, vilket har fått en betydelse för utförandet av arbetsmarknadspolitiken i praktiken för kommunerna och kommunernas invånare. Examensarbetets teoretiska referensram beskriver att Arbetsförmedlingen har svårigheter i att kunna erbjuda flera av målgrupperna tillräckliga insatser, vanligen de deltagare som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden till exempel ungdomar, utrikesfödda och långtidsarbetslösa, grupper som ofta kan ha ett kommunalt ekonomiskt bistånd. Det medför att det kan finnas förväntningar att kommunerna ska utföra insatser för de som står längst ifrån arbetsmarknaden. Målgruppen utgör ofta en kostnad för kommuner och även om arbetsmarknadspolitiken i grunden är ett statligt ansvar agerar kommunerna med insatser för att reducera de egna kostnaderna för ekonomiskt bistånd. Det empiriska materialet i examensarbetet har analyserats tematisk, The aim of the thesis was to shed light and contribute to knowledge about how eleven municipalities in a region are responding to new conditions with a changed national labour market policy after the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service in 2019. The work contributes to insights into the municipalities' strategies for organization and cooperation, as well as consequences for municipal activities for participants. The empirical data was collected using qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with eleven municipal managers, responsible for the labour market area in their municipality, at a strategic or strategic/operational level. For example, the reform of the Swedish Public Employment Service has resulted in the closure of many local offices and that services that were previously often carried out by the municipalities on behalf of the Public Employment Service are now carried out by independent actors. As a result of the government changes, it has affected the local labour market policy that the municipalities carry out, with adaptation of the municipalities' organizations and which activities can be offered to the participants in the target group. The reform of the employment agency initially had extensive consequences for local and individual collaboration, which has been important for the implementation of labour market policy in practice for the municipalities and their residents. The thesis' theoretical framework describes that the Public Employment Service has difficulties in being able to offer several of the target groups sufficient activities, usually the participants who are the furthest from the labour market, such as young people, foreign-born and the long-term unemployed, groups that often can receive municipal economic support. This means that there may be expectations that the municipalities will carry out activities for those who are furthest from the labour market. The target groups represent a cost for the municipalities and

Organisationer satsar på ledarskapsutveckling och organisationer behöver förändras för att anpassa sig till omvärldens krav eller andra förändrade behov. Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa mer kunskap om huruvida en satsning på ledarskapsutveckling i en statlig organisation kan bidra till att förändra ledarskapet i en organisation och att identifiera vilka organisatoriska förutsättningar som behöver vara på plats för att åstadkomma en förändring av organisationens ledarskap. Uppsatsens tillvägagångssätt är en kvalitativ fallstudie med abduktiv och tolkande ansats och datainsamlingen har bestått av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 15 chefer i organisationen. Insamlade data har analyserats genom denna studies analysmodell som kombinerar ledarstilar med organisatoriska förutsättningar. Slutsatserna pekar övergripande på vikten av ledningens och medarbetarnas engagemang, kommunikation, dialog och delaktighet i samband med förändringar. Slutsatserna indikerar att en satsning på ledarskapsutveckling kan bidra till en förändring av ledarskapet bl.a. om utrymme skapas så att chefer kan arbeta aktivt med det egna ledarskapet. Slutsatserna visar också att ett utvecklat ledarskap kan vara svårare att tillämpa om det inte tillämpas av samtliga berörda i en organisation. Slutsatserna indikerar att tid, organisatorisk struktur eller otydlighet kan motverka en förändring av ledarskapet i organisationen. Avseende vilka organisatoriska förutsättningar som behöver vara på plats för att kunna åstadkomma en förändring av organisationens ledarskap visar slutsatserna att det bör skapas utrymme för tillit på alla nivåer i organisationen inklusive förtroende för organisationens olika professioner. Slutsatserna antyder att olika arbetssätt inom organisationen kan utmana organisationens vi-känsla. Slutsatserna antyder också att en organisations beslutsprocesser försvåras av otydlighet och osäkerhet men att detta kan motverkas av god kännedom om en organisations olika verksamheter. Vidare, Organisations invest in leadership development and organisations need to change to adapt to the demands of the outside world or other changing needs. The purpose of this essay is to create more knowledge about whether an investment