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В статье главным образом раскрывается основные пути обеспечения энергетической безопасности в Кыргызской Республике. Необходимо развитие нетрадиционных, возобновляемых источников энергии для электрификации объектов республики.

Kazakh children have been playing “asyk” (playing with lamb bone) from ancient times. Currently, the game still retains its value among the Kazakhs, as it is commonly played among the Turkic-Mongol...

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of diseases characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Regardless of its cause, PH leads to right ventricular failure and premature death. Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of PH have prompted the elaboration of new guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of PH. This paper provides a brief overview of major achievements in diagnostic and treatment approaches in patients PH.Легочная гипертония (ЛГ) - группа заболеваний, для которых характерно повышение легочного сосудистого сопротивления (ЛСС). Независимо от причины ЛГ приводит к развитию правожелудочковой сердечной недостаточности и преждевременной смерти. За последние годы достигнут значительный прогресс в диагностике и лечении больных с ЛГ, послуживший основой нового клинического руководства по диагностике и лечению ЛГ. В данной статье предлагается краткий обзор основных достижений в диагностических и терапевтических подходах у больных с ЛГ.

Cryopreservation of biological materials is predominantly done using liquid nitrogen, and its application involves high maintenance costs and the need for periodical refilling of liquid nitrogen. Stable storage in mechanical freezers at −80C would eliminate these issues and allow for shipment of frozen specimens using dry ice. In this work, the possibility of increasing the storage temperature of cryopreserved samples to −80C by using combinations of DMSO and sucrose has been studied. Preservation efficacy was studied by measuring stability of liposomes encapsulated with carboxyfluorescein during storage at −150, −80 and −25C for up to three months. Thermal and molecular mobility properties of the different DMSO-sucrose formulations were measured using differential scanning calorimetry, whereas hydrogen bonding interactions of the formulations were probed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that addition of sucrose to DMSO solutions increases the Tg, and decreases molecular mobility in the glassy state at a particular temperature. Although it was expected that storage above or close to Tg at −80C would affect liposome stability, stability was found to be similar compared to that of samples stored at −150C. Higher molecular mobility in the glassy state could not be associated with faster CF-leakage rates. Distinct differences in storage stability at −25C, far above Tg, were found among the sucrose/DMSO formulations, which were explained by the differences in permeability of sucrose and DMSO resulting in different levels of osmotic stress in the formulations.

Lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) occurs in many lung diseases and during surgical procedures such as lung transplantation. The re-establishment of blood flow and oxygen delivery into the previously ischaemic lung exacerbates the ischaemic injury and leads to increased microvascular permeability and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as to vigorous activation of the immune response. These events initiate the irreversible damage of the lung with subsequent oedema formation that can result in systemic hypoxaemia and multi-organ failure. Alterations in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been suggested as crucial mediators of such responses during ischaemia-reperfusion in the lung. Among numerous potential sources of ROS/RNS within cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, nitric oxide synthases and mitochondria have been investigated during LIRI. Against this background, we aim to review here the extensive literature about the ROS-mediated cellular signalling during LIRI, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidants as treatment option for LIRI.

Mitochondria regulate intracellular calcium homeostasis and thereby may affect pulmonary vascular functions, in particular the response of the pulmonary vasculature to hypoxia. We investigated whether the proteins p66shc and cyclophilin D (CypD), which regulate release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and apoptosis, may influence pulmonary vascular functions. Mice deficient for p66shc (p66shc −/- ), CypD (CypD −/- ), or both proteins (p66shc/CypD −/- ) exhibited a lower pulmonary vascular resistance compared to wildtype (WT) mice determined in vivo by hemodynamic measurements and in isolated lungs. Systemic arterial pressure was, however, only lower in CypD −/- mice. Pulmonary vasoconstriction and intracellular calcium increase induced by KCl was lower in the lungs or pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from gene deficient compared to WT mice. However, cardiac function and pulmonary vascular morphometric parameters did not differ. All mouse strains showed a similar response to chronic hypoxia with regard to development of pulmonary hypertension. We conclude that p66shc specifically regulates the pulmonary vascular tone, while CypD also affects systemic blood pressure. The pulmonary effects can be explained by decreased pulmonary vasoconstriction, suggested to be caused by p66shc and CypD interfering with the intracellular calcium homeostasis. As the observed differences were not additive in the p66shc/CypD −/- double ko mice, p66shc and CypD most likely act via similar pathways. p66shc thus may be a new candidate for targeting pulmonary vascular disease. This work was funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant SFB1213, Project A06 and B05 (NW, NS, RS).

