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Background Thyroid hormones are necessary for growth and development of the kidney and for the maintenance of water and electrolyte homeostasis. The effects of hypothyroidism on the kidney are usually opposite to the effects of hyperthyroidism. Patients and Methods: Serum samples were collected from 120 individuals, 50 of these individuals were normal and 70 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients that aged from (18-60) year with no personal history of Hypertensive, Thyroid diseases or Diabetes Mellitus. Serum samples were collected from renal failure patients that admitted to dialysis unit of Tikrit Teaching Hospital from August 2012 to January 2013. The Results :Blood urea, S.Creatinine, S.TSH, S.Cortisol, Potassium and Chloride were increased in CRF, while T3, T4 and Sodium were decreased rather than control. Conclusions: These findings suggest the presence of intrathyroidal and pituitary disturbances associated with uremia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Bacteriophages, or phages, are receiving increasing interest as recognition tools for the design of bioactive surfaces. However, to maintain the activity of surface-bound phages, the immobilization strategy must provide the right orientation and not compromise the phages’ integrity. The objectives of this study were to characterize the phage sorption capacity and the immobilized phage activity for aminated silica particles functionalized with T4 phages. Two functionalization strategies were compared; physisorption, based on electrostatic adhesion, and chemisorption, where the phage and the particle are coupled using a carbodiimide cross-linker. We report that chemisorption, at maximum adsorption conditions on 1 µm particles, yielded 16 functional phages per particle, which is 2.5 times more than by the physisorption method. Particle diameter is shown to have an important impact on phage attachment and 1.8 µm particles were found to have ∼4 times more phages per surface area than 0.5 µm particles. Higher surface coverage is attributed to the lower steric hindrance on bigger particles. These findings provide important guidelines for the design of phage-functionalized particles for environmental, biomedical, or sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, bacteriophage purification has followed structured protocols focused on generating high concentrations of phage in manageable volumes. As research moves toward understanding complex phage populations, purification needs have shifted to maximize the amount of phage while maintaining diversity and activity. The effects of standard phage purification procedures such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradients on both diversity and activity of a phage population are not known. We have examined the effects of PEG precipitation and CsCl density gradients on a number of known phage (M13, T4, and ΦX 174) of varying structure and size, individually and as mixed sample. Measurement of phage numbers and activity throughout the purification process was performed. We demonstrate that these methods, used routinely to generate “pure” phage samples, are in fact detrimental to retention of phage number and activity; even more so in mixed phage samples. As such, minimal amounts of processing are recommended to introduce less bias and maintain more of a phage population.

(1) Background: No information is available on how dogs with hypothyroidism (HypoT) respond to vaccination. This study measured pre- and post-vaccination anti-canine parvovirus (CPV) antibodies in dogs with HypoT treated with levothyroxine and compared the results to those of healthy dogs. (2) Methods: Six dogs with HypoT and healthy age-matched control dogs (n = 23) were vaccinated against CPV with a modified-live vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition was used to measure antibodies on days 0, 7, and 28. The comparison of the vaccination response of dogs with HypoT and healthy dogs were performed with univariate analysis. (3) Results: Pre-vaccination antibodies (≥10) were detected in 100% of dogs with HypoT (6/6; 95% CI: 55.7–100) and in 100% of healthy dogs (23/23; 95% CI: 83.1–100.0). A ≥4-fold titer increase was observed in none of the dogs with HypoT and in 4.3% of the healthy dogs (1/23; CI95%: p = 1.000), or vaccination response (p = 0.735), nor in the occurrence of post-vaccination VAAEs (p = 0.798). The vaccination response in dogs with levothyroxine-treated HypoT seems to be similar to that of healthy dogs.