in leadership development in a government organisation can contribute to changing the leadership in this organisation and to identify which organisational conditions need to be present to bring about a change in the organisation's leadership. The essay's approach is a qualitative case study with an abductive and interpretative approach and the data collection has consisted of semi-structured interviews with 15 managers within the organisation. The collected data has been analysed through a model which combines leadership styles with organisational conditions. The conclusions point generally to the importance of management's and employees' commitment, communication, dialogue, and participation in connection with changes. The conclusions indicate that an investment in leadership development can contribute to a change in leadership i.a. if space is created for managers to work actively with their own leadership. The conclusions also show that a developed leadership can be more difficult to apply if it is not applied by all concerned in an organisation. The conclusions indicates that time, organisational structure, or lack of clarity can counteract a change in leadership in the organisation. Regarding the organisational conditions which need to be present to be able to bring about a change in the organisation's leadership, the conclusions show that there should be room for trust at all levels in the organisation, including trust in the organisation's various professions. The conclusions suggest that differing ways of working within the organisation can challenge the organisation's sense of collective identity. The conclusions also suggest that an organisation's decision-making processes are made more difficult by ambiguity and uncertainty, bu

The integration of public transport planning and spatial planning has become an internationally well-known phenomenon and is seen by planners as a fundamental prerequisite for getting more people to travel sustainably, and thus reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from the transport sector. The aim is to design the built environment in such a way that sustainable travel is promoted. Through semi-structured interviews, a document analysis, and a small field observation, this thesis examines how the municipality of Norrköping and the regional public transport company Östgötatrafiken collaborate to achieve successful integration. The aim has been to investigate how the process of this integration unfolds in the municipality of Norrköping in Sweden in order to contribute with more in-depth research in a Scandinavian context. This has been analyzed from a theoretical framework of TOD, Institutional theory and Collaborative planning. The findings shows that both Norrköping municipality and Östgötatrafiken are working towards goals of increasing the share of trips with public transport, but when the purposes behind these differ, goal conflicts arise. This leads to different strategic considerations where Östgötatrafiken wants the built environment to promote time-efficient public transportation, while the municipality of Norrköping want the built environment to promote all sustainable means of transport. As a result, there are differences regarding public transport's mission, resources and priorities. As this study also shows that collaboration is the key to success, I argue that collaboration should take place as early as possible in the process, and already at the formulation of political and strategic goals.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a global concern due to urban population growth, particularly in developing countries. Collaboration among stakeholders in the MSW sector is vital for addressing the challenges associated with MSW management. However, initiating and operating collaborations in this domain are complex and have received limited attention in existing research. This study aims to understand collaboration in the MSW sector, specifically focusing on the factors influencing collaboration initiation and the collaboration process. The study utilizes the collaborative governance framework developed by Emerson et al. (2012) and conducts a case study on Jakarta's MSW sector, examining the Large-Scale Social Collaboration (LSSC) forum for waste management. The analysis highlights the significant influence of the political and policy landscape in creating an enabling environment for collaboration in Jakarta's MSW sector. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a crucial role in initiating and nurturing the collaboration forum. The presence of discussion spaces for the discovery of shared interests among stakeholders contributes to building trust. However, challenges arise from the diverse range of participants in the forum, hindering the identification of joint action. Government endorsement and the institutionalization of collaboration through a government decree are essential for fostering collaboration. This study suggests further research on applying collaborative governance in various MSW collaboration settings and investigating the interconnections among the elements.

