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Background: Cross-modality image estimation can be performed using generative adversarial networks (GANs). To date, SPECT image estimation from another medical imaging modality using this technique has not been considered. We evaluate the estimation of SPECT from MRI and PET, and additionally assess the necessity for cross-modality image registration for GAN training. Methods: We estimated interictal SPECT from PET and MRI as a single-channel input, and as a multi-channel input to the GAN. We collected data from 48 individuals with epilepsy and converted them to 3D isotropic images for consistence across the modalities. Training and testing data were prepared in native and template spaces. The Pix2pix framework within the GAN network was adopted. We evaluated the addition of the structural similarity index metric to the loss function in the GAN implementation. Root-mean-square error, structural similarity index, and peak signal-to-noise ratio were used to assess how well SPECT images were able to be synthesised. Results: High quality SPECT images could be synthesised in each case. On average, the use of native space images resulted in a 5.4% percentage improvement in SSIM than the use of images registered to template space. The addition of structural similarity index metric to the GAN loss function did not result in improved synthetic SPECT images. Using PET in either the single channel or dual channel implementation led to the best results, however MRI could produce SPECT images close in quality. Conclusion: Synthesis of SPECT from MRI or PET can potentially reduce the number of scans needed for epilepsy patient evaluation and reduce patient exposure to radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mechanical grading can be used to objectively classify beef carcasses. Despite its many benefits, it is scarcely used within the beef industry, often due to infrastructure and equipment costs. As technology progresses, systems become more physically compact, and data storage and processing methods are becoming more advanced. Purpose-built imaging systems can calculate 3-dimensional measurements of beef carcasses, which can be used for objective grading. Methods: This study explored the use of machine learning techniques (random forests and artificial neural networks) and their ability to predict carcass conformation class, fat class and cold carcass weight, using both 3-dimensional measurements (widths, lengths, and volumes) of beef carcasses, extracted using imaging technology, and fixed effects (kill date, breed type and sex). Cold carcass weight was also included as a fixed effect for prediction of conformation and fat classes. Results: Including the dimensional measurements improved prediction accuracies across traits and techniques compared to that of results from models built excluding the 3D measurements. Model validation of random forests resulted in moderate-high accuracies for cold carcass weight (R2 = 0.72), conformation class (71% correctly classified), and fat class (55% correctly classified). Similar accuracies were seen for the validation of the artificial neural networks, which resulted in high accuracies for cold carcass weight (R2 = 0.68) and conformation class (71%), and moderate for fat class (57%). Discussion: This study demonstrates the potential for 3D imaging technology requiring limited infrastructure, along with machine learning techniques, to predict key carcass traits in the beef industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five hundred thirty-seven million people globally suffer from diabetes. Insulin-producing β cells are reduced in number in most people with diabetes, but most individuals still have some residual β cells. However, none of the many diabetes drugs in common use increases human β cell numbers. Recently, small molecules that inhibit dual tyrosine-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) have been shown to induce immunohistochemical markers of human β cell replication, and this is enhanced by drugs that stimulate the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor (GLP1R) on β cells. However, it remains to be demonstrated whether these immunohistochemical findings translate into an actual increase in human β cell numbers in vivo. It is also unknown whether DYRK1A inhibitors together with GLP1R agonists (GLP1RAs) affect human β cell survival. Here, using an optimized immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO+) protocol in mouse kidneys bearing human islet grafts, we demonstrate that combination of a DYRK1A inhibitor with exendin-4 increases actual human β cell mass in vivo by a mean of four- to sevenfold in diabetic and nondiabetic mice over 3 months and reverses diabetes, without alteration in human α cell mass. The augmentation in human β cell mass occurred through mechanisms that included enhanced human β cell proliferation, function, and survival. The increase in human β cell survival was mediated, in part, by the islet prohormone VGF. Together, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential and favorable preclinical safety profile of the DYRK1A inhibitor–GLP1RA combination for diabetes treatment. Editor's summary: Diabetes results from insufficient β cell function and, to differing degrees, insufficient β cell mass. There are, however, no currently approved treatments to increase β cell numbers. Combined DYRK1A kinase inhibition and GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) agonism has previously been shown to induce replication of β cells in human pancreatic islets ex vivo. Here, Rosselot et al. show that combined treatment with a DYRK1A inhibitor and GLP1R agonist in vivo promoted substantial increases in human β cell mass transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Three months of combination treatment restored glucose homeostasis in a streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes, with effects lasting for at least a month after treatment withdrawal. Initial analysis suggested that these effects occurred through altered β cell proliferation, function, and survival. Although promising, further work will be needed to confirm the mechanisms of action and whether the therapeutic benefits and safety of the approach would translate to humans. —Catherine Charneski [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans possess a natural ability to infer the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a scene by leveraging prior knowledge and visual understanding. Conversely, computers face significant challenges in 3D reconstruction, which has long been a subject of interest in computer graphics. However, recent advances in computer vision have introduced a range of techniques aimed at addressing this problem. Despite these efforts, extracting the necessary information from two-dimensional (2D) images for accurate 3D reconstruction remains difficult due to complex object geometries, noisy backgrounds, and occlusions. Drawing inspiration from human visual perception, this study proposes a technique that utilizes transfer learning to acquire discriminative features. Additionally, it introduces a memory component designed to store information related to the category, shape, and geometry of similar objects. This memory component plays a crucial role in compensating for missing information in the scene. By employing an intelligent fusion mechanism that integrates relevant computer-aided design (CAD) models, the proposed approach enhances the estimation of an accurate generic 3D model for a given input image. This mechanism proves especially effective in scenarios where objects are occluded or situated within complex environments. Moreover, incorporating features of new object categories into the designed memory component expands the model's capabilities to encompass those categories. To assess the performance of the proposed approach, a set of experiments is conducted on the ObjectNet3D dataset, which comprises 3D shapes precisely aligned with real-world images. These experiments confirm that the proposed method improves the results of state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Intensity modulation with dynamic multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) and monitor unit (MU) changes across control points (CPs) characterizes volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The increased uncertainty in plan deliverability required patient‐specific quality assurance (PSQA), which remained inefficient upon Quality Assurance (QA) failure. To prevent waste before QA, plan complexity metrics (PCMs) and machine learning models with the metrics were generated, which were lack of providing CP‐specific information upon QA failures.By generating 3D images from digital imaging and comminications in medicine in radiation therapy (DICOM RT) plan, we proposed a predictive model that can estimate the deliverability of VMAT plans and visualize CP‐specific regions associated with plan deliverability.The patient cohort consisted of 259 and 190 cases for left‐ and right‐breast VMAT treatments, which were split into 235 and 166 cases for training and 24 cases from each treatment for testing the networks. Three‐channel 3D images generated from DICOM RT plans were fed into a DenseNet‐based deep learning network. To reflect VMAT plan complexity as an image, the first two channels described MLC and MU variations between two consecutive CPs, while the last channel assigned the beam field size. The network output was defined as binary classified PSQA results, indicating deliverability. The predictive performance was assessed by accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1‐score, and area under the curve (AUC). The gradient‐weighted class activation map (Grad‐CAM) highlighted the regions of CPs in VMAT plans associated with deliverability, compared against PCMs by Spearman correlation.The DenseNet‐based predictive model yielded AUCs of 92.2% and 93.8%, F1‐scores of 97.0% and 