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This article gives Prof. Zhiyong Dong’s own definition s to the concepts of practice, theory, cognition, rationality.

This article gives Prof. Zhiyong Dong’s own definitions to the concepts of Subject, Object, Subjectivity and Objectivity.

Low calorific gases (LCGs) can be completely combusted by preheating the reactant gases and increasing the reaction rates through heat recirculation. In this study, three different arrangements of porous media were numerically investigated, and the effects of the firing rate and LCG heat value on the flame temperature, flame-stability limits, and pollutant emissions were evaluated. The results showed that flame-stability limits are lower for arrangement structure C in the combustion chamber, which is effective for heat recirculation from the flame to the preheating zone. The burner with radially increasing and gradually varying porous media has lower flame-stability limits than those with radially decreasing and gradually varying porous media. In contrast, the burner with higher axially increasing and gradually varying porous media has lower flame-stability limits. Moreover, CO emissions decrease with increasing heat value of the LCG, which is an opposite trend to that of the corresponding firing rate of the flame-stability limits for different arrangements.

Author(s): DesRoches, Catherine M; Bell, Sigall K; Dong, Zhiyong; Elmore, Joann; Fernandez, Leonor; Fitzgerald, Patricia; Liao, Joshua M; Payne, Thomas H; Delbanco, Tom; Walker, Jan

The substitution of Co for Fe in Pnma-Li2FePO4F i.e. Li2Fe1−xCoxPO4F (x = 1/8, 2/8, 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 6/8, 7/8) are stable enough as new cathode materials and with the concentration of Co increases the discharge potential of the materials can increase.

Background: There is emerging evidence that glutamine supplementation should be considered in patients with acute and critical illness associated with a catabolic response. There are reports of glutamine supplementation in acute pancreatitis but the results of these studies are conflicting. The aim of this study was to systematically review the randomisedcontrolledtrials(RCT)of glutamineinpatientswithacute pancreatitis. Methods: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and 3 major Chinese databases were searched. The outcomes studied were mortality, total infectious complications, and length of hospital stay. A random effects model was used for meta-analysis of the outcomes in the included trials. A number of pre-specified subgroup analyses were also conducted. The summary estimates were reported as risk ratio (RR) for categorical variables and mean difference (MD) for continuous variables together with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results: Twelve RCT that enrolled 505 patients with acute pancreatitis were included in the final analysis. Overall, glutamine supplementation resulted in a significantly reduced risk of mortality (RR 0.30; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.60; P < 0.001) and total infectious complications (RR 0.58; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.87; P ¼ 0.009) but not length of hospital stay (MD � 1.35; 95% CI, � 3.25 to 0.56, P ¼ 0.17). In the subgroup analyses, only patients who received parenteral nutrition and those who received glutamine in combination with other immunonutrients demonstrated a statistically significant benefit in terms of all the studied outcomes. Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrates a clear advantage for glutamine supplementation inpatients with acute pancreatitis who receive total parenteral nutrition. Patients with acute pancreatitis who receive enteral nutrition do not require glutamine supplementation. Further studies are warranted to determine whether patients who receive combined enteral andparenteral nutrition need glutamine supplementation. Copyright 2013, IAP and EPC. Published by Elsevier India, a division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

A DABCO-mediated organocatalyzed anion relay cascade based on 1-cinnamoylcyclopropanecarboxamides has been developed and applied in the construction of 2,3-dihydrofurans with the original alkene and amide functionalities intact. In the aza-oxy-carbanion relay process, DABCO provides both the electron source and sink. The enolate anion-triggered ring opening of the cyclopropane is ascribed to the key step in the anion relay cascade.