While individual car use is a dominant mode of transportation in France, particularly in rural and low-density areas, it is important to promote the development of new sustainable travel paths in order to reduce dependence on cars. Planning policies and tools play a crucial role in defining such paths by providing decision-makers with a framework for data analysis, which can ensure efficient, safe, and sustainable mobility.The 2019 French mobility orientation law changed the rules of governance for mobility (i.e., management of transportation systems and mobility patterns). The territorial collectivities now have the choice of becoming mobility-organizing authorities. This law also introduced "simplified mobility plans" which aim to plan sustainable mobility on territories with less than 100,000 inhabitants. These planning documents are not mandatory but are crucial to build a policy aligned with mobility challenges, and consist of several steps, the first of which is conducting a mobility diagnosis.This thesis focuses on rural areas and on investigating the mobility diagnosis part which is a mandatory step of the simplified mobility plans, and which allows to provide a comprehensive understanding of transportation systems and mobility patterns and enable the identification of challenges and opportunities. Guided by theories on sustainable transitions and urban mobility planning, it details how to use and adapt existing tools to the specific context rural areas, that are constrained in both financial and human resources and are under-studied by current scientific research.Moreover, current methods for mobility diagnostics are too cumbersome and not always suitable for rural areas with limited resources. To address this issue, the thesis proposes a turnkey toolbox with relevant, easy-to-use indicators to standardize results and make regional - or national - planning easier.This master thesis tries in particular to answer the needs of mobility coordination by regions

Friskolereformens införande i början på 1990-talet utgjorde ett paradigmskifte i svensk utbildningpolitik. Trots att reformen infördes för över trettio år sedan är den fortfarande högaktuell i den samtida debatten. I föreliggande uppsats studeras argumentationen i den svenska friskoledebatten. Studiens syfte är att generera kunskap om argumentationens karaktär med fokus på hur förespråkare respektive kritiker ramar in sina argument samt hur dessa kan förstås i ljuset av offentliga värden. Studien är en kvalitativ textanalys i form av en argumentationsanalys. Argumentationsanalysen används för att systematiskt redogöra för argumenten i debatten och klargör hur dessa är uppbyggda och förhåller sig till varandra. Med utgångspunkt i gestaltningsteorin idenfieras hur förespråkare respektive kritiker ramar in sina argument. Vidare används offentliga värden som teoretiska referenspunkter i analysen samt för att kontextualisera debatten. De offentliga värdena hämtas från Public Value Management, New Public Management och Lennart Lundquists offentliga etos. Studiens resultat visar att förespråkare av friskolor tenderar att rama in sina argument i relation till valfrihet och kvalitet. I dessa argument dominerar ekonomivärden och New Public Management-orienterade värden såsom konkurrens och sparsamhet. Kritiker tenderar istället att rama in sina argument i relation till segregation och idén om marknads/koncernskolan. Kritikernas argument diskuteras framförallt i ljuset av Public Value Management och värdeskapande möjligheter.

Background and problems Municipal limited companies have increasingly become a popular way of governing municipal operations. With the intent of imitating privately owned limited companies, models such as New Public Management and New Public Governance have taken place in shaping the governance of municipal companies. However, the governance of municipal companies in the form of limited companies leads to problems regarding the legislation in terms of colliding regulations, limited regulations, and potential exploitation of the legislations. Method The method used for this study is a quantitative method of collecting information from the annual reports of both privately held limited companies and municipal limited companies. The data is then to be compared and analyzed in terms of key performance indicators. Three studies have been executed, one to compare the financial effectiveness, one with the DuPont-model as a background, and lastly a calculation of key performance indicators to showcase deviations in the accounting. Aim The aim of the study is to compare financial effectiveness between municipally owned limited companies and privately held limited companies. Further aim for this study is to compare financial risk taking and financial structure between the two, as well as examine how trustworthy and comparable key performance indicators are between companies. Research questions How economically effective are municipal limited real estate companies in comparison to privately owned companies in the same industry? What difference exists in the financial structure and accounting, as well as the financial governance between the two company types? Result and conclusions The result of this study concludes that municipal companies are less economically effective in comparison to privately owned limited companies. The financial risk taking is lower for the municipal companies than its comparison. The difference in financial efficiency is a result of lo, Sammanfattning Bakgrund och problemdiskussion Kommunala aktiebolag har vuxit sig större i antal under de senaste åren och blivit en populär bolagsform för drivande av kommunala bolag. Med målet att efterlikna de privata bolagens drift och styrning har modeller som “New Public Management” och “New Public Governance” format fokuset och styrningen av de kommunala bolagen. Det finns dock en mängd problem förknippade med kommunala verksamheter som bedrivs i aktiebolagsform, däribland motsägande lagstiftning, problematisk lagstiftning och risker för missbruk av dessa lagar. Metod De metoder som valts för undersökningen är tre kvantitativa undersökningar bestående av datainsamling från både kommunala och privata aktiebolags årsredovisningar. Denna data tas upp för jämförelse och analys genom nyckeltal och finansiell status. Dessa tre kvantitativa undersökningar består av dels en jämförelse av ekonomisk effektivitet genom valda nyckeltal, dels en undersökning med DuPont-modellen som underlag och sistnämnt en beräkning av utvalda nyckeltal för att undersöka eventuella avvikelser i redovisningen. Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka den ekonomiska effektiviteten i kommunala fastighetsaktiebolag och jämföra dessa med effektiviteten i privata fastighetsaktiebolag. Vidare är syftet att undersöka nyckeltal för finansiell styrning och risktagande, samt till sist hur väl både tillit och jämförbarhet mellan bolagen återspeglas i nyckeltal. Frågeställningar Hur ekonomiskt effektiva är kommunalt ägda fastighetsbolag i jämförelse med privatägda bolag inom samma bransch? Vilken differens existerar i den finansiella strukturen och redovisningen, samt i den ekonomiska styrningen i dessa bolag? Resultat och slutsatser Resultatet från studien visade att de kommunala fastighetsaktiebolagen är mindre effektiva än de jämförda privata börsnoterade fastighetsaktiebolagen. Det framgår även att det finansiella risktagandet är mindre i de kommunala bolagen. Differensen i den ekono

Public organizations can collaborate, cooperate or coordinate efforts to reach politically set goals. For the Migration Agency and higher education institutions such as universities, cooperation is required to manage the process when an international student from a third country has chosen to study in Sweden at a Swedish university. The purpose of the essay was to investigate the complex phenomena that different public organizations can face when anorganizing process takes place. The essay is a study in what is described as ”Government” in which the cooperation between authorities is central. The essay's methodology is based on aqualitative study with social constructivism as an analysis tool in the understanding of how organizations are constructed. The qualitative study consisted of seven semi-structured interviews with staff from the Swedish Migration Agency and Universities. These individuals have been able to highlight the different institutional logics that delimit and unite activities. The theoretical ground is based on new institutional theory with a starting point in institutional logics and boundaries. The institutional logics of bureaucratic logic, political logic and market-oriented logic have resulted in finding answers to the fact that there are two dominant parts that becomes visible in the collaboration between the Swedish Migration Agency and universities, where international students are the organizational field. The study has shown that there is: a) the control mechanism at the Swedish Migration Agency and b) the global university. What has been demonstrated is that the control mechanism at the Swedish Migration Agency has a clear bureaucratic logic with influence from a political logic. The global university can be seen as a hybrid organization where the bureaucratic logic is visible with the influence from the political logic. What separates the control mechanism at the Migration Agency and the educational institutions is that, in addition to a, Offentliga organisationer kan samverka, samarbeta eller samordna insatser för att nå politiskt uppställda mål. För Migrationsverket och lärosäten krävs samarbete för att hantera processen när en internationell student från tredje land har valt att studera i Sverige vid ett svenskt statligt lärosäte. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka de komplexa företeelser som olika offentliga organisationer kan mötas inför när en organiseringsprocess sker. Uppsatsen är en studie i det som beskrivs som centralstyrning där samverkan mellan myndigheter är det centrala. Uppsatsens metodik bygger på en kvalitativ studie med socialkonstruktivismen som analysverktyg i förståelsen för hur organisationer konstrueras. Den kvalitativa studien har bestått av sju stycken semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personal från Migrationsverket och lärosäten. Dessa personer har kunnat belysa de olika institutionella logikerna som avgränsar och förenar aktiviteter. Den teoretiska grunden bygger på nyinstitutionell teori med avstamp iinstitutionella logiker och gränser. De institutionella logikerna byråkratisk logik, politisk logik och marknadsorienterad logik har medfört att finna svar på att det finns två dominerande delar som blir synliga i samarbetet mellan Migrationsverket och lärosäten där internationella studenter är det organisatoriska fältet. Studien har visat på att det finns a) Kontrollmekanismen hos Migrationsverket och b) Det globala universitetet. Det som påvisats är att kontrollmekanismen hos Migrationsverket har en tydlig byråkratisk logik med påverkan från en politisk logik. Det globala universitetet kan ses som en hybridorganisation där den byråkratiska logiken är synlig med påverkan från den politiska logiken. Det som skiljer kontrollmekanismen hos Migrationsverket och lärosäten åt är att lärosäten förutom en byråkratisk logik med påverkan från en politisk logik, även visar tendenser på en marknadsorienterad logik. Den marknadsorienterade logiken innehåller drag från New Public Mana

