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The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Luchuan pig was measured by PCR-based methods, primer-walking sequencing, and fragment cloning. The entire mitochondrial genome of the Luchuan pig was identified as a circular molecule consisting of 16,730 bp (GenBank accession number: KP126954). The contents of A, T, C, and G in the mitochondrial genome were found to be 34.65%, 25.80%, 26.19%, and 13.36%, respectively. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Luchuan pig contains a typical structure, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region (D-loop region). This complete mitochondrial genome sequence provides essential information in understanding phylogenetic relationships among Sus scrofa domestic mitochondrial genomes.

A previously unidentified chicken parvovirus (ChPV) strain, associated with runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), is now endemic among chickens in China. To explore the genetic diversity of ChPV strains, we determined the first complete genome sequence of a novel ChPV isolate (GX-CH-PV-7) identified in chickens in Guang Xi, China, and showed moderate genome sequence similarity to reference strains. Analysis showed that the viral genome sequence is 86.4 %–93.9 % identical to those of other ChPVs. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that this newly emergent GX-CH-PV-7 is closely related to Gallus gallus enteric parvovirus isolate ChPV 798 from the USA, indicating that they may share a common ancestor. The complete DNA sequence is 4612 bp long with an A+T content of 56.66 %. We determined the first complete genome sequence of a previously unidentified ChPV strain to elucidate its origin and evolutionary status.

The present study was conducted to identify avian reovirus (ARV) proteins that can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent Akt pathway. Based on ARV protein amino acid sequence analysis, σA, σNS, μA, μB and μNS were identified as putative proteins capable of mediating PI3K/Akt pathway activation. The recombinant plasmids σA-pcAGEN, σNS-pcAGEN, μA-pcAGEN, μB-pcAGEN and μNS-pcAGEN were constructed and used to transfect Vero cells, and the expression levels of the corresponding genes were quantified by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Phosphorylated Akt (P-Akt) levels in the transfected cells were measured by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. The results showed that the σA, σNS, μA, μB and μNS genes were expressed in Vero cells. σA-expressing and σNS-expressing cells had higher P-Akt levels than negative control cells, pcAGEN-expressing cells and cells designed to express other proteins (i.e., μA, μB and μNS). Pre-treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited Akt phosphorylation in σA- and σNS-expressing cells. These results indicate that the σA and σNS proteins can activate the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Here, we report the complete genome sequence of an H6N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from a pigeon in Guangxi, southern China, in 2014. The eight RNA segment genes shared a high nucleotide identity (97 to 99%) with H6N6 subtypes of AIV isolated from ducks in the regions around Guangxi Province. The finding of this study will help us understand the ecology and molecular characteristics of H6 avian influenza virus in wild birds in southern China.

Objectives In order to develop a multiplex RT‐PCR assay using the GeXP analyser for the simultaneous detection of four different NA serotypes of H5‐subtype AIVs, effective to control and reduce H5 subtype of avian influenza outbreak. Design Six pairs of primers were designed using conserved and specific sequences of the AIV subtypes H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 in GenBank. Each gene‐specific primer was fused at the 5′ end to a universal sequence to generate six pairs of chimeric primers, and one pair of universal primers was used for RT‐PCR, and PCR product separation and detection were performed by capillary electrophoresis using the GenomeLab GeXP genetic analysis system. Setting Single and mixed avian pathogen cDNA/DNA templates were employed to evaluate the specificity of a multiplex assay with a GeXP analyser. Corresponding specific DNA products were amplified for each gene, revealing amplification peaks for M, H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 genes from four different NA subtypes of influenza A H5 virus. Sample A total of 180 cloacal swabs were collected from poultry at live bird markets. Main outcome measures The multiplex PCR assay demonstrated excellent specificity, with each pair of specific primers generating only products corresponding to the target genes and without cross‐amplification with other NA‐subtype influenza viruses or other avian pathogens. Using various premixed ssRNAs containing known AIV target genes, the detection limit for the multiplex assay was determined to be 102 copies/μl. The GeXP assay was further evaluated using 180 clinical specimens and compared with RRT‐PCR (real‐time reverse transcriptase PCR) and virus isolation. Conclusions This GeXP analyser‐based multiplex assay for four different NA subtypes of H5 HPAI viruses is both highly specific and sensitive and can be used as a rapid and direct diagnostic assay for testing clinical samples.