We have developed a sensitive photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based immunosensor for detection of alpha fetoprotein (AFP). The unique PCF possesses a morphology characterized by numerous pore structures and a large surface area-to-volume ratio, which can be used as an immune-reaction carrier to improve the sensitivity and reaction speed of AFP detection. The PCF-based immunosensor possesses a low limit of detection of 0.1 ng/mL, which is five times lower than that of the capillary-based sensor and 35 times lower than that of the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The wide linear dynamic range of 0.1–150 ng/mL makes the developed immunosensor suitable for clinical practice. The proposed method was successfully applied to AFP detection in a clinical serum sample with acceptable precision. It is indicated that the present PCF-based immunosensor could be used as an attractive analytical platform for sensitive and specific detection of cancer biomarkers.

In this paper, we present the design of a 6 kW fiber-coupled laser diode system by using ZEMAX, and power scaling and fiber coupling techniques for high-power laser diode stacks were introduced in detail. Beams emitted from eight laser diode stacks comprised of four 960 W stacks with center wavelength of 938 nm and four 960 W stacks with center wavelength of 976 nm are combined and coupled into a standard fiber with a core diameter of 800 μm and numerical aperture of 0.22. Simulative result shows that the final power came out of the fiber could reach 6283.9 W, the fiber-coupling efficiency is 87%, and the brightness is 8.2 MW/ (cm 2 ·sr).

Despite experience with the use of endoscopic surgical technology, there is controversy over the role of endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) for Graves' disease (GD). This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the cosmetic and safety outcomes of ET versus conventional open thyroidectomy (OT) for GD with respect to short-term consequences.We searched the following English language databases (Ovid MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library), and Chinese language databases (CNKI, CBMdisc, and SinoMed) between January 1996 and November 2015. The quality of the included studies was determined by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. Pooled mean differences (MD) or odds ratios(OR) with ISix trials including 846 total cases were ultimately selected for meta-analysis. ET was associated with reduced blood loss (MD = -32.02; 95%CI: -36.92 to -27.12; P 0.00001) and better cosmetic satisfaction (OR = 38.92; 95%CI: 17.40-87.06; P 0.00001) than OT. However, OT was associated with reduced operation time (MD = 19.70; 95%CI: 2.04-37.35; P = 0.03) and lower hospital costs (MD = 303.21; 95%CI: 123.07, 483.36; P = 0.0010). Furthermore, ET and OT were not significantly different in terms of drainage volume, and they had an equivalent complication rate, including for transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, transient hypocalcemia, postoperative hypothyroidism, and recurrent-hyperthyroidism.ET appeared to provide better cosmetic satisfaction and a reduction in blood loss, whereas OT had a shorter operation time and lower hospital costs. Randomized clinical trials with large samples that include long-term follow-up data are necessary to confirm our findings.