Idea-born – public partnership (IPP) is a state-initiated form of cooperation that are supposed to make it easier for civil society to cooperate with the public sector to solve complex social problems. The study explores how municipalities organize collaboration through IPP and examine opportunities and obstacles with the form of collaboration. Theoretically, the study is guided by concepts from Emerson et al' (2012) model of collaborative governance. The study adopts a qualitative research strategy, and the material was collected from semi-structured interviews with people who work in both the public and idea-based sectors. The results of the study show that the interaction through IPP is complex. There is no predetermined template – IPP becomes what the parties make it. Since there is no uniform definition, there is also no given organization. The parties establish the organization deemed necessary to achieve the purpose of the collaboration. IPP can be preceded by time- and resource consuming processes or be a fast track to collaboration. Likewise, the IPP organization differs in terms of incentives for collaboration, number of participating parties, duration, steering groups, meeting frequency, meeting constellations and personnel administration. The study also shows that the respondents experience following opportunities with IOP; the actors complement each other; share and maximize resources and that the municipality can employ coordinators who are responsible for the IPP work. The obstacles appear to be inadequate procedural and institutional arrangements; lack of knowledge; insufficient dialogue and that trust is damaged by the voice function of civil society.

The relationship between the Swedish government and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) has sparked debates, particularly regarding the agreements established in the healthcare sector. These agreements strive to ensure national equivalence while allowing municipal influence in governance. However, the agreements entail closed negotiations and bestow decision-making authority upon SALAR – a non-public employers' and interest organization funded by tax money – representing the municipalities. Despite their significance, limited research has explored the utilization and repercussions of these agreements, especially concerning their democratic implications. This knowledge gap is striking given the regional authorities' substantial management of tax revenues and primary responsibility for healthcare, as regional democracy has received scant attention in political science research and society. Therefore, this thesis aims to bridge this gap by mapping and evaluating the democratic legitimacy of the agreement development process between the government and SALAR. The focus of analysis is on the 2023 agreement relating to maternity care and women's health. The empirical material includes accessible documents, as well as interviews with individuals knowledgeable about the decision-making process and those anticipated to have gained insights. Through reconstructing the decision-making process and employing two contrasting democratic ideals – the traditional representative model and the network-based multi-actor model – this study uncovers the challenges encountered in upholding these ideals during the agreement development. Notably, the democratic values of accountability, openness, and transparency were significantly compromised. Therefore, the decision-making process can be assessed as lacking full democratic legitimacy.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om mänskliga rättigheter, närmare bestämt jämställdhet, inkludering och icke-diskriminering, implementeras av svenska myndigheter på lokal nivå. Uppsatsen är en fallstudie som undersöker hur Jönköpings Kommun arbetar med frågor om mänskliga rättigheter för att ge en bild av arbetet och samarbetet mellan regering och myndighet. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av semi strukturerade intervjuer med fyra representanter från statliga och kommunala myndigheter i Jönköping där vi träffat individer som arbetar med dessa delar. Resultatet visar att det grundläggande arbete myndigheterna bedriver inom området mänskliga rättigheter och den genomgripande effekten av detta arbete, vilket framgår av alla myndigheter i vår studie. I slutsatsen dras det att det finns rättighetsbaserat arbete hos de myndigheter, vilket antyder en motiverande aktivitet gentemot offentliga verksamheters arbetsplatser och mänskliga rättigheter. Arbetet har påvisat en struktur och strategi som påbörjar internationellt och rör sig mot det nationella och slutligen kommunala., The purpose of this study is to investigate whether human rights, more specifically equality, inclusion, and non-discrimination, are implemented by Swedish authorities at the local level. The essay is a case study that examines how Jönköping municipality works with issues of human rights in the local government authorities in Sweden in practice to give a picture of the work and cooperation between the government and the authority. We have used qualitative methods and had interviews with four representatives from state and municipal authorities in Jönköping where we have met individuals who work with these parts. In our results, we have drawn attention to the basic work the authorities carry out in the area of human rights and the pervasive effect of this work, which is evident in all the authorities in our study. We have been able to conclude that there is rights-based work in the authorities we have worked with, which is in line with the principles, laws, and regulations that the Swedish state has worked on together with the authorities.

