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An in-depth investigation of the ultrasonic response of mechanophores containing weak covalent bonds within nanosized aggregates is vital for ultrasound imaging, drug delivery, and sensors. In this work, well-defined amphiphilic block SP-[poly(methyl methacrylate- b -N-isopropylacrylamide)] 2 SP-[p(MMA- b -NIPAM)] 2 (P1) and amphiphilic random, SP-[poly(methyl methacrylate- r -N-isopropylacrylamide)] 2 SP-[p(MMA- r -NIPAM)] 2 (P2) copolymers with SP mechanophore embedded at midpoint polymer chain are prepared by RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization using a pre-synthesized novel functional bi (trithiocarbonate) and spiropyran (SP)-based RAFT reagent. Both P1 and P2 copolymers self-assemble in spherical micelles in AcCN/water mixed solvents, and several assemblies with different water contents are fabricated. The structural differentiation between block P1 and random P2 dominates the inverse influence of water content on the aggregate sizes of micelles. Under ultrasound irradiation, the SP mechanophore is activated within both micelles, and the amount of activated SP mechanophore increases progressively with prolonged sonication time. For P1 , the mechanochemical reaction (mechanochromism) kinetics in an aggregated state and a single chain state are different, while that of P2 micelles and liner are similar, inferred to be associated with the structure difference between both micelles. The mechanoactivation of SP mechanophore within micelles in AcCN/water mixed solvents is higher than in dissolved state due to the micellization of P1 and P2 , entangling the hydrophobic PMMA segments and partially swelling in the micellar core. Moreover, an increase in the medium's dielectric constant around the core's SP is also observed, promoting the SP mechanoactivation. This approach may provide a new strategy for preparing novel mechanophore-centered amphiphilic copolymers with colorful structures and high hydrophilicity. These can self-aggregate into nanoparticles in aqueous or mixed solutions, exhibiting effective effects of ultrasonic responsiveness. We expect this work to push forward the in-depth studies on the ultrasonic responsive mechanism of assembly and help open new research avenues into the mechanochemical reactions within nanosized aggregates. [Display omitted] • Ultrasound-responsive amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized based on a bifunctional spiropyran (SP)-RAFT agent. • Block and random copolymers self-assembled into spherical micelles in mixing solvent. • Enhanced SP mechanoresponsiveness was observed for the polymer micelles compared to polymer chains in solution. • The mechanoactivation kinetics of SP depends on the structural characteristics of the polymer surroundings. • This work demonstrated a new strategy to prepare mechaophore-centered amphiphilic copolymer and their assemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth investigation of the ultrasonic response of mechanophores containing weak covalent bonds within nanosized aggregates is vital for ultrasound imaging, drug delivery, and sensors. In this work, well-defined amphiphilic block SP-[poly(methyl methacrylate- b -N-isopropylacrylamide)] 2 SP-[p(MMA- b -NIPAM)] 2 (P1) and amphiphilic random, SP-[poly(methyl methacrylate- r -N-isopropylacrylamide)] 2 SP-[p(MMA- r -NIPAM)] 2 (P2) copolymers with SP mechanophore embedded at midpoint polymer chain are prepared by RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) polymerization using a pre-synthesized novel functional bi (trithiocarbonate) and spiropyran (SP)-based RAFT reagent. Both P1 and P2 copolymers self-assemble in spherical micelles in AcCN/water mixed solvents, and several assemblies with different water contents are fabricated. The structural differentiation between block P1 and random P2 dominates the inverse influence of water content on the aggregate sizes of micelles. Under ultrasound irradiation, the SP mechanophore is activated within both micelles, and the amount of activated SP mechanophore increases progressively with prolonged sonication time. For P1 , the mechanochemical reaction (mechanochromism) kinetics in an aggregated state and a single chain state are different, while that of P2 micelles and liner are similar, inferred to be associated with the structure difference between both micelles. The mechanoactivation of SP mechanophore within micelles in AcCN/water mixed solvents is higher than in dissolved state due to the micellization of P1 and P2 , entangling the hydrophobic PMMA segments and partially swelling in the micellar core. Moreover, an increase in the medium's dielectric constant around the core's SP is also observed, promoting the SP mechanoactivation. This approach may provide a new strategy for preparing novel mechanophore-centered amphiphilic copolymers with colorful structures and high hydrophilicity. These can self-aggregate into nanoparticles in aqueous or mixed solutions, exhibiting effective effects of ultrasonic responsiveness. We expect this work to push forward the in-depth studies on the ultrasonic responsive mechanism of assembly and help open new research avenues into the mechanochemical reactions within nanosized aggregates. [Display omitted] • Ultrasound-responsive amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized based on a bifunctional spiropyran (SP)-RAFT agent. • Block and random copolymers self-assembled into spherical micelles in mixing solvent. • Enhanced SP mechanoresponsiveness was observed for the polymer micelles compared to polymer chains in solution. • The mechanoactivation kinetics of SP depends on the structural characteristics of the polymer surroundings. • This work demonstrated a new strategy to prepare mechaophore-centered amphiphilic copolymer and their assemblies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polymorphism of Minodronic acid (MDA) monohydrates (form D and form E) was investigated in this work. The results revealed that the main difference lies in the discrepancy of hydrogen bonds in two polymorphisms. In addition, the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) analysis was conducted to assess the strength of hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds in form D were estimated as electrostatic, while the corresponding hydrogen bonds in form E were partially covalent type. Then the polymorphic transformation mechanism was investigated by experiments coupled with molecular dynamic simulations. As the conformation of the water molecule transforms from Form D to Form E, the hydrogen bond interaction between water and MDA molecules gradually becomes stronger. The observations were consistent with the results obtained from molecular dynamic simulations. The energy barriers of the path I were in line with the simulation results. This indicates the reliability of the polymorphic transformation mechanism of the MDA monohydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To develop a clinical model for predicting high axillary nodal burden in patients with early breast cancer by integrating ultrasound (US) and clinicopathological features. Methods and materials: Patients with breast cancer who underwent preoperative US examination and breast surgery at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University (centre 1, n = 250) and at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University (centre 2, n = 97) between January 2012 and December 2016 and between January 2020 and March 2022, respectively, were deemed eligible for this study (n = 347). According to the number of lymph node (LN) metastasis based on pathology, patients were divided into two groups: limited nodal burden (0–2 metastatic LNs) and heavy nodal burden (≥ 3 metastatic LNs). In addition, US features combined with clinicopathological variables were compared between these two groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were conducted to identify the most valuable variables for predicting ≥ 3 LNs in breast cancer. A nomogram was then developed based on these independent factors. Results: Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the cortical thickness (p < 0.001), longitudinal to transverse ratio (p = 0.001), absence of hilum (p < 0.001), T stage (p = 0.002) and Ki-67 (p = 0.039) were significantly associated with heavy nodal burden. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, cortical thickness (p = 0.001), absence of hilum (p = 0.042) and T stage (p = 0.012) were considered independent predictors of high-burden node. The area under curve (AUC) of the nomogram was 0.749. Conclusion: Our model based on US variables and clinicopathological characteristics demonstrates that can help select patients with ≥ 3 LNs, which can in turn be helpful to predict high axillary nodal burden in early breast cancer patients and prevent unnecessary axillary lymph node dissection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong fiber/matrix interface combination is a tricky problem for Si 3 N 4 f /SiO 2 composites to be applied as antenna windows in harsh thermal conditions. In this study, perhydropolysilazane derived silicon oxynitride coating was prepared on the surface of Si 3 N 4 fiber pre-coated with BN coating to generate a BN c /SiON c double-layer interface. The optimized SiON coating thickness is ∼140 nm, while the corresponding tensile strength of the Si 3 N 4 f /BN c /SiON c fiber is 1.21 GPa. The composites with optimised BN c /SiON c coatings possess improved bending strength (∼20% up) and fracture toughness. The double-layer coatings benefit to crack propagation and reduced the penetration crack along the fibers. In addition, good thermal stability and dielectric performance (ε = 3.24–3.28 at 12–18 GHz) are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramide synthases (CerS) catalyze ceramide formation via N‐acylation of a sphingoid base with a fatty acyl‐CoA and are attractive drug targets for treating numerous metabolic diseases and cancers. Here, we present the cryo‐EM structure of a yeast CerS complex, consisting of a catalytic Lac1 subunit and a regulatory Lip1 subunit, in complex with C26‐CoA substrate. The CerS holoenzyme exists as a dimer of Lac1‐Lip1 heterodimers. Lac1 contains a hydrophilic reaction chamber and a hydrophobic tunnel for binding the CoA moiety and C26‐acyl chain of C26‐CoA, respectively. Lip1 interacts with both the transmembrane region and the last luminal loop of Lac1 to maintain the proper acyl chain binding tunnel. A lateral opening on Lac1 serves as a potential entrance for the sphingoid base substrate. Our findings provide a template for understanding the working mechanism of eukaryotic ceramide synthases and may facilitate the development of therapeutic CerS modulators. Synopsis: In eukaryotes, ceramide synthase is a multispan enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Here, structural and biochemical studies of the yeast Lac1‐Lip1 complex provide new insight into its substrate binding and molecular mechanism. The cryo‐EM structure of the yeast Lac1‐Lip1 complex bound to C26‐CoA substrate reveals that the holoenzyme exists as a dimer of heterodimers.Lac1 contains a hydrophilic reaction chamber and a hydrophobic tunnel that bind the CoA moiety and C26‐acyl chain of C26‐CoA, respectively.Lip1 interacts with both the transmembrane region and the last luminal loop of Lac1 to maintain the acyl chain binding tunnel.A lateral opening in the membrane‐embedded region of Lac1 serves as a potential entry site for the sphingoid base substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been no robust data from clinical trials to guide the clinician in the choice of therapeutic agents for the child with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance. The treatment regimen for IVIG-resistant patients varies between institutions, and the best option has not yet been established. Therefore, in this trial, a total of 955 patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) were selected and were initially treated with IVIG (2 g/kg), of whom 80 (8.38%) assessed as IVIG resistant were randomly divided into two groups: Group A received the second IVIG treatment (n = 40), and Group B received methylprednisolone pulse therapy (MPT, n = 40). The whole fever time, duration of fever after retreatment, hospital days, medical costs, readmission rate, and laboratory examination difference (△) were calculated. Coronary artery lesion (CAL) outcomes were followed up over two years. Patients in the MPT group had shorter fever after retreatment and lower medical costs; more rapid declines in C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophils (N%), and platelet (PLT) levels; and more rapid rise in sodium. However, they also probably had a higher incidence of treatment failure and CALs than the additional IVIG treatment group in the long-term follow-up. Caution is still required in the use of MPT to treat IVIG-resistant KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscopic analysis of mineral distributions in shale receives much attention in recent years. Traditional methods such as optical and scanning electron microscopy are common tools for providing valuable information of microstructures; however, they belong to surface observations, which damage the shale sample and only generate a 2D image. We consider using the X-ray computerized tomography (CT) based on synchrotron radiation (SR) to generate 3D image reconstructions. In addition, with the CT imaging data, we are required to analyze compositional microstructures of the shale. Hence, we are faced with two kinds of inverse problems: model-based and data-based inverse problems. For the X-ray tomographic imaging, the filtered backprojection is the well-adopted conventional algorithm, but it is sensitive to noise and is inflexible. So, we will develop the nonsmooth sparse regularizing technique for this issue. For the later one, we need to consider the CT-data constrained minimization technique. Solving methodologies will be addressed. Experimental tests for both inverse problems will be given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of childhood with prolonged fever, and the diagnosis of KD is mainly based on clinical criteria, which is prone to misdiagnosis with other febrile infectious (FI) diseases. Currently, there remain no effective molecular markers for KD diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to use a relative-expression-based method k-TSP and resampling framework to identify robust gene pair signatures to distinguish KD from bacterial and virus febrile infectious diseases. Our study pool consisted of 808 childhood patients from several studies and assigned to three groups, namely, the discovery set (n = 224), validation set-1 (n = 197), and validation set-2 (n = 387). We had identified 60 biologically relevant gene pairs and developed a top-ranked gene pair classifier (TRGP) using the first seven signatures, with the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of 0.947 (95% CI, 0.918-0.976), a sensitivity of 0.936 (95% CI, 0.872-0.987), and a specificity of 0.774 (95% CI, 0.705-0.836) in the discovery set. In the validation set-1, the TRGP classifier distinguished KD from FI with AUROC of 0.955 (95% CI, 0.919-0.991), a sensitivity of 0.959 (95% CI, 0.925-0.986), and a specificity of 0.863 (95% CI, 0.764-0.961). In the validation set-2, the predictive performance of classification was with an AUROC of 0.796 (95% CI, 0.747-0.845), a sensitivity of 0.797 (95% CI, 0.720-0.864), and a specificity of 0.661 (95% CI, 0.606-0.717). Our study reveals that gene pair signatures are robust across diverse studies and can be utilized as objective biomarkers to distinguish KD from FI, helping to develop a fast, simple, and effective molecular approach to improve the diagnosis of KD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. There are increasing evidence demonstrating that neutrophil-mediated inflammation plays a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which neutrophils contribute to type 2 diabetes remain largely unknown. The aim of the present work was to identify possible changes in circulating neutrophils to better elucidate neutrophil involvement in human type 2 diabetes. Methods. Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (n = 5) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 5) were recruited. Neutrophils were purified from type 2 diabetes patients and controls, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used for comprehensive transcriptome analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used for validation in external samples of type 2 diabetes patients (n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 8). Results. Gene expression analysis showed that, compared with neutrophils from healthy controls, there were 1990 upregulated DEGs and 1314 downregulated DEGs in neutrophils from type 2 diabetes patients. GO analysis demonstrated that the DEGs were mainly involved in myeloid leukocyte activation, T cell activation, adaptive immunity, and cytokine production. The top 20 enriched KEGG pathways included the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, cell adhesion molecules, and chemokine signaling pathway. Furthermore, qPCR of genes related to neutrophil activation revealed that the expression of SELL, SELP, CXCR1, and S100A8 was significantly increased in neutrophils from type 2 diabetes patients compared with that in neutrophils from controls. Conclusions. Our study reveals an abnormal activation of circulating neutrophils at the transcriptome level in type 2 diabetes patients. These findings suggest a potential involvement of neutrophil dysfunction in the pathologic process of type 2 diabetes and provide insight into potential therapeutic targets for type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was to evaluate the value of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in predicting the efficacy of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer from xenograft model level.Subjects and Methods: Thirty-two tumor-bearing mice from the Eca-109 cell line nude mice models were established. The experimental group (n = 16) received a single dose of 15 Gy (6MV X-ray), whereas the control group (n = 16) did not receive any treatment. The tumor volume and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were obtained. The cell density, tissue necrosis ratio, and CD31 expression were determined at matched time points.Results: The tumor volume was smaller in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05) on the 7th day after radiotherapy (1.580 ± 0.965 cm3 vs. 2.671 ± 0.915 cm3). The ADC values were higher in the experimental group than in the control group on the 3rd day (P < 0.05) (998.15 ± 163.76 ×10- 6 mm2/s vs. 833.32 ± 142.15 ×10- 6 mm2/s). On the 3rd day after radiotherapy, the differences in cell density and necrosis ratio between the two groups were statistically significant; the tumor cell density was lower in the experimental group (25.56 ± 1.40%) than in the control group (33.48 ± 4.18%) (P < 0.05), and the proportion of tissue necrosis was higher in the experimental group (32.19 ± 1.21%) than in the control group (29.16 ± 2.16%) (P < 0.05). The negative and weak positive rate of CD31 expression in the experimental group was higher than the control group, whereas the generally positive and strong positive rate of CD31 expression was significantly lower than the control group in the early stage (P < 0.05).Conclusion: ADC values may change at the early stage before the morphological changes of tumors. Changes in cell density and necrosis ratio of transplanted tumors correspond to the changes in ADC values. DWI can be used for the early prediction of esophageal cancer radiotherapy efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a six-pole radial-axial hybrid magnetic bearing (RAHMB) used in a flywheel system. The radial and axial bias fluxes are generated by one permanent magnet and the radial control coils are driven by a three-phase converter. So, it has the advantages of compact structure, low power consumption and simple driver. First, the work principle is introduced. Then, the mathematical model is built. The force-current characteristics with different eccentricities, the coupling between radial two degrees of freedom (DOF) and the coupling between radial and axial DOF are analyzed based on the analytical model. Finally, the analyses are validated by 3D finite element analysis in the Maxwell software. The results have shown that the coupling between radial and axial DOF is very small. However, the force-current curves of radial two DOFs turn out to be nonlinear and coupled with the increase of rotor eccentricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of low temperature gas carburizing (LTGC) on hydrogen absorption and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of 304L metastable austenitic stainless steel was investigated. The LTGC treatment imparted carburized layer on the steel surface with supersaturated solute carbon atoms (namely expanded austenite or S-phase) and more than 1 GPa surface compressive stress. Carburized layer thickness, carbon concentration level, residual compressive stress and hardness increased but hydrogen absorption decreased with increasing LTGC treatment time. Carburized surface layers had much higher austenite stability. The HE susceptibility of carburized steel was reduced due to the reduction of hydrogen absorption and the increment of austenite stability. The specimens whose residual compressive stresses were eliminated by tensile plastic straining also exhibited low hydrogen absorption during hydrogen charging, indicating that, besides the residual compressive stress, the supersaturated solute carbon atoms also have the ability to reduce hydrogen absorption. In addition, the results indicate that the supersaturated solute carbon atoms in the LTGC case can suppress hydrogen solubility without affecting diffusivity. • Low temperature gas carburizing surface treatment can suppress H embrittlement. • Because carburized layer can resist α′ transformation and reduce H absorption. • Both compressive stress and carbon atoms have ability to reduce H absorption. • Supersaturated carbon atoms decrease solubility without affecting diffusivity of H. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Studies have shown that cysteine‐rich protein 61 (Cyr61) increased in the post‐ischemic human kidney tissue. However, it is still unknown whether Cyr61 can be used as a biomarker in kidney ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods: Microarray data were collected from GSE58438 and GSE52004. The rat I/R model was established to evaluate the messenger RNA and protein expression of Cyr61, localization of Cyr61 by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining, and changes in serum creatinine (Scr) at the same time. Results: Bioinformatics result showed that Cyr61 was significantly increased at 3 h after I/R in rat kidney, and involved in angiogene, positive regulation of locomotion and single organism cell adhesion. The rat I/R model results showed that Cyr61 was mainly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells with I/R injury and the expression of Cyr61 was up‐regulated at I/R 1 h, peaked at 4–8 h and began to decay at 12 h. The area under curve of receiver operating characteristics of kidney tissue Cyr61 messenger RNA and urine Cyr61 were 90.2% and 86.1%, which all better than Scr 67.1% (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We made a preliminary investigation of the relationship between Cyr61 and AKI, which identifies that Cyr61 may replace Scr as an ultra‐early new biomarker in AKI. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE: Although Cystatin C (CysC) was recommended by some authors to be measured in addition to creatinine in glomerular filtration rate estimation, it has found its place in early detection of acute kidney injury after ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Y–Si–O ceramics are widely used as good thermal barrier coatings but barely made for structural/functional bulks. In this study, we introduced Al 2 O 3 into Y 2 Si 2 O 7 ceramics by sol-gel method to form novel Y–Al–Si–O ceramics for high-temperature resistant microwave transmission application. The compositions, microstructures, mechanical, thermal and dielectric properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that density of the composites can achieve 2.4 g cm−3 with a porosity of 27.4%. The average compressive strength is 94.8 MPa, which is 113% higher than the Y 2 Si 2 O 7 matrix. The strength retention rate at 1400 °C is 54.9%. Due to the bridging effect between Al 2 O 3 particles and Y 2 Si 2 O 7 matrix together with the interlock effect among Al 2 O 3 grains, the mechanical strength is significantly enhanced. Additionally, excellent thermal property and oxidation resistance are indicated. The composites exhibit excellent dielectric properties, with average dielectric constant and loss tangent being 4.85 and 0.0016 (8.1–16.5 GHz, room temperature). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Based on real-world case data, this study intends to explore and analyze the impact of rescue conscious sedation (CS) on the clinical outcomes of patients with anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving mechanical thrombectomy (MT). Methods: This retrospective study enrolled patients with anterior circulation AIS who received MT and were treated with either single local anesthesia (LA) or rescue CS during MT between January 2018 and October 2021. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression methods to compare the impact of LA and CS on the clinical outcomes of patients with AIS who received MT, including the mRS at 90 days, the incidence of poststroke pneumonia (PSP), the incidence of symptomatic intracranial cerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and the mortality rate. Results: We reviewed 314 patient cases with AIS who received MT. Of all patients, 164 met our search criteria. Eighty-nine patients received LA, and 75 patients received rescue CS. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the 90-day good prognosis (45.3% vs. 51.7%, p = 0.418) and mortality (17.3% vs. 22.5%, p = 0.414). Compared with the LA group, the incidence of postoperative pneumonia in the rescue CS group (44% vs. 25.8%, p = 0.015) was more significant. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that intraoperative remedial CS was independently associated with PSP following MT. In a subgroup analysis, rescue CS was found to significantly increase the incidence of PSP in patients with dysphagia (OR = 7.307, 95% CI 2.144–24.906, p = 0.001). As the severity of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) increased, intraoperative rescue CS was found to increase the risk of PSP (OR = 1.155, 95% CI 1.034–1.290, p = 0.011) by 5.1% compared to that of LA (OR = 1.104, 95% CI 1.013–1.204, p = 0.024). Conclusion: Compared to LA, rescue CS during MT does not significantly improve the 90 days of good prognosis and reduce the incidence of sICH and mortality in patients with anterior circulation AIS. However, it has a significantly increased risk of poststroke pneumonia (PSP), particularly in patients with dysphagia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correction to the article "Programming a Molecular Relay for Ultrasensitive Biodetection through 129Xe NMR," by Y. Wang and others, that was published in a 2016 issue is presented.

People whom the author would like to thank for their assistance in his research "Programming A Molecular Relay for Ultrasensitive Biodetection through Xenon-129 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)" are mentioned.

Graphical abstract Abstract Crosslinking is favorable for increasing the ceramic yield of polycarbosilane precursor (PCS), so PCS fiber with crosslinked skin-uncrosslinked core structure may contribute to formation of hollow SiC fiber. In this study, diffusion-controlled ozone oxidation crosslinking method was adopted. EDS verified the oxygen element contributing to crosslinking mainly distributed in the outer layer of ozone-crosslinked PCS fiber (O − PCS f). After pyrolysis, SEM confirmed the formation of continuous hollow fiber and XRD indicated the presence of β -SiC structure. N 2 adsorption-desorption measurement demonstrated that a lot of micropores and mesopores, which were the main escape paths for degradation product of uncrosslinked core part of O − PCS f and contributed to the formation of continuous hollow SiC fiber, formed along fiber during pyrolysis and disappeared after the pyrolysis temperature was increased. In addition, by adjusting ozone oxidation time and applying vacuum pyrolysis method, the morphology of resulting hollow SiC fiber could be further modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract 3D needle-punched C/C-SiC composites were fabricated from carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) preforms, with densities of 1.05 g/cm3 and 1.28 g/cm3, by the gaseous silicon infiltration (GSI) method at fabrication temperatures from 1500 °C to 1800 °C. The compressive strengths and elastic moduli in transverse direction are larger than those measured under longitudinal compression except that samples fabricated from 1.28 g/cm3 density exhibit lower elastic moduli in transverse direction than in longitudinal direction. The compressive strength and modulus increase with fabrication temperature at 1500 °C and 1600 °C, and then decrease with higher fabrication temperature. Samples fabricated from the lower density C/C preforms have greater compressive strength and modulus. X-ray tomography was applied before and after the mechanical tests to characterize the microstructure and damage patterns, and the results indicated that for C/C-SiC composites fabricated at 1700 °C from 1.28 g/cm3 density C/C preform the matrix has a volume fraction (vol%) of 36.9%, and the initial intra-bundle cracks (0.6 vol%) display a space crossing structure while the inter-bundle pores (6.0 vol%) are special irregularly distributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In situ observations of damage development within 3-dimensional 5-directional braided carbon fiber reinforced carbon and silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) ceramic composites, fabricated by gaseous silicon infiltration (GSI) and precursor infiltration pyrolysis (PIP), have been obtained using laboratory X-ray computed tomography during in situ flexural tests. The GSI composite has a denser structure than that fabricated by PIP, but contains initial defects within the fiber bundles. The GSI composite ultimately failed due to fracture across the fiber bundles, while failure of the higher strength PIP composite propagated along the interface between the fiber bundle and matrix with a greater degree of fiber pullout. These differences arise from the higher process temperature and greater degree of matrix-fiber reaction of GSI compared to PIP. Digital volume correlation (DVC), applied to the tomographs, measured the 3-dimensional deformations and hence the specimen curvature. This demonstrated the significant reduction in elastic modulus caused by the development of internal cracking with tensile strain in both materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Damage development has been observed in situ within a 3-dimensional needle-punched carbon fiber reinforced carbon and silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) ceramic composite, as compressive loads were applied longitudinally, transversely and obliquely to its anisotropic structure. Laboratory X-ray computed tomographs were analyzed using digital volume correlation to measure the local strains. Cracks exist within the microstructure before the application of load, due to thermal strains, and their propagation is affected by the heterogeneous microstructure and the direction of loading. The punched carbon fiber needles are observed to restrict the propagation of damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid developments in SQUID‐based technology make it possible for geophysical exploration to direct measure, inverse and interpret magnetic gradient tensor data. This contribution introduces a novel three‐dimensional hybrid regularization method for inversion of magnetic gradient tensor data, which is based on the minimum support functional and total variation functional. Compared to the existing stabilizers, for example, the minimum support stabilizer, the minimum gradient support stabilizer or the total variation stabilizer, our proposed hybrid stabilizer, in association with boundary penalization, improves the revision result greatly, including higher spatial and depth resolution, more clear boundaries, more highlighted images and more evident structure depiction. Moreover, suitable selection of model parameter λ will further improve the image quality of the recovered model. We verify our proposed hybrid method with various synthetic magnetic models. Experiment results prove that this method gives more accurate results, exhibiting advantages of less computational costs even when less prior information of magnetic sources are provided. Comparison of results with different types of magnetic data with and without remanence indicates that our inversion algorithm can obtain more