Background Several studies have demonstrated that the use of pancreatic duct stents following pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with a lower risk of pancreatic fistula. However, to date there is a lack of accord in the literature on whether the use of stents is beneficial and, if so, whether internal or external stenting, with or without replacement, is preferable. This is an update of a systematic review. Objectives To determine the efficacy of pancreatic stents in preventing pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and four major Chinese biomedical databases up to November 2015. We also searched several major trials registers. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of stents (either internal or external) versus no stents, and comparing internal stents versus external stents, replacement versus no replacement following pancreaticoduodenectomy. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted the data. The outcomes studied were incidence of pancreatic fistula, need for reoperation, length of hospital stay, overall complications, and in-hospital mortality. We showed the results as risk ratio (RR) or mean difference (MD), with 95% confidence interval (CI). We assessed the quality of evidence using GRADE (http://www.gradeworkinggroup.org/). Main results We included eight studies (1018 participants). The average age of the participants ranged from 56 to 68 years. Most of the studies were conducted in single centers in Japan (four studies), China (two studies), France (one study), and the USA (one study). The risk of bias was low or unclear for most domains across the studies. Stents versus no stents The effect of stents on reducing pancreatic fistula in people undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy was uncertain due to the low quality of the evidence (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.14; 605 participants; 4 studies). The risk of in-hospital mortality was 3% in people who did receive stents compared with 2% (95% CI 1% to 6%) in people who had stents (RR 0.73, 0.28 to 1.94; 605 participants; 4 studies; moderate-quality evidence). The effect of stents on reoperation was uncertain due to wide confidence intervals (RR 0.67, 0.36 to 1.22; 512 participants; 3 studies; moderate-quality evidence). We found moderate-quality evidence that using stents reduces total hospital stay by just under four days (mean difference (MD) -3.68, 95% CI -6.52 to -0.84; 605 participants; 4 studies). The risk of delayed gastric emptying, wound infection, and intra-abdominal abscess was uncertain (gastric emptying: RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.24 to 2.35; moderate-quality evidence) (wound infection: RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.32; moderate-quality evidence) (abscess: RR 1.38, 0.49 to 3.85; low-quality evidence). Subgroup analysis by type of stent provided limited evidence that external stents lead to lower risk of fistula compared with internal stents. External versus internal stents The effect of external stents on the risk of pancreatic fistula, reoperation, delayed gastric emptying, and intra-abdominal abscess compared with internal stents was uncertain due to low-quality evidence (fistula: RR 1.44, 0.94 to 2.21; 362 participants; 3 studies) (reoperation: RR 2.02, 95% CI 0.38 to 10.79; 319 participants; 3 studies) (gastric emptying: RR 1.65, 0.66 to 4.09; 362 participants; 3 studies) (abscess: RR 1.91, 95% CI 0.80 to 4.58; 362 participants; 3 studies). The rate of in-hospital mortality was lower in studies comparing internal and external stents than in those comparing stents with no stents. One death occurred in the external-stent group (RR 0.33, 0.01 to 7.99; low-quality evidence). There were no cases of pancreatitis in participants who had internal stents compared with three in those who had external stents (RR 0.15, 0.01 to 2.73; low-quality evidence). The difference between internal and external stents on total hospital stay was uncertain due to the wide confidence intervals around the average effect of 1.7 days fewer with internal stents (9.18 days fewer to 5.84 days longer; 262 participants; 2 studies; low-quality evidence). The analysis of wound infection could not exclude a protective effect with either approach (RR 1.41, 0.44 to 4.48; 319 participants; 2 studies; moderate-quality evidence). Operative replacement of pancreatic juice versus not replacing pancreatic juice There was insufficient evidence available from a small trial to ascertain the effect of replacing pancreatic juice. Authors' conclusions This systematic review has identified limited evidence on the effects of stents. We have not been able to identify convincing direct evidence of superiority of external over internal stents. We found a limited number of RCTs with small sample sizes. Further RCTs on the use of stents after pancreaticoduodenectomy are warranted.

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) BsmI gene polymorphism has been reported to be strongly associated with osteoporosis risk in some studies. However, the results from those studies are still conflicting. We performed a meta-analysis of studies relating the VDR BsmI gene polymorphism to the risk of osteoporosis. The search was performed in the databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and CBM-disc (China Biological Medicine Database) as of October 1, 2011, and the eligible investigations were recruited for this meta-analysis. Forty-one investigations were identified for the meta-analysis of association between VDR BsmI gene polymorphism and osteoporosis risk. There lacked an association between VDR BsmI gene polymorphism and osteoporosis risk for overall populations, Caucasians and Asians (overall populations: B vs b: p = 0.65, BB vs (Bb + bb): p = 0.14, bb vs (BB + Bb): p = 0.86; Caucasians: B vs b: p = 0.65, BB vs (Bb + bb): p = 0.38, bb vs (BB + Bb): p = 0.83; Asians: B vs b: p = 0.87, BB vs (Bb + bb): p = 0.62, bb vs (BB + Bb): p = 0.66). In conclusion, VDR BsmI B/b gene polymorphism is not associated with the susceptibility of osteoporosis in overall populations, Caucasians, and Asians.