Efter att sjukförsäkringen på Försäkringskassan år 2008 genomgick en reformering, resulterade det i skärpta lagar och regler för sjukersättning. Detta ökade antalet avslagsbeslut vilket ledde till en förhöjd risk för hot och våld mot myndighetsutövarna. Reformeringen och dess efterverkningar påverkade likaså utsattheten för hot och våld på Arbetsförmedlingen. När fler fick sin sjukpenning indragen, vände klienter sig till Arbetsförmedlingen för att skriva in sig som arbetssökande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska arbetsförmedlare och försäkringsutredares upplevelser av hur hot och våld uttrycks på arbetsplatsen, hur sådana situationer påverkar dem och deras psykosociala arbetsmiljö, samt chefers stöd till utsatta medarbetare. Metoden som valts för denna studie är av kvalitativ arv i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra arbetsförmedlare och fyra försäkringsutredare samt en chef från respektive myndighet. Vårt empiriska material har analyserats med hjälp av fyra teoretiska inriktningar: symbolisk interaktionism av Herbert Mead, Conservation of Resources theory (COR) av Steven E. Hobfoll, krav-kontroll och stödmodellen av Robert Karasek och Töres Theorell samt Path-Goal theory av Robert J. House. Studiens resultat visar att endast hot och inte våld uttrycker sig på Arbetsförmedlingen och sjukförsäkringen inom Försäkringskassan. Hoten har oftast förekommit vid avslagsbeslut, men även när klienter inte förstått regelverken och beskyllt den enskilde myndighetsutövaren för beslutet. Det har också framkommit att klienter agerat utåt när deras ärende handlagts under en längre tid eller om de haft ett långt avstånd till myndighetsutövaren. Respondenterna har upplevt att hot uttryckt sig i form av aggressiva gester (höjd rösten, skrik samt respektlöshet), direkt mot myndighetsutövaren (utåtagerande och hot om personliga angrepp, hot om fysisk våld samt hot med högre makter såsom Gud), genom digitala nätverk som mejl, brev och telefonsamtal samt genom hot om

The aim of this thesis is to examine the implementation process of the re-organisation reformof the Swedish police in 2015 and how it has impacted the efforts to implement the reformand how the police as an organisation was affected by the implementation process. This wasachieved through the review of agency documentation and decisions, as well as relevantresearch material. This empirical material is explained using a theoretical framework with afocus on implementation theory. Professional implementation and bureaucraticimplementation are the main implementation models used to analyse the empirical material.

