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Convective Quasi‐Equilibrium (CQE) is often adopted as a useful closure assumption to summarize the effects of unresolved convection on large‐scale thermodynamics, while existing efforts to observationally validate CQE largely rely on specific spatial domains or sites rather than the source of CQE constraints—deep convection. This study employs a Lagrangian framework to investigate leading temperature perturbation patterns near deep convection, of which the centers are located by use of an ensemble of satellite measurements. Temperature perturbations near deep convection with high peak precipitation are rapidly adjusted toward the CQE structure within the [−2, 1] hours centered on peak precipitation. The top 1% precipitating deep convection constrains neighboring free‐tropospheric leading perturbations up to 9°. Notable CQE validity beyond a 1° radius is observed when peak precipitation exceeds the 93rd percentile. These findings suggest that only a small fraction of deep convection with extreme precipitation shapes tropical free‐tropospheric temperature patterns dominantly. Plain Language Summary: Convective Quasi‐Equilibrium (CQE) is a concept in atmospheric science that explains a state where the influence of deep convection (cumulonimbus clouds) and large‐scale atmospheric forces is balanced, causing certain thermodynamic properties to adjust toward specific reference profiles. Previous studies have focused on how temperature changes relate to the CQE structure but in specific regions or sites while this study aims areas near deep convection—supposedly the source of CQE constraints. Using a unique framework with data from multiple satellites, we track the evolution of temperature patterns near deep convection and find temperatures near deep convection with extreme rainfall are adjusted toward the CQE structure rapidly within 3 hr of maximum rainfall. However, only the deep convection with top 7% extreme rainfall can effectively affect nearby temperature pattern beyond 1°, with the top 1% influencing up to an 9° radius. These findings highlight the dominant impact of a small fraction of deep convection, particularly those with extreme rainfall, on nearby temperature perturbation patterns. Key Points: Tropical temperature perturbations near extreme deep convection rapidly conform to convective quasi equilibrium in a three‐hour windowOnly the top 7% precipitating deep convection can modulate hourly tropical temperature patterns beyond a 1° radiusTop 1% precipitating deep convection constrains nearby temperature perturbations up to an 9° radius during peak precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to study the degradation characteristics of the products of four roughage feeds, sugarcane tail leaves, corn stalks, elephant grass and cassava branch, fermented by cellulase (CE) in buffalo rumen, so as to provide a reference for the selection and utilization of roughage in buffalo breeding. Three buffaloes with permanent rumen fistula were used as experimental animals. Nylon bag method was used to determine the nutritional components and rumen degradation characteristics of four kinds of roughage and their products after CE fermentation. The results showed that before fermentation, the content of crude protein (CP) in sugarcane tail leaves and elephant grass was significantly higher than that in corn stalks and cassava branch (P<0.05). The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in cassava branch was the lowest (P<0.05), and the content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) was the highest (P<0.05). After CE treatment, the content of CP in fermentation group increased in different degrees, while the content of NDF and ADF decreased in different degrees. Before fermentation, the effective degradation rates of all nutrients were as follows: Elephant grass > sugarcane tail leaf > corn stalk > cassava branch. The effective degradation rates of DM, NDF, and ADF of elephant grass were significantly higher than those of other groups (P<0.05), the effective degradation rates of CP of elephant grass were significantly higher than those of corn stalk and cassava branch (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of nutrients of cassava branch were significantly lower than those of other groups (P<0.05). After CE treatment, compared with the control group, the effective degradation rates of DM, CP, NDF, and ADF in the fermentation group were improved to varying degrees. The study indicates that the feed value of the four kinds of roughage is as follows: Elephant grass > sugarcane tail leaf > corn straw > cassava branch. Adding CE can improve the rumen degradation rate of the four kinds of roughage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dust trapping in the global pressure bump induced by magnetospheric truncation offers a promising formation mechanism for close-in super-Earths/sub-Neptunes. These planets likely form in evolved protoplanetary discs, where the gas temperature at the expanding truncation radius become amiable to refractory solids. However, dust accumulation may alter the disc opacity such that thermal evolution is inevitable. To better understand how thermodynamics affects this planet formation pathway, we conduct a suite of local dust evolution simulations in an idealized inner disc model. Our calculations take into account self-consistent opacity-dependent temperature changes as well as dust evaporation and vapour condensation. We find that disc thermal evolution regulates dust growth and evolution, discouraging any accumulation of small particles that drives the increase of opacity and temperature. Significant retention of dust mass takes place when the disc environments allow runaway growth of large solids beyond the fragmentation barrier, where small particles are then swept up and preserved. Our results further validate dust accumulation near disc truncation as a promising mechanism to form close-in planets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherries (subg. Cerasus) belong to Prunus s.l. (Rosaceae) and are widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Given its ornamental and edible functions, it is a hugely preferred germplasm resource for human societies. However, the interspecific phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and routes of this subgenus remain unclear. To reveal its enigmatic and intricate evolutionary history, we newly sequenced 12 subg. Cerasus species, reconstructed the plastome phylogeny with 24 previously published subg. Cerasus species. This study supports that subg. Cerasus split into five clades, among which P. mahaleb is the basal group of subg. Cerasus ; P. campanulata is genetically distantly related to P. cerasoides and is not recommended for treatment as a variety of the latter; P. subhirtella is involved in the speciation of P. yedoensis. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions infer that subg. Cerasus originated in the Eastern Mediterranean–Central Asia before 11.57 Mya (95% HPD = 5.34–19.1 Mya) and subsequently spread into the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and adjacent regions. The first dispersal event of modern subg. Cerasus was facilitated by 'out-of-QTP', colonizing North America across the Bering Land Bridge and re-dispersing into Europe from the Late Miocene to Pliocene and forming the initial distribution pattern of extant subg. Cerasus in the Pliocene; The end of the Quaternary glacial period witnessed a second dispersal event, and core subg. Cerasus population diversity flourished radially in its separate refugia during the Late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]