This paper investigates the changing pattern and efficiency of sterilization in China as the liberalization of markets and integration with the world economy. Based on the evolution of money policy since the reform and opening up, we find the relationship between monetary policy and economic development. In order to make sure of the financial stability, Chinese government has adopted corresponding strategy of each transition stage and some achievements have been obtained. However, with the rapid development of economy, certain mismatching between monetary policy and economic growth is observed, which is reflected from inflation, unemployment rate and so on. Considering the economic principles as well as the basic conditions of our country, we propose several aspects to complement the existing policies and obtain final financial stability and economic growth in china.

A 60-day feeding experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of including lupin protein concentrate (LPC) and pea protein concentrate (PPC) in multiple essential amino acid-supplemented extruded diets for black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegeli). Nine diets, including eight diets formulated to contain four mixtures of LPC and PPC (L/P ratio, 3:0, 2:1, 1:2 and 0:3) with two dietary inclusion levels (300 or 500 g plant protein kg(-1) dietary protein) and one diet with high-quality fish meal as the sole protein source (FM diet) were fed to 18 tanks of 13-g black sea bream. Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and brush-border membrane bound maltase activities were evaluated. An average weight gain (WG) of 32.7 g fish(-1) and an average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.13 g ingested dry matter (g gain)(-1) were obtained. Neither plant protein inclusion level nor L/P ratio significantly affected body composition (except ash), fish somatic indices or plasma parameters. The high inclusion of 500 g kg(-1) resulted in significantly higher FCR than what was obtained with 300 g kg(-1) inclusion. The WG, whole body ash content, and nitrogen (N) and energy retentions of these fish were, however, significantly lower than that of the fish fed diets with low plant protein inclusion (300 g kg(-1)). The highest LPC inclusion (L/P ratio = 3: 0) resulted in significantly higher feed intake and FCR, and lower N retention than the treatments with less LPC, but did not affect the growth rates or energy retentions. The diet with the highest PPC inclusion resulted in significantly reduced maltase activity in distal intestine. Any combination of LPC and PPC in essential amino acid-supplemented extruded diets, accounting for up to half of dietary protein, can be used without impairing fish growth. At high inclusion, combinations with more PPC are preferred, due to less efficient feed conversion caused by the LPC. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper experimentally investigates effects of speeding-up inlet on rotational speed of marine current energy turbine. Several length-radius ratios L/d and area ratios A´/A of the speeding-up inlet as well as several flow yawing angles θ were considered. Also, a comparison of rotational speed of turbine in the presence and absence of speeding-up inlet was made. A relation between flow velocity V and rotational speed of the inlet n was analyzed. And a relation between flow velocity and rotational speed of turbine in free stream was theoretically developed.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), evolutionarily conserved innate, play important roles in the development of autoimmunity. TLRs proteins are localized on the cell surface or in endosomes and play critical roles in innate immune responses against different pathogens. Aberrant stimulation of the innate immune system through intracellular TLRs may lead to hyperactive immune responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the seventh most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and innate immune takes a most important role in HCC. There was no review to sum up the role of TLRs gene polymorphism in HCC. This review was performed to sum up the role of TLRs gene polymorphism in HCC.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is linked to increased fall risk among elders. Older adults with chronic pain also experience mobility limitations. This prospective study examined the mediating effect of gait measures in the relationship whereby pain leads to falls. In the MOBILIZE Boston Study II of adults aged ≥70y living in the Boston area, 294 completed the gait assessment. Chronic musculoskeletal pain was classified as multisite, single site, or no pain, based on pain assessment of the hand/wrists, shoulders, back, hip, knees and feet. The gait assessment included walking under each of 3 conditions, quiet walk (QW), easy dual task (DTE), and hard dual task (DTH), on a 16-foot sensored gait mat. Participants were instructed to subtract aloud from 100 by 5’s (DTE) and 3’s (DTH) while walking at a normal pace. Following baseline assessments of pain and gait, monthly fall calendars were collected over 2 years. Multivariable negative binomial models were performed to determine associations between pain and fall rates, adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics. Mediation effects of gait measures on the pain-fall relationship were evaluated using the Sobel test. Multisite pain was associated with a 51% increased risk of falls compared to no pain (adj. IRR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.51–2.10). A number of gait parameters mediated (p-value