Drawing inspiration from the authors own term paper, this thesis examines the documentational and administrative workload of Swedish pre-school teachers. The focus being on its relationship with New Public Management, professionalization, deprofessionalization, and pre-school teachers' experiences of time constraints. The study itself consists of interviews with 15 individuals, thirteen of which are pre-school teachers, and 2 pre-school principals, most of whom work in the same municipality. These municipalities, as well as the true names and workplaces of the respondents, have been anonymized. The analysis centers around the respondents' perspectives on documentation, professionalization, deprofessionalization, and perceived lack of time. Findings indicate that respondents generally believed documentation to be pedagogically valuable for children's learning and progress, reflecting a perception of professionalization with occasional instances of deprofessionalization. However, the extent to which these scenarios represent pre-schools overall remains unclear. Notably, most respondents expressed a lack of time for their daily tasks, attributing it primarily to understaffing rather than the documentational and administrative workload itself. The study concludes that pre-school teachers find the documentational and administrative workload time-consuming and frustrating. It observes that documentation is perceived as an integral aspect of the pedagogical process. The emphasis on the pedagogic nature of pre-school reflects a continuous professionalization process and status elevation strategies employed by teachers, which has resulted in increased documentation. This insight may help explain the absence of negative experiences associated with the documentational workload., Denna kandidatuppsats behandlar den dokumentations- och administrativa arbetsbelastningen som krävs av svenska förskollärare, och hur den relaterar till New Public Management, professionalisering och avprofessionalisering, samt förskollärares upplevelser av brist på tid för att utföra sitt arbete. Uppsatsen inspirerades till stor del av en B-uppsats skriven av författarna. Studien består av intervjuer med 15 personer, varav tretton är förskollärare och två är förskollerektorer, de flesta arbetar i samma kommun. Dessa kommuner, liksom de verkliga namnen och arbetsplatserna för respondenterna, har anonymiserats. Analysen baseras på respondenternas svar i förhållande till dokumentation, professionalisering, avprofessionalisering och upplevd tidsbrist. Resultaten indikerade att de flesta av respondenterna ansåg att dokumentationen hade ett tydligt pedagogiskt syfte i förhållande till barnens lärande och utveckling. Deras svar visade på en upplevd professionalisering snarare än avprofessionalisering, även om det finns vissa scenarion som skulle kunna indikera avprofessionalisering. Det är dock svårt att bedöma i vilken utsträckning dessa scenarier beskriver förskolor generellt. Slutligen drog vi slutsatsen att de flesta av respondenterna upplever brist av tid för att utföra sina arbetsuppgifter. Slutsatsen var att förskollärarna själva upplever att arbetsbelastningen relaterad till dokumentations- och administrationsarbetet är tidskrävande och en källa till frustration i samband med dess utförande under arbetets gång. Intressant nog tillskrivs den nästan allmänt upplevda tidsbristen bland respondenterna vanligtvis inte dokumentations- och administrationsarbetet, utan snarare personalbrist. Dokumentationen uppfattas som en integrerad del av den pedagogiska processen. Det pedagogiska arbetet i sig kan ses som en del av en kontinuerlig professionaliseringsprocessen och statushöjande strategier som används av förskollärare. Detta kan förklara bristen på negativa upplevelser

På flera håll i världen har en politisk polarisering mellan stad och landsbygd vuxit fram. Den har bland annat tagit sig uttryck i form av en landsbygd med minskat förtroende för institutioner och ökat stöd för populistiska partier. Tidigare svenska studier har inte funnit någon tydlig polarisering av detta slag, men det kan hänga samman med vilka frågor som ställts och de geografiska indelningar som använts i dessa studier. I den här rapporten undersöks polarisering mellan stad och land med hjälp av en särskild urvalsundersökning som riktar sig till dem som bor i de allra minst och allra mest tätbefolkade delarna av Sverige. En stor del urvalet är dessutom riktat till 18-åringar, vilket gör det möjligt att få en bild av uppfattningarna hos personer som ännu inte hunnit flytta till en annan del av landet för arbete eller utbildning. Totalt sett baseras analyserna på svar från 2 703 personer. Rapporten har tre frågor i fokus. Den första frågan avser om personer i stad respektive på landsbygd ger uttryck för ressentiment som har sin grund i platsen där de