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Most people still underestimate organic waste, so this waste always ends up in the Landfill. How to process organic waste into compost has been widely informed. However, community participation in self-managing organic waste has still not increased. Therefore, this community service activity aims to provide knowledge about household organic waste processing. The methods used in this program include lectures and discussions, demonstrations, and pre-post tests for evaluation. This program was carried out on November 30, 2019, with participants' targets, namely parents and teachers of Permata Hatiku School. This program was carried out on November 30, 2019, with participants' targets, namely parents and teachers of Permata Hatiku School. The various composting methods presented in the lectures include the composter bin method, Takamura, bio-pore, and jugangan (holes) in the ground. In addition, it also explained the basic principles of composting and how to make a bio-starter. The demonstration was carried out by practicing how to make a natural bio-starter known as local microorganisms (MOL) from rotten fruits. Composting was demonstrated by using the composter bin method with kitchen waste. The participant well-received the program materials. An increase in the post-test score marks it compared to the pre-test score.

The Kalimbu market is one of the traditional markets in South Sulawesi with a very high buying and selling activity. The organic waste that is mostly generated from the activities at the Kalimbu Market is leftover vegetables and fruit. Vegetable and fruit waste provides a big advantage if it is managed properly, which is converted into liquid organic fertilizer through a fermentation process. The liquid organic fertilizers produced can help farmers overcome the high price of synthetic fertilizers and save the earth from pollution. The method used to determine the effect of types of organic waste (vegetable waste and fruit waste) on the physical and chemical quality of solid and liquid organic fertilizers used a randomized block design. Whereas the application of solid and liquid organic fertilizers to the production and nutritional content of potato plants used a treatment consisting of P0: basic fertilizer + without liquid organic fertilizer and P1: basic fertilizer + liquid organic fertilizer. The results of research on the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer from Kalimbu market waste with vegetable and fruit samples also showed that the two samples required different storage times for composting. Plants treated with liquid organic fertilizer from the Kalimbu market waste have better stem growth, leaf number, and stem number.Keywords: Waste, organic, fermentation, hydroponic

Microbial treatment of biodegradable wastes not only ensures neutralization of harmful substances such as volatile organic compounds but also enables valorization and bio-circularity within the society. Single cell protein (SCP) is a value-added product that can be obtained from biodegradable waste materials such as food waste via microbial fermentation. In this article, SCP derived from potato starch waste was demonstrated as a viable alternative to existing plant/animal proteins used in the production of films, for example, packaging applications. Flexible glycerol-plasticized SCP films were prepared through compression molding, and tensile tests revealed strength and stiffness similar to other plasticized protein films. The oxygen barrier properties were significantly better compared to the common polyethylene packaging material, but as with other highly polar materials, the SCP material must be shielded from moisture if used in, for example, food packaging. The biodegradation test revealed a similar degradation pattern as observed for a household compostable bag. The results showed that SCP-based bioplastic films can be considered as potential alternative to the existing plant/animal protein films and certain synthetic polymers. An important advantage with these protein materials is that they do not cause problems similar to microplastics.

This study aimed to determine the production of BSF maggots as feed cultivated with different media. The research material was 6 grams of BSF larvae eggs. The method used in this study was an experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD) where there were four treatments three times repetition so that 12 experimental units were obtained. The experiment consisted of P0 = rice bran, P1 = market waste, P2 = household waste, and P3 = Restaurant Waste. The results showed that BSF maggot production used different media against rice bran, market waste, household waste, and restaurant waste had a significant effect (P> 0.05) on the maggot production. The best treatment is in the P3 treatment, and the lowest treatment is in the P0 treatment, where the P3 treatment uses a comparison of the restaurant's organic waste media with the same amount, namely 7.3 kg to 21 days of age from 0.50 grams of BSF maggot eggs and is able to produce 2816.66 adult maggot gram

The exploration, production and refining of crude oil has led to severe environmental degradation in the oil producing communities of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Enhanced bioremediation of tropical rainforest soil artificially polluted with crude oil, bioaugmented with nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and biostimulated with poultry droppings was carried out ex situ. Soil sample was collected at 15cm depth from tropical rainforest soil of the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The NFB was isolated from roots of leguminous plant Arachis hypogea, identified as Nitrobacter species. Bioaugmentation by application of NFB served as option A, option B (biostimulation by application of poultry droppings), option C (No amendment) served as the control. Bioremediation was monitored for 28 days for interval of 14 days, and determined using the percentage ratio of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) losses for each period to TPH at initial day (day zero). Results of total culturable heterotrophic bacterial (TCHB) counts showed that highest range in option B (1.9×104- 2.4×109Cfu/g) than in option A (7.8×106 -2.29×107Cfu/g) and C (6.75×106 -2.6×107Cfu/g) respectively. Similarly, hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial (HUB) counts had higher range in option B (1.20×105 - 1.9×107Cfu/g) than in option A (8.30×104 - 2.30×105Cfu/g) and option C control (4.3×104 −1.69×105 Cfu/g) respectively. Changes in physicochemical parameters during the study showed reductions in nitrate, phosphate and TPH in all the options expect pH which showed slight increase in option C (6.20-6.24). Characterization and identification for bacteria revealed the following HUB genera Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Klebsiella, Staphylocuccus and Nitrobacter). The percentage losses in TPH from gas chromatography (GC) results showed the following; option A (44.24%) option B (61.08%) and option C - control (27.28%) respectively. The results from this study showed that option B, the application of poultry droppings as biostimulant was more efficient than the application of NFB in enhanced bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil, hence the use of poultry droppings which is available as organic waste, eco-friendly and cost-effective is recommended asbiostimulant for enhanced bioremediation in environmental cleanup of crude oil impacted-sites of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Key Words: Bioremediation, Crude oil polluted-soil, Biostimulation, Bioaugumentation, Poultry droppings, Nitrogen fixing bacteria.

A novel machine, with the acronym HEVSTOW (high-efficiency vertically stacked vermicomposting system for treating organic waste), of which a patent has recently been granted, is described. It is capable of rapid, inexpensive, and emission-free processing of biorefinery waste and other forms of organic solid waste. The machine is based on the paradigm of high-rate vermicomposting earlier developed by the authors. It makes it possible to rapidly process biorefinery waste of plant origin, as also paper, which the conventional vermireactors are not able to handle without elaborate pre-treatment and/or augmentation of animal manure. The machine also makes it possible to simultaneously vermicompost different forms of biowaste as also use different species of earthworms in such a manner that each batch operates independently without one batch interfering with the other. The applicability of the machine has been demonstrated by its application in simultaneous yet independent processing of a biorefinery waste, and paper waste, each with two epigeic species of earthworms Eisenia andrei and Lumbricus rubellus.