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as an effective solution for some data collection situations. However, owing to combining massively distributed data processing on embedded devices with ad-hoc communication over the wireless medium, WSNs are a challenging domain for application development. In this paper, a communication framework for data collection applications is presented. It provides an adaptive data transport protocol, multi-application running environment, nodes binding mechanisms, which facilitate the development of application systems, and reduces the cost of design and maintain.

We examine whether executive stock options can induce excessive risk taking by managers in firms’ security issue decisions. We find that CEOs whose wealth is more sensitive to stock return volatility due to their option holdings are more likely to choose debt over equity as a capital-raising vehicle. More importantly, the pattern holds not only in firms that are underlevered relative to their optimal capital structure but also in overlevered firms. This evidence is inconsistent with executive stock options aligning the interests of managers and shareholders; rather, it supports the hypothesis that stock options sometimes make managers take on too much risk and in the process pursue suboptimal capital structure policies.

This article reviews the literature on herd behaviour in financial markets in the context of the sequential trading model and points out the importance of incorporating ambiguity into the framework. Although Ford et al. (2005) have applied the Choquet-expected-utility theory to analyse the relationship between ambiguity and herd behaviour, their model does not allow for the separation between ambiguity and ambiguity aversion, therefore how ambiguity and ambiguity aversion affect herd behaviour cannot be analysed by comparative statistics. This article adopts the smooth model suggested by Klibanoff et al. (2005), and applies Gollier's (2006) value function to describe decision makers’ welfare under ambiguity. Using very general assumptions, we prove that if the value functions of market makers and traders are homogeneous, herd behaviour will never happen even if ambiguity exists; if some types of traders have different attitudes towards ambiguity from market makers, then herd behaviour will happen with a p...

This paper studies the mood fluctuation of a typical consumer with recursive preference and the welfare cost of reduced growth and business cycle. We estimate the welfare cost using discrete recursive function as well as conduct simulation in order to compare our results with other existing research findings. Our findings are in line with traditional literature whereby the welfare cost of reduced growth is larger than that of business cycle; but our results show that these past measures understate the welfare cost of reduced growth and business cycle.

Background Gastrectomy remains the primary therapeutic method for resectable gastric cancer. Thought of as an important measure to reduce post-operative complications and mortality, abdominal drainage has been used widely after gastrectomy for gastric cancer in previous decades. The benefits of abdominal drainage have been questioned by researchers in recent years. Objectives The objectives of this review were to assess the benefits and harms of routine abdominal drainage post-gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Upper Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Diseases (UGPD) Group Specialised Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library (2014, Issue 11); MEDLINE (via PubMed) (1950 to November 2014); EMBASE (1980 to November 2014); and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Database (1979 to November 2014). Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing an abdominal drain versus no drain in patients who had undergone gastrectomy (not considering the scale of gastrectomy and the extent of lymphadenectomy); irrespective of language, publication status, and the type of drain. We excluded RCTs comparing one drain with another. Data collection and analysis We adhered to the standard methodological procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration. From each included trial, we extracted the data on the methodological quality and characteristics of the participants, mortality (30-day mortality), re-operations, post-operative complications (pneumonia, wound infection, intra-abdominal abscess, anastomotic leak, drain-related complications), operation time, length of post-operative hospital stay, and initiation of a soft diet. For dichotomous data, we calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). For continuous data, we calculated mean difference (MD) and 95% CI. We tested heterogeneity using the Chi2 test. We used a fixed-effect model for data analysis with RevMan software, but we used a random-effects model if the P value of the Chi2 test was less than 0.1. Main results We included four RCTs involving 438 patients (220 patients in the drain group and 218 in the no-drain group). There was no evidence of a difference between the two groups in mortality (RR 1.73, 95% CI 0.38 to 7.84); re-operations (RR 2.49, 95% CI 0.71 to 8.74); post-operative complications (pneumonia: RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.55 to 2.54; wound infection: RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.47 to 3.23; intra-abdominal abscess: RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.29 to 5.51; anastomotic leak: RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.06 to 14.47); or initiation of soft diet (MD 0.15 days, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.37). However, the addition of a drain prolonged the operation time (MD 9.07 min, 95% CI 2.56 to 15.57) and post-operative hospital stay (MD 0.69 day, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.21) and led to drain-related complications. Additionally, we should note that 30-day mortality and re-operations are very rare events and, as a result, very large numbers of patients would be required to make any sensible conclusions about whether the two groups were similar. The overall quality of the evidence according to the GRADE approach was 'very low' for mortality and re-operations, and 'low' for post-operative complications, operation time, and post-operative length of stay. Authors' conclusions We found no convincing evidence to support routine drain use after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Cyclopropanation of olefines and cyclopropenation of alkynes by active methylene compounds in the presence of PhI(OAc)2 is reported.

