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This paper analyses farm household strategies and investment behaviour of Bulgarian farmers with a particular focus on the perceived effects of Common Agriculture Policy (CAP). The survey is based on a sample of 83 Bulgarian farms, carried out during 2007 by the Institute of Agricultural Economy (IAE). The farms were selected from 6 less favourite areas in the country which participate in a pilot project aiming to pre-test the effect of direct payments on different farm types. Based on this, three farm types with different specialisation (arable crops, livestock and vegetables), all implementing conventional technology were chosen. The survey includes information about farm and household structure, expectations, reaction to planned and intended investment. Direct payments are normally used in the farm with aim to cover current costs and investment expenditure., JRC.J.5-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy

The impact of the introduction of EU Single Area Payments (SAP) on farm strategy in New Member States is investigated for a sample of Lithuanian farms, utilizing farm accounting and survey data. The application of two investment models demonstrates that the credit market in Lithuania was imperfect prior to accession and that some farms were financially constrained. The introduction of the SAP has a significant, positive influence on farmers’ intentions to expand their farm area compared to a baseline scenario of the continuation of pre-accession policy. The switch in policy has a more pronounced effect on farms that were previously credit constrained. While the SAP has been presented as a policy support that is decoupled from production, its introduction will nevertheless have ex post coupled effects, most notably an income multiplier effect on credit constrained farmers.

The impact of the introduction of the EU Single Area Payments (SAP) on farm strategy is investigated for a sample of Lithuanian farms, utilising farm accounting and survey data. The applications of two investment models demonstrate that the credit market in Lithuania was imperfect prior to accession and that some farms were financially constrained. The introduction of the SAP has a significant, positive influence on farmers’ intentions to expand their farm area compared to a baseline scenario of the continuation of pre-accession policy. The switch in policy has a more pronounced effect on farms that were previously credit constrained. While the SAP has been presented as a policy support that is decoupled from production, its introduction will nevertheless have ex post coupled effects, most notably an income multiplier effect on credit constrained farmers.

End of Project Report This project analysed the role of risk in farmers’ production decisions and the impact of policy changes on risk in agricultural production. · A stochastic budgetary farm level model was developed using Irish National Farm Survey data and FAPRI-Ireland projections. · The model was used to examine the varying level of farmers’ exposure to risk under different policy regimes. · Results showed that under the Mac Sharry and Agenda 2000 regimes of agricultural policy the major incentive for profit maximising farmers to engage in production was to qualify for direct income support. Direct payments were relatively risk free sources of income and therefore risk played only a minor role in the production decision. The results showed that farmers would be exposed to more risk under decoupling. The return to production post decoupling is market based only, as the direct payment is no longer linked to production, and therefore is more exposed to price and production risk. · The stochastic budgetary model, which accounts for price and production risk, was used to estimate the economic trade off between “entitlement farming”, that is retaining farm land only to claim payments and not produce any tangible products, and conventional farming. · The results showed that for less efficient farms, the probability of achieving a significantly higher profit by engaging in entitlement farming is 46 percent, while further analysis shows that there is a 9 percent probability that profits from conventional farming systems would be only marginally higher than the ‘entitlement farming’ option.

Objective of this paper is to analyse farm strategies and investment behaviour of Polish farmers facing present markets and policy challenges - special focus on the effects of CAP. The paper is based on a survey of Polish farmers carried out in 2006 on a sample of 63 farms. Farmers where selected in order to fit in the intersection of the following categories: altitudes (plain/mountain); specialisation (arable crops, livestock, trees), technology (conventional, organic). The survey includes information about farm and household structure, expectations, reaction to planned and intended investment, as well as about potential reforms such as decoupling of EU payments., JRC.J.5-Agriculture and Life Sciences in the Economy

This paper quantifies the effects of EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the instability of domestic farmers' revenues during the period 1986 to 2004. Comparing explicitly the situations with and without policy shows that CAP transfers have lowered the variability of revenues for major commodities through time. The decomposition of agricultural support allows to reveal the impacts of single instruments on instability and indicates that arable area and beef headage payments, introduced in the 1990s, tend to stabilise domestic farmers' revenues. With market price support, however, farmers' revenues are more stable.