Biogas is the product of anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste and is considered to be one of the most valuable natural renewable energy carriers. Plant biomass represents the most abundant eco-friendly energy reservoir on Earth. However, the tenacious and heterogeneous structure of the lignocellulose-rich elements makes it difficult for the involved microbes to digest the recalcitrant substrates. Both the degradation process and the biogas production yield can be enhanced by appropriate pre-treatment of lignocellulosic materials. Filamentous fungi have been known as proficient colonizers of lignocellulosic plant tissues and have been recognized as producers of exceptionally rich and diverse hydrolytic enzymes. We tested Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma reesei, Rhizomucor miehei and Gilbertella persicaria filamentous fungal strains for pre-treatment of various agricultural lignocellulosic wastes. During the pre-treatment phase, the β-glucosidase and endoglucanase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. In the AD step, methane production was monitored by gas chromatography. The preliminary results showed that all the applied strains (Aspergillus nidulans, Trichoderma reesei, Rhizomucor miehei and Gilbertella persicaria) were highly effective in producing both β-glucosidase and endo-(1,4)-β-D-glucanase enzymes, which might explain the greatly improved AD results. Pre-treatment with the above-mentioned filamentous fungi positively affected the biogas production, although the effect strongly depended on the selection of the fungal partner for any given biomass substrate. Depending on the used substrate and the pre-treatment strain, overall methane yields were elevated two-fold relative to the controls.

The present research demonstrates the design and development of a dual-compartment water purification proto-plant for microbial degradation of organic waste using microbial fuel cell technology and adsorptive removal of inorganic pollutants present in sewage water using highly crystalline chitosan grafted polyaniline (CHIT-g-PANI) and rice husk derived adsorbent. The materials were characterized by UV–Vis, infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and relevant standard methods. The observed results revealed the highly crystalline, biocompatible, porous nature of CHIT-g-PANI as electrode materials for effective microbial degradation of organic wastes of sewage water for generating electricity and water purification. Thus, observed parameters were power density of 6.496 w/m2, sustainable usability for 20 days, and removal of organic waste by 97% from sewage water. Furthermore, the above partially treated water was passed through an adsorption chamber filled with rice husk-derived adsorbents, which removes the 84.5% inorganic impurities of its original concentrations.

We assessed the improvement potential of pressmud – a sugar industry waste – on soil properties, physiological adaptation and yield-related traits in a rice–wheat rotation in sodicity-affected Ghaghar basin of Haryana, India. Large-scale (0.2–0.4 ha) participatory trials comprising two treatments, with (+PM) and without (–PM) pressmud, were conducted on 125 farmers' fields covering non-sodic (NS), slightly sodic (SS) and moderately sodic (MS) soils. Pressmud application (10 Mg ha) led to appreciable reductions in soil pH (1.6–3.6%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP; 10.4–20.1%) with concomitant improvements in plant physiological and yield-related traits across different soil alkali classes, albeit to a greater extent in SS and MS soils than in NS soils. Compared to prevailing farmers' practices (–PM), transformative improvements in mean leaf relative water content (RWC) (4 and 7%), membrane injury (MII) (−12 and −14%), photosynthetic rate (Pn) (21 and 25%), stomatal conductance (gS) (26 and 21%), transpiration rate (E) (38 and 22%), proline (P) (−19 and −20%) and Na/K accumulation in shoot (NaK_S) (−24 and −22%) and root (NaK_R) (−23 and −27%) were observed in both rice and wheat grown under PM ameliorated soils. On an average, rice and wheat yields were increased by 15.8 and 14.6% in SS and 18.9 and 16.7% in MS soils, respectively, with pressmud application. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed significant correlations among highly weighted variables including physiological and yield-related traits to influence the rice–wheat productivity with PM addition in SS and MS soils. Sustained use of this organic waste in agricultural lands seems to be an affordable solution for overcoming sodicity-induced land degradation, and achieving developmental goals of environmental and livelihood security.

End-of-life options for plastics include recycling and energy recovery (incineration). Taking into account the polymeric waste, recycling is the intentional action that is aimed at reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills by industrial use of this waste to obtain raw materials and energy. The incineration of waste leads to recovery of the energy only. Recycling methods divide on mechanical (reuse of waste as a full-valuable raw material for further processing), chemical (feedstock recycling), and organic (composting and anaerobic digestion). The type of recycling is selected in terms of the polymeric material, origin of the waste, possible toxicity of the waste, and its flammability. The (bio)degradable polymers show the suitability for every recycling methods. But recycling method should be used in such a form that it is economically justified in a given case. Organic recycling in a circular economy is considered to be the most appropriate technology for the disposal of compostable waste. It is addressed for plastics capable for industrial composting such as cellulose films, starch blends, and polyesters. The biological treatment of organic waste leads also to a decrease of landfills and thereby reducing methane emissions from them. If we add to their biodegradability the absence of toxicity, we have a biotechnological product of great industrial interest. The paper presents the overview on end-of-life options useful for the (bio)degradable polymers. The principles of the circular economy and its today development were also discussed.

Presently, Malaysia is fostering growth in the green energy sector in order to reduce its carbon emissions and contribute in the fight against global warming. Renewable Energy (RE) such as solar cell could no longer be considered as a green technology because at the end of their lifecycle, they become non- biodegradable waste which in turn constitutes pollution and contributes to global warming. Thus, the aim of this research is to study a self-sustaining solar module produced by upcycling solar cells from non- biodegradable waste. Several solar cells from electronic devices were reused in this study. The results obtained show that a combination of 4V, 3V and 2V reused solar cells produced 10.20V and 47.9mW of power. This indicates that the proposed upcycled solar module is feasible and has the potential to aid in the promotion of clean and renewable energy use in order to attain the desired sustainable development goals.Keywords: solar module, self-sustaining, solar cell, non-degradable waste

The increasing demand for alternative feed sources for livestock has evolved, owing to quest for efficient and sustainable use of resource channeled towards achieving food security. Breeding and biomass conversion of selected insects therefore, is imperative to complement existing sources. This study investigated the developmental parameters, and nutritional composition of Black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae reared on chicken feed (CF), brewery waste (BW), food remains (FR) and fruits’ waste (FR). Proximate compositions (%) of prepupae and substrates were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extracts (EE), ash, fibre and mineral composition. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests and Tukey (homoscedasticity) using SPSS statistical package. CF recorded the highest prepupal weight (0.30 g), length (2.18 cm), and shortest development time (21 days) across the different substrates. CP content was highest in prepupa fed on CF and BW at 48.93% and 44.52% respectively (p

At present, the development and optimization of methods to eliminate the consequences of soil contamination with hydrocarbons is gaining increasing economic and social importance; it is the basis for sustainable development of the oil industry. Within the frames of the scientific research, a review of literature was carried out in the sphere of utilization of organic wastes from the food industry in reclamation of oil-contaminated soils; an experimental study of efficiency of the use of wastes from the brewing industry in the process of bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils was conducted and phytotoxicity of these wastes was determined. Experimental research was conducted at different initial concentrations of oil in the soil, which allowed to establish the optimal range of oil pollution level at which the efficiency of brewing waste use is the highest. Thus, at low concentrations (1000-2000 mg/kg), the dynamics of oil concentration decrease in the soil remained preserved throughout the whole duration of the experiment, and the efficiency of oil destruction in the soil exceeded 98%, which confirmed the overall efficiency of application of brewing waste for reclamation of oil-contaminated soils.