Semiconductor Hall devices are typically prefabricated for instructional laboratories, but students may gain more understanding by fabricating their own devices. Semiconductor device fabrication usually involves photolithography, vacuum evaporators, and very high-temperature tube furnaces. This paper presents an inexpensive procedure to fabricate silicon Hall devices using only a hot plate and indium. van der Pauw resistivity measurements of p-type and n-type samples thus fabricated yielded results well within the manufacturer’s specifications. Hall measurements of these samples consistently indicated the correct carrier type in both cases. For both p-type and n-type samples, the carrier concentrations obtained from the Hall measurements were within 4% of the expected values.

A DABCO-mediated organocatalyzed anion relay cascade based on 1-cinnamoylcyclopropanecarboxamides has been developed and applied in the construction of 2,3-dihydrofurans with the original alkene and amide functionalities intact. In the aza-oxy-carbanion relay process, DABCO provides both the electron source and sink. The enolate anion-triggered ring opening of the cyclopropane is ascribed to the key step in the anion relay cascade.

NBS-mediated addition–elimination reaction of sulfonamides/carboxamides and formamides afforded N-sulfonylamidines and N-formylarylamides, respectively, depending on the different mechanism of elimination. Hydrogen bond-induced proton transfer leads to enhanced reactivities and was proposed as the key driving force for the reaction to take place. The protocol demonstrates the possibility of constructing chemical bonds based on a proton transfer strategy induced by noncovalent hydrogen bond interaction.

The beam quality mismatch of laser diode stacks in both axes limits many direct applications for fiber or solid laser pumping and material processing. In this paper, a one-step cutting-rotating beam shaping system has been designed to homogenize the beam quality of two polarization-multiplexing laser diode stacks. Coupling laser diode stacks consisting of eight bars into a standard fiber with a core diameter of 600 μm and an NA of 0.22 is achieved. The simulative result shows that the system will have an output power over 1056 W. By using the technique, the production of compact and high brightness fiber-coupling diode lasers can be directly used for laser cladding and laser surface hardening processes.

The possible application and validity of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) concept in gastric cancer (GC) is still debated. A systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic value of SLN biopsy (SLNB) in GC is urgently needed. A systematic review of relevant literatures was performed in PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library. A random-effect model was used to pool the data, and subgroup analysis was used to explain the heterogeneities. A total of 38 included studies (2,128 patients) were included. The pooled SLN identification rate, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 91.1–95.6%), 76.9% (95% CI: 71.6–81.4%), 90.3% (95% CI: 86.9–92.9%), and 92.0% (95% CI: 89.9–93.7%), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that early T stage, combined tracers, submucosal injection method, conventional open surgery, and usage of immunohistochemistry were associated with higher SLN identification rate and sensitivity. SLNB in GC is technically feasible with an acceptable sensitivity. However, further studies are needed to confirm the best procedure and standard criteria.