detailed information on the source structure based on rational estimation of total magnetization direction. Finally, we present a case study for inverting SQUID‐based magnetic tensor data acquired at Da Hinggan Mountains area, inner Mongolia, China. The result also certifies that the method is reliable and efficient for real cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staggered grid finite difference (FD) methods are widely used to synthesise seismograms theoretically, and are also the basis of reverse time migration and full waveform inversion. Grid dispersion is one of the key problems for FD methods. It is desirable to have a FD scheme which can accelerate wave equation simulation while still preserving high accuracy. In this paper, we propose a totally new staggered grid FD scheme which uses different staggered grid FD operators for different first order spatial derivatives in the first order acoustic wave equation. We determine the FD coefficient in the space domain with the least-squares method. The dispersion analysis and numerical simulation demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. In this paper, we propose a new finite difference (FD) scheme which uses different staggered grid FD operators for different first order spatial derivatives in the first order acoustic wave equation. The dispersion analysis and numerical simulation demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis (diphenyl phosphate) imine (Htpop) was synthesized using a simple one‐step solvent method to remove thorium (IV) from aqueous solutions. The structure, functional group displacement, morphological differences, and elemental composition of the samples were analyzed using characterization techniques such as NMR, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and XPS. According to the batch experiment, when pH=4.0 and temperature was 298 K, the adsorption equilibrium can be reached within 40 min, and the adsorption capacity was 189.32 mg ⋅ g−1. The adsorption process conforms to the quasi‐second‐order kinetic model (R2=0.9959) and Langmuir model (R2=0.9971). Thermodynamic data (▵H0<0, ▵G0<0) indicate that the adsorption behavior of thorium (IV) in Htpop was spontaneous and exothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pure titanium is widely used in clinical implants, but its bioinert properties (poor strength and mediocre effect on bone healing) limit its use under load‐bearing conditions. Modeling on the structure of collagen fibrils and specific nanocrystal plane arrangement of hydroxyapatite in the natural bone, a new type of titanium (Ti) with a highly aligned fibrous‐grained (FG) microstructure is constructed. The improved attributes of FG Ti include high strength (≈950 MPa), outstanding affinity to new bone growth, and tight bone‐implant contact. The bone‐mimicking fibrous grains induce an aligned surface topological structure conducive to forming close contact with osteoblasts and promotes the expression of osteogenic genes. Concurrently, the predominant Ti(0002) crystal plane of FG Ti induces the formation of hydrophilic anatase titanium oxide layers, which accelerate biomineralization. In conclusion, this bioinspired FG Ti not only proves to show mechanical and bone‐regenerative improvements but it also provides a new strategy for the future design of metallic biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this account, sodium citrate was used as reductant and stabilizer to decorate reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with 2-aminoethanethiol (2-AET) functionalized and well-distributed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as well as to improve the sensitivity and stability of rGO deposited on the electrode surface. The molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared on the electrode surface using erythrosine (ERT) as the template molecule, and both m-dihydroxybenzene (m-DB) and o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) as functional monomers. A sensitive sensor was then fabricated for the direct determination of ERT. The prepared nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum analysis (EDX), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The properties of the resulting sensor were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The data revealed that the as-prepared sensor could achieve wide linear range (3.75 × 10 −8 to 1.50 × 10 −4 M) and low detection limit (4.77 × 10 −9 M), meeting the requirements of ERT trace analysis. The stability and reproducibility of the prepared molecular imprinted electrodes showed excellent long-term stability and relevant reproducibility, making these platforms promising for future electrochemical sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Water-based graphite lubricants have good lubricity in the process of metal forming, especially for hot-rolling seamless pipe. Although the use of water as a working fluid system instead of conventional mineral oil has many advantages for the fuel consumption, post cleaning and a new type of lubricant, the graphite contaminated the machine and workers for its physical properties. From the global environmental protection viewpoint, it is urgent to develop a kind of benign material.Design/methodology/approach Magnesium hydroxide which has the average particle size of 10 μm was chosen as a base material without further modification and pretreatments. On the HT-1000 high-temperature tribometer, the influence of temperature and lubricant materials on the friction coefficient was studied. The tribological performance at 900°C provided evidence under high temperature for exploring a new lubricant material.Findings Tap water-based brucite lubricant will open a new chapter in the industrial lubrication, effectively avoiding many unfavorable factors caused by graphite lubrication, such as conductivity, pollution and energy loss. Meanwhile, it expanded the application of brucite as flame-retardant agent, catalyst, water treatment agent and so on.Originality/value It is a new and environmental lubricant to tap water-based brucite lubricant. And specially, the preparation process of lubricant is simple and economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gradient nano-grained (GNG) metals have achieved superior strength-ductility synergy than their homogeneous counterparts. The high strength is usually attributed to the grain size effect and hetero-deformation-induced strengthening. However, incommensurate work on ductility leads to an incomplete understanding of the strength-ductility combination. In this work, a dislocation density-based strain gradient plasticity model coupling with a damage model is developed to describe the strain hardening and softening behavior of GNG material. A grain size-dependent back stress model derived from the generation of dislocation pileups is invoked to describe the widely-concerned back stress hardening. Finite element implementation of the model quantitatively predicts the tensile response of GNG nickel with various degrees of grain size gradient. The results reveal that dispersed strain bands propagate stably in the nano-grained surface layer of GNG material, which is totally different from those occurring in a freestanding nano-grained material. The stabilization of dispersed strain bands enables the nano-grained layer to deform uniformly, thus premature failure of the whole GNG material is suppressed and improved ductility is achieved. Furthermore, increasing the grain size gradient renders the strain bands more stable, leading to enhanced ductility. The method developed in this work is helpful for understanding the strength-ductility synergy of GNG materials and for optimizing the microstructure gradient in GNG materials. • A dislocation density-based strain gradient plasticity model coupling with a damage model is developed for GNG material. • The established model quantitatively predicts the tensile response of GNG nickel with various grain size gradients. • Stabilization of dispersed strain bands on the nano-grained surface significantly improves the GNG material's ductility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correction for 'd–sp orbital hybridization: a strategy for activity improvement of transition metal catalysts' by Hui Chen et al., Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 