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Treg are known to have a central role in orchestrating immune responses, but less is known about the destiny of Treg after being activated by specific Ags. This study aimed to investigate the role of superoxide dismutase, an active molecule in the regulation of oxidative stress in the body, in the prevention of Treg apoptosis induced by specific Ags. Ag-specific Tregs were isolated from the DO11.10 mouse intestine. A food allergy mouse model was developed with ovalbumin as the specific Ag and here, we observed that exposure to specific Ag induced Treg apoptosis through converting the precursor of TGF-β to its mature form inside the Tregs. Oxidative stress was induced in Tregs upon exposure to specific Ags, in which Smad3 bound the latency-associated peptide to induce its degradation, converting the TGF-β precursor to its mature form, TGF-β. Suppressing oxidative stress in Tregs alleviated the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in in vitro experiments and suppressed experimental food allergy by preventing the specific Ag-induced Treg apoptosis in the intestine. In conclusion, exposure to specific Ags induces Treg apoptosis and it can be prevented by upregulating superoxide dismutase or suppressing reactive oxidative species in Tregs.

Forest is the main component of terrestrial ecosystems that harbors about 40% of the existing species on the earth. As a vital component of biodiversity, phyllosphere microbes in the canopy play a critical and unique role in maintaining plant health, improving host resistance, and influencing global biogeochemical cycle. However, the studies on the community structure of phyllosphere fungi in natural forests are scarce as compared to that on rhizosphere microbes. Consequently, we know litter about how phyllosphere fungi associates with leaf traits. In this study, we analyzed fungal community composition of canopy leaves of six dominant tree species (森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,其林冠承载了地球上大约40%的现存物种,叶际微生物作为冠层生物多样性的重要组成部分, 在维持植物健康、提高宿主抵御能力和参与全球生物地球化学循环等生态功能中发挥着重要作用,然而相对于根际微生物,目前关于冠层叶际微生物群落组成的研究还比较缺乏。本研究以吉林省长白山自然保护区内阔叶红松林为主要研究对象,使用高通量测序技术分析6种优势树种(红松、紫椴、蒙古栎、色木槭、水曲柳、春榆)的叶际真菌群落特征,并测定宿主的14种叶片功能性状,对比研究了不同优势树种叶际真菌群落组成与功能群异同,探讨真菌群落组成与叶片功能性状的关联性。结果表明:叶际真菌的优势门和纲分别为子囊菌门、担子菌门,座囊菌纲和外囊菌纲;不同树种林冠叶际真菌组成存在明显差异。LEfSe分析表明,除春榆和色木槭外,其余树种都有显著的差异指示种,如红松的圆孢多臂菌属和蒙古栎的柱隔孢属;对比FUNGuild数据库发现,叶际真菌主要功能群为病理寄生型;冗余分析和envfit分析结果表明,与植物养分获取和抵御病虫害相关的性状是影响林冠叶际真菌群落结构的主要因子。.

Determining myocardial infarction (MI) and mechanical asphyxia (MA) was one of the most challenging tasks in forensic practice. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of fatty acid (FAs) metabolism, and lipid alterations in determining MI and MA. MA and MI mouse models were constructed, and metabolic profiles were obtained by LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics. The metabolic alterations were explored using the PCA, OPLS-DA, the Wilcoxon test, and fold change analysis. The contents of lipid droplets (LDs) were detected by the transmission scanning electron microscope and Oil red O staining. The immunohistochemical assay was performed to detect CD36 and dysferlin. The ceramide was assessed by LC-MS. PCA showed considerable differences in the metabolite profiles, and the well-fitting OPLS-DA model was developed to screen differential metabolites. Thereinto, 9 metabolites in the MA were reduced, while metabolites were up- and down-regulated in MI. The increased CD36 suggested that MI and MA could enhance the intake of FAs and disturb energy metabolism. The increased LDs, decreased dysferlin, and increased ceramide (C18:0, C22:0, and C24:0) were observed in MI groups, confirming the lipid deposition. The present study indicated significant differences in myocardial FAs metabolism and lipid alterations between MI and MA, suggesting that FAs metabolism and related proteins, certain ceramide may harbor the potential as biomarkers for discrimination of MI and MA.

