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The article "Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Mortality Risk in the UK Biobank" discusses a reanalysis of a study that explored the association between genetically predicted higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and mortality in the UK Biobank data. The original study reported a linear association for respiratory disease-related mortality and nonlinear associations for all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality. The reanalysis using the doubly ranked nonlinear mendelian randomization method did not provide evidence for an association between 25-(OH)D and all-cause, cardiovascular disease, or cancer mortality, but confirmed an inverse linear association with respiratory disease mortality. The study concludes that while correcting severe vitamin D deficiency may have a beneficial effect, current MR studies lack robust evidence for underlying causality with respect to mortality risk. [Extracted from the article]

The letter published in the Annals of Internal Medicine addresses concerns about the statistical methods used in a 2022 study on Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the UK Biobank. The authors originally used the residual method, which has limitations, and have now reanalyzed their data using the newer doubly ranked method. The letter presents the updated findings for readers to consider. [Extracted from the article]

The assessment of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and its association with mineral and bone disorder (MBD) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have not been systematically studied. We aimed to evaluate LV remodeling changes one year after kidney transplantation (KT) and identify their influencing factors. Ninety-five KTRs (68 males; ages 40.2 ± 10.8 years) were followed before and one year after KT. Traditional risk factors and bone metabolism indicators were assessed. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) were measured using two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. The relationship between MBD and LV remodeling and the factors influencing LV remodeling were analyzed. One year after KT, MBD was partially improved, mainly characterized by hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, 25-(OH) vitamin D deficiency, elevated bone turnover markers, and bone loss. LVMI, the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and the prevalence of LVDD decreased, while LVEF increased. LVH was positively associated with postoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and iPTH nonnormalization. ΔLVMI was positively associated with preoperative type-I collagen N-terminal peptide and postoperative iPTH. LVEF was negatively associated with postoperative phosphorous. ΔLVEF was negatively associated with postoperative iPTH. LVDD was positively associated with postoperative lumbar spine osteoporosis. Preoperative LVMI was negatively associated with ΔLVMI and positively associated with ΔLVEF. Advanced age, increased BMI, diabetes, longer dialysis time, lower albumin level, and higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels were associated with LV remodeling. LV remodeling partially improved after KT, showing a close relationship with MBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is a serious health problem that is associated with many health consequences. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of medical students at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, regarding vitamin D deficiency. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted among students of Unaizah Colleges of Pharmacy (UCP) and Medicine (UCM) at Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, over a period of 3 months. A well-structured self-administered questionnaire was used for the data collection. Statistical analysis was applied by using SPSS version 22. A 0/1 scoring process was employed to assess the KAP of the participants. The midpoint is considered the cutoff point. Results: A total of 337 complete responses were received. The majority of participants (62.3%) were female. 291 (86.3%) were considered to have good knowledge, with a mean score of 6.326 out of 9. Moreover, 220 (65.2%) of participants had positive attitudes, with a mean score of 4.077 out of 7. Unfortunately, only 9 (2.6%) participants demonstrated satisfactory practices, with a mean score a 0.911 out of 6. Female participants were significantly better than male participants in terms of knowledge and attitudes, but worse in terms of practices. Sun exposure during safe daytime hours is considered the main cause of vitamin D deficiency. Nearly 60% confirmed that KSA indoor activities and the COVID-19 lockdown might maximise vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The study reveals a gap in vitamin D knowledge among participants influenced by gender and study year. It suggests educational initiatives for male students to enhance their knowledge regarding vitamin D, while female students are encouraged to prioritise safe sun exposure, minimising the use of umbrellas and sunscreen. It also highlights the role of educational institutions as reliable sources of information and the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on participants' attitudes and practices towards vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Due to the variety of modern diet and lifestyle changes, China has become the world's largest number of people with T2DM. How to prevent and cure T2DM has become one of the urgent public health events in China. Numerous studies have demonstrated vitamin D (VitD) was independently correlated with insulin sensitivity and β cells function. VitD deficiency occurs in about 70% to 80% of patients with T2DM. However, the reason of T2DM patients suffering from VitD deficiency is not very clear. The aim of this project is to identify biomarkers to explore potential mechanism of VitD deficiency in patients with T2DM. Methods: We used the iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS technique to screen differential expression proteins between VitD deficiency group and VitD sufficiency group in T2DM patients. Then we carried out hierarchical clustering analysis, Gene Ontology classification and enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis and ELISA validation. Results: We identified 63 differentially expressed proteins, 17 proteins were up-regulated and 46 proteins were down-regulated (VitD sufficiency vs. VitD deficiency). We ultimately selected four proteins, Podocalyxin (PODXL), ICAM3, MMP9, ApoF for further verification. As a result, the level of MMP9 and ICAM3 was higher in VitD sufficiency group than VitD deficiency group. Conclusions: Our study provided a solid theoretical foundation for the study of biomarkers and their mechanisms in most patients with T2DM who suffer from vitamin D deficiency. In addition, MMP9 and ICAM3 may play critical roles in the process of VitD deficiency in T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While only a few postmenopausal women exhibit biochemical signs of hypovitaminosis D, it has been shown that vitamin D insufficiency has detrimental effects on the overall skeleton mineralization, bone turnover rate, and may be a significant risk factor for osteoporosis and fracture. We evaluated the concurrent effect of Vitamin D levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover on bone health of postmenopausal women. Methods: The present study was conducted within the framework of the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program, a population-based prospective cohort study being conducted in Bushehr, a southern province of Iran. In summary, 400 persons from participants of the second stage were selected; serum bone turnover markers (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), amino‐terminal procollagen propeptides of type I collagen (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b (TRAP)) and vitamin D were measured. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25(OH) D below 20 ng/ml, and Bone health was considered in terms of Osteoporosis and degraded bone microarchitecture. Results: The number of partially or significantly degraded microstructure based on TBS was higher than the number of osteoporotic women based on BMD. Women with higher CTX levels were more prone to being degraded microarchitecture. Although we couldn't find any association between vitamin D deficiency and bone health, when we considered the vitamin D levels in univariable modelling, the effect of it was significant. Conclusions: In this study, only CTX was found to be significantly correlated with TBS while BMD was associated with CTX, OC, and TRAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Osteoporosis remains a major public health concern, considering its high prevalence along with its association with osteoporotic fractures. It imposes a heavy burden on the society worldwide as the population ages. This paper aims to provide a brief review on Iranian multicenter osteoporosis studies (IMOS) studies and provide some recommendations for improvement. Methods: IMOS studies were conducted to investigate the prevalence of osteoporosis and related risk factors. This paper provides a general view on the Iranian multicenter osteoporosis studies (IMOS), conducted during last decades. Results: The results showed a high prevalence of osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency in the Iranian population. Although the study protocols were mainly similar, some differences were observed in terms of the study population and design. The protocol of IMOS-3 was modified to overcome the setbacks noted in the previous studies; however, it was implemented in two cities with noticeably different socioeconomic and geographical characteristics from five cities where the first phase was conducted, resulting in different lifestyles and habits. Although previous IMOS studies have raised major concerns regarding the high prevalence of osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency, interpretation should be made with caution given the differences, especially in the surveyed cities. Such discrepancies cause problems in trend analysis, and nationally representative samplings are preferably needed to correctly compare the prevalence of osteoporosis and related risk factors. Conclusions: Considering the aging population and the importance of osteoporosis and its complication, developing a standard surveillance system to obtain valid and nationally representative estimates is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: When it comes to the nature of the relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and Vitamin D, the available literature offers contradictory findings. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between Vitamin D and TB, as well as the relationship between Vitamin D and functional capacity in TB patients from Central India. Materials and Methods: This case–control study comprised 400 participants divided into two equal groups: cases (200 TB patients) and controls (200 healthy household contacts). The study involved subjecting participants to standard laboratory tests in accordance with the management guidelines implemented by the institute. Abbott Architect i1000SR PLUS was used to test the Vitamin D levels while the Karnofsky Performance Status Scale score was used for the functional capacity of cases. Vitamin D levels were categorized into deficient, insufficient, and sufficient for every participant. Information related to the study was noted down on a structured pro forma. Results: The difference in Vitamin D values between the two groups was statistically significant, with 62.5% of deficient patients in the case group compared to 15% in the control group (confidence interval = 95%, χ 2 = 173.97, P = 0.001). The relationship between Vitamin D concentration and Karnofsky scale categories was statistically significant (r = 0.752, P = 0.01). Interpretation and Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with TB and a decrease in functional capacity in the region of Bundelkhand, highlighting the vital role of Vitamin D for TB patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aims: This study aimed to explore the association between serum vitamin D and/or dietary magnesium intake levels and severe hepatic steatosis. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from 2,874 individuals in the NHNAES database between 2017 and 2018. Variables were subjected to weighted univariate logistic regression analysis, and variables with p<0.05 were selected for weighted multivariate logistic regression analysis. The stepwise backward method was then used, and variables with p<0.05 in the weighted multivariate logistic model were retained as confounding factors. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were applied to explore the effect of magnesium intake and/or vitamin D level on the risk of hepatic steatosis in overweight and obese individuals. Subgroup analysis was stratified by age, gender, BMI, and complications. The respective odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results: The risk of severe hepatic steatosis in overweight and obese individuals was increased in those with deficient serum vitamin D levels (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.13-2.57). No significant correlation between dietary magnesium intake level and severe hepatic steatosis was observed in overweight and obese individuals (all p>0.05). However, an increased risk of severe hepatic steatosis in overweight and obese individuals was found in those with deficient dietary magnesium intake and deficient serum vitamin D compared to those with sufficient serum vitamin D (OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.20-2.89). Conclusion: Deficient magnesium intake in overweight and obese patients with low serum vit amin D levels may increase the risk of severe hepatic steatosis, however, future studies are required to verify our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Individuals with long-COVID exhibit a higher frequency of hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and depression. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral supplementation with magnesium chloride plus vitamin D in alleviating depressive symptoms related to long-COVID. Methods. A total of 60 subjects, aged 52.8±12.6 years, with a diagnosis of hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, and mild-to-moderate depression (MMD) related to long-COVID, were enrolled in an open-label randomized, controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated into an intervention group (n=30) that received magnesium chloride (1300 mg) plus vitamin D (4000 IU), or a control group (n=30) that received vitamin D (4000 IU), for four months. Using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), diagnosis of MMD was established based on a score of ≥11<30. The primary trial endpoint was improvement in depressive symptoms (BDI <11). Results. Mild adverse events that did not require withdrawal from intervention were documented in six (20.0%) and three (10%) individuals of the intervention and control group, respectively. By comparing baseline vs. final measurements, the BDI score was significantly reduced in individuals in the intervention (28.8±3.7 to 9.2±7.5, p<0.01) and control (28.4±3.8 to 21.6±9.1, p<0.05) group. A total of 22 (73.2%) subjects in the intervention group and 10 (34.5%) in the control group reached a BDI <11, p=0.006. Conclusion. Our results show that, among patients with hypomagnesemia and vitamin D deficiency, combined oral supplementation with magnesium plus vitamin D is effective and safe in alleviating MMD related to long-COVID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D and iron deficiencies are prevalent among Moroccan women of reproductive age (WRA). Research suggests that Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) may impair iron bioavailability, potentially leading to iron deficiency (ID) and anemia. Objectives: This study investigates associations between vitamin D status, iron levels, and anemia risk in WRA, aged 18–49, from Meknes, Morocco. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 463 participants, measuring serum 25(OH)D, blood count parameters, iron, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and creatinine. Lifestyle factors, including dietary intake, sun exposure, and physical activity, were assessed through validated questionnaires, and anthropometric data were collected. Linear and logistic regression models analyzed associations, while ROC analysis evaluated VDD's predictive accuracy for ID and anemia. Results: VDD (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, and ferritin (all p < 0.01), indicating vitamin D's role in erythropoiesis and iron storage. Multivariate logistic regression showed that VDD increased the risk of anemia (OR: 7.17, 95% CI: 3.19–19.28, p < 0.001), ID (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.32–3.77, p = 0.007), and IDA (OR: 4.10, 95% CI: 1.73–12.08, p = 0.004). Dietary iron intake was inadequate, showing minimal protective effects against anemia and ID (β(SE): −0.08(0.03), p = 0.030 and β(SE): −0.05(0.02), p = 0.037). Conclusions: VDD is a significant risk factor for impaired iron status and anemia in Moroccan WRA, highlighting the need for targeted nutritional interventions and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The prevalence of low Vitamin D levels (<30 nmol/L) is about 15.7% globally. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with fragility fractures of the hip by estimating 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels and to assess whether low vitamin D levels at the time of admission affect functional outcomes at 3 months and mortality at 28 days and 1 year. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients admitted with a fracture of the neck of the femur between January 2018 and March 2022. Data were obtained from the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) and Medway software. A total of 1440 patients were included. Patient demographics, including age, sex, fracture pattern, vitamin D levels at the time of admission, functional status at 120 days, and mortality at 1 month and 1 year, were analyzed. Results: The average age of the patients was 81.91 years (range 60–108). Of the patients, 1009 (70%) were female and 431 (30%) were male. Vitamin D levels were low in 796 patients (55.3%). Mobility significantly declined in patients with vitamin D deficiency within 3 months after surgery for proximal femur fractures. The 28‐day and one‐year mortality rates were 6.7% and 30.3%, respectively, in patients with low vitamin D levels, compared to 4.7% and 22.3% in those with normal levels. Patients with low vitamin D levels at the time of admission had higher mortality rates at both 28 days and 1 year compared to those with normal levels. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that low vitamin D levels at the time of admission for proximal femur fractures are associated with poorer functional mobility and higher perioperative and 1‐year mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that affects patients' quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin and mineral deficiencies may contribute to its progression, although the exact etiology remains unclear. Objective: This case‐control study assessed the serum levels of vitamin D and zinc in SD patients compared to a healthy control group, with a focus on how these deficiencies relate to disease severity. Methods: A total of 71 SD patients and 71 healthy controls participated, providing demographic data and blood samples. Disease severity was evaluated using the SEDASI scoring system. Serum vitamin D and zinc levels were measured using ELISA and photometric methods, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using t‐tests and chi‐square tests in SPSS 24, with groups matched for demographic variables (p > 0.05). Results: Findings revealed no significant difference in vitamin D levels between SD patients and the control group (p = 0.066). However, zinc levels were notably lower in the SD group (p = 0.001). Additionally, vitamin D levels were inversely related to the severity of SD (p = 0.022), while no correlation was found between zinc levels and disease severity (p = 0.664). Conclusion: Zinc deficiency appears to play a role in SD pathogenesis, while lower vitamin D levels are associated with increased disease severity. These findings highlight the need for further research into the potential therapeutic role of nutrient supplementation in managing SD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous disease with multiple extrapulmonary manifestations, among which vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common in COPD and are associated with the health status and clinical outcomes of COPD patients. Objectives. This paper aims to analyze the impact of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and daily sitting time (DST) and their interactions on serum vitamin D in patients with COPD. Materials and methods. Participants aged =40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the USA from 2007 to 2012 who had undergone pulmonary function tests and vitamin D tests were selected as the study participants. Participants' LTPA and DST were assessed using the General Practice Assessment Questionnaire (GPAQ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between serum vitamin D, LTPA, DSA and the combination of the 2 in patients with COPD, and the results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. This study included 1,448 samples. The mean vitamin D concentration of the samples was (68.27 ±26.78) nmol/L; 360 participants (24.86%) had vitamin D deficiency and 539 participants (37.22%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D and 25(OH)D3 expression levels differed across the 4 groups (150 min/week and DST > 8 h revealed the highest vitamin D expression levels, while LTPA 8 h showed the lowest. Vitamin D was weakly correlated with FEV1, FVC, BMI, age, and LTPA (p < 0.01), but not with DST. Body mass index (BMI) was weakly positively correlated with DST (r = 0.142, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Serum physical activity and DST independently affect vitamin D levels in COPD patients; therefore, increasing physical activity and minimizing DST may help improve vitamin D levels and prevent vitamin D deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the European population. A low level of 25-OH vitamin D3 is related to an elevated risk of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between calcidiol and calcitriol serum concentration and left ventricular ejection fraction early after interventional treatment for acute coronary syndrome. A total of 80 patients diagnosed with MI, who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention, were included in the study. Blood samples for calcidiol, calcitriol, and vitamin D-binding protein were obtained 24 h after primary PCI and were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only 9% of patients had a proper level of 25-OHD3 in the serum (30–80 ng/mL). A total of 16% of patients revealed a suboptimal concentration of 25-OHD3 (20–30 ng/mL), and in 75% of patients, the concentration of 25-OHD3 was lower than 20 ng/mL. Moreover, patients with left ventricle ejection fraction of <40% had significantly lower concentrations of calcidiol and calcitriol. A low calcitriol serum concentration affects post-MI left ventricle ejection fraction early after myocardial infarction onset. It seems that 1.25(OH)D3 may contribute to acute myocardial infarction; however, there are insufficient clinical trials related to this topic, and the available evidence is mainly from in vitro studies. We hope these preliminary reports will provide a better understanding of post-MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To outline the prevalence of vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiencies in enuretic children. Methods: An analytical descriptive study was conducted on enuretic children who were followed up at the outpatient clinic for nocturnal enuresis at the Children's Hospital, Cairo University. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded. The levels of vitamin D and vitamin B12 were assessed and correlated with the severity of enuresis. Results: Two hundred and eighty-eight children were enrolled. Insufficiency of Vitamin D predominated (n=139; 48.3%). Vitamin D deficiency was present in 31.3%, n=90 and it was normal in 20.5%, n=59). Vitamin B12 deficiency was observed in 25% of the studied children, n=72). The one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test was significant for both vitamins (P value =0.001). Vitamin D showed a stronger inverse correlation with the number of enuresis episodes per day than vitamin B12 (-0.680 vs. -0.219 respectively). A cut-off of 13.7 ng/ml for vitamin D was detected, below which the child was predicted to have failed dry nights. Using multivariate logistic regression, higher vitamin D levels and behavioural treatment coexistence were significant protective factors for the absence of dry nights. Conclusion: Low levels of vitamin D and B12 were detected in children with primary nocturnal enuresis, which could be considered a burden on the clinical severity of enuresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BK viremia (BKPyV-DNAemia) and nephropathy (BKPyVAN) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Vitamin D supports immune function, yet low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is common among KTRs. The association between serum 25(OH)D, measured 61 days to 2 years post-transplant, and subsequent incident BKPyV-DNAemia and BKPyVAN was examined in KTRs without previous BKPyV-DNAemia or BKPyVAN, respectively. Out of 3308 KTRs, 399 (12%) were vitamin D deficient [25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL], and 916 (27.7%) were insufficient [25(OH)D 21–29 ng/mL]. A total of 184 KTRs developed BKPyV-DNAemia and 44 developed BKPyVAN. The incidence rate (/100 person-years) for BKPyV-DNAemia was 2.88 in the 25(OH)D sufficient group, 2.22 in the insufficient group, and 2.37 in the deficient group. The incidence rate (/100 person-years) for BKPyVAN was 0.30 in the 25(OH)D sufficient group, 0.75 in the insufficient group, and 1.28 in the deficient group. Vitamin D deficiency (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] compared to 25(OH)D sufficiency: 3.92; 95% CI: 1.66–9.23) and insufficiency (aHR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.11–4.45) remained significantly associated with the incidence of BKPyVAN after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Low serum 25(OH)D was associated with an increased risk of BKPyVAN but not BKPyV-DNAemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence suggests a strong association between vitamin D status and asthma, with individuals exhibiting vitamin D deficiency demonstrating increased prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among asthmatic children, assess the association between vitamin D status and asthma severity/control, and identify potential predictors of vitamin D deficiency in this population. Patients and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted at Abha Maternity and Children's Hospital, a tertiary care and teaching institution in southwestern Saudi Arabia, between January 2023 and May 2024. Results: A total of 331 asthmatic children and 101 non-asthmatic children were analyzed. Children with asthma had significantly lower serum vitamin D levels than those without asthma (21.5 ± 8.8 ng/mL vs 33.3 ± 13.2 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Significantly higher proportions of asthmatic children exhibited vitamin D deficiency (51.1%) and insufficiency (34.7%) compared to non-asthmatic children (19.8% and 29.7%, respectively). Serum vitamin D levels among asthmatic children showed significant negative correlations with age (r = − 0.332, p < 0.001), weight (r = − 0.292, p < 0.001), height (r = − 0.298, p < 0.001), and BMI (r = − 0.274, p < 0.001). These findings were further supported by univariate linear regression analysis. Multivariable analysis additionally confirmed age (β = − 0.66, p < 0.001) and BMI (β = − 0.25, p = 0.05) as independent predictors of vitamin D status, with older age and higher BMI associated with lower vitamin D levels. For each additional year of age, serum vitamin D decreased by an average of 0.66 ng/mL (p < 0.001) and a one-unit increase in BMI was associated with a decrease of 0.25 ng/mL in serum vitamin D (p = 0.05). Conclusion: This study found a strikingly high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among asthmatic children in southwestern Saudi Arabia, significantly exceeding rates in controls. These findings underscore the need for widespread vitamin D screening and supplementation in this population, particularly among older, overweight