Diabetic Nephropathy is a disease that occurs especially with diabetes and is likely to become chronic. Studies reveal the relationship between Nephropathy and thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism, especially because of the low level of T3 hormone, is considered as a complication of nephropathy. However, the relationship of T3 hormone with eGFR and its effects on Diabetic Nephropath from the imporant studies. In this study, thyroid hormones evaluated as a common component of both nephropathy and also were evaluated some Biochemical marker in urine. The relationship were evaluated between thyroid hormone levels and eGFR, Creatinine, Clearance and Uric acid concentration in patient with nephropathy. Within the scope of our study, an experiment group consisting of patients diagnosed with Nephropathy and a control group consisting of healthy individuals were studied. Nephropathy status was confirmed in samples taken from both groups, and thyroid hormone levels were checked. The effects of T3 on Nephropathy have also been confirmed and then relation with eGFR, Creatinine, Clearance, and Uric acid concentration. Our study carried out in the Biochemistry Department Laboratories of the "Falluja General Training Hospital" Research and Application Hospital in Feluje district campus in Anbar, Iraq [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was conducted to understand whether serum level of the steroid and metabolic hormones may be indicative of their level in ovarian follicular fluid (FF) in porcine, and its influence on fertility. Materials and Methods: Ovaries from pigs (n=32) of two genetic groups, namely, native (Ghungroo; n=16) and crossbred (Hampshire × Ghungroo; n=16) were collected. Both the genetic groups comprised gilts (n=8) and sows (n=8), and sows were in luteal phase of estrus cycle. FF was aspirated from small, medium and large follicles, and centrifuged for the collection of supernatant for further analysis. Blood samples were collected from the same animals, and serum was separated. Hormones, namely, cortisol, T3, T4 and testosterone were estimated by radioimmunoassay. Two-way ANOVA was used for analysis of data considering genetic background (native or crossbred), stage of reproductive life (gilt or sow), and source of sample (serum or FF) as fixed effects. Results: It was observed that all the hormones except cortisol differed significantly (p

Latar belakang. Hormon tiroid mempunyai peranan penting dalam penyesuaian fungsi metabolik. Selama sepsis terjadi eutyroid sick syndrome melalui mekanisme disfungsi neuroendokrin pada aksis hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid yang ditandai dengan kadar T3 rendah. Tujuan. Mendeskripsikan kadar hormon tiroid pada kondisi anak dengan sepsis Metode. Desain studi observasional subyek penelitian adalah penderita sepsis yang dirawat di HCU dan PICU Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang pada tahun 2012 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Diagnosis sepsis berdasarkan kriteria Internasional Consensus Conference on Pediatric Sepsis tahun 2005. Analisis statistik dengan uji Fisher exact dan Pearson chi square Hasil. Subjek 30 anak terdiri dari 20 laki-laki dan 10 perempuan, 18 dengan kultur positif dan 12 negatif. Median kadar T3 1,2 (0,6-6,35) ηg/dl T4 9.74 (4,44 – 16,22) μg/dl dan kadar TSH 1,65 ( 0.05 – 15,19) μU/dl. Perbedaan antara kadar T3 dan luaran ditunjukkan dengan p=1,00. Perbedaan antar T4 dan luaran ditunjukan dengan p=0,30. Perbedaan antara kadar TSH dan luaran p=0,44. Pada analisis subgroup, kondisi sepsis pada kadar T3 dan TSH rendah dibandingkan penderita dengan kadar T3 rendah maupun kadar TSH normal atau meningkat (p=0,049;OR =.156 IK= 0,025-0,974). Kesimpulan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kadar hormon tiroid pada penderita sepsis dengan luaran perbaikan perburukan.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of Omega-3 plus on some the physiological and biochemical traits in growing Baladi goats under hot summer conditions. Thirty-four growing male goats (4-5 months old) were randomly divided into two equal groups. Animals in group 1 were fed a concentrate feed mixture (CFM), which was the control group. Goats in group 2 (the experimental group) were offered Omega-3 plus (1,000 mg/animal day-1) (30% fish oil, containing 18% eicosapentaenoic acid and 12% docosahexaenoic acid + 100 mg wheat germ oil (0.22% tocopherols)) daily in addition to the basal diet for four months (the experimental period) during the hot summer season. Body weight (BW) changes of both groups were recorded monthly during the experiment. Blood samples were collected monthly, and total protein, immunoglobulin G (IgG), total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes (AST and ALT), blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were estimated. A significant increase in the live BW of growing goats was recorded as a result of dietary supplementation of Omega-3 plus. Total protein, IgG, and T3 levels were higher than those obtained with control. In contrast, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, ALT, and AST levels were significantly reduced. The serum concentration of creatinine and T4 levels was indistinguishable from those of control. Addition of Omega-3 plus as a dietary supplement to growing goats under hot summer conditions increases their daily weight gain and improves their general physiological and biochemical status by decreasing total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, ALT, and AST. It is thus suggested that Omega-3 plus should be used as a supplement in the growth period of goats.