bor. Med det avses en form av agg och bitterhet som grundar sig i uppfattningen att man i det egna området har fundamentalt skilda värderingar och livsstilar än personer i andra områden, att det egna området ignoreras av politiska beslutsfattare, samt att området inte får sin rättmätiga del av resurserna. De resultat som presenteras i den här rapporten ger visst stöd för att det på landsbygden finns ett sådant platsbaserat ressentiment. De som bor där anser att de har andra värderingar än de som bor i städerna och att stadsborna inte bryr sig om landsbygden. De är också av uppfattningen att de politiskt styrande gynnar städer och inte landsbygd. Däremot finns inte stöd för ett sådan ressentiment bland stadsbor. De tycker visserligen också att det finns skillnader i värderingar mellan stad och land, men de anser inte att städerna missgynnas av de politiskt styrande. Tvärtom är de av uppfattningen att det är städerna o

Everything should come together, and everything should permeate everything. Trends in governance and policy areas have come to encompass increasingly broader and more diverse issues. For example, sustainable development should guide all parts of government, but there is often little guidance on what this means in practice and how organizations should tackle the diverse issues and challenges of sustainability. Overall, much indicates that the challenges and problems faced by decision-makers in public administration have become increasingly difficult to manage. Some of these problems are particularly challenging and cannot be solved with a short term solution, by a single actor, or by an established method. These problems can only be managed and are referred to as "wicked problems" in the literature. The dissertation focuses on two wicked problems: sustainability and a pandemic. The analysis address how these wicked problems are handled by local public authorities in Sweden. Both problems have an unclear scope, a vague definition, and no definitive solution within reach. The overshadowing argument is that wicked problems need to be framed to be managed through policy mechanisms and implementation processes. The thesis argues that a frame determines and delimits the issue at hand, thus configuring what becomes manageable or not in practice. The dissertation is based on a selection of empirical case studies aimed at observing how governments translate the problems they face by handling both the need to become more sustainable and balancing the needs during a pandemic through changes and modifying the discourse. The study employs an interpretive and constructivist analysis of document studies and interviews with key stakeholders. The overarching conclusions indicate that framing is a central process necessary to move wicked problems forward on the political agenda and make them manageable. In this way, framing helps to delimit the problems; the framing becomes crucial fo, Allt ska gå ihop, och allt måste genomsyra allt. Styrtrender och politikområden har kommit att omfatta allt mer och allt bredare frågeställningar. Sammantaget pekar mycket på att de problem som beslutsfattare och verksamheter ställs inför har blivit svårare att hantera. Några av dessa problem är särskilt svåra för offentligheten, och de kan inte lösas på traditionella sätt. Dessa problem kan endast hanteras och kallas i litteraturen för lömska problem. Avhandlingen tar sig an hållbarhet som ett sådant lömskt problem, med fokus på hälso- och sjukvård samt COVID-19-pandemin. Båda fallen har en oklar omfattning, en vag innebörd och det finns heller inget definitivt slut som är nåbart inom en snar framtid. Det övergripande argumentet är att lömska problemen behöver ramas in för att kunna hanteras av organisationer. Ramen avgör och avgränsar sakfrågan, och vad som blir hanterbart eller inte. Analyserna utgår från och bygger på ett urval av empiriska studier om hållbar hälsa samt COVID-19-pandemin. Forskningsdesignen för att studera hanteringen av dessa två lömska problem bygger på en tolkande och konstruktivistisk analys av dokument och intervjuer med nyckelaktörer. De övergripande slutsatserna pekar på att inramning är en central process som gör lömska problem hanterbara. Genom inramning avgränsas problemen; inramningen blir avgörande för vad som blir hanterbart och vad som lämnas utanför. Resultaten visar att organisationer använder olika strategier för att rama in lömska problem. Strategierna bygger på befintliga institutioner och organisatoriska handlingsmönster, med följd att det ursprungliga lömska problemet antingen förbinds, förenas och/eller förändras. Slutsatserna understryker behovet av att fortsätta synliggöra lömska problem inom olika policyområden, att uppmärksamma de större och mer komplexa aspekterna av vissa politiska frågeställningar, samt att fortsätta identifiera olika hanteringsmekanismer.