Green space is a newly modifiable environmental factor which would bring health benefits, and identifying potential pathways is important to better promote public health. Nowadays, limited evidence is available on residential green space and risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). To evaluate the longitudinal association between residential green space and incident T2D, and further illustrate the role of air pollution, we conducted a prospective analysis in UK Biobank.Incident cases of T2D were ascertained through medical linkage of hospital admissions. Residential green space indicated by percentage of green space at 300 m buffer was estimated using land use data. Annual average air pollution was modelled using Land Use Regression model. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the association between the exposure and incident T2D. Effect modification of air pollution was assessed using log-likelihood tests. Casual mediation analysis including interaction of green space and air pollution was used to quantity pure natural indirect effect of air pollution.Of 379,238 participants at baseline, 15564 incident T2D cases were identified with 12.4 years of follow-up. In main models, individuals who exposed to residential green space at 300 m buffer in high level (≥75 %) had 14.4 % (95 % CI: 8.0 %, 20.3 %) lower risk of incident T2D compared with those in low level (25 %). This association was modified by NOElevated residential green space level was associated with lower risk of incident T2D, and air pollution played an important role in this association. These findings would contribute to policy making and healthy city construction to take air pollution into consideration while planning green space, which would maximize public health benefits.

We report findings in a 34-year-old female patient who presented with fulminant myocarditis 8 days after receiving the first dose of the ZF2001 RBD-subunit vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Autopsy showed severe interstitial myocarditis, including multiple patchy infiltrations of lymphocytes and monocytes in the myocardium of the left and right ventricular walls associated with myocyte degeneration and necrosis. This report highlights the details of clinical presentations and autopsy findings of myocarditis after ZF2001 (RBD-subunit vaccine) vaccination. The correlation between vaccination and death due to myocarditis is discussed.

Distortion of skyrmions arouses much attention recently due to the exotic topological and dynamic properties. Investigating the formation mechanism and dynamical behavior of the deformed skyrmions promotes practical spintronic applications. Elongation, as a typical form of deformation, has been discovered both in experiments and in theories. However, the intrinsic mechanism is absent. Here, the coexistence of zero-field circular and elongated skyrmions in helimagnetic films is observed. The elongated skyrmions, which are determined by the intrinsic Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), carry the same topological charge as the circular ones and show the skyrmion Hall effect. Current-driven dynamics reveal again the significant role of the intrinsic DMI playing in the skyrmion elongation.

Rice is the staple food for 2.5 billion people worldwide and most farmers depend solely on rice for their livelihood. This study estimates how paddy ecosystem elasticity and external human activity affect paddy ecosystem sustainable food supply. In particular, we analyzed how sustainable food supply is affected by three key domains of external factors—ecological factors, including the proportion of paddy Area (Are), per capita cultivated land area (Lan), and annual wastewater discharge per capita (Was); economic factors, including the agricultural economy level (Inv) and urbanization rate (Urb); and social factors, including the education of farmers (Edu) and rural medical level (Med). We use ANEV, or net paddy ecosystem services value per unit area, to assess the sustainable food supply, which not only represents the food supply quantity and quality, but also the sustainability of the food supply. Results from our panel and threshold regressions suggest that Lan and Urb have a threshold effect on paddy ANEV; Are, Was, Inv, and Edu have a linear negative correlation with ANEV; and Med has a positive linear correlation with ANEV. Based on our findings, we lay out a series of recommendations that may guide future formulation of policies on paddy ecosystem protection and sustainable food supply.