A number of mechanisms modify thyroid hormone (TH) signaling at the cellular level. To restore TH signaling in patients with hypothyroidism or in patients with the syndrome of TH resistance, it is necessary to quantify the action of THs in a tissue-specific manner. The development of biomarkers that are tissue-specific and respond to TH is a significant first step toward understanding and possibly modifying TH signaling in health and disease states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:An association have been reported between diesel exhaust and endocrine disorders in several studies. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of diesel exhaust on serum levels of T3, T4 and testosterone in male rats. Methods: In this laboratory experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided to 4 groups (6 series) consisting of the control group and groups exposed to 1, 4 and 8 hours daily diesel exhaust. After 10 weeks, blood samples were collected using cardiac puncture method and the levels of T3, T4 and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay following the serum collection. The study data were statically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: T3, T4 and testosterone serum levels did not significantly change in rats exposed to diesel exhaust for 1h/day compared to control rats, whereas these serum levels significantly increased in group exposed for 8h/day compared to control animals (P

Background: Levothyroxine is commonly used in the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine is often administered in the morning, on an empty stomach, to increase its absorption. However, many patients have trouble for taking levothyroxine in the morning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of changing administration time of levothyroxine from before breakfast to before dinner on serum levels of TSH and T4. Methods: Fifty hypothyroidism patients aged 18-75 years old were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups. Each group received two tablets per day blindly (one levothyroxine tablet and one placebo tablet) before breakfast and before dinner. After two months, the administration time for the tablets was changed for each group, and the new schedule was continued for a further two-month period. The serum TSH and T4 levels were measured before and after treatment in each group. Results: Changing the levothyroxine administration time, resulted in 1.47±0.51 µIU/mL increase in TSH level (P=0.001) and 0.35±1.05µg/dL decrease in T4 level (P=0.3). Conclusion: Changing the levothyroxine administration time from before breakfast to before dinner minimally reduced the therapeutic efficacy of levothyroxine.

Background and Objective: Thyroid hormones have a key role in regulation of metabolism and function of the tissues. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea on serum level of thyroid hormones in hypercholestrolemic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 60 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups including: control group with normal diet, fat diet group with high fat diet and interventional groups were received high fat diet and alcoholic extract of Portulaca Oleracea with maximum dose (800 mg/kg/bw), moderate dose (400 mg/kg/bw), minimum dose (200 mg/kg/bw) intraperitoneally for 21 days and finally, animals in atorvastatin group were received high fat diet with atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/bw, intraperitoneally) for 21 days. After the end of this period, T3, T4, TSH and total cholesterol measured for each animal. Results:Serum level of T3 and T4 in the experimental groups which were received Portulaca Oleracea extract and atorvastatin group significantly increased in compared to controls (P

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of human FSH (10ng/ml) with T4 (20ng/mL) on survival, activation and growth of preantral follicles cultured in vitro for 28 days. Fragments of non-cultured and cultured ovarian tissue were processed for classic histology and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed a reduction in the survival rate in all the media tested (one to 28 days) when compared to the fresh control. However the treatment with T4/hFSH for seven days of culture maintained the rate similar to the control. The media tested by one and 28 days reduced the percentage of primordial follicles in all periods of culture. However, T4/hFSH on day one of culture remained similar to the fresh control. None of the media were able to keep the percentage of the developing follicles. It was observed that the follicular diameter in the medium with T4/hFSH remained similar to the fresh control. The ultrastructural analysis confirmed the integrity of follicles cultured for seven days in a medium supplemented with T4/hFSH. In conclusion, the medium with T4/hFSH is able to maintain the survival, promote the activation, and the ultrastructural integrity of caprine preantral follicles for until seven days.

Virus concentrations measured in municipal wastewater help inform both the water treatment necessary to protect human health and wastewater-based epidemiology. Wastewater measurements are typically PCR-based, and interpreting gene copy concentrations requires an understanding of the form and stability of the nucleic acids. Here, we study the persistence of model virus genomes in wastewater, the protective effects provided by the virus capsids, and the relative decay rates of the genome and infectious viruses. In benchtop batch experiments in wastewater influent at 25 °C, extraviral (+)ssRNA and dsDNA amplicons degraded by 90% within 15-19 min and 1.6-1.9 h, respectively. When encapsidated, the T 90 for T4 dsDNA increased by 52×. The (+)ssRNA decay rates were similar for a range of amplicon sizes. For our model phages MS2 and T4, the nucleic acid signal in untreated wastewater disappeared shortly after the viruses lost infectivity. Combined, these results suggest that most viral genome copies measured in wastewater are encapsidated, that measured concentrations are independent of assay amplicon sizes, and that the virus genome decay rates of nonenveloped (i.e., naked) viruses are similar to inactivation rates. These findings are valuable for the interpretation of wastewater virus measurements.T 90 for T4 dsDNA increased by 52×. The (+)ssRNA decay rates were similar for a range of amplicon sizes. For our model phages MS2 and T4, the nucleic acid signal in untreated wastewater disappeared shortly after the viruses lost infectivity. Combined, these results suggest that most viral genome copies measured in wastewater are encapsidated, that measured concentrations are independent of assay amplicon sizes, and that the virus genome decay rates of nonenveloped (i.e., naked) viruses are similar to inactivation rates. These findings are valuable for the interpretation of wastewater virus measurements.