B2B e-commerce in Beijing as the capital of China developed quickly and ran above average level in the country. The features is particular, such as the rapid development of B2B e-commerce, ranks first of B2B and outsourcing service in small trade, the 6 categories service platform formatted of B2B. And B2B e-commerce has become a mainstay of Beijing. It has obvious development advantages and huge development potential. But there are some problems, such as, consumer attitudes, information technology, marketing and business models. In future, we should enhance the overall layout and policy support of the government, integrate and found characteristics platform relying on existing development basis, continue to create the capital of e-commerce brands.

Bohai Rim region is one of the most important economic regions. Its economic status has been improved. And its industrial structure has been optimized. But the second industries are still based. Meanwhile, the three provinces and two cities in Bohai Rim region have different industrial layout. The development among them was not balanced, and the similar industrial structure still exists. Especially in the secondary industry, such as equipment manufacturing, iron and steel metallurgy, petrochemical and high-tech industries, the balanced, is widespread. Coordination of regional economic development and rational distribution of industry is the only way to achieve the sound development of regional economy, which needs to continuously strengthen the central city's leadership and coordinating role, to adjust the industrial structure continuously, to change the growth mode and to promote rational distribution of industry, finally to improve the quality of economic growth.

With years of rapid development, there are widespread applications of RFID technology currently. In practical condition, there are always more than one tag existing in the radio field of the reader. So anti-collision is one of the major problems, and has a great influence on the performance of RFID systems. The research and development about RFID anti-collision algorithms are introduced in this paper, and some advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms are also pointedout.

Wireless sensor and actor networks are becoming a basis for a rapidly increasing range of applications in industrial measurement-control (MC therefore, it is worthwhile time investment to design and implement a middleware for wireless sensor and actor networks that would be adaptable to various industrial applications of interest with a minimum amount of effort. In this paper, a general-purpose application platform is presented. It provides a solution to reuse coordination, real-time routing, task distribution mechanisms, which facilitates the development of new application systems, and reduces the cost of design and maintain.

Wireless sensor and actor networks are becoming a basis for a rapidly increasing range of applications in industrial measurement-control (MC therefore, it is worthwhile time investment to design and implement a middleware for wireless sensor and actor networks that would be adaptable to various industrial applications of interest with a minimum amount of effort. In this paper, a general-purpose application platform is presented. It provides a solution to reuse coordination, real-time routing, task distribution mechanisms, which facilitates the development of new application systems, and reduces the cost of design and maintain.

The use of peritoneal lavage in patients with acute pancreatitis remains controversial. While recent guidelines do not make a positive recommendation for its use, there continues to be reports of clinical benefits from peritoneal lavage in this setting. The aim of this study was to systematically review the available randomized controlled trials of peritoneal lavage in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and four major Chinese biomedical databases were searched. A random effects model was used in meta-analysis. The summary estimates were reported as risk ratios (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval. Ten randomized controlled trials, encompassing a total of 469 patients, were included. When compared with conservative treatment, the use of peritoneal lavage did not result in a statistically significant difference in the risk of mortality (RR = 0.82; 95% CI 0.32–1.79; p = 0.69) and complications (RR = 1.33; 95% CI 0.99–2.12; p = 0.06). The use of peritoneal lavage with antiproteases, in comparison with peritoneal lavage only, also did not result in a statistically significant difference in the risk of mortality and complications. The lavage of the peritoneal cavity in patients with severe acute pancreatitis does not appear to confer a clinical benefit. Whether lavage of the pancreatic bed after necrosectomy is beneficial has yet to be determined.