Background: Studies mainly focused on the immediate effect of drugs on Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders, which been proved involved with the chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. Our studies have explored the positive role of activation of adenosine 2A receptors (A2ARs) in protect adult BTBR mice against autism related behavior from the early postnatal period. However, the exact mechanism underlying the protection of A2ARs has not been comprehensively investigated. Methods: The persistent protection of early postnatal activation of A2ARs in the adult BTBR mice were detected utilizing behavior tests. Pathological variation in the peripheral blood of autism patients were analyzed by transcriptomic analysis, including mroast and protein–protein interactions (PPIs). The clues were further explored and validated by real-time RT PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and transcriptomic analysis in the mouse cortex. The blood brain barrier of mouse were spotted by dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI). Results: Abnormal activation of myeloid cells, especially the neutrophil were detected in the peripheral blood of autism patients and BTBR mouse cortex. The BBB permeability of BTBR mouse were significantly increased, which might facilitated the abnormal infiltration of neutrophils spotted in the BTBR mouse cortex. Further, the early postnatal activation of A2ARs effectively revers the abnormal activation and invading of neutrophils in the mouse cortex, might result in the significantly moderation of the autism related behavior of adult BTBR mice, following decrease of the chronic inflammation in the mouse cortex during the early postnatal period. Conclusions: We found the abnormal condition of myeloid cells in the autism patients and BTBR mice, and the adding infiltration of neutrohpils in the mouse cortex. We concluded that the early activation of A2ARs could effectively decreased the autism related behavior of adult BTBR mice via reversing the abnormal activation of myeloid cells and the pathological invading of neutrophils in the mouse cortex.

There were errors in the name of author Laszlo G. Nagy and in affiliation no. 31 in the original publication. The original article has been corrected.

Urban soils harbor billions of bacterial cells and millions of species. However, the distribution patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities remain largely uncharacterized in urban soils. It is also unknown if we can use the bacteria to track soil sources to certain cities and districts. Here, Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to survey soil bacterial communities from 529 random plots spanning 61 districts and 10 major cities in China. Over a 3,000 km range, community similarity declined with increasing geographic distance (Mantel r=0.62), and community composition was clustered by city (R2=0.50). Within cities (

Digital signature has recently played an increasingly important role in cyberspace security. Most of them are based on the public key cryptography. Public key cryptography is a mainstream cryptographic algorithm system that has been widely used in cyberspace security in recent years. The most classic public key cryptography algorithm is RSA and its difficulty is based on the large integer decomposition problem. In 2017, ISRSAC was proposed by M.Thangaval. ISRSAC has made security improvements to the RSA algorithm by increasing the complexity in factoring the value of modulus ‘n’. A digital signature algorithm based on ISRSAC algorithm was completed in this paper, and furthermore, a proxy signature algorithm based on ISRSAC and two kinds of multi-signature algorithms were presented, which include sequential multi-signature and broadcasting multi-signature.

What is already known about this topic? Climate change and air pollution are two important environmental issues in China. It is important to investigate particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5)-related health impacts from climate change and air pollution emission control. What is added by this report? Deaths and years of life lost related to PM2.5 would increase in climate change scenario, although emission control would outweigh the influence of climate change. What are the implications for public health practice? More targeted actions should be taken to meet challenges of exacerbated PM2.5 pollutions and its health impacts related to climate change in the future.

The temperature-dependent ( $$T = 4.5 \, \hbox {-} \, 500 \, \hbox {K}$$ T = 4.5 - 500 K ) optical constants of monolayer $${\text {MoS}}_2$$ MoS 2 , $${\text {MoSe}}_2$$ MoSe 2 , $${\text {WS}}_2$$ WS 2 , and $${\text {WSe}}_2$$ WSe 2 were investigated through spectroscopic ellipsometry over the spectral range of 0.73–6.42 eV. At room temperature, the spectra of refractive index exhibited several anomalous dispersion features below 800 nm and approached a constant value of 3.5–4.0 in the near-infrared frequency range. With a decrease in temperature, the refractive indices decreased monotonically in the near-infrared region due to the temperature-dependent optical band gap. The thermo-optic coefficients at room temperature had values from $$6.1 \times 10^{-5}$$ 6.1 × 10 - 5 to $$2.6 \times 10^{-4} \, \hbox {K}^{-1}$$ 2.6 × 10 - 4 K - 1 for monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides at a wavelength of 1200 nm below the optical band gap. The optical band gap increased with a decrease in temperature due to the suppression of electron–phonon interactions. On the basis of first-principles calculations, the observed optical excitations at 4.5 K were appropriately assigned. These results provide basic information for the technological development of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides-based photonic devices at various temperatures.