В статье анализируется современная ситуация и излагаются идеи определения и учета уровней готовности будущих учителей общеобразовательных школ для развития логического мышления учащихся. Повышение уровни подготовки будущих учителей математики позволяет повысить эффективность логической подготовки учащихся с учетом возрастных особенностей обучаемых на различных стадиях подготовки., The article analyzes the current situation and outlines ideas for determining and taking into account the levels of preparedness of future teachers of general education schools for the development of students' logical thinking. Raising the levels of training of future mathematics teachers makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the students' logical preparation taking into account the age characteristics of the trainees at different stages of preparation., Мақалада оқушылардың логикалық ойлауын дамытуға, жалпы білім беретін мектептің бастауыш буынының болашақ мұғалімдерінің даярлығын анықтаудың және деңгейін есепке алудың ағымдағы жағдайы талданған және идеялары келтірілген. Болашақ математика мұғалімдерін даярлау деңгейін жоғарылату оқушылардың әртүрлі кезеңдеріндегі жас ерекшеліктерін ескере отырып, олардың логикалық дайындығының тиімділігін арттыруға мүмкіндік береді.

// Matthieu Amirjanians 1 , Bakytbek Egemnazarov 1 , Akylbek Sydykov 1 , Baktybek Kojonazarov 1 , Ralf Brandes 3 , Himal Luitel 1 , Kabita Pradhan 1 , Johannes-Peter Stasch 4,5 , Gorden Redlich 6 , Norbert Weissmann 1 , Friedrich Grimminger 1 , Werner Seeger 1,2 , Hossein Ghofrani 1 and Ralph Schermuly 1,2 1 University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany 2 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany 3 Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany 4 Cardiology Research, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany 5 Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany 6 Research Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany Correspondence to: Ralph Schermuly, email: // Keywords : monocrotaline; cGMP; nitric oxide; pulmonary hypertension; remodelling; Pathology Section Received : August 19, 2016 Accepted : March 08, 2017 Published : March 31, 2017 Abstract Dysfunction of the NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Therefore, agents stimulating cGMP synthesis via sGC are important therapeutic options for treatment of PH patients. An unwanted effect of this novel class of drugs is their systemic hypotensive effect. We tested the hypothesis that aerosolized intra-tracheal delivery of the sGC stimulator BAY41-8543 could diminish its systemic vasodilating effect. Pharmacodynamics and -kinetics of BAY41-8543 after single intra-tracheal delivery was tested in healthy rats. Four weeks after a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60 mg/kg s.c.), rats were randomized to a two-week treatment with either placebo, BAY 41-8543 (10 mg/kg per os (PO)) or intra-tracheal (IT) instillation (3 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg). Circulating concentrations of the drug 10 mg/kg PO and 3 mg/kg IT were comparable. BAY 41-8543 was detected in the lung tissue and broncho-alveolar fluid after IT delivery at higher concentrations than after PO administration. Systemic arterial pressure transiently decreased after oral BAY 41-8543 and was unaffected by intratracheal instillation of the drug. PO 10 mg/kg and IT 3 mg/kg regimens partially reversed pulmonary hypertension and improved heart function in MCT-injected rats. Minor efficacy was noted in rats treated IT with 1 mg/kg. The degree of pulmonary vascular remodeling was largely reversed in all treatment groups. Intratracheal administration of BAY 41-8543 reverses PAH and vascular structural remodeling in MCT-treated rats. Local lung delivery is not associated with systemic blood pressure lowering and represents thus a further development of PH treatment with sGC stimulators.

Objective— Antibodies against human neutrophil antigen-3a (HNA-3a) located on choline transporter-like protein 2 induce severe transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). This study aims to identify the mechanism implicated in anti–HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. Approach and Results— Our analysis shows that anti–HNA-3a recognizes 2 choline transporter-like protein 2 isoforms (P1 and P2) on human microvascular endothelial cells from lung blood vessels but reacts only with the P1 isoform on neutrophils. Direct treatment of HNA-3a–positive endothelial cells with anti–HNA-3a, but not with anti–HNA-3b, leads to reactive oxygen species production, increased albumin influx, and decreased endothelial resistance associated with the formation of actin stress filaments and loosening of junctional vascular endothelium-cadherin. In a novel in vivo mouse model, TRALI was documented by significant increase in lung water content, albumin concentration, and neutrophil numbers in the bronchoalveolar lavage on injection of human anti–HNA-3a in lipopolysaccharides-treated, as well as nontreated mice. Interestingly, although neutrophil depletion alleviated severity of lung injury, it failed to prevent TRALI in this model. Infusion of anti–HNA-3a F(ab′) 2 fragments caused moderate TRALI. Finally, mice lacking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX2 y/ - ) were protected from anti–HNA-3a-mediated TRALI. Conclusions— These data demonstrate the initiation of endothelial barrier dysfunction in vitro and in vivo by direct binding of anti–HNA-3a on endothelial cells. It seems, however, that the presence of neutrophils aggravates barrier dysfunction. This novel mechanism of TRALI primarily mediated by endothelial cell dysfunction via choline transporter-like protein 2 may help to define new treatment strategies to decrease TRALI-related mortality.