The Institute of Medicine report, Unequal Treatment, asserts that conscious and unconscious bias of providers may affect treatments delivered and contribute to health disparities. The primary study objective is to measure, compare, and contrast objective and subjective cognitive processes among pharmacy, nursing, and medical students to discern potential implications for health disparities. Data were collected using a cultural competency questionnaire and two implicit association tests (IATs). Race and skin tone IATs measure unconscious bias. Cultural competency scores were significantly higher for non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics in medicine and pharmacy compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Multiracial nursing students also had significantly higher cultural competency scores than non-Hispanic Whites. The IAT results indicate that these health care preprofessionals exhibit implicit race and skin tone biases: preferences for Whites versus Blacks and light skin versus dark skin. Cultural competency curricula and disparities research will be advanced by understanding the factors contributing to cultural competence and bias.

Mathematical models and numerical methods of collecting flows in urban overland, pipe network and river network were developed in this paper. Verification work was carried out at Jiaxing urban district in Zhejiang Province. Distribution, depth and velocity of waterlogging areas at Jiaxing urban district during plum storm in 1999 were numerically simulated, and comparisons with the measured data were made. The reasonably simulated results of waterlogging regimes were obtained.

Previous studies reported that some minority childhood cancer patients are likely to develop worse outcomes than white children. This study examines whether there are racial and ethnic disparities in health expenditures among children with cancer.A retrospective study was conducted among children (younger than 20) with cancer diagnoses in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; 1996 to 2004). Total health expenditures and the following subcategories were examined across racial and ethnic groups: (1) office-based visits; (2) outpatient visits; (3) inpatient and emergency room visits; (4) home health care; (5) prescription drugs; and (6) dental, vision, and other health care expenditures. Consumer price indexes were used to convert all expenditures to 2004 dollars. A classical linear model was analyzed using the natural logarithm of health expenditures as the dependent variable, with the purpose of determining whether there were racial and ethnic differences in health expenditures after adjusting for confounding factors.Study sample included 394 non-Hispanic whites (weighted to 4 958 685), 53 non-Hispanic blacks (weighted to 352 534), and 94 Hispanic whites (weighted to 424 319). Hispanic blacks and other minority populations were excluded from the analysis due to insufficient sample size. The annual total health expenditure for treating each child with cancer was $3467.40, $2156.15, and $5545.34, respectively, among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanic whites. The differences in the various subcategories of health expenditures across racial and ethnic groups were generally not significant according to both descriptive and analytical analyses with very few exceptions.This study did not identify significant racial and ethnic disparities in health care costs. However, one important study limitation is the small sample size of the minority populations in the study sample.

To construct the recombinant adeno-associated virus vector with human bone morphogenetic protein 4 gene (AAV-hBMP-4).The hBMP-4 gene primer was designed basing on the corresponding gene sequence in GenBank. EcoR I site was introduced into the upstream of the primer and Sal I site into downstream. The hBMP-4 gene was amplified with the template of EX-A0242-M01-hBMP-4, then was cloned into pUC18 vector to construct recombinant plasmid pUC18-hBMP-4. The plasmids pUC18-hBMP-4 and plasmid pSNAV cut by EcoR I and Sal I enzyme, the fragments were collected and linked with T4 DNA ligase at 16 C over night, recombinant plasmid pSNAV-hBMP-4 was obtained. The recombinant plasmid was then transfected into BHK21 cells using Lipofectamine TM2000. The G418 resistant cells were obtained consequently. These cells were infected with HSV1-rc/deltaUL2 which has the function of packaging and copying the recombinant AAV. After purification, the construction of recombinant AAV-hBMP-4 was completed.The construction of the recombinant pSNAV-hBMP-4 was confirmed by PCR electrophoresis and digestion with restriction enzyme. The gene sequence in the recombinant pSNAV-hBMP-4 was correct. The virus titer was about 1.5 x 10(12) microg/ml. The purity of the virus was more than 95% using the SDS-PAGE method.With this method, high virus titers and purity of AAV-hBMP-4 can be acquired successfully and it is useful to bone tissue engineering.