Mindfulness interventions have been linked to improved sport performance and executive functions; however, few studies have explored the effects of mindfulness on sport performance and executive functions simultaneously. This study sought to examine whether a mindfulness training program would affect both the endurance performance and executive functions of athletes. In addition, event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with the Stroop task were assessed to investigate the potential electrophysiological activation associated with the mindfulness training. Applying a quasiexperimental design, forty-six university athletes were recruited and assigned into a five-week mindfulness training program or a waiting list control group. For each participant, the mindfulness level, endurance performance assessed by a graded exercise test, executive functions assessed via Stroop task, and N2 component of ERPs were measured prior to and following the 5-week intervention. After adjusting for the preintervention scores as a covariate, it was found that the postintervention mindfulness level, exhaustion time, and Stroop task accuracy scores, regardless of task condition, of the mindfulness group were higher than those of the control group. The mindfulness group also exhibited a smaller N2 amplitude than the control group. These results suggest that the five-week mindfulness program can enhance the mindfulness level, endurance performance, and multiple cognitive functions, including executive functions, of university athletes. Mindfulness training may also reduce conflict monitoring in neural processes.

The therapies for food allergy (FA) need to be improved. The generation of inducible regulatory T cells (Tregs) can support immune tolerance in the body. This study aims to suppress experimental FA by inducing Tregs through the employment of modified exosomes (mExosomes). In this study, mExosomes were prepared by incubating dendritic cells with interleukin (IL)-2 and ovalbumin (OVA, used as a specific antigen) in the culture. Exosomes were purified from culture supernatant and used as the mExosomes. A murine FA model was developed to test the effects of mExosomes on the generation of Tregs in the mouse intestinal tissues and inhibiting FA. The results showed that mExosomes, which carried IL-2 and a complex of OVA peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II on the surface of exosomes, bound to OVA-specific CD4+ T cells and induced CD4+ T cells to differentiate into Tregs. In the FA mouse intestinal tissues, we found low IL-2 levels that were positively correlated with the number of Tregs. Depletion of IL-2 in mice prevented the generation of Tregs. The levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ were increased in the FA intestinal tissues with inhibited IL-2 production. Administration of mExosomes induced Tregs in the intestinal tissues and efficiently suppressed FA in mice. We conclude that the mExosomes can suppress FA in mice through inducing Tregs. The data suggest that the mExosomes have translational potential in the treatment of FA and other allergic disorders.

Sortase A (SrtA) anchors surface proteins to the cell wall envelope, and it has attracted increasing interesting as a potential antivirulence target. Several small-molecule inhibitors for SrtA have been developed, but target validation remains largely underexplored. Herein, we report a new class of SrtA inhibitors that supports antivirulence therapy through small-molecule targeting of SrtA. Tideglusib (TD), a drug candidate for myotonic dystrophy, was outstanding in high-throughput screening. A concise synthetic route quickly provided TD analogues, and the structure-activity relationships for SrtA inhibition have been established from those analogues. Several compounds largely retained the in vitro potency and exhibited a better solubility than TD. Additionally, TD attenuated virulence-related phenotypes in vitro and protected mice against lethal S. aureus USA300 bacteremia. Our study indicates that TD and its analogues could be new candidates as SrtA inhibitors with potential in the development of new antivirulence agents.

A novel rare-earth-based YCxTδ two-dimensional metal carbide (MXene), with feather-like morphology and hexagonal structure, has been prepared by selective etching of a nanolaminated precursor YAl3C3 non-transition-metal-aluminum-carbides (non-MAX) phase. By analyzing the gas products and first-principle calculation, the chemical reaction is concluded. The YCxTδ MXene shows high reversible gravimetric specific capacity of ~ 84 mAh/g as Li ion battery anode and a specific capacitance of 18 F/g as electrode of super capacitors. These intriguing properties suggest the promising application potentials of high-abundance Y in energy storage 1 .

Soil fungi represent a major component of below-ground biodiversity that determines the succession and recovery of forests after disturbance. However, their successional trajectories and driving mechanisms following wildfire remain unclear. We examined fungal biomass, richness, composition and enzymes across three soil horizons (Oe, A1 and A2) along a near-complete fire chronosequence (1, 2, 8, 14, 30, 49 and c. 260 yr) in cold-temperate forests of the Great Khingan Mountains, China. The importance of soil properties, spatial distance and tree composition were also tested. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness and β-glucosidase activity were strongly reduced by burning and significantly increased with 'time since fire' in the Oe horizon but not in the mineral horizons. Time since fire and soil C : N ratio were the primary drivers of fungal composition in the Oe and A1/A2 horizons, respectively. Ectomycorrhizal fungal composition was remarkably sensitive to fire history in the Oe horizon, while saprotroph community was strongly affected by time since fire in the deeper soil horizon and this effect emerged 18 years after fire in the A2 horizon. Our study demonstrates pronounced horizon-dependent successional trajectories following wildfire and indicates interactive effects of time since fire, soil stoichiometry and spatial distance in the reassembly of below-ground fungal communities in a cold and fire-prone region.