93.8% and accuracies of 95.8% and 91.7% for the left‐ and right‐breast VMAT cases. Additionally, the specificity of 87.5% for both cases indicated that the predictive model accurately detected QA failing cases. The activation maps significantly differentiated QA failing‐labeled from passing‐labeled classes for the non‐deliverable cases. The PCM with the highest correlation to the Grad‐CAM varied from patient cases, implying that plan deliverability would be considered patient‐specific.This work demonstrated that the deep learning‐based network based on visualization of dynamic VMAT plan information successfully predicted plan deliverability, which also provided control‐point specific planning parameter information associated with plan deliverability in a patient‐specific manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distorted Born iterative (DBI) method is considered to obtain images with high-contrast and resolution. Besides satisfying the Born approximation condition, the frequency-hopping (FH) technique is necessary to gradually update the sound contrast from the first iteration and progress to the actual sound contrast of the imaged object in subsequent iterations. Inspired by the fact that the higher the frequency, the higher the resolution. Because low-frequency allows for low-resolution object imaging, hence for high-resolution imaging requirements, using low-frequency to possess a high-resolution image from the first iteration will be less efficient. For an effective reconstruction, the object's resolution at low frequencies should be small. And similarly, with high frequencies, the object resolution should be larger. Therefore, in this paper, the FH, and the resolution-turning (RT) technique are proposed to obtain object images with high-contrast and -resolution. The convergence speed in the initial iterations is rapidly achieved by utilizing low frequency in the frequency-turning technique and low image resolution in the resolution-turning technique. It is crucial to ensure accurate object reconstruction for subsequent iterations. The desired spatial resolution is attained by employing high frequency and large image resolution. The resolution-turning distorted Born iterative (RT-DBI) and frequency-hopping distorted Born iterative (FH-DBI) solutions are thoroughly investigated to exploit their best performance. This makes sense because if it is not good to choose the number of iterations for the frequency f1 in FH-DBI and for the resolution of N1 × N1 in RT-DBI, then these solutions give even worse quality than traditional DBI. After that, the RT-FH-DBI integration was investigated in two sub-solutions. We found that the lower frequency f1 used both before and after the RT would get the best performance. Consequently, compared to the traditional DBI approaches, the normalized error and total runtime for the reconstruction process were dramatically decreased, at 83.6% and 18.6%, respectively. Besides fast and quality imaging, the proposed solution RT-FH-DBI is promised to produce high-contrast and high-resolution object images, aiming at object reconstruction at the biological tissue. The development of 3D imaging and experimental verification will be studied further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide‐viewing‐angle dual‐view integral imaging display is proposed. A micro‐lens array, a polarizer parallax barrier, and a display panel are aligned in sequence. The display panel is covered with the polarizer parallax barrier. Two types of orthogonal polarizer slits in the polarizer parallax barrier are alternately aligned. Two types of orthogonal polarizer slits polarize the lights from two types of elemental images. The micro‐lens array propagates two types of polarized lights into two primary viewing zones, which coincide at the optimal viewing distance. Different 3D images are, respectively, observed through two types of polarizer glasses. The viewing angle is enhanced and unrelated to the number of elemental images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integral imaging (InIm) 3D displays provide realistic 3D images with comfortable viewing experiences. However, existing approaches struggle to achieve high spatial resolution reproduction without relying on temporal or spatial multiplexing methods, which increases system complexity. Although precise control approaches for voxel formation have been explored to address this challenge, the existing methods lack systematic analysis theories for identifying the key factors affecting spatial resolution. In this study, a novel analysis framework is proposed that uses a point spread function (PSF) to characterize voxel formation. An analytical model based on the obtained PSF is established to achieve an aliasing‐free display. This framework identifies optimization directions for improving the spatial resolution, specifically by reducing the Gaussian blur caused by wavefront aberration in the lens unit. A targeted optimization of a compound lens array is conducted to achieve precise control of voxel formation. In these experiments, an InIm 3D display system prototype that substantially outperforms conventional InIm 3D displays is developed. The prototype achieves a 74.6% reduction in the system PSF and a 29.85% reduction in voxel size, enabling aliasing‐free voxels and a 2.82 times higher resolution in the InIm 3D display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Level of Evidence The anatomy of the deltoid ligament is complex. There is agreement on the presence of superficial and deep layers but the number and frequency of fascicles remains controversial. Identifying injuries to specific components of the deltoid ligament may inform decision‐making on their management. The anatomy was reviewed to establish the number and dimension of fascicles visible with three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric magnetic resonance images (MRI).Twenty ankles from asymptomatic healthy volunteers were imaged with 3D volumetric MRI. The presence of individual fascicles was recorded and measured in 3D.The median age of participants was 26 years (range: 20–37) of which 13 (65%) were female. All 20 ankles had a deltoid ligament formed of four fascicles in two layers: three fascicles in the superficial layer; tibionavicular (mean dimensions 22.5 × 10.0 × 2.4 mm), tibiospring (16.6 × 6.7 × 1.9 mm) and tibiocalcaneal (23.8 × 4.6 × 1.8 mm) and a deep layer consisting of the tibiotalar fascicle, which could be divided into two parts: anterior tibiotalar (mean dimensions 10 × 5.6 × 4.1 mm) and the significantly larger posterior tibiotalar (14.2 × 13.8 × 17.5 mm, p < 0.01). There were no additional fascicles observed.The deltoid ligament complex was consistently visualised as four fascicles (tibionavicular, tibiospring, tibiocalcaneal, tibiotalar) in two layers (superficial and deep) in all 20 ankles. The posterior part of the tibiotalar fascicle was the thickest of all the fascicles in the deltoid ligament. It is, therefore, possible to accurately identify the components of the deltoid ligament, and 3T MRI can be used to assess fascicle‐specific injury, which will guide treatment and rehabilitation.Level III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aim to share the volumes of the carpal bone and the ratio of these volumes to the total volume of wrist bones from Computed Tomography (CT) images obtained from individuals of different ages and sex using 3D Slicer. Right wrist CT images of 0.625 mm slice thickness of 42 healthy individuals (21 female, 21 male) of both sexes were included in our study. Volume calculations were made by loading the images into 3D Slicer, an open-source software package. In this study, mean capitate volume was the largest in both sexes (male 3479.9±679.2; female 2207.1±272.1 mm3), while pisiform had the smallest mean volume (male 810.0±141.2; female 566.6±97.7 mm3). This order was ordered from largest to smallest as hamate, scaphoid, trapezium, lunate, triquetrum, trapezoid, and pisiform. According to this study, carpal bone volumes were larger in males than in females (p<0.001). The ratio of each carpal bone volume to the total carpal bone volume was calculated according to sex and it was found that there was no difference (p>0.05). In this study, it was seen that carpal bone volume differed according to sex. However, it was observed that the bone volumes of both sexes took up the same amount in the total bone volume. This information will be very useful in sex determination, 3D anatomical material creation, implant applications and reconstructive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The integration of augmented reality (AR) in spine surgery marks a significant advancement, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes. AR provides immersive, three-dimensional visualizations of anatomical structures, facilitating meticulous planning and execution of spine surgeries. This technology not only improves spatial understanding and real-time navigation during procedures but also aims to reduce surgical invasiveness and operative times. Despite its potential, challenges such as model accuracy, user interface design, and the learning curve for new technology must be addressed. AR's application extends beyond the operating room, offering valuable tools for medical education and improving patient communication and satisfaction. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted by searching PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords related to augmented reality in spine surgery, covering publications from January 2020 to January 2024. Results: In total, 319 articles were identified through the initial search of the databases. After screening titles and abstracts, 11 articles in total were included in the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion: Augmented reality (AR) is becoming a transformative force in spine surgery, enhancing precision, education, and outcomes despite hurdles like technical limitations and integration challenges. AR's immersive visualizations and educational innovations, coupled with its potential synergy with AI and machine learning, indicate a bright future for surgical care. Despite the existing obstacles, AR's impact on improving surgical accuracy and safety marks a significant leap forward in patient treatment and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) based on temporal‐focusing multiphoton excitation (TFMPE) and single‐wavelength excitation is used to visualize the three‐dimensional (3D) distribution of spontaneously blinking fluorophore‐labeled subcellular structures in a thick specimen with a nanoscale‐level spatial resolution. To eliminate the photobleaching effect of unlocalized molecules in out‐of‐focus regions for improving the utilization rate of the photon budget in 3D SMLM imaging, SMLM with single‐wavelength TFMPE achieves wide‐field and axially confined two‐photon excitation (TPE) of spontaneously blinking fluorophores. TPE spectral measurement of blinking fluorophores is then conducted through TFMPE imaging at a tunable excitation wavelength, yielding the optimal TPE wavelength for increasing the number of detected photons from a single blinking event during SMLM. Subsequently, the TPE fluorescence of blinking fluorophores is recorded to obtain a two‐dimensional TFMPE‐SMLM image of the microtubules in cancer cells with a localization precision of 18±6 nm and an overall imaging resolution of approximately 51 nm, which is estimated based on the contribution of Nyquist resolution and localization precision. Combined with astigmatic imaging, the system is capable of 3D TFMPE‐SMLM imaging of brain tissue section of a 5XFAD transgenic mouse with the pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, revealing the distribution of neurotoxic amyloid‐beta peptide deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying a high projection rate, the binary defocusing technique can dramatically increase 3D imaging speed. However, existing methods are sensitive to the varied defocusing degree, and have limited depth of field (DoF). To this end, a time–domain Gaussian fitting method is proposed in this paper. The concept of a time–domain Gaussian curve is firstly put forward, and the procedure of determining projector coordinates with a time–domain Gaussian curve is illustrated in detail. The neural network technique is applied to rapidly compute peak positions of time-domain Gaussian curves. Relying on the computing power of the neural network, the proposed method can reduce the computing time greatly. The binary defocusing technique can be combined with the neural network, and fast 3D profilometry with a large depth of field is achieved. Moreover, because the time–domain Gaussian curve is extracted from individual image pixel, it will not deform according to a complex surface, so the proposed method is also suitable for measuring a complex surface. It is demonstrated by the experiment results that our proposed method can extends the system DoF by five times, and both the data acquisition time and computing time can be reduced to less than 35 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the context of fire incidents within buildings, efficient scene perception by firefighting robots is particularly crucial. Although individual sensors can provide specific types of data, achieving deep data correlation among multiple sensors poses challenges. To address this issue, this study aims to explore a fusion approach integrating thermal imaging cameras and LiDAR sensors to enhance the perception capabilities of firefighting robots in fire environments. Design/methodology/approach: Prior to sensor fusion, accurate calibration of the sensors is essential. This paper proposes an extrinsic calibration method based on rigid body transformation. The collected data is optimized using the Ceres optimization algorithm to obtain precise calibration parameters. Building upon this calibration, a sensor fusion method based on coordinate projection transformation is proposed, enabling real-time mapping between images and point clouds. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed fusion device data collection is validated in experimental smoke-filled fire environments. Findings: The average reprojection error obtained by the extrinsic calibration method based on rigid body transformation is 1.02 pixels, indicating good accuracy. The fused data combines the advantages of thermal imaging cameras and LiDAR, overcoming the limitations of individual sensors. Originality/value: This paper introduces an extrinsic calibration method based on rigid body transformation, along with a sensor fusion approach based on coordinate projection transformation. The effectiveness of this fusion strategy is validated in simulated fire environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The musculotendon mechanics of the hamstrings during high-speed running are thought to relate to injury but have rarely been examined in the context of prospectively occurring injury. This prospective study describes the hamstring musculotendon mechanics of two elite rugby players who sustained hamstring injuries during on-field running. Athletes undertook biomechanical analyses of high-speed running during a Super Rugby pre-season, prior to sustaining hamstring injuries during the subsequent competition season. The biceps femoris long head muscle experienced the greatest strain of all hamstring muscles during the late swing phase. When expressed relative to force capacity, biceps femoris long head also experienced the greatest musculotendon forces of all hamstring muscles. Musculotendon strain and force may both be key mechanisms for hamstring injury during the late swing phase of running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to propose treatment protocol and identify patterns of tillaux fractures using three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) analysis and to describe an effective reduction technique. Methods: Forty-two juvenile patients with tillaux fractures were evaluated with 3D-CT scan for fracture displacement pattern and received surgical treatment. Tillaux fragment was reduced by pushing the superomedial quadrant part of the fragment slightly downward towards the ankle joint from anterolateral to posteromedial through 5-mm skin incisions with mosquito forceps. A 4.0 cannulated screw was subsequently inserted from the anterolateral to the posteromedial side parallel to the ankle joint. We analysed the distance and direction of fracture displacement with 3D-CT before the surgery. Pre-operative and post-operative plain radiographs were evaluated. Results: Pre-operative 3D-CT analysis revealed a common fracture pattern, varus tilt, and external rotation of fragment. We achieved satisfactory reduction with residual fracture gaps less than 2 mm in 42 cases. Two cases had a 13-mm anterior gap that was reduced by mini-open reduction because of periosteal impingement. No significant clinical complications were found. Conclusion: The closed reduction technique developed based on the fracture pattern identified by 3D-CT anatomical analysis is safe and effective in treating tillaux fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced 3D high-resolution imaging techniques are essential for investigating biological challenges, such as neural circuit analysis and tumor microenvironment in intact tissues. However, the fluorescence signal emitted by endogenous fluorescent proteins in cleared or expanded biological samples gradually diminishes with repeated irradiation and prolonged imaging, compromising its ability to accurately depict the underlying scientific problem. We have developed a strategy to preserve fluorescence in cleared and expanded tissue samples during prolonged high-resolution three-dimensional imaging. We evaluated various compounds at different concentrations to determine their ability to enhance fluorescence intensity and resistance to photobleaching while maintaining the structural integrity of the tissue. Specifically, we investigated the impact of EDTP utilization on GFP, as it has been observed to significantly improve fluorescence intensity, resistance to photobleaching, and maintain fluorescence during extended room temperature storage. This breakthrough will facilitate extended hydrophilic and hydrogel-based clearing and expansion methods for achieving long-term high-resolution 3D imaging of cleared biological tissues by effectively safeguarding fluorescent proteins within the tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity recognition has a wide range of applications in various fields, such as video surveillance, virtual reality and human–computer intelligent interaction. It has emerged as a significant research area in computer vision. GCN (Graph Convolutional networks) have recently been widely used in these fields and have made great performance. However, there are still some challenges including over-smoothing problem caused by stack graph convolutions and deficient semantics correlation to capture the large movements between time sequences. Vision Transformer (ViT) is utilized in many 2D and 3D image fields and has surprised results. In our work, we propose a novel human activity recognition method based on ViT (HAR-ViT). We integrate enhanced AGCL (eAGCL) in 2s-AGCN to ViT to make it process spatio-temporal data (3D skeleton) and make full use of spatial features. The position encoder module orders the non-sequenced information while the transformer encoder efficiently compresses sequence data features to enhance calculation speed. Human activity recognition is accomplished through multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves SOTA performance on three extensively used datasets, NTU RGB+D 60, NTU RGB+D 120 and Kinetics-Skeleton 400. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross-dimensional matching of 2D images and 3D point clouds is an effective method by which to establish the spatial relationship between 2D and 3D space, which has potential applications in remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI). In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task network, 2D3D-DescNet, to learn 2D and 3D local feature descriptors jointly and perform cross-dimensional matching of 2D image patches and 3D point cloud volumes. The 2D3D-DescNet contains two branches with which to learn 2D and 3D feature descriptors, respectively, and utilizes a shared decoder to generate the feature maps of 2D image patches and 3D point cloud volumes. Specifically, the generative adversarial network (GAN) strategy is embedded to distinguish the source of the generated feature maps, thereby facilitating the use of the learned 2D and 3D local feature descriptors for cross-dimensional retrieval. Meanwhile, a metric network is embedded to compute the similarity between the learned 2D and 3D local feature descriptors. Finally, we construct a 2D-3D consistent loss function to optimize the 2D3D-DescNet. In this paper, the cross-dimensional matching of 2D images and 3D point clouds is explored with the small object of the 3Dmatch dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the 2D and 3D local feature descriptors jointly learned by 2D3D-DescNet are similar. In addition, in terms of 2D and 3D cross-dimensional retrieval and matching between 2D image patches and 3D point cloud volumes, the proposed 2D3D-DescNet significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art approaches based on jointly learning 2D and 3D feature descriptors; the cross-dimensional retrieval at TOP1 on the 3DMatch dataset is improved by over 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoscale structural and electronic heterogeneities are prevalent in condensed matter physics. Investigating these heterogeneities in 3D has become an important task for understanding material properties. To provide a tool to unravel the connection between nanoscale heterogeneity and macroscopic emergent properties in magnetic materials, scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy (STXM) is combined with X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism. A vector tomography algorithm has been developed to reconstruct the full 3D magnetic vector field without any prior noise assumptions or knowledge about the sample. Two tomographic scans around the vertical axis are acquired on single‐crystalline Nd2Fe14B pillars tilted at two different angles, with 2D STXM projections recorded using a focused 120 nm X‐ray beam with left and right circular polarization. Image alignment and iterative registration have been implemented based on the 2D STXM projections for the two tilts. Dichroic projections obtained from difference images are used for the tomographic reconstruction to obtain the 3D magnetization distribution at the nanoscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standing wave (SW) microscopy is a method that uses an interference pattern to excite fluorescence from labelled cellular structures and produces high‐resolution images of three‐dimensional objects in a two‐dimensional dataset. SW microscopy is performed with high‐magnification, high‐numerical aperture objective lenses, and while this results in high‐resolution images, the field of view is very small. Here we report upscaling of this interference imaging method from the microscale to the mesoscale using the Mesolens, which has the unusual combination of a low‐magnification and high‐numerical aperture. With this method, we produce SW images within a field of view of 4.4 mm × 3.0 mm that can readily accommodate over 16,000 cells in a single dataset. We demonstrate the method using both single‐wavelength excitation and the multi‐wavelength SW method TartanSW. We show application of the method for imaging of fixed and living cells specimens, with the first application of SW imaging to study cells under flow conditions. LAY DESCRIPTION: With a standard microscope, it is possible to interfere two or more beams of light and produce a contour map of cell structures using a technique known as standing wave microscopy. This method is usually applied with high power objective lenses, and only a tiny area can be studied, usually showing structural detail from one or two cells at most. The Mesolens is a unique objective lens that has been designed and manufactured to image large populations of cells in a single image. Two‐dimensional images of cells can be obtained with the Mesolens using regular illumination methods, but the cell topography is lost. Here we have combined standing wave illumination with the Mesolens to perform topographical imaging of large numbers of cells in a single image. We first proved the method with a non‐biological specimen comprised of a glass lens, and then we applied the technique to imaging of fixed and living cells: in the case of red blood cells, we showed that we can study the topography of more than 16,000 cells in a single image. With the much larger area of study afforded by the Mesolens, we also used standing wave illumination for the first time monitor red blood cell topography when the cells are subject to flow environment. This new application of standing wave imaging at unusually large spatial scales may prove useful for studying behaviour in the circulatory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Applying ultra‐high dose rates to radiation therapy, otherwise known as FLASH, has been shown to be just as effective while sparing more normal tissue compared to conventional radiation therapy. However, there is a need for a dosimeter that is able to detect such high instantaneous dose, particularly in vivo. To fulfill this need, protoacoustics is introduced, which is an in vivo range verification method with submillimeter accuracy. Purpose: The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of using protoacoustics as a method of in vivo real‐time monitoring during FLASH proton therapy and investigating the resulting protoacoustic signal when dose per pulse and pulsewidth are varied through multiple simulation studies. Methods: The dose distribution of a proton pencil beam was calculated through a Monte Carlo toolbox, TOPAS. Next, the k‐Wave toolbox in MATLAB was used for performing protoacoustic simulations, where the initial proton dose deposition was inputted to model acoustic propagations, which were also used for reconstructions. Simulations involving the manipulation of the dose per pulse and pulsewidth were performed, and the temporal and spatial resolution for protoacoustic reconstructions were investigated as well. A 3D reconstruction was performed with a multiple beam spot profile to investigate the spatial resolution as well as determine the feasibility of 3D imaging with protoacoustics. Results: Our results showed consistent linearity in the increasing dose‐per‐pulse, even up to rates considered for FLASH. The simulations and reconstructions were performed for a range of pulsewidths from 0.1 to 10 μs. The results show the characteristics of the proton beam after convolving the protoacoustic signal with the varying pulsewidths. 3D reconstruction was successfully performed with each beam being distinguishable using an 8 cm × 8 cm planar array. These simulation results show that measurements using protoacoustics has the potential for in vivo dosimetry in FLASH therapy during patient treatments in real time. Conclusion: Through this simulation study, the use of protoacoustics in FLASH therapy was verified and explored through observations of varying parameters, such as the dose per pulse and pulsewidth. 2D and 3D reconstructions were also completed. This study shows the significance of using protoacoustics and provides necessary information, which can further be explored in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sparse regularization has been successfully applied to equivalent source method (ESM) in order to improve the acoustic imaging resolution. However, the application is not always feasible, especially at low frequencies. To overcome the problem, this paper proposes a high-resolution acoustic imaging method. In this method, reweighted l 1 minimization is introduced to ESM to deal with the ill-posed inverse problems. Then the obtained equivalent source strengths are used to locate the sound sources. Compared to the sparse regularization-based ESM, the proposed method can provide a low side lobe and higher spatial resolution of acoustic imaging. Meanwhile, by arranging equivalent sources in three-dimensional space, the proposed method can also realize the acoustic imaging in three-dimensional sound field with high resolution. The results of the simulation and experiment demonstrate the validations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver regeneration and the development of effective therapies for liver failure remain formidable challenges in modern medicine. In recent years, the utilization of 3D cell-based strategies has emerged as a promising approach for addressing these urgent clinical requirements. This review provides a thorough analysis of the application of 3D cell-based approaches to liver regeneration and their potential impact on patients with end-stage liver failure. Here, we discuss various 3D culture models that incorporate hepatocytes and stem cells to restore liver function and ameliorate the consequences of liver failure. Furthermore, we explored the challenges in transitioning these innovative strategies from preclinical studies to clinical applications. The collective insights presented herein highlight the significance of 3D cell-based strategies as a transformative paradigm for liver regeneration and improved patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the profilometric, esthetic, and patient‐reported outcomes of peri‐implant tissues in the maxillary anterior esthetic zone following guided bone regeneration (GBR) using the L‐shape technique combined with delayed connective tissue grafting (CTG). Materials and Methods: Profilometric and pink esthetic score (PES) measurements were