The diversion and recovery of organic waste are one of the most significant opportunities and challenges for reducing the environmental impacts of waste disposal internationally, as recognised by the United Nations’ SDG 12 that seeks to “ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns”. This issue is particularly pertinent to developed countries, like Australia, who have a high propensity for waste removal arising from their industrial and domestic use of products, materials and organic consumables. Through the use of GIS technology, using modelling software developed by the Global Methane Initiative, a series of simulations were undertaken to determine the viability of an anaerobic digester for the City of Greater Geelong (COGG), located in the State of Victoria (Australia), where organic materials constitute over 25% of all waste land-filled. Using only municipal organic waste, the modelling concluded that the COGG would generate between AU$6M-AU$11M/annum from the sale of biogas/methane. In addition to this revenue stream, COGG would have an Annual Projected Net Emissions Reductions of 3797 Mt. This paper further considers the development of a geospatial database to identify and locate concentrated organic waste resources in COGG, the design and development of a software tool to help quantify the production of food waste, and the development of an economic model to value the organic waste stream of COGG arising from the implementation of this proposal.

The In.Te.Se. project - Innovation Territory and Services, for waste management in scattered areas is an Interreg V-A France Italy (ALCOTRA) project, financed within the framework of European cross-border cooperation programmes, in the Alpine region between France and Italy. On the subject of the local exploitation of organic waste, it permits the experimentation of home composting in scattered and cross-border areas in the Italian territories of the Province of Cuneo (Consorzio Servizi Ecologia e Ambiente, CSEA) and in the French areas of the PACA Region (Syndicat Mixte de Traitement des Ordures Menageres des cantons du Guillestrois et de l'Argentierois, SMITOMGA), through the use of individual and collective, manual and electromechanical composters. During the project it is estimated that a quantity of organic waste equal to about 2% of the not sorted waste produced in 2019 has been valorised, in 3 municipalities of CSEA and 23 municipalities followed by SMITOMGA where a separate collection circuit does not exist and it is conferred with the general unsorted waste. Overall, 31.72 tons of compost are obtained. The environmental balance deriving from the cooperation of the territories also makes it possible to estimate a negative balance of CO2 produced, with 3212.78 kgCO2 avoided. The economic assessment of not sending the organic component for disposal produced a saving for the two communities as a whole of €10,397.56, involving only 15% of the total population in the municipalities investigated. At the same time, a comparison with a separated collection system for the organic matter, determines the saving of €27,295.73 considering the all tested area. The implementation of this good practice has the potential to achieve interesting results from an environmental, social and economic point of view and to be extended to further portions of the territory and has demonstrated the successful choice of cross-border cooperation and the diversification of applied techniques.

The synergistic influence of microalgae on the two forms of organic waste biomasses, namely biomass wastes (BW) and its digested form (DBW), during co-pyrolysis was evaluated based on the thermal decomposition behaviour, gas yields, extent of thermal decomposition and reaction kinetics. The biomasses and their blends were co-pyrolysed at three different heating rates (10, 15 and 20 °C min−1) in a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with a mass spectrometer. Initial assessment, based on TG-DTG data, revealed that the thermal degradation can be divided into three zones (50-150 °C, 150-550 °C and 550-800 °C) for all the biomasses and their blends. The thermogravimetric data was used to evaluate the kinetic triplet, which include apparent activation energy (Eα), pre-exponential factor (A) and reaction mechanism, f(α). Semi-quantitative method was used to quantify the gas species, H2, CO2 and CO were dominant species, implying the water gas reactions and oxidation reactions were predominant. The synergistic influence of microalgae was clearly evident in terms of reaction kinetics, as noted in the reduction in the apparent activation energy and increase in the total gas yields. The obtained kinetic triplet and thermodynamic parameters are expected to facilitate the design and optimization of co-pyrolysis of microalgae with other forms of organic wastes.

This study introduces a developed, movable, and pilot-scale microwave drying equipment with an automatic control system for the treatment of solid organic waste. Based on a previous study, the structure of the reactor and the arrangement of the magnetron were improved to make the material absorb microwave energy more uniformly and efficiently. The equipment added the auxiliary hot plate and air extraction system, which effectively solved the influence of the occurrence condensate water in the microwave irradiation room on the drying efficiency and energy consumption. The microwave drying behavior of the existing constant-power mode was compared with the improved constant-temperature mode. The experimental results showed that the latter mode could effectively solve the partial overheating of the material caused by uneven heating. The constant-temperature mode was more advantageous in product quality, safety, and selectivity. The advantages and disadvantages of the equipment were analyzed by comparing it with the other existing pilot-scale microwave drying equipment. The proposed system showed good performance. Thus, the newly developed mobile microwave drying system has great potential for practical application.

The composition of organic waste reaches 59% of the total municipal solid waste in Indonesia. One way to process organic waste is composting by utilizing microorganisms to break down waste into compost. Naturally, the composting process took a long time but can be accelerated by adding microorganisms to the activator. This study analyzes the quality and quantity of compost using the Biopore Infiltration Hole (BIH) method with activator addition. Composting was duplicated in the yard area with clay soil type and water infiltration rate of 0,3 cm/hour. The BIH was made in a 10 cm diameter, a 100 cm depth, and the distance between the holes was 50 cm. Composting variations consist of variations in the composition of the raw materials and the activators' uses. Variations in the raw material composition consisted of 100% yard waste, 100% food waste, 50% yard waste and 50% food waste, and 70% food waste and 30% yard waste. In contrast, the activator variations consisted of no activator, EM4 activator, and Stardec activator. Compost analysis consists of maturity, quality of physical and macro elements, and quantity of compost. The results showed that all variations of composting had met the standard of maturity and quality of physical and macro elements according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The addition of activator affected composting time and compost quantity. The composting time in BIH with activator ranges from 41-60 days. In BIH without activator ranges from 65-75 days, there was a reduction in composting time by 15-25 days with the activator addition. However, the activator addition caused reducing the compost quantity by 10-20%. The selection of compost variations by scoring results in compost with a composition of 50% yard waste and 50% food waste and the addition of Stardec activators was the best variation in terms of compost maturity, quality, and quantity.