Brain pericyte is unique and indispensable part of blood-brain barrier (BBB), and contributes to several pathological processes in traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms about how pericyte is regulated in damaged brain are largely unknown. Here, we show that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation induces the appearance of CD11b+ pericytes post TBI. These CD11b+ pericytes subsets are characterized with increased permeability and pro-inflammatory profiles compared to CD11b- pericytes. Moreover, histones from NETs by Dectin-1 facilitate CD11b induction on brain pericytes in PKC-c-Jun dependent manner, conferring neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction post TBI. These data indicate that "neutrophil-NETs-pericyte" and "histones-Dectin-1-CD11b" are possible mechanisms for pericyte’s activation and dysfunction. Targeting at NETs formation and Dectin-1 are promising ways for TBI treatments.

Exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of obesity, but living in greener space may reduce this risk. Epidemiological evidence, however, is inconsistent.Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011-2015), we conducted a nationwide cohort study of 7424 adults. We measured overweight/obesity according to body mass index. We used annual average ground-level air pollutants, including ozone (OWe found that lower risk of overweight/obesity was associated with more greenness exposure and lower levels of air pollution. We identified that an interquartile increment in NDVI was correlated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) of becoming overweight or obese (HR = 0.806, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.754-0.862). Although a 10 μg/mAn increased risk of being overweight or obese in middle-aged and older adults in China was associated with long-term exposure to higher levels of PM

This study investigates an association between obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness concerning their potential effects on cognitive flexibility in young adults from behavioral and neuroelectrical perspectives. Eligible young adults (N = 140, 18–25 years) were assigned into one of four groups, according to their status of obesity (i.e., body mass index) and cardiorespiratory fitness levels (i.e., estimated maximal oxygen uptake), namely, normal weight with high cardiorespiratory fitness (NH), obese with high cardiorespiratory fitness (OH), normal weight with low cardiorespiratory fitness (NL), and obese with low cardiorespiratory fitness (OL). The task-switching test was utilized, and its induced endogenous (P3) and exogenous (N1) event-related potential components were recorded. Concerning behavioral indices, the NH demonstrated superior behavioral performance across global switching and local switching of the task-switching test compared to individuals with lower cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity (i.e., NL, OH, and OL). Additionally, the OH demonstrated better performance than the OL during the heterogeneous condition. For neuroelectrical indices, the NH had larger mean P3 amplitudes during global and local switching than the other three groups. A larger N1 amplitude was also observed in the NH during local switching than in the OH group. The findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness has beneficial effects on cognitive flexibility, attentional resource allocation, and sensory evaluation in young adults. Furthermore, our research provided novel evidence showing that cardiorespiratory fitness might potentially alleviate the adverse effects of obesity on cognitive flexibility in young adults.

Plant and fungal species interactions drive many essential ecosystem properties and processes; however, how these interactions differ between aboveground and belowground habitats remains unclear at large spatial scales. Here, we surveyed 494 pairwise fungal communities in leaves and soils by Illumina sequencing, which were associated with 55 woody plant species across more than 2,000-km span of mountain forests in eastern China. The relative contributions of plant, climate, soil and space to the variation of fungal communities were assessed, and the plant-fungus network topologies were inferred. Plant phylogeny was the strongest predictor for fungal community composition in leaves, accounting for 19.1% of the variation. In soils, plant phylogeny, climatic factors and soil properties explained 9.2%, 9.0% and 8.7% of the variation in soil fungal community, respectively. The plant-fungus networks in leaves exhibited significantly higher specialization, modularity and robustness (resistance to node loss), but less complicated topology (e.g., significantly lower linkage density and mean number of links) than those in soils. In addition, host/fungus preference combinations and key species, such as hubs and connectors, in bipartite networks differed strikingly between aboveground and belowground samples. The findings provide novel insights into cross-kingdom (plant-fungus) species co-occurrence at large spatial scales. The data further suggest that community shifts of trees due to climate change or human activities will impair aboveground and belowground forest fungal diversity in different ways.