asthmatic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: This study explored the correlation between vitamin D status and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as left ventricular function in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 102 patients diagnosed with ACS admitted to an Indian tertiary care facility from January 2021 to December 2021. Upon admission, the researchers collected baseline data of the patients and measured serum vitamin D levels. CAD severity was evaluated using Gensini and SYNTAX scores, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured using echocardiography. Results: The study cohort had a median age of 56.5 years, with males comprising 62.7% of the total patient population. Anterior wall myocardial infarction was the most common presentation (59.8%), and 32.4% of patients had double vessel disease (DVD). The median vitamin D level was 18.3 ng/mL (interquartile range 12.7-26.8). Patients with vitamin D deficiency (≤20 ng/mL) exhibited significantly higher Gensini (46.5-94) and SYNTAX (7.5-38) scores than those with optimal levels (>30 ng/mL) (P < 0.001). A notable inverse correlation was found between vitamin D levels and both Gensini (r=-0.572, P < 0.001) and SYNTAX (r=-0.787, P < 0.001) scores. Reduced vitamin D levels were linked to decreased LVEF (P = 0.018) and a higher incidence of multivessel disease, particularly DVD (P = 0.009). Conclusion: This study revealed a significant negative correlation between low vitamin D status, CAD severity, and left ventricular dysfunction in patients with ACS. These results suggest that low vitamin D status indicates vitamin D deficiency and plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan. A secondary objective is to evaluate whether the prevalence differs between healthy adults and those with chronic conditions. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by two independent researchers using the keywords: "vitamin D" AND "Kazakhstan", following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of vitamin D in adults in Kazakhstan, defined as a blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D below 20 ng/mL. Results: Seven studies were included in this review, encompassing 3616 individuals, of whom 2239 had vitamin D deficiency. Using a random-effects model, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults with chronic conditions was 60% (95% CI, 38–79%), with high heterogeneity. Similarly, the analysis of five studies involving healthy adults revealed a pooled mean prevalence of 55% (95% CI, 38–70%), also with high heterogeneity. Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the adult population was 57% (95% CI, 45–69%). Conclusions: This analysis indicates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan, with 57% of the population affected. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms that consider the impact of time zone changes on sunlight exposure and the active involvement of nurse practitioners in preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although vitamin D has been known as an effective substance in bone homeostasis, recent studies indicated a number of other biological properties attributed to vitamin D. Patients, who are candidates for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), were shown to be at high risk of vitamin D deficiency. Objectives: This study aimed at exploring the association between serum levels of vitamin D and biochemical markers among HSCT candidates. Methods: Totally, 214 patients, aged 18 to 65 years, were recruited in the current cross-sectional study. Within 24 hours of admission to the Bone Marrow Transplant ward, baseline clinical and demographic characteristics of study participants, serum levels of vitamin D, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hemoglobin, albumin, total protein, CRP-albumin ratio (CAR), and body mass index (BMI) were assessed. Participants were divided into 4 groups based on their serum vitamin D levels: Subjects with deficient, insufficient, sufficient, and optimal levels of vitamin D. Results: Across the 4 defined categories of serum vitamin D levels, there was no significant difference in terms of BMI, laboratory parameters, inflammatory factors, and biochemical markers. This lack of significant variation remained in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Conclusions: These observations indicate a lack of significant association between serum vitamin D levels and BMI, inflammatory factors, and biochemical markers in individuals undergoing evaluation for HSTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study aimed to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency is a common finding in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children and whether such deficiency is related to ASD severity and language age or not. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on ASD children aged 2-6 years. The participants were 80 Egyptian children with ASD. All participants were assessed using DSM-V, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), language assessment, and assessment of serum vitamin D using ADVIA Centaur Vit D assay. Results: About 63.8% of ASD children have vitamin D insufficiency, 28.8 % have vitamin D deficiency, and 7.4% have normal serum levels. No correlation was found between serum vitamin D and language age (r = -0.085, P = 0.451), DSM 5 severity levels (r = 0.015,P= 0.894), and CARS scores (r= 0.075, P= 0.511). Conclusion: ASD children have lower serum vitamin D levels, which may be one of the environmental factors contributing to ASD development in genetically susceptible individuals, and its correction may be helpful as adjuvant therapy for ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases with high prevalence, mortality and morbidity characterized by prolonged high blood glucose concentrations resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. This study aimed to assess the role of vitamin D supplementation in glycemic control in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes with vitamin D deficiency. It is a prospective study between 1st of October 2022 to 31st of July 2023, where ninety patients (male: female ratio 1:1) with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency attended The Specialized Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in Baghdad Government-Iraq, their ages between 5-18 years were followed for 10months to assess their Hemoglobin A1c (Hba1c) and serum calcium after correction of vitamin D level with therapeutic doses of vitamin D. The findings of the study had shown that 41.1% of the patients had vitamin D insufficiency and 58.9% with deficiency regardless sex and age. All the obese children and 66.4% of the overweight had vitamin D deficiency with significant correlation with BMI (P<0.001). The severity of vitamin D was also related to duration of disease diagnoses (P<0.001). Good glycemic control occurs in patients with vitamin D levels>50ng/ml (P<0.01). In 14.5% of the patients after 6 months, their vitamin D levels again became deficient, so re-check was needed after 6 months from the end of the loading therapy. Vitamin D deficiency among the patients of diabetes mellitus type 1 was high and was closely related to glycemic control. The level of