Развитие органического земледелия, в первую очередь, зависит от наличия органических удобрений и биопрепаратов. Цель исследований – на основе утилизации органических отходов и сырья разработать полифункциональные биопрепараты из компонентов животного и растительного происхождения и изучить их влияние на показатели агрофитоценозов и урожайность полевых и садовых культур. В работе использованы результаты исследований по разработке полифункциональных биопрепаратов, а также их эффективности на опытном поле Самарского ГАУ в 2017-2019 гг. В результате была разработана ассортиментная линейка биопрепаратов «АгроТоник» с функциями удобрения и биостимулятора роста: «Цветовод», «Садовод», «Овощевод», «Полевод», «Лесовод» и «Универсальный». «АгроТоник», в отличие от многих органических и минеральных удобрений, содержит все необходимые для растений компоненты: макро-, мезо- и микроэлементы в легкодоступной форме, микроорганизмы, стимуляторы роста – биоактивные фитогормоны, аминокислоты растительного происхождения, витамины, комплекс целлюлозолитических ферментов, почвенные антибиотики, гуминовые вещества, биоприлипатель. Многокомпонентный биопрепарат с функциями удобрения, фунгицида и бактерицида снижал пораженность растений озимой пшеницы на 16,7-27,1 %, по отношению к контролю, и на 17,4-22,6 %, по сравнению с минеральными удобрениями. Биопрепарат повышал урожайность озимой пшеницы на 7,7-25,4 % по сравнению с контролем, тогда как применение пестицида только на 5,3-11,5 %, при стоимости однократно внесенного гербицида в среднем 500,00 руб./га, а биопрепарата – 300,00 руб./га при двукратной обработке. The development of organic farming primarily depends on the availability of organic fertilizers and biological products. The goal of the research is to develop multifunctional biological products from components of animal and plant origin based on the utilization of organic waste and raw materials and to study their impact on the indicators of agrophytocenoses and the yield of field and horticultural crops. The work uses the results of research on the development of multifunctional biological products, as well as their effectiveness in the experimental field of the Samara State Agrarian University in 2017-2019. As a result, the line of "AgroTonik" biological products with the functions of fertilizer and the growth biostimulator was developed: «Tsvetovod», «Sadovod», «Ovoshchevod», «Polevod», «Lesovod» and «Universal'niy». "AgroTonik", unlike many organic and mineral fertilizers, contains all the components necessary for plants: macro -, meso- and microelements in an easily available form, microorganisms, growth stimulators – bioactive phytohormones, amino acids of plant origin, vitamins, a complex of cellulosolytic enzymes, soil antibiotics, humic substances, bio-sticking agent. The multicomponent biological product with the functions of fertilizer, fungicide and bactericide reduced the affection of winter wheat plants by 16.7-27.1 % concerning the control, and by 17.4-22.6 %, in comparison with mineral fertilizers. The biological product increased the yield of winter wheat by 7.7-25.4% compared to the control, while the use of a pesticide only by 5.3-11.5 %, with the cost of a single herbicide on average 500 rubles/ha, and a biological product – 300 rubles/ha with double treatment.

This study aims to design a smart closed reactor of vermicomposting to convert sewage sludge and any organic waste to high-quality vermicompost. In this reactor design, all aspects of growth and reproduction of Eisenia Fetida worms, such as aeration, temperature, light, and moisture, were considered. We analyzed the physicochemical, bacterial, and microstructural of produced vermicompost and growth rate of worms in a substrate of 70% sewage sludge, 20% cow manure, and 10% sugarcane bagasse in a container and the smart reactor. The results show that vermicomposting in the smart reactor took 50% less time and 30% more worm growth rate to produce the same quality as in a container. After vermicomposting in the reactor, the parameters of pH, fecal coliform, phosphorus, organic matter, and C/N decreased whereas the parameters of carbon, nitrogen, nitrate, ammonia nitrate, and EC increased, slightly. Although, the EC amount of the reactor production is more than the container one, the amount of moisture, phosphorus, and organic matter of the vermicompost in the container is more than the reactor one. Based on the odor absorption and leachate elimination of this reactor, we recommend that it be utilized for vermicompost production, including out of smelly organic wastes such as sewage sludge, even in any public zone and personal houses.

In this research, the problem formulation is based on the central issues in sustainable domestic waste management. In domestic waste management, information is needed regarding the existing volume and the projected volume of domestic waste in the next ten years. This study's objectives are (1) to determine the volume of domestic waste in Mataram, (2) to project the volume of domestic waste in the next ten years in the city of Mataram. Based on the data analysis results, it is found that the generation of domestic waste in Mataram City in units of weight is 0.4 kg/person/day, while the amount of domestic waste generation in Mataram City in volume units is 0.0020 m 3 /day. The composition of domestic waste in Mataram City is dominated by wet organic waste at 64%, followed by dry organic waste, non-medical hazardous waste, and plastic packaging, which have the same percentage, namely 6%. The type of waste with the least amount is metal and hazardous medical waste, only 1%. The projected population growth for the City of Mataram has increased with an average growth per year of 1.99%. An increase followed this in the projected waste generation. In 2020 the population is 496,401 people with a waste generation of 1,005 m 3 /year. Meanwhile, in 2029 the total population of 583,571 people will generate 1,182 m 3 /year of waste.

Inadequate organic waste management can have adverse health effects and pollute the environment. If the energy and nutrients in organic waste were to be used efficiently, they could increase food security. Composting using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae can convert organic waste into two valuable products: organic fertiliser, in the form of treatment residues, and animal feed protein, in the form of larvae. To demonstrate the feasibility of using BSF treatment residues as organic fertiliser, more knowledge is needed about the effect of BSF larvae-frass compost on plant growth and performance. This study examined the effect on growth of Swiss chard of five fertiliser treatments: (1) BSF larvae-frass compost of human faeces (BSF-F); (2) BSF larvae-frass compost of food waste (BSF-FW); (3) cow manure (CM), the most commonly used organic fertiliser globally; (4) an inorganic fertiliser containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); and (5) a negative control with no fertiliser. The results revealed that BSF larvae-frass compost of human faeces and food waste gave comparable yields to inorganic fertilisers, and significantly higher yields than the unfertilised control. The percentage increase in fresh weight of leaves in the treatments compared to the unfertilised control were 132% for BSF-FW, 115% for BSF-F, 118% for NPK and 86% for CM. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that all treatments involving fertiliser gave differences in soil nutrient concentrations. PCA also revealed a positive correlation between soil nitrate concentration and yield. Thus, using BSF larvae-frass compost as fertiliser could be a way of efficiently returning plant nutrients in faeces and organic waste to the food chain.