ObjectiveTo investigate the COVID-19 vaccination coverage rate and differences among various COVID-19 prevention primary healthcare (PHC) facilities in China and understand their attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine. These findings are helpful to provide important suggestions to further improve national COVID-19 vaccination rate.DesignA nationwide cross-sectional online survey was designed and conducted among COVID-19 prevention and control management teams at PHC facilities in mainland China. In the self-designed questionnaires, each subject was asked to evaluate on a 1–10 scale (10=extremely important/acceptable/influential) the COVID-19 vaccination importance, acceptance and factors related to vaccine hesitancy.SettingSubjects from 31 provinces and autonomous regions including minorities across mainland China were invited to complete the questionnaire between 22 February 2021 and 2 March 2021.ParticipantsWere selected by multistage stratified sampling, 998 valid questionnaires (valid rate 99.11%) were collected. The respondents were divided into group A (≤5 respondents within each PHC facility, n1=718) and group B (>5 respondents within each PHC facility, n2=280).Outcome measuresSurvey on vaccination rate and attitude towards COVID-19 vaccine included the following: (1) if the subjects think the vaccination is important in containment of COVID-19 pandemic (1–10 scale, 10=extremely important), (2) if they would accept COVID-19 vaccine (1–10 scale, 10=extremely acceptable) and (3) their opinions on 7 factors possibly related to vaccine hesitancy (1–10 scale, 10=extremely influential). All the items were designed based on the previous expert interviews.ResultsOur results showed vaccination rate was greater in group A (85.93%) than in group B (66.43%) (pConclusionIn PHC facilities, although there was a higher COVID-19 vaccination rate among COVID-19 prevention and control teams, some subgroups with different descriptive characters showed negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Because primary care workers in China are highly expected to receive the vaccination, and support and educate the public for COVID-19 vaccination. Thus, it is important and necessary to continue to educate them about their vaccination concerns and change their attitudes towards vaccination. Our findings are highly beneficial for designing public vaccination education strategies.

The functionality of thermally active phononic crystals (PnC) and metamaterials can be greatly enhanced by utilizing the temperature-dependent physical characteristics of heat-sensitive materials within the periodic structure. The phase transformation between water and ice occurs within a narrow range of temperatures that can lead to significant changes in its acoustic transmission due to the modification of the elastic properties of periodic phononic structures in an aqueous medium. A phononic crystal with acrylic scatterers in water is designed to function as an acoustic filter, beam splitter, or lensing based on the device’s temperature due to changes in the phase of the ambient medium. The transition from room temperature to freezing point reduces the contrast in acoustic properties between the ice-lattice and the scatterer materials (acrylic) and switches off the metamaterial of the water-based PnC. The numerically simulated equi-frequency contours and wave propagation characteristics demonstrate the switchable meta-material to the periodic phononic structure’s normal behavior due to the phase transition of water. Effects such as Van Hove’s singularity and filamentation-like effects in an acoustic meta-material system can be thermally tuned.