The thyroid gland is located in the cervical fascia were it is divided in two lateral lobes, right and left, disposed on both sides of the trachea, and unlike other vertebrates, the cat does not have an isthmus that connects the two lobes. The main products of secretion of the thyroid gland are represented by thyroxine [T4] and 3,5,3 'triiodothyronine [T3]. To these are added other hormones resulted from the deiodination of the principle hormones. This process is catalized by the D1, D2 and D3 deiodinase resulting 3,3,5' triiodothyronine [rT3], 3,5-T2, 3,3’-T2 or 3’,5’-T2 which by further deiodination will form 3-3'-T1 and T1. To reach this deiodination must be followed certain steps in the hormon synthesis transport path, and it is important the present of the carrier protein. Once inside the tissue, the concentration of each hormone will vary depending on the binding site and the metabolic processes that will be followed.

Objectives: This study aimed to establish the reference intervals (RIs) of thyroid function test among the adult Sudanese population in Khartoum, Sudan. A multi-stage survey stratified sampling method was used. Total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4) level and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured using radioimmunoassay gamma counter (Riostad, Germany) to determine the reference intervals. Result: A total of 390 adults aged 20–75 years (male: 40.5%, female: 59.5%) were recruited. The median (95% intervals) serum TSH, TT4 and TT3 levels were 1.2 (0.50–3.1) mIU/L, 103.0 (63.0–159.0) nmol/L and 1.4 (0.8–2.7) nmol/L respectively. Compared with males; females had significantly lower TSH level and significantly higher TT4 level, but there was no significant difference when the TT3 level was assessed. While there was no significant difference in the level of TSH and T3 in the age group, T4 levels have shown a progressive increase with age. In summary the RIs for TSH, TT4 and TT3 in this setting were different from the levels provided by the manufacturers. A significant different was observed in TSH and FT4 when considering gender issue. The RIs were not different in the different age groups except for FT4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Recent update of OECD guidelines with thyroid hormone analyses. • Urgency for optimization and harmonization of analyses and their interpretation. • Overview of current issues and activities, and recommendations for moving forward. Abstract In recent years several OECD test guidelines have been updated and some will be updated shortly with the requirement to measure thyroid hormone levels in the blood of mammalian laboratory species. There is, however, an imperative need for clarification and guidance regarding the collection, assessment, and interpretation of thyroid hormone data for regulatory toxicology and risk assessment. Clarification and guidance is needed for 1) timing and methods of blood collection, 2) standardization and validation of the analytical methods, 3) triggers for additional measurements, 4) the need for T4 measurements in postnatal day (PND) 4 pups, and 5) the interpretation of changes in thyroid hormone levels regarding adversity. Discussions on these topics have already been initiated, and involve expert scientists from a number of international multisector organizations. This paper provides an overview of existing issues, current activities and recommendations for moving forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Albahir Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper the effect of terrorist and military operations in three regions of Baghdad, Iraq were studied on thyroid gland function and serotonin hormones, in 75 Iraqi individual from (AL-karradah and Abo-Gharib) regions as comparison with Al-jadria (control). The correlation between sera thyroid hormones thyroxine T4, triiodothyronine T3, thyrotropin TSH and serotonin have been indicated , the utilization of thyroid hormones as a compelling subordinate treatment for full of feeling issue has been contemplated in the course of recent decades and has been adjusted more than once. Communication of the thyroid and monoamine neurotransmitter frameworks has been recommended as a potential underline component of action. The serotonin framework has been moderately ignored, along these lines; the objective of this article is to audit the writing on the connection between thyroid hormones and the mind serotonin. Our examination proposes a negatively relationship between serotonin and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH), a positive correlation between serotonin and thyroxine , while there were significant positive correlations between serotonin and triiodothyronine. In conclusion, there is powerful confirmation, that the thyroid economy has a balancing sway in the brain serotonin system, thus considerable further investigation will be necessary to understand the role of serotonin in the pathogenesis and high levels in the some regions in Iraq such as AL-karradah and Abo-Gharib. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal effects are currently acknowledged as important causes of transgenerational phenotypic variation and a potential mechanism to adapt offspring to predicted environments, thus having a pivotal role in ecology and evolution. Research in hormonal mechanism underlying maternal effects has focused heavily on steroid hormones. Other hormones, such as thyroid hormones (THs; thyroxine and triiodothyronine), have been largely ignored in ecological research until recently.Wesummarize the recent findings, identify knowledge gaps, and provide future research directions investigating the role of TH-mediated maternal effects in ecological context across taxa. Surprisingly, data on the sources of naturally occurring variation in maternal THs and their fitness effects are lacking in most vertebrate taxa. There is considerable variation in maternal TH levels in eggs across taxa. Avian egg THs show heritable variation, and data from fish and amphibians suggest female consistency in egg TH levels. In birds, variation in maternal THs was associated with important ecological factors, such as food availability and temperature. THs also showed intraindividual variation varying systematically within clutches. Importantly, exposure to maternal THs within naturally occurring range affected offspring fitness–related traits (growth and survival) in birds and fish. These findings make THs an interesting mechanism underlying maternal effects, which likely shape offspring phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Although no consensus is available on the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) invading adjacent organs (T4), establishing effective induction treatments is crucial to altering an unresectable status and achieving curative resection. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and docetaxel (DCF) as the initial induction treatment for T4 ESCC. Fifty patients without distant metastasis who underwent initial induction chemotherapy using DCF for T4 ESCC were propensity score-matched with 50 patients who underwent radiotherapy concurrent with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (CRT). In the DCF group, 24 (48.0%) patients underwent surgery, achieving a 64% clinical response rate compared to 72.0% for induction CRT. CRT was also performed in another 24 (48.0%) patients in the DCF group in whom surgical resection was not indicated. The DCF group had significantly higher overall resectability than the CRT group (78.0% vs. 48.0%, P = 0.0017). The esophageal perforation rate during induction treatments was significantly lower in the DCF group than the CRT group (4.0% vs. 18.0%, P = 0.0205). Prognosis was significantly better in the DCF group than the CRT group (5-year cancer-specific survival 42.1% vs. 22.2%, P = 0.0146). Thus, induction DCF chemotherapy in patients with T4 ESCC reduced esophageal perforation and increased overall resectability, leading to better survival than CRT alone. Therefore, DCF chemotherapy may be an effective and safe option for initial induction treatment of T4 ESCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been conducted in order to determine whether the CIDR application on Kıvırcık and Karacabey Merino ewes used for supplying estrous synchronization a stress factor or not. For this purpose; T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and cortisol hormone levels of sheep in their blood samples were measured on day 1 when CIDR apparatus were mounted, on day 7 and on day 14 when they were removed. In this study, 80 head of ewes in total were used which consisted of 40 head Kıvırcık and 40 head Karacabey Merino ewes. 10 ml of blood from jugular veins of sheep were taken at the specified periods into EDTA tubes, and their T3, T4 and cortisol concentrations were identified by commercial RIA kits. In Kıvırcık race, these values were identified as 1.76 (ng/mL), 7.92 (µg/dL), 5.30 (µg/dL) respectively while in Karacabey Merino race as 1.69 (ng/mL), 7.00 (µg/dL) and 4.19 (µg/dL) respectively. In terms of T4 and cortisol, the difference between races were found significant (P<0.01) while difference between the periods were found significant only for T3 hormone (P<0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis in general wide distribution disease around the world. It is manifested by the persistence of chronic inflammatory disorders, that's characterized by increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate percent(ESR). A previous of absolute outcomes evidence proved an elevation level of thyroid hormones in psoriatic patients. However, the present study aimed to investigate the contribution of thyroid hormones in psoriasis severity disease and their interact relation with intensive inflammation pathways in those of chronic psoriasis disease. Determination of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in 50 psoriasis patients and 40 healthy control groups in the case-control study were done by use Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA). TSH, T4, T3, and ESR found to significantly increase in comparison with healthy controls. In conclusion, thyroid hormones are induced by elevated levels of TSH. Thyroid hormones affect the rate of keratinocyte division and therefore keeps the disease in an active stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular parasites, but many of the cellular proteins involved in replication have not been identified. We have tested the role of the inner membrane protein YhiM in bacteriophage replication. YhiM is a conserved (21) membrane protein in Escherichia coli (E. coli) thought to be localized to the cytoplasmic membrane that is necessary for cell survival under conditions of cell stress, including acid shock, low osmolarity and high temperature. We show here that YhiM is necessary for replication of the bacteriophage T4. It also plays a modest role in the replication of T1, T3, and T5 but it does not play a role in the replication of ΦX174. Our data indicated that no replication of T4 occurs in cells missing YhiM. This block in infection is due to a block in attachment of the virus to the cell surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction leads to oxidative stress and promotes activation of the TLR4/NF-κβ proinflammatory pathway. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be cardioprotective after infarction. However, there are no studies evaluating whether TH could modulate this pathway in the heart. This study aimed to verify the effect of thyroid hormones on the TLR4/NF-κβ pathway after myocardial infarction. Male Wistar rats were allocated into the following groups: Sham-operated (SHAM), sham-operated + TH (SHAMT), infarcted (AMI) and infarcted + TH (AMIT). The treated rats received T4 and T3 (8 and 2 μg 100 g −1 day −1 ) for 12 days by gavage. Subsequently, the animals were evaluated by echocardiography and euthanized, and the left ventricle was collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. TH modulates TLR4/NF-κβ expression in the infarcted hearts of rats and decreases xanthine oxidase expression. These effects were related to cardiac functional improvement after infarction. The cardioprotective effects of T3 and T4 seem to involve an anti-inflammatory action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exogenous leptin and thyroxin on some stress types in rats. In this study 60 male wistar albino rats were divided into two main groups (first was 5 day, and second was 10 day), each one subdivided into six groups (5 rat per subgroup): Control And five treated groups ,which include: Leptin (10 μg/kg leptin, sc. daily), oxidative stress (0.5% H2O2), leptin+ oxidative stress, Diabetes, (induced by single injection of streptoztocin (65 mg/kg bw)), and Leptin + diabetes. At the end of the experiments the blood collected by cardiac puncture under anesthesia. Plasma thyroxin and corticosterone were measured. Our results showed that stress decreases thyroxin level and increases corticosterone level, while leptin treatment reverse these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whilst trials of combination levothyroxine/liothyronine therapy versus levothyroxine monotherapy for thyroid hormone replacement have not shown any superiority, there remains a small subset of patients who do not feel well on monotherapy. Whilst current guidelines do not suggest routine use of combination therapy they do acknowledge a trial in such patients may be appropriate. It appears that use of combination therapy and dessicated thyroid extract is not uncommon but often being used by non-specialists and not adequately monitored. This review aims to provide practical advice on selecting patients, determining dose and monitoring of such a trial. Main body: It is important to select the correct patient for a trial so as to not delay diagnosis or potentially worsen an undiagnosed condition. An appropriate starting dose may be calculated but accuracy is limited by available formulations and cost. Monitoring of thyroid function, benefits and adverse effects are vital in the trial setting given lack of evidence of safe long term use. Also important is that patients understand set up of the trial, potential risks involved and give consent. Conclusion: Whilst evidence is lacking on whether a small group of patients may benefit from combination therapy a trial may be indicated in those who remain symptomatic despite adequate levothyroxine monotherapy. This should be undertaken by clinicians experienced in the field with appropriate monitoring for adverse outcomes in both short and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Subclinical hypothyroidism is an asymptomatic condition with normal thyroxin and raised thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in primary health care (PHC) settings in Riyadh and explore the relationship of TSH level with age, gender, family history, body mass index, and co-morbid conditions. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study of adult visitors to nine satellites PHC clinics in military housing in Riyadh was carried out. TSH concentration and free T4 levels were measured. Data were collected by nurses and physicians during routine clinical practice in primary care. Descriptive analysis was performed on all variables in study, and relationships were explored using chi-square,t-test, analysis of variance, and linear regression. Results: A total of 340 out of 394 participants in the study gave blood samples. Subclinical hyperthyroidism was identified in 2.1% (p = .001) and subclinical hypothyroidism in 10.3% (p = .001) of the PHC visitors. TSH levels were found to be significantly higher (p = .047) in elderly population of ≥60 years and those with family history of thyroid disease. Non-significant upward trends were noted in TSH levels with hyperlipidemia and increasing blood pressure. No overt hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism was found in our study sample. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism has a prevalence of 10% of adults visiting PHC’s. TSH levels are higher in the elderly, which warrants screening of those aged 60 years and above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic conditions, the weather temperature is directly related with the performance of the animals. In general, the negative effects of the high temperature are more significant than the effects of low temperatures. In this study, seasonal variations of body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, serum T3 and T4 levels were investigated on Karya, Kivircik and Karacabey Merino sheep in Mediterranean climate conditions. The aim of the study was to describe the stress in animals due to high temperatures all through the year with regard to some physiological and hormonal parameters. In general, heart rates in the spring, the summer, the autumn and in the winter seasons were found as 108.53, 100.10, 101.10 and 107.30 units/min.; the respiratory rates were found as 60.15, 78.99, 56.40 and 46.97 breaths/min.; the body temperatures were recorded as 39.67, 39.49, 39.36 and 39.60 °C, and the serum T3 levels were found as 1.35, 1.20, 0.95 and 1.54 ng/ml; and the serum T4 levels as 73.90, 61.29, 50.67 and 63.49 ng/ml, respectively. Seasons were found effective on respiratory rates, on body temperatures and on serum T3 and T4 levels. The Genotype trait created differences only on serum T3 and T4 levels. When the so- called seasonal changes in some parameters like respiratory rate were taken into account, it could be said that animals were affected by