Fossil fuels are included as non-renewable energy sources, so its presence in Indonesia is decreasing. One of the renewable energy sources that can be obtained easily is bioethanol, this energy is obtained from organic materials containing cellulose fibers. Cellulose is hydrolyzed on a catalyst and fermented to obtain bioethanol. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of catalysts in the production of bioethanol from market organic waste (fruit peels and vegetables). There are three stages of converting organic waste into bioethanol, including converting green vegetables waste and fruit peels (polysaccharides / cellulose) into monosaccharides (simple sugars) through a hydrolysis process followed by a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and EM4, then separating ethanol and water using a distillation process. The resulting products are analyzed using a quantitative test to determine density and a qualitative test to determine color change. The results showed that the ethanol obtained from the addition of H2SO4 catalyst with concentrations of 0.5% and 1% had almost the same specifications as standard ethanol based on density calculations and color change tests. The highest ethanol yield percentage was obtained from the concentration of H2SO4 1%.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in waters, soils, sediments, and organic waste is considered to have major role in the photochemical generation of emerging organobromine contaminants, yet mechanisms are unclear. Here we fractionated soil humic acids into bound quinone-like substances and an effluent fraction, using a new emodin-imprinted polymer. We tested the effect of these fractions on the photobromination of phenol with bromide. Results show that quinone-like substances induce three times more bromophenols than the effluent fraction. Our findings reveal a new method to separate reactive compounds from DOM and imply that formation of organobromine contaminants may be controlled by the composition of organic matter.

Waste from processed household activities that do not experience good management can cause environmental pollution. The rubbish in the form of vegetable and fruit waste still contains waste that can be further processed to be more useful. Liquid organic fertilizer is fertilizer whose basic ingredients come from animals, plants, or both that have undergone a process of fermentation and its final form is liquid. The making of liquid organic fertilizer from javanese goat urine and household organic waste with the addition of EM4 bioactivators (effective microorganisms) aims to determine the effect of fermentation time length, the effect of adding EM4 bioactivators, and the effect of adding the javanese goat urine with household organic waste compared to household organic waste without the addition of javanese goat urine to the pH, N, P, and K contents in liquid organic fertilizer. The results showed that for the analysis of pH obtained in samples of 4.5 to 8.5, while for the analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium the best nitrogen (N) content was 2.3672% in 10 mL EM4 samples with a fermentation time of 21 days. The best phosphorus (P) content was 0.6857% in the 15 mL EM4 samples with a fermentation time of 14 days. And the best potassium (K) content was obtained at 1.0559% in the EM4 samples of 10 mL with a fermentation time of 7 days.

One biomass form with a high potential to replace fossil fuels is biogas. Biogas yield production depends on the raw material or substrate used. This research was aimed to investigate abiogas production technique using an anaerobic digestion process based on a substrate mixture of a starter, cow dung, chicken manure, tofu liquid waste, and cabbage waste.The anaerobic digestion is a promised process to reduce waste while it is also producing renewable energy.Moreover, the process can digest high nutrients in the waste. The anaerobic digestion results showed that the combination producing the highest biogas amount was 200 mg starter mixed with a ratio of 70% cow dung, 15% chicken manure, and 15% tofu liquid waste. The larger the amount of cabbage waste, the lower the biogas production. The quadratic regression analysisand kinetics model based on the Gompertz equation was obtained for the variable with the highest yield, compared to 70% cow dung, 15% chicken manure, and 15% tofu liquid waste and the estimated kinetic parameters based on the Gompertz equations revealed that the value of P∞ = 2,795.142 mL/gr.Ts, Rm = 113, 983.777 mL/gr.Ts, and t = 10.2 days. The results also conluded that the use of tofu liquid waste produced more biogas than cabbage waste. This study also successfully showed significant development in terms of the amount of biogas produced by adding organic waste to animal manure as the substrate used

This study aims to develop a prototype of zero-organic waste model using the integrated system of single-stage anaerobic digester (AD) and oxidation-ditch membrane bioreactor (OD-MBR) to convert organic wastes from food waste and sludge from OD-MBR system to biogas for cooking as well as to co-treat liquid digestate from AD with building wastewater in order to produce reclaimed water as a sustainable model for building application. In order to investigate the optimal condition in operating the AD/OD-MBR system to lower organic waste pollution to promote sustainable urban development, LCA with SimaPro 8 software was used to evaluate the environmental impact such as global warming, acidification and eutrophication potentials for six different operating conditions of AD/OD-MBR system for management of food waste and building wastewater. The evaluation by LCA shows that the proposed AD/OD-MBR system can effectively control the environmental impact from liquid digestate and sludge that are discharged into environment. The eutrophication potential of the integrated AD/OD-MBR system is reduced to the lowest value of 4.66 kg PO43−as compared to the values of 713.77 and 75.12 kg PO43− that are obtained from sole OD-MBR and sole AD, respectively. Moreover, global warming potential of AD/OD-MBR is lower than that of AD system. The proposed integrated AD/OD-MBR system can efficiently minimize the impacts from global warming and eutrophication potentials. It can be a model of prototype zero-organic waste for building water and organic waste management with water recycling for garden and landscape use.

The program of development and application of appropriate technology to recycle waste is executed by SMEs Bank Sampah (Waste Bank) Bumi Hijau Cemerlang Desa Suradita Tanggerang. The team was established since 2015. The management of this waste bank foundation is always energetic and productive so as they are competent to collect 200 kg inorganic waste (plastic and paper) in one week. On the other side, they did recycling liquid fertilizer from organic waste by using the used composter. This action is performed by realizing the fact that household waste matter gets heaped and malignant towards environment. The are problems faced by the team. Providing learning assistance in the form of appropriate technology tools and how to use them. In order to ensure the successful of this program, evaluation is carried out in every step of the program’s development.

Sebagai pusat kota dan perekonomian pemandangan tumpukan sampah,sampah tercecer di pingir jalan,sampah terbuang di sungai-sungai,sampah yang merusak jalur hijau adalah merupakan hal yang sudah biasa. Kepedulian dan kesadaran masyarakat akan dampak buruk sampah untuk masa yang akan datang. Sampah rumah tangga distrik nabire merupakan permasalahan terbesar terhadap lingkungan hidup di distrik nabire. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengurangi jumlah timbulan sampah di distrik nabire dan mengetahui peras serta masyarakat terhadap timbulan sampah yang dihasilkan di distrik nabire. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian analisa normalitas dan metode korelasi. Dari hasil yang di dapatkan distrik nabire menghasilkan sampah rata-rata sebanyak 45,625 kg/16hari dengan komposisi sampah organik sebanyak 94 kg/16hari, sampah anorganik sebanyak 202 kg/16hari. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini terdapat penuruan timbulan sampah dengan adanya peran serta masyarakat dari total sampah awalsebanyak 730 kg/hari menjadi 434 kg/hari.