ImportanceAir pollution is increasingly recognized as an important environmental risk factor for mental health. However, epidemiologic evidence on long-term exposure to low levels of air pollutants with incident depression and anxiety is still very limited.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of long-term joint exposure to multiple air pollutants with incident depression and anxiety.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective, population-based cohort study used data from the UK Biobank. The participants were recruited between March 13, 2006, and October 1, 2010, and included individuals who had never been diagnosed with depression or anxiety at baseline and had full information on exposure and covariates. Data were analyzed from May 1 to October 10, 2022.ExposuresAnnual mean air pollution concentrations of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) and PM with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 μm and 10 μm (PM2.5-10). Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated for each participant’s residential address using the land use regression model, and joint exposure to air pollution reflected by air pollution score was calculated by principal components analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncidence of diagnosed depression (F32-F33) and anxiety (F40-F48) were ascertained with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes.ResultsDuring a median (IQR) follow-up of 10.9 (10.1-11.6) years, among 389 185 participants (mean [SD] age, 56.7 [8.1] years, 205 855 female individuals [52.9%]), a total of 13 131 and 15 835 patients were diagnosed with depression and anxiety, respectively. The median (IQR) concentration of pollutants was as follows: PM2.5, 9.9 (9.3-10.6) μg/m3; PM2.5-10, 6.1 (5.8-6.6) μg/m3; NO2, 26.0 (21.3-31.1) μg/m3; and NO, 15.9 (11.6-20.6) μg/m3. Long-term estimated exposure to multiple air pollutants was associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety, and the exposure-response curves were nonlinear, with steeper slopes at lower concentrations and plateauing trends at higher exposure. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for depression and anxiety were 1.16 (95% CI, 1.09-1.23; P P 2.5, NO2, and NO. Subgroup analysis showed the association between PM2.5 and anxiety tended to be higher in male individuals than in female individuals (quartile 4: male individuals, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08-1.29; female individuals, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.14; P = .009).Conclusions and RelevanceStudy results suggest that estimates of long-term exposure to multiple air pollutants was associated with increased risk of depression and anxiety. The nonlinear associations may have important implications for policy making in air pollution control. Reductions in joint exposure to multiple air pollutants may alleviate the disease burden of depression and anxiety.

Greenness is an emerging modifiable environmental factor of high blood pressure and hypertension. However, current evidence is inconsistent, and high-quality studies are urgently needed, especially in developing country with high disease burden of hypertension.A longitudinal study was designed and 9,649 participants (aged ≥45 years) with 22,854 number of visits among three waves between 2011 and 2015 were included based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Long term greenness exposure was assessed by annual normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Linear and generalized linear mixed effect models were used to estimate the associations between greenness and blood exposure level and hypertension risk, respectively.The median NDVI level was 0.51, with a range from 0.09 to 0.74. An interquartile range (0.15) increase in NDVI was related to 1.05 mmHg reduction (95% CI: -1.65, -0.45) of systolic blood pressure, 0.72 mmHg reduction (95% CI: -1.06, -0.37) of diastolic blood pressure, and 12% (95% CI: 1%, 22%) lower odds of hypertension risk. The association of greenness and blood pressure was significantly stronger in the younger (60 years) than in the older (≥60 years), and partially mediated by body mass index.These findings highlight the protective effect of greenness on blood pressure and hypertension in Chines middle-aged and elderly population, especially in the younger (60 years), and suggest policy makers to take greenness level into special consideration in the process of urbanization.

Since double resonance Raman (DRR) spectra are laser-energy dependent, the first-principles calculations of DRR for two-dimensional materials are challenging. Here, the DRR spectrum of monolayer MoTe$_2$ is calculated by home-made program, in which we combine {\em ab-initio} density-functional-theory calculations with the electron-phonon Wannier (EPW) method. Within the fourth-order perturbation theory, we are able to quantify not only the electron-photon matrix elements within the dipole approximation, but also the electron-phonon matrix elements using the Wannier functions. The reasonable agreement between the calculated and experimental Raman spectra is achieved, in which we reproduce some distinctive features of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) from graphene (for example, the dominant intervalley process involving an electron or a hole). Furthermore, we perform an analysis of the possible DRR modes over the Brillouin zone, highlighting the role of low-symmetry points. Raman tensors for some DRR modes are given by first principles calculations from which laser polarization dependence is obtained., 9 pages, 5 figures

2D van der Waals (vdW) transition-metal oxyhalides with low symmetry, novel magnetism, and good stability provide a versatile platform for conducting fundamental research and developing spintronics. Antiferromagnetic FeOCl has attracted significant interest owing to its unique semiconductor properties and relatively high Néel temperature. Herein, good-quality centimeter-scale FeOCl single crystals are controllably synthesized using the universal temperature-oscillation chemical vapor transport (TO-CVT) method. The crystal structure, bandgap, and anisotropic behavior of the 2D FeOCl are explored in detail. The absorption spectrum and electrical measurements reveal that 2D FeOCl is a semiconductor with an optical bandgap of ≈2.1 eV and a resistivity of ≈10