the high level of ambient temperature in the summer season. Karacabey Merinos displayed reactions to seasonal climatic changes similar to Karya and Kivircik reactions with regard to the physiological parameters and thyroid hormone levels that were dealt with in this study and that are the indicators of the adaptation to the seasonal environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence on alcohol, nicotine and duration of alcohol consumption are known to alter thyroid function tests. This study was conducted to assess the effect of interaction between the duration of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence on TFT. The subjects consisted of 38 male patients with alcohol dependent syndrome co morbid with nicotine dependent syndrome, 33 male patients with alcohol dependent syndrome and 30 male normal healthy volunteers. Liver function tests, haematological parameters and thyroid function tests were assayed. Two way multivariate ANOVA was used to assess the interaction effect by SPSS 21 package. Multivariate analysis of combined TFT levels revealed no significant ( P = .078) difference amongst groups based on alcohol dependence, significant difference ( P = .001) amongst groups based on duration of alcohol consumption and no significant ( P = .604) interaction effect between duration of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence. Tests of between subject effects for individual TFT revealed significant ( P = .014) difference in T3 between groups based on alcohol dependence, significant difference in the levels of fT4 ( P = .001), T3 ( P = .07) and T4 ( P < .001) between groups based on duration of alcohol consumption was observed. Interaction between the effect of duration of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence for individual TFT did not reveal any significance. fT4, TSH and T4 levels were significantly low in persons consuming alcohol for more than 20 years. TSH levels were significantly low in ADS compared to controls. Significant decrease in the levels of thyroid hormones was observed as the duration of alcohol consumption increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the biochemical and hormonal parameters of Santa Inês sheep that received diets with different levels of guava agro-industrial waste (GAW). Forty non-castrated male animals of the Santa Inês breed were used, with an average initial weight of 21.3 ± 2.6 kg, and an average age of 120 days. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and eight replicates, and fed with increasing GAW levels replacing hay (0.0, 7.5, 15.0, 22.5 and 30.0%). After the beginning of the diet period, blood samples were collected every 2 weeks approximately 3 h after feeding. Cholesterol concentration had a significant effect ( P < 0.01) with the inclusion of GAW. The animals that ingested the control diet had the highest concentrations of cholesterol. T3 and T4 hormones showed a significant difference ( P < 0.01) among the treatments, i.e. the animals that ingested the control diet had the lowest concentrations of these hormones. We concluded that the inclusion of GAW in up to 30% decreases the concentration of cholesterol and increases the concentrations of T3 and T4 in the blood, aiding the metabolism of the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Mediastinal and central large vessels (T4) invasion by lung cancer is often difficult to assess preoperatively due to the limited accuracy of computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest. Esophageal ultrasound (EUS) can visualize the relationship of para-esophageally located lung tumors to surrounding mediastinal structures. Aim To assess the value of EUS for detecting mediastinal invasion (T4) of centrally located lung tumors. Methods Patients who underwent EUS for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and in whom the primary tumor was detected by EUS and who subsequently underwent surgical- pathological staging (2000–2016) were retrospectively selected from two university hospitals in The Netherlands. T status of the lung tumor was reviewed based on EUS, CT and thoracotomy findings. Surgical- pathological staging was the reference standard. Results In 426 patients, a lung malignancy was detected by EUS of which 74 subjects subsequently underwent surgical- pathological staging. 19 patients (26%) were diagnosed with stage T4 based on vascular (n = 8, 42%) or mediastinal (n = 8, 42%) invasion or both (n = 2, 11%), one patient (5%) had vertebral involvement. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for assessing T4 status were: for EUS (n = 74); 42%, 95%, 73%, 83%, for chest CT (n = 66); 76%, 61%, 41%, 88% and the combination of EUS and chest CT (both positive or negative for T4, (n = 34); 83%, 100%, 100% 97%. Conclusion EUS has a high specificity and NPV for the T4 assessment of lung tumors located para-esophageally and offers further value to chest CT scan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper CNS myelination depends on the timed availability of thyroid hormone (TH) that induces differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. Abnormal myelination is frequently observed in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome caused by inactivating mutations in the TH transporter MCT8. Likewise, persistent hypomyelination is a key CNS feature of the Mct8/Oatp1c1 double knockout (Dko) mouse model, a well-established mouse model for human MCT8 deficiency that exhibits diminished TH transport across brain barriers and thus a TH deficient CNS. Here, we explored whether decreased myelin content is caused by an impairment in oligodendrocyte maturation. To that end, we studied OPC and oligodendrocyte populations in Dko mice versus wild-type and single TH transporter knockout animals at different developmental time points (at postnatal days P12, P30, and P120) using multi-marker