Malang City has an increasing population every year, causing the amount of waste generated by residents and public facilities to increase. The waste is transported to the Supit Urang final waste processing site (TPA) located in Sukun District, Malang City. Currently, processing is still using the controlled landfill method so that a large area is needed for the landfill process. TPA waste generation data collection by load count analysis method. Analysis of environmental aspects was carried out using the Life Cycle Assessment method, the input and output processes used SimaPro v.9.0.0.47 software. In the analysis of technical aspects and environmental analysis, a projection of waste generation to the Supit Urang TPA is required, namely 189,989 tons / year in 2030. From the results of the analysis of technical aspects, it is concluded that the thermal treatment of mixed waste incineration is the best because it only requires a small amount of land, namely 1,385m2. , using 1 reactor and 14 workers. For the type of waste composition that produces the smallest emissions is the type of organic waste biowaste. The results of the environmental impact analysis of biowaste organic waste gasification processing are Global Warming 4,51E8 kg CO2 eq, Ozone layer depletion 1,74E3 CFC-11 eq, Photochemical oxidation 1,11E5 C2H4 eq, Acidification 2,21E6 kg SO2 eq, Eutrophication 3, 03E6 PO4 eq

Bioethanol is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that can overcome the depletion of oil resources in Indonesia and reduce the increase in greenhouse gases. Organic waste can be one of the raw materials for bioethanol production because of its abundant availability. This research was conducted to determine the potential for organic waste to be processed into bioethanol. This study used vegetable waste, fruit waste, and leaf waste and then fermented using yeast containing Saccharomyces c. The addition of nutrients (urea and NPK) and fermentation time for 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days were carried out to determine the effect on the resulting ethanol content. The production of bioethanol is carried out using the SSF (Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation) method so that the hydrolysis and fermentation processes occur simultaneously. The results showed that the highest ethanol content was 18.79% with a fermentation time of 5 days and the addition of 25 gr urea. The addition of nutrients and fermentation time affects the ethanol levels produced.

Sampah organik merupakan sisa dari suatu bahan yang telah dibuang, tetapi masih dapat dimanfaatkan keberadaannya. Selama ini sampah organik yang berasal dari pasar tradisional langsung dibuang ke TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir). Padahal sampah organik apabila dibiarkan akan menimbulkan bau yang tidak sedap, juga dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan karena sampah organik dapat hancur dengan sendirinya sehingga akan menyerap kedalam tanah yang dapat menimbulkan pencemaran pada resapan air tanah. Nutrisi yang terkandung pada sampah pasar tradisional dapat dipadukan dengan kotoran ternak yaitu kotoran sapi dan kotoran ayam sehingga dilakukan penelitian yang menghasilkan energi alternatif biogas agar dapat digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Penguraian bahan organik dilakukan dengan proses fermentasi oleh mikroorganisme pada bahan yang berlangsung secara anaerobik untuk menghasilkan gas metan. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi campuran bahan yang telah ditentukan untuk menemukan konsentrasi maksimal dengan hasil terbaik. Adapun variasi rasio yang digunakan yakni pada campuran bahan sampah organik pasar tradisional dengan kotoran sapi (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) juga pada campuran bahan sampah organik pasar tradisional dengan kotoran ayam (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) masing-masing pada volume reaktor 6 liter dengan waktu proses fermentasi selama 7 dan 14 hari. Parameter yang dianalisa terdiri dari kadar air, suhu, pH, dan C/N rasio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biogas terbaik diperoleh pada waktu fermentasi selama 14 hari pada variasi campuran bahan sampah organik dengan kotoran sapi pada perbandingan 80:20 dengan kadar air sebesar 90,7%, rasio C/N sebesar 146,4%, ditandai dengan kenaikan suhu mencapai 320C juga dengan nyala api paling lama yaitu selama 2,10 menit dan indikator nyala api berwarna biru. Kata kunci : Sampah Organik, Kotoran Ternak, Biogas

Larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens can be reared in large quantities on organic wastes. The larvae are harvested at the prepupal stage and used as feed for poultry and aquaculture. BSF farms in Nigeria make use of a combination of chicken feed and organic waste in the rearing processes. Chicken feed and organic waste can contain varying levels of heavy metals, which may accumulate in the larvae. The aim of this study was to determine bioaccumulation of heavy metals, cadmium chromium, copper, lead, and zinc, in prepupae cultured on chicken mash and various types of organic wastes (food waste, brewery waste, and fruit waste). Bioaccumulation of a particular heavy metal occurs when the concentration of the metal is higher in the harvested prepupae than in the feed substrates (Factor > 1). The results of the study showed that bioaccumulation was more likely to occur in brewery waste than in the other substrates, while bioaccumulation factors greater than one were reported for three of the five heavy metals (copper, lead and chromium). All heavy metal concentrations reported in the study were below the safe limits for use in animal feeds. The use of organic waste rather than chicken mash for rearing BSF larvae should be considered in Nigeria. However, there must be quality control measures in place to ensure that the larvae’s propensity for accumulating heavy metals are contained.

The concerns about climate change, energy security and price fluctuation of fossil fuels are driving the growing interest in the development and utilization of renewable energy as a transportation fuel. In this aspect, the utilization of organic household waste for the production of biogas avoids the environmental impact of landfills. The further upgrading and utilization of biogas as a vehicle fuel avoids the environmental impact of fossil fuels. This paper presents the life cycle assessment of two utilization pathways of biogas produced from co-digestion of organic household waste, grease trap removal sludge and ley crops grown by local farmers. Specifically, this study assessed and compared the environmental impact of the production and utilization of bio-methane and biogas-based electricity as a vehicle fuel for public transport buses in Vasteras, Sweden. The system boundary for biogas production covered seven main steps: cultivation, harvesting and transport of ley crops, collection and transport of waste, pre-treatment and co-digestion of the substrate. The system boundary for bio-methane was further extended to account for the upgrading process and tailpipe emissions from combustion of bio-methane in the buses. In the case of biogas-based electricity, the system boundary was further extended to account for the combustion of biogas in the CHP unit and further utilization of electricity in the electric bus. The evaluation of the production routes showed that the methane losses and high energy consumption for both biogas production and upgrading process dominated the environmental impact of bio-methane production. However, the emissions from the CHP unit were solely responsible for the environmental impact of biogas-based electricity production. The functional unit identified for this study is 1 vehicle km travelled (VKT) of the bio-methane fuelled bus and electric bus. The global warming potential of the electric buses was 0.11 kg CO2-eq/VKT compared to 0.26 kg CO2-eq/VKT for the bio-methane buses. The electric buses could also reduce about half of the acidification and eutrophication impacts associated with the bio-methane fuelled buses. The lower fuel efficiency and high tailpipe emissions decreased the environmental advantages of the bio-methane buses. Eventually, this study ensures the biogas utilization which is environmentally sound and compares favourably with the alternative options.

The availability of fossil fuels is a major factor that determines the economy of a country. However, possible exhaustion of fossil fuel deposits as well as increased pollution, and other adverse effects on the environment has prompted us to search for alternative fuels. This resulted in the development of hythane, a blend of hydrogen with methane, at concentrations of 10%–30%. The breakdown of organic substrates using sequential dark fermentation (DF) and anaerobic digestion (AD) leads to biohythane production. The quality and quantity of biohythane can be improved by altering the following aspects: selection, development, and/or genetic engineering of suitable microbial consortium; the use of cheap, appropriate substrates; improved design of bioreactors; and the implementation of two-stage fermentation system. This review focusses on the mechanism of biohythane production and the different aspects involved in increasing both its production rate and quality. A comparative study has also been done to demonstrate the superiority of biohythane over other biofuels.