performed at the time of implant surgery with GBR (T0) and at the 1‐ (T1), 2‐ (T2), and 3‐year (T3) follow‐up. Patient‐reported outcomes were also assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) questionnaire. Statistical analysis over 3 years of follow‐up assessed changes at time points (T0, T1, T2, and T3) and time periods (T0–T1, T0–T2, and T0–T3) using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Results: A total of 12 patients (57.5 ± 12.3 years) were included in this study. The mean profilometric change in peri‐implant tissues over the 3‐year follow‐up period was 3.49 ± 1.11 mm, and the buccal contours were not significantly different between the comparison periods. The PES remained stable, while all OHIP‐14 domain scores improved significantly. Conclusion: Simultaneous implant placement and GBR using the L‐shape technique combined with delayed CTG in the maxillary anterior region provides stable buccal profiles and consistent esthetics and improves patient‐reported quality of life over a 3‐year period. Clinical Significance: This study demonstrated that GBR using the L‐shape technique combined with delayed CTG in the maxillary anterior region improved the buccal profile, esthetics, and patient‐reported quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two‐dimensional (2D) video is a common tool used during sports training and competition to analyze movement. In these videos, biomechanists determine key events, annotate joint centers, and calculate spatial, temporal, and kinematic parameters to provide performance reports to coaches and athletes. Automatic tools relying on computer vision and artificial intelligence methods hold promise to reduce the need for time‐consuming manual methods. Objective: This study systematically analyzed the steps required to automate the video analysis workflow by investigating the applicability of a threshold‐based event detection algorithm developed for 3D marker trajectories to 2D video data at four sampling rates; the agreement of 2D keypoints estimated by an off‐the‐shelf pose estimation model compared with gold‐standard 3D marker trajectories projected to camera's field of view; and the influence of an offset in event detection on contact time and the sagittal knee joint angle at the key critical events of touch down and foot flat. Methods: Repeated measures limits of agreement were used to compare parameters determined by markerless and marker‐based motion capture. Results: Results highlighted that a minimum video sampling rate of 100 Hz is required to detect key events, and the limited applicability of 3D marker trajectory‐based event detection algorithms when using 2D video. Although detected keypoints showed good agreement with the gold‐standard, misidentification of key events—such as touch down by 20 ms resulted in knee compression angle differences of up to 20°. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the need for de novo accurate key event detection algorithms to automate 2D video analysis pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess embryonic genital tubercle using transvaginal three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound at 8–10+6 weeks of gestation. One-hundred and two transvaginal 3D ultrasound scans were performed for first-trimester dating at 8–10+6 weeks of gestation. The genital tubercle angle (GTA) and genital tubercle length (GTL) were measured with a mid-sagittal view of the embryo using the 3D ultrasound multiplanar mode. Intra- and inter-observer agreements regarding GTA and GTL were also assessed with Bland–Altman plots and intra- and inter-correlation coefficients. There were no significant differences in GTA between male and female embryos at 8, 9, 10 weeks, or 8–10+6 weeks of gestation, respectively. There were also no significant differences in GTL between male and female embryos at 8, 9, 10 weeks, or 8–10+6 weeks of gestation, respectively. However, GTL increased linearly with advancing gestation (r=0.8276, p<0.00001). Mean GTL (SD) values at 8, 9, and 10 weeks were 0.833 mm (0.274), 1.623 mm (0.262), and 2.152 mm (0.420), respectively (p<0.001). Intra- and inter-reproducibilities of GTA and GTL were excellent. The intra- and inter-correlation coefficients of GTA and GTL were 0.964 and 0.995, and 0.996 and 0.9933, respectively. The genital tubercle could be identified using transvaginal 3D ultrasound at 8–10+6 weeks of gestation. However, sex differentiation could not be performed at this age. The genital tubercle linearly developed with advancing gestation during the mid-first trimester of pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The right intersectional plane and the right hepatic hilum were noted too often exhibit anatomical variations, making difficult the laparoscopic right anterior sectionectomy (LRAS). Methods: We analyzed the anatomical features employing 3D-CT images of 55 patients, and evaluated these features according to the course of ventral branches of segment VI of the portal vein (PV, P6a) relative to the right hepatic vein (RHV). Results: P6a run on the dorsal side of RHV in 32 patients (58%, Dorsal-P6a) and the ventral side of RHV in 23 (42%, Ventral-P6a). Ventral-P6a had more patients with S6 partially drained by middle hepatic vein (MHV, 39% vs. 0%, P < 0001), the narrower angle between the anterior and posterior branches of PV (73.1° vs. 93.8°, P = 0.006), the wider angle between the RHV and inferior vena cava (54.3° vs. 44.3°, P < 0.001), and more steeply pitched angle between S6 and S7 along the RHV (140.6° vs. 162.0°, P < 0.001) compared to Dorsal-P6a. Conclusion: In LRAS for Dorsal-P6a patients, the transection surface was relatively flat. In LRAS for Ventral-P6a patients, the narrow space between anterior and posterior glissons makes difficult the glissonean approach. The transection plane was steeply pitched, and RHV was partially exposed. S6 was often partially drained to MHV in 39% of the Ventral-P6a patients, which triggers congestion during liver transection of a right intersectional plane after first splitting the confluence of this branch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) cameras into clinical practice for pre-operative planning and post-operative monitoring of rhinoplasties remains controversial. However, this technology offers the advantage of capturing the 3D surface without exposing patients to potentially harmful radiation. Continuous assessment allows the follow-up of swelling patterns, cartilage alignment, and bone remodeling. The primary objective of our study was to quantify changes in nasal structure before and after rhinoplasty by using 3D photography. Our study cohort consisted of 29 patients who underwent open structural rhinoplasty. We used the Artec Space Spider camera to acquire a total of 103 3D images. We collected pre-operative and at least two or three post-operative follow-up scans, which were taken one, three, and six months after surgery. We evaluated paired scans that included various time intervals to improve our understanding of swelling behavior and to ensure an objective analysis of changes. Eleven specific anatomical landmarks were identified for measurement. Two independent raters determined the distances between these landmarks over time. The calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients showed low inter-rater variability. Statistically significant changes over time (p < 0.05) were observed for various anatomical landmarks, including soft tissue nasion, soft tissue orbitale right, soft tissue maxillofrontale left, soft tissue maxillofrontale right, nasal bridge, and nasal break point. Conversely, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in the measurements of soft tissue orbitale left, pronasale, subnasale, alare right, or alare left. A visual assessment was conducted using surface distance maps. The results indicate that the complete decrease in swelling takes at least 6 months or even longer. Additionally, 3D photography can provide an objectively comparable analysis of the face and external contours. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison of external contours and therefore pre- and post-operative differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Visible Korean (VK) consists of two-dimensional (2D) images and three-dimensional (3D) models. The VK is used in various educational tools and research sources for anatomy. In this paper, we report on the records of the VK over 20 years. Methods: Research papers related to Visible Korean were reviewed. Results: Through this report of VK records, we highlighted the essential points for making true color and ultra-high-resolution sectioned images of human and animal bodies, for making various 2D and 3D applications from the sectioned images, and for good use of the sectioned images and their applications. Conclusion: In this metaverse age that various virtual environments are required in medical education and research, the VK dataset meets the reality of virtual human models as fundamental data owing to the actual color and high resolution of the VK dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights In this study, needle‐punched quartz fiber felt / fabrics preforms (NQFFPs) with a wide needling densities (NDs) range from 70 to 280 punches/cm2 were manufactured, then the inner correlation among the NDs, mechanical properties and structural failure modes were studied and revealed. Firstly, the effects of NDs on mechanical strengths, which included tensile and interlayer peeling strengths of NQFFPs, were analyzed through experimental methods. Moreover, MATLAB software was applied to fit the NDs‐mechanical strength curves, then best fitting equations were defined to characterize the change rules between NDs and mechanical strengths. Additionally, with NDs increment, tensile strengths decreased from 0.727 to 0.0925 MPa, whereas interlayer peeling strengths increased from 83.46 to 135.04 N/m. Afterwards, the 3D image technology was utilized to capture failure morphologies of NQFFPs