The objective of this study was to obtain the complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of chukar partridge, and to provide reference data for protection and utilization of these resources of chukar partridge. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the China chukar partridge was measured by PCR-based methods and analysed in detail. Our research findings reveal that the entire mitochondrial genome of the chukar partridge is a circular molecule consisting of 16,688 bp (GenBank accession number: KY829450). The contents of A, T, C, and G in the mitochondrial genome were found to be 30.44%, 24.43%, 31.57%, and 13.56%, respectively. The complete mitochondrial genome of the chukar partridge has a typical structure, including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region (D-loop region). This complete mitochondrial genome sequence provides essential information in understanding phylogenetic relationships among Galliformes mitochondrial genomes.

A field strain of H3N6 avian influenza virus (AIV), A/duck/Guangxi/175D12/2014(H3N6), was isolated from a native duck in Guangxi Province, southern China, in 2014. All of the eight AIV gene segments were sequenced, and sequence results revealed that there were 11 amino acid deletions at the NA stalk region. The NA, PB2, and NP genes showed highest homology to H5N6 AIV, and the PA gene showed highest homology to H7N2 AIV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eight AIV gene segments belonged to the Eurasian lineage. These findings provide scientific evidence of possible or potential mutations of H3N6 AIV circulating in waterfowl in southern China.

Background Duck viral pathogens primarily include the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5, H7, and H9; duck hepatitis virus (DHV); duck tembusu virus (DTMUV); egg drop syndrome virus (EDSV); duck enteritis virus (DEV); Newcastle disease virus (NDV); duck circovirus (DuCV); muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV); and muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV). These pathogens cause great economic losses to China’s duck breeding industry. Result A rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput GeXP-based multiplex PCR assay consisting of chimeric primer-based PCR amplification with fluorescent labeling and capillary electrophoresis separation was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect these eleven viral pathogens. Single and mixed pathogen cDNA/DNA templates were used to evaluate the specificity of the GeXP-multiplex assay. Corresponding specific DNA products were amplified from each pathogen. Other pathogens, including duck Escherichia coli, duck Salmonella, duck Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, infectious bronchitis virus, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, did not result in amplification products. The detection limit of GeXP was 103copies when all twelve pre-mixed plasmids containing the target genes of eleven types of duck viruses were present. To further evaluate the reliability of GeXP, 150 clinical field samples were evaluated. Comparison with the results of conventional PCR methods for the field samples, the GeXP-multiplex PCR method was more sensitive and accurate. Conclusion This GeXP-based multiplex PCR method can be utilized for the rapid differential diagnosis of clinical samples as an effective tool to prevent and control duck viruses with similar clinical symptoms.

The H3 subtype of avian influenza virus can provide genes for human influenza virus through gene reassortment, which has raised great concerns about its potential threat to human health. An H3N6 subtype of avian influenza virus was isolated from Guangxi Province, China, in 2009. All eight gene segments of the strain were sequenced. The sequence analysis indicated that this H3N6 virus was a nature reassortant virus. The genome sequences now can be used to understand the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the H3N6 influenza virus in southern China.

A duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) was isolated from the brain of a Cherry Valley duckling that showed neurological signs by using a specific-pathogen-free chicken embryo. The isolate was named GX2013G (GenBank accession no. KM275941). The strain GX2013G was identified with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and the amplicon was sequenced. The genome that was obtained is 10,990 nucleotides in length and contains a single open reading frame encoding a putative polyprotein of 3,425 amino acids. This study will advance the understanding of the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of tembusu virus (TMUV) in Guangxi and further studies of the mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Cenxi classical three-buff chicken was measured by PCR-based methods and analyzed in detail. Our research findings reveal that the entire mitochondrial genome of the Cenxi classical three-buff chicken is a circular molecule consisting of 16,786 bp (GenBank accession number: KM433666). The contents of A, T, C, and G in the mitochondrial genome were found to be 30.27%, 23.75%, 32.49% and 13.49%, respectively. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cenxi classical three-buff chicken contains a typical structure, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). This complete mitochondrial genome sequence provides essential information in understanding phylogenetic relationships among Gallus gallus domesticus mitochondrial genomes.

We report the complete genomic sequence of the full Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) strain, designated GX2011-5, isolated from a Muscovy duck in Guangxi Province, China. The complete genomic sequence was 5,132 bp in length and contained two major open reading frames encoding a 1,844-nucleotide (nt) nonstructural protein and a 2,199-nt capsid protein. Comparison of the complete sequence of GX2011-5 with other published sequences of Muscovy duck parvovirus revealed that this strain exhibited 90.4% to 95.1% sequence homology. This report will advance our understanding of the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of MDPV in the Muscovy duck population in Guangxi, China.

We report here two complete genome sequences of porcine circovirus 2. The complete genomes of BH5 and BH6 were amplified and analyzed. Sequence analysis demonstrated that strains BH5 and BH6 belonged to PCV2d and PCV2b, respectively. Knowledge regarding the complete genome sequences of strains BH5 and BH6 will be useful for epidemiological surveillance.

We report here the complete genome sequence of a novel reassortant H4N2 avian influenza virus strain, A/duck/Guangxi/125D17/2012(H4N2) (GX125D17), isolated from a duck in Guangxi Province, China in 2012. We obtained the complete genome sequence of the GX125D17 virus isolation by PCR, cloning, and sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed that this H4N2 virus strain was a novel reassortant avian influenza virus (AIV). Information about the complete genome sequence of the GX125D17 virus strain will be useful for epidemiological studies.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Rongshui Xiang duck was measured by PCR-based methods. Our research findings reveal that the entire mitochondrial genome of the Rongshui Xiang duck is a circular molecule consisting of 16,605 bp (GenBank accession number: KJ833587). The contents of A, T, C, and G in the mitochondrial genome were found to be 29.20%, 22.20%, 32.82% and 15.79%, respectively, similar to the majority of avian species. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Rongshui Xiang duck contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region. The characteristics of the mitochondrial genome were analyzed in detail. Our complete mitochondrial genome sequence should provide essential information for understanding phylogenetic relationships among duck mitochondrial genomes.

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Xilin small partridge duck was measured by PCR-based methods. Our research findings revealed that the entire mitochondrial genome of the Xilin small partridge duck was 16,604 bp (GenBank accession number: KJ833586). The contents of A, T, C, and G in the mitochondrial genome were 29.20%, 22.19%, 32.82% and 15.79%, respectively, which were similar to the majority of most avian species. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Xilin small partridge duck contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 control region. Components of the Xilin small partridge duck’s mitochondrial genome were similar to those of other Anatidae in gene arrangement and composition. The complete mitochondrial genome of the Xilin small partridge duck should provide essential information for understanding phylogenetic relationships of duck mitochondrial genome.

We report here the complete genome sequence of a duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) strain, GX2013H, isolated from a duck from Cheery Valley in the Guangxi Province of southern China in 2013. We obtained the strain GX2013H from a Cheery Valley duck with severely decreased egg production and neurological signs. The genome of GX2013H is 10,990 nucleotides (nt) in length and contains a single open reading frame encoding a putative polyprotein of 3,425 amino acids (aa). A comparison of the complete sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of GX2013H with published sequences of 15 other chicken anemia viruses from China showed that the homologies of the nucleotides are approximately 96.5% to 97.5% and the homologies of the deduced amino acid sequences are approximately 98.9% to 99.3%. This report will help to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of TMUV in Guangxi.