The purpose of this study was to quantify the release of nitrate into vadose zone as well as the nitrogen-holding capacity of compost applied on calcareous soils of northern Guam amended with both inorganic fertilizer and composted organic waste, to examine potentially adverse effect of these nutrient materials to groundwater quality. Three different nitrogen levels each of the composted organic waste and the inorganic fertilizer were applied to corn (maize) (farmland) study plots for three consecutive seasons, two dry and one rainy season. During each season, soil organic matter (SOM, w/w%) content and carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N, w/w%), were determined for analysis of the nitrogen-holding capacity of these calcareous soils. Nitrate levels in soil pore water were also determined for study of potential groundwater contamination. For three seasons, compost plots showed higher SOM% contents and lower C/N% than fertilizer plots. That is, compost-treated soils showed higher SOM content and adsorbed more nitrogen under normalized soil mass than did fertilizer-treated soils. Nitrate levels in pore water were generally higher on compost plots during early stages of corn but were generally higher on fertilizer plots during active leaf, tasseling, and maturity stages. During the rainy season, nitrate leachate seemed to increase, but this trend could not be confirmed because rainfall amounts were not measured. Overall, composted organic waste proved to be a good amendment for soil productivity and agricultural sustainability while reducing nitrate leachate from northern Guam farmland.

Background: Vegetables and fruits are consumed in considerable amounts worldwide producing huge quantities of organic leftovers comprising primarily of peels. Peels of potatoes (PP) and carrots (CP), for instance, are often considered as waste, albeit they still represent a rich source of interesting phytochemicals. Traditional waste management of such materials, usually vermicomposting, therefore represents a low-value approach and also a considerable burden to the environment. Objective: Aiming to convert some of this waste into raw materials for further applications, methods were explored to prepare suspensions of PP and CP. Antioxidant activities of these suspensions were compared to bulk-suspensions and the corresponding ethanolic extracts in anticipation of possible applications in Nutrition and Cosmetics. Methods: The peels of potatoes and carrots were subjected to high- speed stirring (HSS) and highpressure homogenization (HPH) to produce suspensions which were characterized for size distribution by Laser Diffraction (LD), Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS), and light microscopy (LM). Ethanolic extracts of peels were also produced. Samples were evaluated for antioxidant activity employing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: HPH produced suspensions of peels comprising particles with diameters in the range of 268 - 335 nm for PP and 654 - 1,560 nm for CP. These suspensions exhibited a significantly stronger antioxidant activity compared to the bulk-suspensions. Moreover, the suspension of PP (1% w/w) exhibited comparable antioxidant activity to the ethanolic extract (1% w/w) whilst the CP suspension (1% w/w) exhibited lower activity compared to the ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Production of suspensions of vegetable peels may unlock some biological potential which could be optimised for applications in Nutrition, Agriculture, Medicine and Cosmetics.

Bio-based solutions are expected to ensure technological circularity in priority areas such as agriculture, biotechnology, ecology, green industry or energy. Although Poland, unlike the other EU member states, has not yet adopted a precise political strategy to promote bioeconomy, it has taken several actions to enable smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. This goal can be achieved by developing selected bioeconomy-related areas such as the biogas industry together with novel technologies implemented to optimize treatment of municipal sewage and management of organic solid waste. Here, the relatively strong status of the Polish biogas sector is presented. The widely used practice of sewage sludge biomethanation has led to construction of numerous complex installations combining biological wastewater treatment plants with anaerobic digesters. Based on physico-chemical processing of biostabilized sludges, a novel method for efficient granulated soil fertilizer production is elaborated, in line with the concept of circular economy and the notion of "waste-to-product". It is also shown that anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludges can be optimized by co-digestion with properly selected co-substrates to increase bioprocess yield and improve the resultant digestate fertilizer quality. The problem of post-fermentation eutrophic sludge liquors, environmentally hazardous waste effluents requiring proper treatment prior to discharge or field application, is addressed. Attempts to optimize biological treatment of digestate liquors with complex microbial consortia are presented. The Polish innovations described show that the "zero waste" path in circular bioeconomy may bring advantageous results in terms of transformation of waste materials into commercial, added-value products together with recovery of water resources.

A doença causada pelo Coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 foi declarada como pandemia pela OMS e uma das medidas mais eficazes é o isolamento social, tendo grande importância o saneamento. Assim, objetivou-se realizar a composição gravimétrica dos resíduos sólidos, bem como estimar a quantidade de vazão de esgoto e a geração per capta, em época de pandemia em uma residência de Três Corações – MG. Para a caracterização quantitativa separou-se os resíduos em 7 categorias, que foram pesados separadamente todos os dias, para diagnosticar a porcentagem em peso, com o auxílio de uma balança doméstica. Para a quantificação da geração de esgoto, foram observados os hábitos em atividades domésticas e higiene pessoal. As atividades foram quantificadas pelo método volumétrico por um recipiente de 5 litros. Estimou-se o valor total de consumo de água e como coeficiente de Retorno de 80% estimou-se a vazão de esgoto gerada. Foi realizado a vazão per capta de esgoto na residência. Os hábitos domiciliares foram afetados pela pandemia, influenciando em uma maior geração de resíduos, no qual foram observadas no final de semana, sendo a maior quantidade para os resíduos orgânicos (67%), 28% de recicláveis e 5% de rejeito e quantidade diária de 465g por dia, abaixo da média nacional. As maiores vazões foram observadas para a bacia sanitária. A constância de atividades durante a pandemia e a mudança de hábitos representou 87%. A geração per capta de efluentes gerados foi de 87,14L abaixo da geração dos últimos 12 meses, refletindo a mudança de hábitos dos indivíduos na residência.

The paper discusses the use of non-traditional types of organic waste in vermicomposting in greenhouses on the territory of the middle taiga forest zone of Western Siberia. Experimental studies were carried out in the laboratories of the scientific and educational center and the center for collective use of the Institute of Natural and Technical Sciences of Surgut State University in 20012020. The main objects of the study were brewers grains, waste from the production of the Kristal brewing company in Surgut and wastewater sludge from the treatment facilities of the Gorvodokanal in Surgut. Additionally, the composition of complex composts included sand, office waste paper, waste coffee, food waste, leaf and grass litter, bird droppings and the microbiological additive Tamir. The compost worms of the Eisenia foetida Prospector species were used as vermiculture. 10 juveniles were launched in the first series of experiments and 50 juvenile worms were launched in the second series. The resulting vermicomposting is more effective in quality than the original substrates. The use of the hybrid Prospector can be effectively used in the disposal of non-traditional organic waste. Complex composts mature more efficiently when microbiological additives are added. In the studied substrates the content of heavy metals was reduced to MPC norms.