at different NDs from tensile and interlayer peeling experiments, which furtherly revealed the failure mechanisms of NQFFPs at different NDs. This work is significant for the engineering manufacturing and application of needle‐punched preforms and the composites. Failure structure characteristics of NQFFPs at different NDs were captured. Change rules between NDs and strengths were characterized by math equations. The correlation among NDs, fracture morphologies and strengths was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are frequently used in patients and animals to evaluate heart functions. Inverse finite element (FE) modeling is increasingly applied to MR images to quantify left ventricular (LV) function and estimate myocardial contractility and other cardiac biomarkers. It remains unclear, however, as to whether myocardial contractility derived from the inverse FE model based on 3D ECHO images is comparable to that derived from MR images. To address this issue, we developed a subject-specific inverse FE model based on 3D ECHO and MR images acquired from seven healthy swine models to investigate if there are differences in myocardial contractility and LV geometrical features derived using these two imaging modalities. We showed that end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes derived from 3D ECHO images are comparable to those derived from MR images ( R 2 = 0.805 and 0.969 , respectively). As a result, ejection fraction from 3D ECHO and MR images are linearly correlated ( R 2 = 0.977 ) with the limit of agreement (LOA) ranging from −17.95% to 45.89%. Using an inverse FE modeling to fit pressure and volume waveforms in subject-specific LV geometry reconstructed from 3D ECHO and MR images, we found that myocardial contractility derived from these two imaging modalities are linearly correlated with an R 2 value of 0.989, a gradient of 0.895, and LOA ranging from −6.11% to 36.66%. This finding supports using 3D ECHO images in image-based inverse FE modeling to estimate myocardial contractility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RTI and SFM-MVS photogrammetry were combined to enhance quality of 3D models. • 3D reconstruction of featureless objects can be improved by using SFM-MVS + RTI. • SFM-MVS + RTI is a low cost combination to use in cultural heritage 3D documentation. One of the problems that arises when applying 3D Structure from Motion and Multi-View-Stereo photogrammetry to certain heritage objects characterized by minimal surface features and monochrome textures is that the obtained 3D models have low quality and accuracy. Within such scenarios, the smallest lengths that can be measured on it with high accuracy is usually one or more orders of magnitude worse than the maximum resolution of the input photographs. Additionally, when contrasted with outputs from scanning systems, these reconstructions tend to exhibit relatively lower quality. This article presents a simple approach wherein the incorporation of normal maps acquired through Reflectance Transformation Imaging technique improves the quality and accuracy of 3D photogrammetric reconstructions (mesh + texture). This enhancement also surpasses the capabilities of some commercial structured light scanning systems and reaches values that are in the order of magnitude of the maximum resolution of the photographs used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• XRDCT is used to characterise unique multiphase cultural heritage geomaterials (CHG). • 3D mapping of crystalline phases is carried out non-destructively or non-invasively. • Qualitative/quantitative phase analysis and 3D imaging are simultaneously performed. • Potential and limits of XRDCT for new CHG applications are critically discussed. • New analytical perspectives in the characterisation of heterogeneous CHG are proposed. The present work describes the high potential of the recently developed synchrotron X-ray diffraction computed tomography (XRDCT) for 3D mapping of crystalline and amorphous phases in Geomaterials of Cultural Heritage (CHG). The paper critically discusses the promising results and limitations of XRDCT in Cultural Heritage applications. XRDCT has been applied herein to diverse CHG materials, spanning from archaeological ceramics, and stone conservation treatments to meteorites, at a microscale. Although these materials are very complex systems from a chemical, mineralogical and microstructural point of view, this innovative technique proves effective capability to access the real spatial distribution and semi-quantification of crystallographic phases within materials in a totally non-destructive and/or non-invasive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse production of fruits and vegetables in developed countries is challenged by labour scarcity and high labour costs. Robots offer a good solution for sustainable and cost-effective production. Acquiring accurate spatial information about relevant plant parts is vital for successful robot operation. Robot perception in greenhouses is challenging due to variations in plant appearance, viewpoints, and illumination. This paper proposes a keypoint-detection-based method using data from an RGB-D camera to estimate the 3D pose of peduncle nodes, which provides essential information to harvest the tomato bunches. Specifically, this paper proposes a method that detects four anatomical landmarks in the colour image and then integrates 3D point-cloud information to determine the 3D pose. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted in a commercial greenhouse to gain insight into the performance of different parts of the method. The results showed: (1) high accuracy in object detection, achieving an Average Precision (AP) of AP@0.5=0.96 ; (2) an average Percentage of Detected Joints (PDJ) of the keypoints of PhDJ@0.2 = 94.31%; and (3) 3D pose estimation accuracy with mean absolute errors (MAE) of 11o and 10o for the relative upper and lower angles between the peduncle and main stem, respectively. Furthermore, the capability to handle variations in viewpoint was investigated, demonstrating the method was robust to view changes. However, canonical and higher views resulted in slightly higher performance compared to other views. Although tomato was selected as a use case, the proposed method has the potential to be applied to other greenhouse crops, such as pepper, after fine-tuning. • Accurate 3D pose-estimation of peduncle nodes in a commercial greenhouse. • Combination of colour image and 3D point cloud to estimate 3D pose. • Comprehensive evaluation covering object, keypoints, pose and, viewpoints aspects. • Robust to variations caused by view change. • Canonical and higher views are superior while lateral views should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of seismic attenuation and moduli dispersion in fluid-saturated cracked porous rocks is of great importance for the development of non-invasive methods to characterize the subsurface. Wave-induced fluid flow at the pore scale, so-called squirt flow, is responsible for seismic attenuation and moduli dispersion at sonic and ultra-sonic frequencies and may be relevant at seismic frequencies. The squirt flow associated attenuation is usually quantified using analytical models. However, numerical experiments suggest that the squirt flow related dissipation is sensitive to fine details of the pore geometry, which can only be modelled numerically. Most of the existing numerical studies explore this phenomenon using simplified models, and there is a lack of numerical studies that model the physics in realistic pore geometries with sufficient numerical resolution. As a result, the impact of wave-induced fluid flow on the effective static and time-dependent mechanical characteristics in realistic settings is still poorly understood. I address these issues by developing a numerical method to model the effective mechanical properties of a hydromechanically coupled system at the pore scale suitable for graphical processing units. A numerical evaluation of attenuation and modulus dispersion due to squirt flow in models based on 3-D microtomography images of cracked Carrara marble is presented. It is shown that the local hydraulic conductivity can be quantitatively estimated from the numerically evaluated effective properties. The accuracy of the numerical results is carefully analysed. This study improves the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of attenuation and moduli dispersion in fluid-saturated cracked rocks. The new method can be applied to model squirt flow for entire laboratory samples in the centimetre scale which was not possible a decade ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment decision of lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is governed by the severity of stenosis. Tomographic 3D ultrasound (t3DUS) is a reliable imaging technique for measuring vessel stenosis. In this study we attempted to provide a precise measurement of superficial femoral artery (SFA) stenosis using t3DUS in patients with PAD. Methods: t3DUS was used to measure maximum stenosis percentage in SFA from 50 patients with lower extremity PAD. The maximum stenosed segment in SFA was defined using Duplex 2DUS aliasing was noted. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) was measured at the maximum stenotic site and proximal to aliasing for calculating the velocity ratio. The association between blood flow velocity ratio and the degree of stenosis measured using Duplex 2DUS and t3DUS, respectively, was assessed using Spearman rank correlation. Results: There was a strong positive correlation between velocity ratio and degree of stenosis in SFA measured using t3DUS (correlation value (r) = 0.99, p < 0.001). The correlation between Stenosis percentage and velocity ratio in SFA are as followed: <50:<2; 50–54:2–2.4; 55–59:2.5–2.9; 60–64:3–3.4; 65–69:3.5–3.9; 70–74:4–4.4; 75–79:4.5–4.9; >80:>5. Conclusion : t3DUS can be used to provide precise measurement of the severity of SFA stenosis in patients with lower extremities arterial disease. The established criteria for grading SFA stenosis in this study can be applied to the current practice alongside Duplex 2DUS as it showed a strong positive correlation with velocity ratio. Further studies investigating the sensitivity and specificity of t3DUS in the assessment of stenosis in lower limbs arteries are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) of dried and pinned museum specimens combined with advanced image processing can provide a useful, novel and non‐destructive tool for integrative insect taxonomy. This paper demonstrates how micro‐CT can be applied to provide unambiguous illustrations of diagnostic morphological characters for new taxa description and to understand how micro‐CT imaging may complement other imaging techniques. Following micro‐CT scanning, a semi‐automatic segmentation and volume rendering protocol was used to portray the wing venation and diagnostic structures and ornamentation of male genitalia from multiple angles. Using micro‐CT images, we provide the description of a conspicuous geometrid moth from southern Africa (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), which has been present in collections since 1894, but left without an available name. Using a multigenetic dataset comprising 273 terminal taxa from the superfamily Geometroidea, we constructed a molecular phylogeny to place our study species to an isolated lineage in Geometridae: Larentiinae, tribe Xanthorhoini sensu lato. We describe it as Chloecolora vergetaria new genus, new species Englund & Staude, and provide diverse ecological information on its distribution, habitat, host plant, adult and immature stages, and parasites. We found micro‐CT imaging particularly useful in two‐ and three‐dimensional imaging of wings, providing detailed information for instance on non‐tubular folds that may be difficult to distinguish using other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The widespread use of computed tomography as a screening tool for early lung cancer has increased detection of pulmonary lesions. It is common to encounter patients with more than one peripheral pulmonary nodule (PPN) of uncertain etiology. Shape-sensing robotic-assisted bronchoscopy (ssRAB) emerges as a potential alternative to biopsy multiple PPN, in addition to mediastinal staging in single anesthetic procedure. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective review of 22 patients who underwent ssRAB for evaluation of two or more PPN, between November 2021 and April 2023 at Mayo Clinic, FL, USA. Results: A total of 46 PPNs were biopsied in 22 patients. All lesions were ≤2 cm with a median minimum and maximum cross-sectional lesion size of 1.40 cm and 1.05 cm, respectively. Diagnostic yield was 86.9% (n = 40), and target reach was 91.3% (n = 42). Most lesions were in the upper lobes, a solid pattern was found in 78.3% (n = 36), bronchus sign was present in 82.6% of cases (n = 38), 54.4% (n = 25) were malignant nodules, and 32.6% (n = 15) were benign. Fourteen patients had at least one malignant lesion out of two or more nodules sampled, and 10 patients had a malignant diagnosis for all sampled lesions. The complication rate was 9% (n = 2) with one case of bleeding and one of pneumothorax. Conclusion: This study is, to our knowledge, the first to assess the use and safety of ssRAB for diagnosis of multiple PPN in a single anesthetic event. This procedure will mainly impact management decisions and subsequently shorten the time from diagnosis to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D holography capable of reproducing all necessary visual cues is considered the most promising route to present photorealistic 3D images. Three elements involving computer‐generated hologram (CGH) algorithms, hologram carriers, and optical systems are prerequisites to create high‐quality holographic displays for photorealistic 3D holography. Especially, the hologram carrier directly determines the holographic display capability and the design of high space‐bandwidth‐product (SBP) optical systems. Currently, two categories of hologram carriers, i.e., spatial light modulators (SLM) and metasurfaces, are regarded as promising candidates for photorealistic 3D holography. However, most of their SBP capability still cannot match the amount of information generated by the CGH. To address this issue, tremendous efforts are made to improve the capability of hologram carriers. Here, the main hologram carriers (from SLM to metasurfaces) that are widely utilized in holography systems to achieve high SBP capability (high resolution, wide viewing angles, and large sizes) are reviewed. The purpose of this review is to identify the key challenges and future directions of SLM‐based and metasurface‐based holography for photorealistic 3D holographic images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To effectively address severe deformities at the fracture site in patients, meticulous preoperative preparation is essential. This involves ensuring the restoration of the normal structural force line of the affected area and prevention of any residual deformities. By utilizing E3D technology prior to surgery, creating models based on individual patient image data and performing osteotomy, the required surgical parameters can be measured, thereby reducing surgical risks and enhancing precision. CASE PRESENTATION: This article documents a case involving a fractured femoral shaft resulting in femoral deformation. In this case, computer-aided design technology was employed for preoperative planning and data measurement to guide the corrective osteotomy and fracture fixation procedures. CONCLUSION: The E3D software utilizes advanced techniques such as customized osteotomy, virtual reduction and internal fixation insertion technology. This enables the software to accurately pre-select the correction of femoral deformities and determine the appropriate specifications and types of internal implants. As a result, the software can create precise, rational, and personalized repair plans tailored to each patient's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iatrogenic aortic dissection is a rare but life-threatening complication of coronary artery bypass surgery. We report a case with incidentally detected iatrogenic aortic dissection related to aorta cross-clamping that was successfully managed with watchful follow-up. The decision making was based on 3-dimensional holographic and fluid dynamic analysis guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In forensic medicine, sexually dimorphic bones such as pelvic bones like the os sacrum, greater sciatic notch parameter, and sacral dimensions are typically used to determine a person's sex. Before complex autopsy preparations are made, a postmortem CT scan offers a quick and simple way to illustrate and measure bone structures. Aim: To emphasize the role of pelvic bone measurements in sex determination, to estimate sex using based on morphometric data from computed tomography images of sacrum and greater sciatic notch. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Tripoli Medical Center, Center for Judicial Expertise and research, Libya and Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt. Subjects were divided into group I: included 65 male and group II: included 65 female. All participiants were subjected to Pelvic CT scan examinations. Results: All the CT measurements of the sacral vertebra (m.t.d, a.p.d, area and perimeter except m.s.d) were significantly higher in males compared to females, while all CT measurements of the greater sciatic notch were significantly higher in females compared to males. The area of the sacral vertebra and the the width of the greater sciatic notch were the only significant variable in sex determination. Conclusion: CT scan was a valuable method in measuring the selected pelvic sacral dimensions. The estimated values of pelvic measurements by using 3D CT images could develop a pelvic model with a regression formula with high accuracy value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmentation of cerebral vasculature on MR vascular images is of great significance for clinical application and research. However, the existing cerebrovascular segmentation approaches are limited due to insufficient image contrast and complicated algorithms. This study aims to explore the potential of the emerging four-dimensional arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance angiography (4D ASL-MRA) technique for fast and accurate cerebrovascular segmentation with a simple machine-learning approach. Nine temporal features were extracted from the intensity-time signal of each voxel, and eight spatial features from the neighboring voxels. Then, the unsupervised outlier detection algorithm, i.e. Isolation Forest, is used for segmentation of the vascular voxels based on the extracted features. The total length of the centerlines of the intracranial arterial vasculature, the dice similarity coefficient (DSC), and the average Hausdorff Distance (AVGHD) on the cross-sections of small- to large-sized vessels were calculated to evaluate the performance of the segmentation approach on 4D ASL-MRA of 18 subjects. Experiments show that the temporal information on 4D ASL-MRA can largely improve the segmentation performance. In addition, the proposed segmentation approach outperforms the traditional methods that were performed on the 3D image (i.e. the temporal average intensity projection of 4D ASL-MRA) and the previously proposed frame-wise approach. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that accurate and robust segmentation of cerebral vasculature is achievable on 4D ASL-MRA by using a simple machine-learning approach with appropriate features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has completely changed the way that bone disorders are diagnosed and treated, especially in the dental and maxillofacial domains. This article examines the diverse applications of computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis and treatment of facial trauma, including mandibular, dentoalveolar, and other facial fractures, as well as bone abnormalities like dislocations and fractures. CBCT is useful for a wide range of dental conditions and greatly improves diagnostic accuracy in periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, and dental implantology. Additionally, a comparison between CBCT and conventional imaging methods was conducted, emphasizing the latter's inferior 3D imaging capabilities, allowing for more precise treatment planning and better patient outcomes with CBCT. Although CBCT has many benefits, it also has some drawbacks, such as requiring specific training for accurate interpretation, cost considerations, and a higher radiation exposure than with traditional dental X-rays. In order to optimize benefits and reduce risks, the conclusion highlights CBCT's revolutionary influence on clinical practice while arguing for its prudent and responsible application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, preoperative planning has undergone significant advancements, with a dual focus: improving the accuracy of implant placement and enhancing the prediction of functional outcomes. These breakthroughs have been made possible through the development of advanced processing methods for 3D preoperative images. These methods not only offer novel visualization techniques but can also be seamlessly integrated into computer-aided design models. Additionally, the refinement of motion capture systems has played a pivotal role in this progress. These "markerless" systems are more straightforward to implement and facilitate easier data analysis. Simultaneously, the emergence of machine learning algorithms, utilizing artificial intelligence, has enabled the amalgamation of anatomical and functional data, leading to highly personalized preoperative plans for patients. The shift in preoperative planning from 2D towards 3D, from static to dynamic, is closely linked to technological advances, which will be described in this instructional review. Finally, the concept of 4D planning, encompassing periarticular soft tissues, will be introduced as a forward-looking development in the field of orthopedic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the relative narrowing of the dural venous sinuses by arachnoid granulations (AGs) is more pronounced in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) compared to healthy controls. Background: IIH is characterized by increased intracranial pressure, which is associated with symptoms such as headache and visual disturbances. The role of cerebral venous drainage obstruction in IIH is the subject of ongoing research. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case–control study, 3D contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images of a cohort of 43 patients with IIH were evaluated for (1) the number of AGs per venous sinus and (2) the diameters of the dural venous sinuses at the site of an AG and at standardized measurement points. In addition, the minimum width of the transverse/sigmoid sinus was measured. All data were compared to the same data from a cohort of 43 control participants. Results: Patients with IIH showed less relative sinus narrowing by AG compared to controls (median: 7%, interquartile range [IQR] 10% vs. 11%, IQR 9% in controls; p = 0.009). In patients with IIH, sinus diameter was larger at the site of an AG (70 ± 25 mm2) compared to its diameter at the standardized measurement point (48 ± 23 mm2; p = 0.010). In the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), patients with IIH had smaller AGs (median: 3 mm2, IQR 2 mm2 vs. 5 mm2, IQR 3 mm2 in controls; p = 0.023) while the respective sinus segment was larger (median: 69 mm2; IQR 21 mm2 vs. 52 mm2, IQR 26 mm2 in controls; p = 0.002). The right transverse sinus was narrower in patients with IIH (41 ± 21 mm vs. 57 ± 20 mm in controls; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, patients with IIH showed less pronounced relative sinus narrowing by AG compared to controls, especially within the SSS, where AGs were smaller and the corresponding sinus segment wider. Smaller AGs could result in lower cerebrospinal fluid resorption, favoring the development of IIH. Conversely, the smaller AGs could also be a consequence of IIH due to backpressure in the SSS because of the narrower transverse/sigmoid sinus, which widens the SSS and compresses the AG. Plain Language Summary: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a condition in which the fluid pressure around the brain is too high, leading to headaches and vision problems. In our study, we found that arachnoid granulations, which help drain this fluid into the bloodstream, are smaller in patients with IIH, but do not significantly narrow the blood‐draining spaces of the brain. This suggests that although these structures are smaller in people with IIH, they may not be the main cause of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) on high-spatial-resolution three-dimensional T2-weighted fast asymmetric spin-echo (HR-3D T2-FASE) imaging in the preoperative evaluation of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. Methods: This study included 13 consecutive patients who underwent preoperative HR-3D T2-FASE imaging using a 3 T MRI scanner. The reconstruction voxel size of HR-3D T2-FASE imaging was 0.23 × 0.23 × 0.5 mm. The contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) of the structures were compared between HR-3D T2-FASE images with and without DLR. The observers' preferences based on four categories on the tumor side on HR-3D T2-FASE images were evaluated. The facial nerve in relation to the tumor on HR-3D T2-FASE images was assessed with reference to intraoperative findings. Results: The mean CNR between the tumor and trigeminal nerve and between the cerebrospinal fluid and trigeminal nerve was significantly higher for DLR images than non-DLR-based images (14.3 ± 8.9 vs. 12.0 ± 7.6, and 66.4 ± 12.0 vs. 53.9 ± 8.5, P < 0.001, respectively). The observer's preference for the depiction and delineation of the tumor, cranial nerves, vessels, and location relation on DLR HR-3D T2FASE images was superior to that on non-DLR HR-3D T2FASE images in 7 (54%), 6 (46%), 6 (46%), and 6 (46%) of 13 cases, respectively. The facial nerves around the tumor on HR-3D T2-FASE images were visualized accurately in five (38%) cases with DLR and in four (31%) without DLR. Conclusion: DLR HR-3D T2-FASE imaging is useful for the preoperative assessment of CPA tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) is a widely used non-invasive method for investigating brain anatomical structures. Conventional techniques for estimating fiber orientation distribution (FOD) from dMRI data often neglect voxel-level spatial relationships, leading to ambiguous associations between target voxels and their neighbors, which, in turn, adversely impacts FOD accuracy. This study aims to address this issue by introducing a novel neural network, the neighboring voxel attention mechanism network (NVAM-Net), designed to reconstruct high-quality FOD images. Methods: The NVAM-Net leverages a Transformer architecture and incorporates two innovative attention mechanisms: voxel attention and surface attention. These mechanisms are specifically designed to capture overlooked features among neighboring voxels. The processed features are subsequently passed through two fully connected layers, further enhancing FOD estimation accuracy by separately estimating spherical harmonics (SH) coefficients of varying orders. Results: The experimental findings, based on the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset, reveal that the reconstructed super-resolution FOD images achieve results comparable to those obtained through more advanced dMRI acquisition protocols. These results underscore the NVAM-Net's robust performance in reconstructing multi-shell multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution (MSMT-CSD). Conclusion: In summary, this research underscores the NVAM-Net's advantages and practical feasibility in reconstructing high-quality FOD images. It provides a reliable reference point for clinical applications in the field of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image encryption stands out as a crucial technique employed to securely transmit images across the Internet. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for encrypting color images. The algorithm is built upon the principles of differential equations, XOR operations, and chaotic maps. First, the plain image is three-dimensional pixel shuffled via a logistic map. Afterward, the differential equations are used as a mathematical tool for encrypting images. The third-order ordinary differential equations are used to encrypt the shuffled images. The color values of the plain image are considered coefficients for the independent variable X. Subsequently, an alternate matrix of the same size is generated using a three-dimensional logistic map, taking into account its color values as the exponents linked to the independent variable X. A set of third-order differential equations emerged, containing an equivalent number of elements as the color values present in the plain image. This set of differential equations is addressed in the following manner: combining XOR and integration three times with respect to the independent variable X for each set of obtained differential equations while treating the integration constant as zero. Ultimately, a set of ordinary equations involving the independent variable X is derived, where the coefficients of X represent color values for the cipher image. The results from experiments and the security analysis affirm the resilience of the proposed algorithm against established security attacks. It exhibits a substantial key space, heightened key sensitivity, and a strong encryption effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]