vitamin D was negatively related to the body weight and the duration of the disease. Additionally, the findings of the study have demonstrated therapeutic dose of vitamin D has the potential to manage glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency is common among older people, especially those living in residential care homes. We review the literature about the roles of vitamin D in older people in terms of sarcopenia, falls, bone fractures, and Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: here is a general consensus that an inverse relationship exists between vitamin D status and body mass index (BMI) in overweight and obese individuals, leading to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the development of unfavorable metabolic phenotypes. However, evidence from non-obese adults remains limited. This study measured energy metabolism in non-obese adults using a metabolic chamber and explored its association with vitamin D status. Methods: Sixty-nine healthy adults (mean age = 22.8 years, mean BMI = 20.7 kg/m2) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were categorized into vitamin D-deficient, insufficient, and sufficient groups based on the Chinese classification for total 25(OH)D levels (WS/T 677–2020). They performed typical daily activities in a metabolic chamber, where their baseline lipid profile, 24-hour energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation were measured. Results: A two-way ANOVA (seasonality × 25(OH)D) revealed no statistically significant differences in total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, sleeping energy expenditure, walking energy expenditure, carbohydrate oxidation rate, or fat oxidation rate among the three groups (p > 0.05). These results remained consistent even after adjusting for fat-free mass. Although statistically significant correlations were found between 25(OH)D status and certain lipid profile markers (i.e., total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and free fatty acid) (p < 0.05), these correlations were weak, with Pearson's correlation coefficients below 0.3. Conclusions: Total 25(OH)D status does not affect energy metabolism in young, healthy, non-obese adults. Along with existing evidence, this suggests that low 25(OH)D status is more likely a consequence of unfavorable metabolic phenotypes rather than a contributing factor. Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn , identifier ChiCTR-IIR-17010604. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The condition of vitamin D (25OHD) deficiency represents an important public health problem. In Europe, hypovitaminosis is common not only in the elderly population but also between 50 and 70 years, both in males and females. Data regarding vitamin D intake in the Italian population are very limited. In a recent paper, reporting data collected by a specific Frequency Food Questionnaire (FFQ), we observed in a small group of healthy subjects that the dietary consumption of vitamin D, both in females and males, was far below the average. Methods: With the aim of expanding our preliminary data, we conducted a survey on a large cohort of subjects from different areas of Northern, Central, and Southern Italy. The FFQ contained 11 different questions regarding the amount and type of intake of foods containing ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol. It was submitted to 870 subjects, 627 females and 243 males, with an age range from 40 to 80 years; 31.6% of the studied population was apparently in good health, while 68.4% were affected by different pathologies. Results: The present data confirm previous observations: the global quantity of vitamin D intake in 14 days was 70.8 μg (±1.8 SE, ±54.4 SD) in females and 87.5 μg (±1.9 SE, ±57.1 SD) in males; the mean daily intake of vitamin D in females and males was 5.05 μg (±0.5 SE, ±3.8 SD) and 6.25 μg (±0.21 SE, ±4.1 SD), respectively. In healthy subjects, a gradual decrease was observed in the overall intake of vitamin D in both females and males according to an increase in age bracket, ranging from 74.5 μg and 103.8 μg in the 40–50 age group to 54.5 μg and 87.8 μg in the 71–80 age group, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present data, collected in a large Italian cohort, underscore that the daily intake of vitamin D is far below the recommended daily average, thereby contributing to the development of potential hypovitaminosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is the most prevalent form of autoimmune diabetes (AI-D) in adulthood; however, its accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment remain challenging. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is commonly observed in LADA patients, while increased vitamin D exposure through supplementation and dietary intake is associated with a reduced incidence of LADA. Although limited, case reports, case-control studies, and randomized clinical trials have examined the effects of vitamin D supplementation—alone or combined with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-is)—on glucose regulation, residual β-cell function, and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA65) levels. Findings, while preliminary, indicate that vitamin D supplementation may enhance glycemic control, preserve β-cell function, and reduce autoimmune activity. Given its accessibility, affordability, and relative safety, vitamin D supplementation presents an attractive adjunct treatment option for LADA patients. This narrative review discusses current evidence on the potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D supplementation in patients with AI-D, including LADA, who are also vitamin D deficient. Beginning with an exploration of the epidemiological patterns, clinical presentation, and diagnostic framework essential for understanding and identifying LADA, this review then examines the proposed mechanisms through which vitamin D may influence autoimmune modulation of pancreatic β-cells, integrating recent data pertinent to LADA pathology. By distilling and consolidating existing research, we aim to provide a platform for advancing targeted investigations within this distinct patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric condition frequently associated with cirrhosis and portosystemic shunting (PSS). It imposes a significant clinical and economic burden, with increasing attention toward identifying modifiable factors that could improve outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency (VDD), prevalent in patients with cirrhosis, may contribute to the development and severity of HE. This review explores the association between VDD and HE by analyzing the underlying pathophysiology, including oxidative stress, ammonia accumulation, and impaired hepatic function. Additionally, we summarize recent studies highlighting the correlation between low serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) levels and worsening grades of HE. Despite strong observational data, interventional studies on vitamin D (VD) supplementation for HE remains limited. Current evidence suggests that VD's antioxidant properties may alleviate oxidative stress in HE, with potential benefits in mitigating disease severity. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials to evaluate the clinical impact of VD supplementation on HE outcomes and explore VD's role in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures. Understanding the therapeutic potential of VD could lead to improved management strategies for HE and cirrhotic patients at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) has been widely implemented in developed countries and is now being introduced in developing countries. However, recent studies have shown no association between vitamin D and MetS in adults. Objectives: This study aims to obtain a profile of vitamin D values in adults and explore vitamin D status in MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy adults. Methods: This research design was a cross-sectional study, utilizing both secondary and primary data from the research on the Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases (RFNCD) longitudinal study in 2021. Serum 25(OH)D levels in 956 adult respondents were determined by Enzyme-linked Immune Assay (ELISA) analysis using Stored Biological Material (SBM) serum from the 2021 RF-NCD longitudinal study. The ANOVA test was used to determine differences in vitamin D levels in various physiological conditions of respondents (MetS, MetS components, and healthy people). Results: A total of 68.5% of respondents had inadequate (deficiency and insufficiency) serum vitamin D levels, with an average of 26.5 ng/mL. The average vitamin D levels between MetS patients, MetS components, and healthy people were not significantly different (p-value>0.05). However, the number or percentage of respondents with 25(OH)D deficiency in the MetS group (12.1%) was higher than other physiological conditions. Conclusions: Most of the respondents in this study have inadequate vitamin D levels. The average vitamin D levels did not differ between physiological conditions. Further studies are needed on other micronutrient factors that affect the incidence of MetS and its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract There is little research on anemia and vitamin D deficiency in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children. This study was aimed to describe and compare the prevalence of anemia and vitamin D inadequacy in HEU children and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children, and to examine the associations of HIV exposure with anemia and vitamin D inadequacy. This was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study nested within the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV program in Hunan Province during July and September 2022. The HEU children aged 6 to 24 months were recruited from the PMTCT outpatient clinics located in five Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospitals. The HUU children were recruited from routine child health examination clinics in the same five Hospitals. Questionnaires about children’s characteristics and maternal gestational conditions were collected from children’s caregivers, and blood samples were collected from all children. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, non-parametric rank sum test, and logistic regression were used for analysis. The study population included 336 HEU children and 334 HUU children. The overall prevalence of anemia in the HEU and HUU children was 10.4% and 8.1%, respectively. The median hemoglobin concentrations were 120 (115–126) g/L in the HEU children and 122 (116–129) g/L in the HUU children. Neither prevalence of anemia nor hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in the HEU children (19.6% for deficiency and 25.0% for insufficiency) was significantly higher than that of the HUU children (11.4% for deficiency and 16.2% for insufficiency) (P

Li Zhou,1– 4 Cunqiao Han,5 Yue Zhou1– 4 1Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 2West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 3Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 4Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Emergency Medicine, Shangjinnanfu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yue Zhou, Department of Emergency Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-028-62539203, Email zhouyuesccd@163.comBackground: This study aims to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and the risk of severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study with 636 COPD patients admitted for exacerbations between January 2021 and December 2022. Patients were categorized based on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: severe deficiency (< 10 ng/mL), deficiency (10– 20 ng/mL), insufficiency (20– 30 ng/mL), or sufficiency (> 30 ng/mL). Severe exacerbation was defined when the patient visits an emergency room or is hospitalized due to COPD exacerbation. Multivariate Cox regression was used to evaluate the risk associated with vitamin D deficiency.Results: Over an 18-month follow-up, 178 (28.0%) patients experienced at least one severe exacerbation. The severe deficiency group had the highest exacerbation rate (40.6%), followed by deficiency (27.8%), insufficiency (22.5%), and sufficiency (18.1%) groups (P< 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that severe vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with an increased risk of severe exacerbations (HR=2.74, 95% CI: 1.55– 4.84; P< 0.01) compared to vitamin D sufficiency.Conclusion: Severe vitamin D deficiency is a significant predictor of severe COPD exacerbations, highlighting the importance of routine vitamin D assessment and supplementation in COPD management.Keywords: acute exacerbations, COPD, risk factors, vitamin D deficiency

Background: Vitamin D and iron deficiencies are prevalent among Moroccan women of reproductive age (WRA). Research suggests that Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) may impair iron bioavailability, potentially leading to iron deficiency (ID) and anemia. Objectives: This study investigates associations between vitamin D status, iron levels, and anemia risk in WRA, aged 18–49, from Meknes, Morocco. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 463 participants, measuring serum 25(OH)D, blood count parameters, iron, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and creatinine. Lifestyle factors, including dietary intake, sun exposure, and physical activity, were assessed through validated questionnaires, and anthropometric data were collected. Linear and logistic regression models analyzed associations, while ROC analysis evaluated VDD’s predictive accuracy for ID and anemia. Results: VDD (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, and ferritin (all p < 0.01), indicating vitamin D’s role in erythropoiesis and iron storage. Multivariate logistic regression showed that VDD increased the risk of anemia (OR: 7.17, 95% CI: 3.19–19.28, p < 0.001), ID (OR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.32–3.77, p = 0.007), and IDA (OR: 4.10, 95% CI: 1.73–12.08, p = 0.004). Dietary iron intake was inadequate, showing minimal protective effects against anemia and ID (β(SE): −0.08(0.03), p = 0.030 and β(SE): −0.05(0.02), p = 0.037). Conclusions: VDD is a significant risk factor for impaired iron status and anemia in Moroccan WRA, highlighting the need for targeted nutritional interventions and further research.