Mechanization is a depollution activity, because it provides an energetic and ecological response to the problem of organic waste treatment. Through burning, biogas from mechanization reduces gas pollution from fermentation by a factor of 20. This study aims to better understand the influence of the seasons on the emitted biogas in the landfill of the city Mohammedia. The composition of the biogas that naturally emanates from the landfill has been continuously analyzed by our intelligent system, from different wells drilled in recent and old waste repositories. During the rainy season, the average production of methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen and nitrogen are currently 56%, 32%, and 1%, respectively, compared to 51%, 31%, and 0.8%, respectively, for old waste. Hazards levels, potential fire, and explosion risks associated with biogas are lower than those of natural gases in most cases. For this reason a system is proposed to measure and monitor the biogas production of the landfill site remotely. Measurement results carried out at various sites of the landfill in the city of Mohammedia by the system show that the biogas contents present dangers and sanitary risks which are of another order.

Wastewater is the remainder of an activity released in the liquid form. Wastewater product is feared to have negative influence on the environmental balance; therefore, it is necessary to measure the quality standards of wastewater as a reference in the disposal and treatment. Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly technology utilizing microorganisms as agents in the process of cleaning or restoring wastewater conditions. The use of microorganism services can reduce the concentration of organic waste into simpler organic compounds by converting organic compounds into CO2, CH4, H2, and H2S, as well as water and energy intended for the process of growth and production of microorganisms in the remediation process. This study aims to identify the type of dominant bacteria growing in the wastewater of the sugar factory and has a potential role as a bioremediation agent for the waste. The method used in this study is the experimental, by observing several environmental parameters as indicators, among others, BOD, COD,TSS, and pH. The results of this study found two types of dominant bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, then used as bioremediation agents. The bioremediation activity was able to reduce pH, BOD, and COD levels.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a family of microbial polyesters that are used as biodegradable plastics in replacement of conventional plastics for various applications. However, the high production cost is the barrier for PHA market expansion. This study aimed to utilize food waste as low-cost feedstock to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by Haloferax mediterranei. The effects of acetate (Ac), propionate (Pr), butyrate (Bu), and the short-chain carboxylates derived from food waste were examined on the microbial growth and PHBV production. Results showed that a mixture of carboxylates provided a 55% higher PHBV yield than glucose. The food-waste-derived nutrients achieved the yields of 0.41 to 0.54 g PHBV/g Ac from initial loadings of 450 mg/l to 1,800 mg/l Ac of total carboxylates. And the consumption of individual carboxylate varied between different compositions of the carbon source. The present study demonstrates the potential of using food waste as feedstock to produce PHBV by Haloferax mediterranei, which can provide economic benefits to the current PHA industry. Meanwhile, it will also help promote organic waste reduction in landfills and waste management in general.

Agricultural industry plays a significant role in the global economic growth. It is estimated more than 15% of total waste in Asia are contributed by agro waste. Bacteria is known as one of the useful organisms actively found to surround the waste industry. They are considered as chemical decomposers and act as driving agent of composting that changes the chemistry of organic waste to simple compounds. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and identify potential compostdegrading bacteria from agriculture waste at several sampling areas in Besut district, Terengganu, Malaysia. A total of 49 bacteria strains were isolated using Tryptic Soya Agar (TSA) from seven groups of raw agro wastes (paddy husk, paddy straw, paddy soil, rock melon waste, rock melon soil, corn waste, and corn soil). Primary screening for potential enzyme production was carried out using selective media containing different substrates (sucrose, xylan, starch, skim milk, and pectin). Only 13 bacterial strains were found positive for protease, nine bacteria strains positive for xylanase, and three bacteria strains were found positive for amylase. Identification of bacteria strains were performed using phenotypic, biochemical tests, and genotypic approaches by 16S rRNA gene sequence. Based on NCBI BLAST analysis, we have identified several bacteria strains: Bacillus cereus (strain B), Alcaligenes faecalis (strain C), Micrococcus sp. (strain D), Pseudomonas stutzeri (strain E), Enterobacter cloacae (strain G), and Serratia marcescens (strain J). Strain F and strain H were identified under distinct family of Enterobacteriaceae, while strain I was identified from Pseudomonadeles order which might represent a new type of proteobacteria strain. These potential waste degrading bacteria could be further analyzed and studies for their true potential in many areas including agriculture and industrial waste management as an approach to reduce waste accumulation in eco-friendly way.

Foodservice is estimated to produce 12% of the total food waste in Europe, and it is a major target for policies against food waste. The amount of food lost during foodservice operations has been assessed in the literature as a figure ranging from 10% to 41% of the quantity prepared in the kitchen, either as non-served food or as plate waste. In this paper, a systematization of the current initiatives against food waste in EU school foodservice is provided. This background is used as a base to discuss the results of a direct assessment of food waste conducted in 78 primary schools in Italy, where 28.6% of the food prepared was not consumed by the diners. Part of it was saved for reuse, while the rest was disposed and treated as organic waste or, to a lesser extent, as unsorted waste. The flows of food waste, represented by a Sankey diagram, show that some actions may be implemented in order to save more food from disposal; for example, implementing donation programmes for non-served food or using doggy bags to avoid the disposal of plate waste. A greater effort shall be put on preventive actions, aimed at avoiding the generation of food waste; in this sense regular monitoring at schools may act as a first preventive measure as it can increase the awareness of students, teachers and foodservice staff over the issue of food waste.

The increase in the population of Indonesia is proportional to the increase in the amount of waste produced. Municipal solid waste (MSW) especially organic waste, can be used as solid fuel by means of the torefaction process. Torefaction is a thermo-chemical heat treatment method for biomass conversion that takes place at a temperature of 200oC to 300oC under conditions of atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on calorific, proximate and ultimate values ​​of torefaction samples using municipal solid waste. Setting the water content in the mixed sample (30% rice + 70% wood) with variations in moisture content of 30%, 40%, and 50%; and rice and wood samples with variations in moisture content of 40% and 50%. The torefaction was carried out at a temperature of 300oC for one hour and inert gas N2. Torefaction products have been tested contain of the calorific value, proximate testing, and ultimate testing. The results obtained were the best calorific value in the rice sample, the moisture content of 40% was 6351.1 cal / g or equivalent to sub-bituminous coal. The proximate and ultimate results of the best heating value are rice samples with 40% moisture content, fixed carbon 62.95%, volatile matter 27.85%, moisture 7.06%, ash 2.14%, carbon 71.85%, hydrogen. 2.80%, nitrogen 3.17%, and sulfur 0.05%. The calorific value calculation method that is almost close to the test results is the Dulong method, with an average error percentage of 1.63%.