7730–7740, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2CC02299K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new technique for reconstructing the magnetic image of Mercury from satellite observation data is proposed. The technique is based on extracting from the general observational data only the part that is associated with magnetic field sources concentrated in Mercury's crust. The extracted data are used to solve the inverse problem of reconstructing the near-surface magnetic image of Mercury. The results of processing real experimental data obtained via the MESSENGER interplanetary mission are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A-to-I RNA editing diversifies human transcriptome to confer its functional effects on the downstream genes or regulations, potentially involving in neurodegenerative pathogenesis. Its variabilities are attributed to multiple regulators, including the key factor of genetic variants. To comprehensively investigate the potentials of neurodegenerative disease-susceptibility variants from the view of A-to-I RNA editing, we analyzed matched genetic and transcriptomic data of 1596 samples across nine brain tissues and whole blood from two large consortiums, Accelerating Medicines Partnership-Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. The large-scale and genome-wide identification of 95 198 RNA editing quantitative trait loci revealed the preferred genetic effects on adjacent editing events. Furthermore, to explore the underlying mechanisms of the genetic controls of A-to-I RNA editing, several top RNA-binding proteins were pointed out, such as EIF4A3 , U2AF2 , NOP58 , FBL , NOP56 and DHX9 , since their regulations on multiple RNA-editing events were probably interfered by these genetic variants. Moreover, these variants may also contribute to the variability of other molecular phenotypes associated with RNA editing, including the functions of 3 proteins, expressions of 277 genes and splicing of 449 events. All the analyses results shown in NeuroEdQTL (https://relab.xidian.edu.cn/NeuroEdQTL/) constituted a unique resource for the understanding of neurodegenerative pathogenesis from genotypes to phenotypes related to A-to-I RNA editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading foodborne pathogen causing nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. The oyster is an important vehicle for HuNoV transmission, especially the GI.1 HuNoV. In our previous study, oyster heat shock protein 70 (oHSP 70) was identified as the first proteinaceous ligand of GII.4 HuNoV in Pacific oysters besides the commonly accepted carbohydrate ligands, a histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs)-like substance. However the mismatch of the distribution pattern between discovered ligands and GI.1 HuNoV suggests that other ligands may exist. In our study, proteinaceous ligands for the specific binding of GI.1 HuNoV were mined from oyster tissues using a bacterial cell surface display system. Fifty-five candidate ligands were identified and selected through mass spectrometry identification and bioinformatics analysis. Among them, the oyster tumor necrosis factor (oTNF) and oyster intraflagellar transport protein (oIFT) showed strong binding abilities with the P protein of GI.1 HuNoV. In addition, the highest mRNA level of these two proteins was found in the digestive glands, which is consistent with GI.1 HuNoV distribution. Overall the findings suggested that oTNF and oIFT may play important roles in the bioaccumulation of GI.1 HuNoV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal with high-oil pumpkin seed cake (HOPSC) on ruminal fermentation, lactation performance, milk fatty acid, and ruminal bacterial community in Chinese dairy cows. Six multiparous Chinese Holstein cows at 105.50 ± 5.24 d in milk (mean ± standard deviation) and 36.63 ± 0.74 kg/d of milk yield were randomly allocated, in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, to 3 dietary treatments in which HOPSC replaced soybean meal. Group 1 was the basal diet with no HOPSC (0HOPSC); group 2 was a 50% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 50HOPSC), and group 3 was a 100% replacement of soybean meal with HOPSC and DDGS (100HOPSC). We found no difference in the quantity of milk produced or milk composition among the 3 treatment groups. Feed efficiency tended to increase linearly as more HOPSC was consumed. In addition, rumen fermentation was not influenced when soybean meal was replaced with HOPSC and DDGS; the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria at the phylum and genus levels was altered. We also observed that as the level of HOPSC supplementation increased, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Tenericutes linearly increased, whereas that of Bacteroidetes decreased. However, with increasing HOPSC supplementation, the relative abundance of Ruminococcus decreased linearly at the genus level in the rumen, and the relative abundance of Prevotella showed a linear downward tendency. Changes in dietary composition and rumen bacteria had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of milk. In conclusion, our results indicated that replacing soybean meal with a combination of HOPSC and DDGS can meet the nutritional needs of high-yielding dairy cows without adversely affecting milk yield and quality; however, the composition of rumen bacteria could be modified. Further study is required to investigate the effects of long-term feeding of HOPSC on rumen fermentation and performance of dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SiC ceramic materials were prepared using a combination of direct ink writing (DIW) and liquid silicon infiltration (LSI). In this study, we investigated the effects of the content of a copolymer of isobutene and maleic anhydride (ISOBAM) on the rheological properties of the slurry, microstructure of green bodies and SiC ceramics, and bending properties of SiC ceramics. ISOBAM significantly improved the rheological properties of the slurry and formability of the SiC green body. The yield stress and equilibrium modulus of the slurry without ISOBAM were 160.3 Pa and 1.12 × 105 Pa, respectively, and increased to 607.7 Pa and 2.37 × 106 Pa, respectively, after the addition of 0.46 wt% ISOBAM. LSI was effective in improving the density of the green body, and the densities of the sintered SiC ceramic materials ranged from 2.71 to 2.86 g/cm3. The bending strength of SiC ceramic materials initially increased and then decreased when the ISOBAM addition increased from 0.15, to 0.30, and 0.46 wt%, and the slurry with 0.30 wt% ISOBAM exhibited the highest bending strength of 287.7 ± 9.1 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothermal aging experiments are carried out in Polyacrylonitrile/Dimethylsulfoxide/H 2 O (PAN/DMSO/H 2 O) blends, and rheological and optical methods are used to investigate the interplay between phase separation and gelation. Two types of gel structures are found. In most samples, gelation is induced by phase separation in PAN concentrated regions, yet it will subsequently slow the kinetics of phase separation down by altering the concentration balance and fluctuation. As a result, the drop of light transmittance becomes slower and a phenomenon called “RT reversal” is observed. At last, the phase separated morphology is replaced by gel structure, which inherits the inhomogeneity in PAN content distribution. Another type of gel grows from homogeneous solution and its structure disperses uniformly in space. Moreover, the temperature dependence of critical gel properties, like its size limits and thermodynamics, is discussed. It is found that the self-similar structure in homogeneous critical gel covers wider length scales and possesses stronger gel stiffness than those of inhomogeneous ones. The activation energy for gelation is also calculated, which reveals no obvious dependence on original PAN concentration or temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying small-scale geologic discontinuities, such as faults, cavities and fractures, plays a vital role in analyzing the inner conditions of reservoirs, as these geologic structures and elements can provide storage spaces and migration pathways for petroleum. However, these geologic discontinuities have weak energy and are easily contaminated with noises, and therefore effectively extracting