Vitamin D deficiency affects a broad range of health-related factors. Both obesity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with the development of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Inflammation can culminate in decreased vitamin D levels through the induction of oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that exercise may improve vitamin D status. However, the effects of exercise interventions on inflammation and oxidative stress in the coexistence of vitamin D deficiency and obesity/overweight are not well-established. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on inflammation and oxidative stress in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight. A search for articles from 2006 to 2023 was conducted in specialized databases of PubMed, Scopus, and state inpatient database (SID). The searched studies were original research articles, reviews, and clinical trials selected using the keywords of vitamin D deficiency, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, chemokine, exercise, obesity, and overweight. According to the studies, regular exercise can inhibit the vicious cycle of oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight by negatively regulating some inflammatory factors and chemokines, reducing lipid peroxidation levels, and increasing antioxidant status. Moreover, the increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels resulting from exercise can be considered another mechanism for reducing oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight.

Introduction: Vitamin D (VD) has many extra-skeletal functions, such as immune regulation. It is important to recognize its role in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this study was to determine possible correlations between serum VD levels and multiple clinical and paraclinical variables in HIV-infected patients in the city of Bogotá, Colombia.Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was carried out on 161 HIV-infected patients in the city of Bogotá. VD levels were analyzed in relation to anthropometric classification of nutritional status, clinical and metabolic profile.Results: It was found a prevalence of low VD levels of 60.87%. Statistically significant correlations were detected between VD and the time of sun exposure reported by the patient and the type of antiretroviral therapy. In addition, using a linear regression model, it was found that the use of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 integrase inhibitor correlates with hypovitaminosis, even with adequate time of sun exposure. No associations were found with age, sex, race, co-morbidities, immune, or metabolic profile.Discussion: Although the pathophysiology of VD deficiency is multifactorial, low VD levels should be considered among the possible adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy and should be included in the usual follow-up of these patients.

Background: Chronic low back pain has been one of the most common musculoskeletal problems from the public health perspective owing to its high impact on disability and loss of productive years. The usefulness of Vitamin D in musculoskeletal health is widely acknowledged. The relationship between chronic low back pain in women and Vitamin D status becomes an important issue in context with clothing patterns owing to various cultural, social and religious factors. While there are many studies investigating the Vitamin D status in women with low back pain yet there are limited or almost no studies evaluating this problem in context with their clothing pattern. Hence, the present study was planned to determine the association between Vitamin D levels and clothing habits in women of reproductive age group having chronic back pain without any apparent clinico-radiological pathology. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done from September 2022 to March 2024 following ethical clearance from the institutional ethics committee. Two hundred and fifty-one women in the reproductive age group were included in the study after taking informed consent. Demographic and other details related to their diet, clothing pattern, and obstetric history were taken using a pretested questionnaire. Serum 25 (OH) Vitamin D level estimation was done. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0; appropriate tests were applied and the following results were drawn. Results: Mean age of the 251 participants who complained of chronic back pain was 33.16 ± 10.27 years. The duration of pain ranged from 6 to 36 months. Majority of patients (n = 201; 80.1%) had duration of pain 24 months (n = 3; 1.2% each), respectively. The mean duration of pain was 9.97 ± 4.60 months. Almost half (n = 124; 49.4%) of the study participants preferred to use veil, while the rest half (n = 127; 50.6%) did not. Vitamin D levels ranged from 7.2 to 99.2 ng/mL with a mean of 26.31 ± 18.75 ng/mL. The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency was 46.2%, 21.9% and 31.9% respectively. No statistically significant association was found between the duration of pain and Vitamin D status (P = 0.347). Furthermore, factors such as age, gravida status and place of residence (urban/rural) were not found to be associated with Vitamin D deficiency. Statistically, there was a significant difference in Vitamin D status between veiled and unveiled women (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Mean Vitamin D levels did not show any significant association with age, place of residence, gravid status and duration of pain. However, veiled women had a significantly higher prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency compared to nonveiled women.

Taking into account the wide range of physiological effects of vitamin D on the human body and the dependence of its synthesis in the skin on insolation, it is of undoubted interest to study vitamin D status in various population groups in the Russian North. The purpose of this article was to investigate vitamin D levels in the blood serum of people of various age groups living in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the clinical and biochemical laboratory of the district clinical hospital in KhantyMansiysk during the autumn–winter–spring periods of 2021, 2022 and 2023. The study involved 3120 residents of Khanty-Mansiysk (61°N), including 493 children and adolescents, 798 young people, 887 middle-aged and 942 older adults. Their serum 25(OH)D levels were determined using enzyme immunoassay; the arithmetic mean (M), standard deviation and median (Me) as well as minimum and maximum values were calculated. The obtained data were compared with the reference values. Results. Vitamin D deficiency was established in all studied groups of the population of Khanty-Mansiysk regardless of their sex, being the most pronounced in children and adolescents due to intensive growth (M = 23.5 ng/ml, Me = 22.1 ng/ml) and in older adults (M = 22.5 ng/ml, Me = 21.7 ng/ml) due to significantly declined synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. There is a need for a widespread implementation of educational programmes informing healthcare workers and the population about the importance of vitamin D for metabolism, the prevalence of conditions related to vitamin D deficiency, and the measures for hypovitaminosis D prevention, such as consuming vitamin D-rich foods and taking vitamin D supplements in combination with longer sun exposure time in the south of Russia and abroad.