immunostaining and confocal microscopy. Only in Dko mice we observed a reduction in cells expressing the oligodendroglia marker Olig2, encompassing all stages between OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, Dko mice exhibited at all analysed time points an increased portion of OPCs and a reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes both in white and grey matter regions indicating a differentiation blockage in the absence of Mct8/Oatp1c1. We also assessed cortical oligodendrocyte structural parameters by visualizing and counting the number of mature myelin sheaths formed per oligodendrocyte. Again, only Dko mice displayed a reduced number of myelin sheaths that in turn exhibited an increase in length indicating a compensatory response to the reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes. Altogether, our studies underscore an oligodendrocyte differentiation impairment and altered oligodendrocyte structural parameters in the global absence of Mct8 and Oatp1c1. Both mechanisms most likely do not only cause the abnormal myelination state but also contribute to compromised neuronal functionality in Mct8/Oatp1c1 deficient animals. • Combined Mct8/Oatp1c1 double knockout (Dko) mice exhibit a reduced oligodendroglia pool size. • Alterations in oligodendroglia lineage populations indicate differentiation impairments in the absence of Mct8/Oatp1c1. • Persistently reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes explain the persistent hypomyelination seen in Mct8/Oatp1c1 Dko mice. • Oligodendrocytes generate fewer, but longer myelin sheaths in Mct8/Oatp1c1 Dko mice. • Myelin sheath abnormalities are a potential pathogenic mechanism in MCT8 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A sensitive multi-step extraction and quantification method for thyroid hormones in lake sturgeon tissues was developed. • This method was validated in eggs, free embryos, larvae, and juvenile whole fish. • With modification, this method can be applied for other fish species. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to play an important role in the growth and development of vertebrates. In fish species, TH regulates the larval-juvenile metamorphosis, and is crucial for development during early life stages. Monitoring the variations in TH levels at different life stages can provide insights into the regulation of metamorphosis and fish development. In this study, we developed an extremely sensitive method for the quantification of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3), in lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) tissues from eggs, free embryos, larvae, and juveniles. The target compounds were extracted by an enzymatic digestion method, followed by protein precipitation. Further cleanup was performed by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and solid phase extraction (SPE) using SampliQ OPT cartridges. The liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to quantify TH compounds showed remarkably high sensitivity with the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranging from < 1 pg/mL to 10 pg/mL and linearity in the range of 10–50,000 pg/mL. This method was validated for tissue samples across several early developmental stages and was checked for intra- and inter-day accuracy (78.3−111.2 %) and precision (0.1−4.9 %), matrix effect (75.4−134.1 %), and recovery (41.2−69.0 %). The method was successfully applied for the quantification and comparison of T4, T3 and rT3 in hatchery raised lake sturgeon samples collected at unique time points (i.e., days post fertilization dpf) including fertilized eggs (11 dpf), free embryos (14 dpf), larvae (22 dpf), juveniles (40 dpf) and older juveniles (74 dpf). With modifications, this method could be applied to other species important for agriculture or conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Studies show that amphetamines can influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Shisheh (met-amphetamine) on serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH in male rats. Methods: In this laboratory experimental study 25 male Wistar rats were randomly divided to control, saline receiving, 2mg/kg, 4mg/kg, and 6mg/kg of Shisheh receiving groups of 5 rats in each. The injection was carried out intraperitoneally once a week for 6 weeks. After serum collection, T3, T4 and TSH levels were measured using ELFA method and the data were statically analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Serum level of T3 and T4 was not significantly changed in rats receiving 2mg/kg of Shisheh compared with control animals. Serum level of T3 and T4 was signifintly increased in animals receiving 4mg/kg and 6mg/kg dose of Shisheh compared with the control rats (P

Objective(s): The silver nanoparticles, being very small size, can permeate the cellular membrane and interfere in the cell’s natural process. In the present study, the effects of time, the dosage of these particles and their use on blood molecules and hormones, the volume of drinking water, and the urine parameters were analyzed. Materials and Methods: Thirty six rats of the Wistar race, as subjects, were divided into six groups (one control group: C and five test groups: T1-T5). In the test groups, drinking water was replaced by the Nanosilver (NS) solution with concentrations of 5, 20, 35, 65, 95ppm. After three and six months, three rats were chosen randomly from each group, and their blood was collected. Various blood parameters were measured instantly, and the results were processed by one-way analyses of variance and Tukey's test. Results: The animal’s uptake of water increased significantly in parallel with the increasing of the particles’ concentration. Ketone bodies were noticed to be present in the urine of the female rats received high doses of the particles. The level of T4 decreased considerably (p