them from seismic data becomes a challenging problem. In this paper, a method for detecting small-scale discontinuities using dictionary learning and sparse representation is proposed that can dig up high-resolution information by sparse coding. A K-SVD (K-means clustering via Singular Value Decomposition) sparse representation model that contains two stage of iteration procedure: sparse coding and dictionary updating, is suggested for mathematically expressing these seismic small-scale discontinuities. Generally, the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm is employed for sparse coding. However, the method can only update one dictionary atom at one time. In order to improve calculation efficiency, a regularized version of OMP algorithm is presented for simultaneously updating a number of atoms at one time. Two numerical experiments demonstrate the validity of the developed method for clarifying and enhancing small-scale discontinuities. The field example of carbonate reservoirs further demonstrates its effectiveness in revealing masked tiny faults and small-scale cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formaldehyde (FA) is a harmful substance commonly found in the environment, so effective testing is essential. Consequently, we designed and synthesized a novel fluorescent probe, which is based on covalent post-synthetic modification (PSM) of UiO-66-NH 2 by naphthylamide (NI). The combination of the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and the covalent PSM makes the probe with large amount of hydrazine group exposed on the surface, which results excellent FA sensing performance like an ultrafast response time (20 ​s) and a low detection limit of 0.167 ​μM. The presence of covalent bonds can lock the fluorophore and prevent strong π-π interactions to exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Further we confirmed that such probe can be applied to real water samples and portable test strip experiment. In addition, experimental evidence such as fluorescence lifetime decay curves suggest that the main mechanism of fluorescence quenching is Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). On the left is a description of the quenching mechanism for the reaction of UiO-66-HN with FA, and on the right are descriptions of UiO-66-HN's exceptional qualities, including its high sensitivity and AIE features. [Display omitted] • It is the first time that FA has been detected after covalent PSM of MOFs using NI. • It is the first time that NI transition from ACQ to AIE by covalently linking it to a kind of MOF. • UiO-66-HN exhibited rapid and sensitive detection for FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of shot peening (SP) treatment on reversible and irreversible hydrogen embrittlement of PSB1080 steel was investigated using slow strain rate tensile tests and electrochemical hydrogen charging-induced cracking tests, respectively. The results demonstrate that SP plays the dual role in hydrogen-assisted cracking. On the one hand, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement increases as the SP pressure increases for reversible hydrogen embrittlement. This is ascribed to the fact that the shot peening layer acts as a barrier from hydrogen invasion, which is illustrated by hydrogen permeation tests and fracture surface observation. On the other hand, the susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking increases with an increase in SP pressure for irreversible hydrogen embrittlement. The crack initiation is associated with inclusions rich in O, Fe, Al and Si or in O, Fe, Si and S for no shot peening sample, while for SP specimen both inclusions and crater rim serve as crack origins. In addition, the hydrogen-induced crack path exhibits a long strip shape for no shot peening sample, whereas the branch-type cracks are observed in SP specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of PH 13-8 Mo steel after subjected to pre-charged hydrogen were investigated by slow strain rate tensile tests. The results suggest that hydrogen slightly increases yield strength, while decreases tensile strength. The susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of specimens aged at 650 °C firstly reduces and then increases as the aging time increases, reaching the lowest value at aging time 4 h. This is dominantly attributed to the highest content of austenite. Moreover, hydrogen-induced crack nucleation sites initiate from lath, packet and prior austenite grain boundaries. Crack propagation passes through lath boundaries and walks along packet, prior austenite grain boundaries. Scanning electron microscopy result indicates that hydrogen-charged specimens show quasi-cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture in annular brittle zone while dimple fracture is observed in hydrogen-free specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planar cell polarity (PCP) is defined as the coordinated alignment of cell polarity across the tissue plane, which is important for the integration of cells into tissues. One of the best examples of PCP is in the cochlear epithelium. Several core PCP proteins have been identified to play important roles in PCP regulation, in which these proteins form complexes and associate with the cell membrane asymmetrically, mediating intercellular PCP signal transduction. Among the core PCP proteins are two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), Celsr and Frizzled , both of which have been shown to play important roles in cochlear PCP regulation. Celsr and Frizzled genes are expressed in the cochlear sensory epithelium, and Frizzled1, 2, 3 and 6 show asymmetric localizations on the cell membrane of hair cells or supporting cells. In the animal model, Celsr1 , Frizzled2 and Frizzled3 / 6 mutant or knockout mice have profound cochlear PCP deficits. Downstream of GPCR signaling, Gαi was shown to asymmetrically localize on the apical surface of hair cells, together with LGN and mInsc, Gαi controls cochlear PCP in a cell-autonomous way. Inactivity of Gαi, LGN or mInsc results in PCP deficits in the mouse cochlea. We hypothesize that GPCR-Gαi coupling plays a pivotal role in cochlear PCP regulation via connecting the intercellular PCP signals with cell-autonomous PCP machinery. Further investigations are needed to fully understand the mechanism of cochlear PCP regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart window materials have attracted much attention because of their energy savings ability, light passage control in response to external stimuli, but most studies focus on the tunability of a single property, specifically, optical transmittance. Here, we report a rhodamine (Rh) mechanophore-functionalized PNIPAAm-based double-network (DN) hydrogel with the potential to act as multifunctional smart window materials that have the combination of a transmittance regulation ability, freezing−/compression-induced mechanochromic and mechanofluorescent properties. Benefiting from naturally reversible hydrophilic/hydrophobic phase transitions of PNIPAAm chains, DN hydrogels exhibit an excellent temperature-induced optical transmittance change between transparency and opaqueness. Because of the covalent incorporation of Rh mechanophores into the first network within DN hydrogels, the gels can display visualizable mechanochromism or mechanofluorescence upon freezing or compression. This is attributed to the generation of the colored and fluorescent ring-opened Rh spirolactams via mechanoactivation. This work is the first example of thermochromic smart window materials with a visualized low-temperature warning and damage sensing abilities and provides a new strategy to fabricate multifunctional smart window materials. [Display omitted] • Novel Rh mechanophore-functionalized PNIPAAm-based DN hydrogels potentially acting as smart window materials were prepared. • Benefiting from reversible phase transitions of PNIPAAm, DN gels exhibit temperature-induced optical transmittance change. • Because of the incorporation of Rh mechanophores, the gels can display mechanochromism upon freezing or compression. • This work highlights smart window material showing transmittance regulation, low-temperature warning, and deformation sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by early-onset nephrotic syndrome and microcephaly with brain anomalies in children. Researchers studying GAMOS reported the first pathogenic variant identified was the WDR73 gene, and more recently, four new pathogenic genes, OSGEP, LAGE3, TP53RK, and TPRKB, have been identified. In the present study, we report a new mutation of c.290T>G (p.L97R) LAGE3 in a 4-year-old boy with specific urological and nephrological complications. The patient presented with early-onset proteinuria, brain atrophy, delayed language and motor development, and axial hypotonia. This patient also had mutations in two other genes: TRPC6 and NUP160, make the clinical presentation of this patient more diverse. Our novel findings add to the spectrum of pathogenic variants in the LAGE3 gene. In addition, early genetic diagnosis of GAMOS is essential for genetic counseling and prenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the network strength of starch hydrogels was improved by adjusting the pH value (3–11.5) and adding iron ions (Fe3+), and the mechanical properties and swelling properties of the hydrogels were improved. The complex modulus of the starch hydrogel with a pH value of 11.5 and containing Fe3+ was above 3400 Pa. SEM showed that the hydrogel structure became more compact with the increase of pH value. In addition, the hardness of the hydrogel increased from 50.29 g at pH 3.0 to 215.1 g at pH 11.5, while the addition of 0.5 mol/L Fe3+ at pH 11.5 promoted a further hardness increase to 301.8 g. Moreover, the swelling rate of the hydrogel decreased from 670.2 % at pH 7.0 to 464.4 % at pH 11.5, and the addition of 0.5 mol/L Fe3+ further decreased the swelling rate to 191.8 %. Overall, the results indicate that the mechanical properties of starch hydrogels can be improved by making simple adjustments to the pH and the iron ion concentrations. • pH values influenced the mechanical properties of pea starch hydrogels. • Iron ions improved the mechanical and swelling properties of the starch hydrogels. • The starch hydrogels with iron ions increased the complex modulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7) with a pyrochlore structure has excellent high temperature stability and low thermal conductivity, which is promising for thermal/environmental barrier coatings (T/EBCs) applications. To reduce its thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) so as to better match SiC f /SiC composites, a smaller tetravalent dopant Ti4+ has been introduced in the Hf-sites to form La 2 (Hf 1-x Ti x) 2 O 7 (x ≤ 0.20). The phase composition and microstructure confirms that La 2 (Hf 1-x Ti x) 2 O 7 solid solutions possess a pure pyrochlore structure. With an increase of x, their TECs are decreasing consistently, whilst their thermal conductivities of La 2 (Hf 1-x Ti x) 2 O 7 are slightly increasing at high temperature but still much lower than those of meta-stable yttria partially stabilized zirconia, both of which are attributing to an increase of elastic modulus after Ti4+ doping on Hf-sites. The extremely excellent high temperature stability, relatively low thermal conductivities and low TECs suggest that La 2 (Hf 1-x Ti x) 2 O 7 is a prospective candidate material for T/EBC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inherent ductile propagation is attributed to stacking faults in lower monocrystal. • Twist grain boundary can significantly reduce the ductility of crack propagation. • Contact ratio and driving force affect stresses for cleavage and stacking nucleation. • Time-dependent factor is introduced to explain variations of critical stresses. • Contact ratio and large driving force have little effect on final ductile level. Due to alternative exchange between single and double-teeth meshings, the upper part of gear tooth is subjected to dynamic tensile stress whose growth rate presents rectangular fluctuation. This work investigates the atomistic scale behaviors of intergranular crack propagation along twist grain boundary in body-centered cubic (bcc) iron under dynamic tensile stress. The effects of driving force and contact ratio are fully discussed. Results show that only stacking faults with face-centered cubic (fcc) atoms can be formed in lower monocrystal portion. Edge dislocations in upper monocrystal portion are suppressed by intergranular crack cleavage. Critical stresses for stacking fault nucleation and intergranular crack cleavage vary with driving force and contact ratio. By calculating actual stress intensity factor at crack tip, variations of critical stresses are found to be attributed to the variations of time-dependent factors. Although critical stresses vary with driving force and contact ratio, the effects of these factors on the growths of crack length and plastic zone are not obvious in the early stage of intergranular crack propagation. Accumulated plastic strain energy before intergranular crack cleavage is independent of driving force and contact ratio. Departing from the early stage, the growth rates of crack length and plastic zone increase significantly with an increase in driving force or a decrease in contact ratio. However, the final ductile level of intergranular crack propagation cannot vary with contact ratio and large driving force. By applying dynamic load, this work can be used to reveal the atomistic scale mechanism of gear failure. The results can provide a good reference for gear safety design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribocorrosion behaviors of three nickel-based superalloys (Incoloy 800, Incoloy 825, and Inconel 625) in 3.5 wt% NaCl are studied under the cathodic, natural-corrosive, and anodic polarization states. XPS depth profiling confirms that the tribofilm compositions not only strongly depended on the alloy compositions but also significantly affected by the polarization potentials. With the potential increases from − 0.80 to +0.25 V, the decreased COF originates from the increasing content of Cr oxides in the tribofilm. The compound Ni/Fe oxides were worn away from Inconel 625 while Fe oxides contribute the main mass loss of Incoloy 800 and 825. The tribofilm with more Fe oxides (Incoloy 800 and 825) delivers a lower COF value but larger wear volume. [Display omitted] • Tribocorrosion behaviors of nickel-base superalloys in NaCl solution are studied. • The compositions of tribofilm and oxides film under different potentials are analyzed. • Influence of tribofilm composition on tribocorrosion process is discussed. • Evolution of the tribofilm with polarization states are characterized by XPS depth profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) has been detected in various environmental matrices and is known to cause negative effects on both the environment and human health. In this study, a combined method was developed for the abatement of TBBPA contaminated soil based on successive steps of solvent extraction (SE) and catalytic hydrodebromination (HDB) over Pd/C. The results showed that TBBPA could be efficiently extracted from the TBBPA contaminated soil with polar solvents. Subsequently, TBBPA could be completely hydrodebrominated over Pd/C in ethanol, via multistep ultimately yielding bisphenol A. Moreover, NaOH, NH 3 H 2 O, and Et 3 N were more favorable to promote the HDB of 4-TBBPA over Pd/C, and 100% bromide atom removal ratio of TBBPA was achieved within 40 min when [NaOH] 0 /[organic-Br] 0 was more than 1.10 in ethanol. However, the catalytic activity of Pd/C decreased with the repeated use in ethanol. To study the mechanism for this phenomenon, fresh and used catalysts were analyzed by characterization techniques including scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). It was found that the deactivation of Pd/C catalyst caused by the gradual accumulation of NaBr could be recovered by washing with water. On the basis of these studies, an effective and practical system for the combined method of SE and catalytic HDB over Pd/C was developed to dispose BFRs contaminated soils. [Display omitted] • A combined method of SE and catalytic HDB is developed to dispose contaminated soil. • Ethanol is the best solvent for the combined method of SE and catalytic HDB. • The base influences the activity and stability of catalysts in HDB reaction. • The mechanism of this phenomenon is investigated by characterization analyses. • The combined method is applicable to efficient abatement of BFRs contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]