La preocupación por las consecuencias negativas que multitud de actividades humanas ejercían de forma sistemática sobre el medio ambiente, comenzó a tomar fuerza a partir de los años 60, plasmándose este aumento de concienciación en eventos internacionales tales como la conferencia celebrada por las Naciones Unidas en Estocolmo en junio de 1972, donde se puso de manifiesto la necesidad de poner en marcha iniciativas de protección ambiental encaminadas a conseguir un desarrollo social “perdurable”, es decir, un desarrollo capaz de satisfacer las necesidades humanas del presente, pero sin arriesgar las posibilidades de las generaciones futuras. Este primer evento, aunque no tuvo consecuencias muy eficientes, supuso el motor de arranque para que posteriormente, en 1983, la comunidad internacional apoyase la propuesta de la ONU de crear una Comisión Mundial sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, llegando ésta a la conclusión de que para satisfacer "las necesidades del presente sin comprometer la capacidad de las futuras generaciones" la protección del medio ambiente y el crecimiento económico habrían de abordarse como una sola cuestión. Ya en los años noventa, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, convocó la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo (CNUMAD). Esta conferencia, conocida como “Cumbre para la Tierra”, celebrada en Río de Janeiro en junio de 1992, supuso un aspecto clave para el comienzo de las negociaciones a nivel internacional sobre las cuestiones relacionadas con el medio ambiente y desarrollo. Los objetivos fundamentales de la Cumbre eran lograr un equilibrio justo entre las necesidades económicas, sociales y ambientales de las generaciones presentes y futuras, sentar las bases para una asociación mundial entre países desarrollados y en desarrollo, así como entre los gobiernos y los sectores de la sociedad civil, para la actuación sobre las necesidades y los intereses comunes. 2 Fueron aprobados, por un total de 172 gobiernos incluidos 108 Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, tres grandes acuerdos que habrían de regir la labor futura. Uno de ellos fue conocido como el Programa 21, consistente en un plan de acción mundial para promover el desarrollo sostenible. En él, donde se llegaron a recopilar más de 2500 recomendaciones prácticas para abordar los problemas urgentes actuales, también se ofrecieron diversas maneras de fortalecer el papel de lo que se ha venido a llamar como “grupos principales” entre los que se destaca de forma explícita, entre otros, a las mujeres. Asimismo, en la Declaración de Río, donde se definieron los derechos y obligaciones de los Estados respecto a los principios básicos sobre el medio ambiente y el desarrollo, se formuló como idea clave, entre otras, el convencimiento de que la plena participación de la mujer era considerada imprescindible para el logro de un desarrollo sustentable. Centrándonos en el caso de la situación de la mujer en el entorno rural, cabe destacar la fuerte masculinización que históricamente y en un ámbito geográfico global ha caracterizado a este espacio, produciendo esta circunstancia que a menudo la situación de la mujer quedase relegada a un papel secundario, siendo considerada en numerosas ocasiones como mera colaboradora de las tareas desempeñadas por el hombre. Esta situación ha provocado que frecuentemente el papel de la mujer careciese de reconocimiento tanto social como económico, frenando de esta forma su potencial productivo personal, así como de forma general, un mayor desarrollo del conjunto del medio al que pertenece. De esta realidad y con el objetivo de acabar con esta situación de desigualdad, durante las últimas reformas de la Política Agraria Comunitaria (PAC)- donde el desarrollo rural constituye su segundo pilar de actuación- aparece un conjunto de políticas de igualdad de oportunidades, siendo éstas consideradas como un objetivo imprescindible para un avance eficiente del medio rural. Es por ello que la perspectiva de género actualmente constituye un elemento esencial presente en cualquier política y estrategia formulada, con la finalidad de garantizar a las mujeres la igualdad de oportunidades tanto a nivel laboral, como político o cultural. Por otra parte, cabe destacar que debido al carácter reciente del interés por mejorar las circunstancias y condiciones de las mujeres rurales (principios de los años ochenta), la información actual sobre este colectivo es todavía escasa, limitándose casi exclusivamente a análisis localizados. Es por ello que se hace necesario impulsar trabajos que analicen de forma pormenorizada, la situación de la mujer y que éstos sirvan de base de decisión para las futuras políticas de actuación.

ÖZYÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİGENİŞLEME SÜRECİNİN AB TARIM VE TARIM POLİTİKALARINA (OTP) ETKİLERİVE BUNUN TÜRKİYE TARIMINA OLASI YANSIMALARIAli Rıza DEPREMÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİFEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜTARIM EKONOMİSİ ANABİLİM DALIDanışman: Prof. Dr. M. Necat ÖRENYıl: 2006, Sayfa:103Jüri : Prof. Dr. M. Necat ÖRENDoç.Dr.Seda ŞENGÜLYrd.Doç.Dr.Cahit GÜNGÖRBu çalışmada, AB genişleme sürecinin Birliğin tarımsal yapı ve politikalarına etkilerive bunun Türkiye tarımına olası yansımaları incelenmiştir. Buna göre, özellikle 2004 yılıMayıs ayındaki son genişleme Birliğin tarımsal yapısını büyük ölçüde değiştirmiş, OTP'de isedestek, miktar ve kapsamının sınırlandırılarak daha rekabetçi bir ortamın yaratılması ve kırsalkalkınmaya artan önemin verilmesi yönünde köklü değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Yapılan budüzenlemelerde DTÖ Tarım Antlaşması da etkili olmuştur.Türkiye'nin üyeliği, AB tarımında ve OTP harcamalarında çok daha köklüdeğişikliklere neden olacaktır. Bugünkü haliyle Türkiye tarımı, üyelik önündeki en büyükengellerden biri olarak görülmektedir. Türkiye'nin son derece karmaşık ve sürekli değişimeuğrayan OTP'ye uyumu kolay olmayacaktır. Son gelişmelerle, uyum amacıyla bir geçişdöneminin tanınması ve Birlik fonlarının kullanımı konusunda da kısıtlamalar getirilmiştir.Bu bakımdan, bundan böyle Türkiye'nin tarımsal yapı ve politikalardaki temel farklılıklarıüyelik öncesi ve daha çok kendi olanaklarıyla gidermesi konusunun daha da önem kazandığısöylenebilir.Anahtar kelimeler: Avrupa Birliği (AB), Ortak Tarım Politikası (OTP), Türkiye, TarımPolitikaları, Tarım Sektörü, Genişleme Süreci. ABSTRACTM. Sc. THESISEFFECTS OF THE ENLARGEMENT PROCESS ON EU AGRICULTURE ANDAGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR TURKISHAGRICULTUREAli Rıza DEPREMÇUKUROVA UNIVERSITYINSTITUTE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCESDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICSSupervisor: Prof. Dr. M. Necat ÖRENYear: 2006, Pages:103Jury : Prof. Dr. M. Necat ÖRENDoç.Dr.Seda ŞENGÜLYrd.Doç.Dr.Cahit GÜNGÖRThis study analyses the effects of EU enlargement process on the agricultureand agricultural policies of the Union and their implications for Turkish agriculture.The most recent enlargement occurred in May, 2004, has significantly changed theagricultural structure of the Union and caused dramatic changes in CAP, towardscreation of a more competitive environment and recognition of the increasingimportance of rural development through limitations put on the amount and extent ofthe supports. WTO agreements have also played an efficient role in thoseregulations.Accession of Turkey will cause much more radical changes in EU agricultureand CAP expenses. With its present status, Turkish agriculture is being seen one ofthe greatest barriers before accession. It will not be easy for Turkey to adapt toconstantly changing and complicated CAP. With recent developments, somerestrictions have been set forth on allowing a transition period for adaptation and useof the Union funds. In this sense, based on the recent developments, it can beconcluded that it has become more important for Turkey to eliminate its fundamentaldifferences in agricultural structure and policies before accession with its ownopportunities.Keywords: European Union (EU), Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), Turkey,Agricultural Policies, Agricultural Sector, Enlargement Process. 117

The paper is based on the findings of a 2 year, EU-wide project on the territorial impacts of the CAP (ESPON project 2.1.3). It particularly focuses on the territorial impact of the different components of CAP and assesses the changes towards rural development policy. The results presented are derived from statistical analysis of the database augmented by findings from an EU-wide review of literature and a series of case studies on the implementation experiences of the main rural development measures across the EU. It is shown that pillar 2 support is still strongly centred on agricultural measures and actors and far from reaching its potential for enhancing a more generally applied rural development strategy. The discussion of the paper will focus on the differing national priorities, and the uneven allocation of RDR funds, partly due to difficulties of co-financing in poorer regions. Importantly, analysis of the impact of the Mid Term Review proposals on farm incomes suggests that the latest reforms of the CAP do not improve substantially the consistency between the CAP, and cohesion. In particular, the proposed application of the CAP-reform in different member states shall be discussed and assessed whether the changes in the framework of rural development contribute to achieve a more balanced performance across EU countries and regions.

PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)

The present study is part of the PPLPI effort to identify significant political and institutional factors and processes that currently hinder or prevent the poor in developing countries from taking greater advantage of opportunities to benefit from livestock. The study examines the political economy of policy-making concerning trade in livestock and livestock products (LLPs) between the European Union (EU) and developing countries (DCs). The main objective is to determine and assess how relevant EU policy is made, including the role of key actors and forces both domestic and international. The political economy of relevant LLP trade-related issues are examined at four levels: (a) the EU member state, (b) the European Union itself, (c) the international trading system, and (d) developing countries. Several issues cross, or are relevant to, the different levels of analysis. A related objective is to identify "entry points" and provide strategic recommendations aimed at achieving positive change. Two livestock commodities, beef and dairy, were selected as central to the study. The EU is a prodigious producer of livestock and livestock products, and it plays a major role in international trade in LLPs. EU subsidies and trade barriers have been the subject of intense criticism by some European Union member states, developed and developing country trading partners, international organizations, academics, advocacy NGOs and others.

In Denmark rural areas is undergoing af rapid change from pure agriculture and forest to a mix between still bigger industrial farms and properties and small holdings for housing only, parttime farming and small industries in former agricultural buildings.In the seventies the national policy was focusing on the protection of valuable arable land from changing to parttime and distant farming, urban growth, infrastructure and Afforestration. Now thirty years after the clear distinction between urban and rural areas has been politically abandoned. Rural areas is open for more urbanization in the form of housing and trade, industry different from agriculture.This integrated urbanization and industrialization of rural areas is a new challenge for chartered surveyors in Denmark. The surveying profession and their capacity of advisory to the owners of holdings in the countryside play a central role in transformation of ownership to land and properties.Field studies have documented how the individual expanding farmers acts strategically in the local battle of more land to build up a still more productive and efficient agricultural enterprise.The raising demand for land is also catalysed by the new land policy for nature reconstruction, afforrestration and ground water protection.

The Mid-Term Review proposals presented by the European Commission in July 2002 and January 2003 correspond no doubt to the most radical CAP reform since the latter was established in the early 1960's. This is not because these proposals include firm commitments on market access and export competition dossiers in the perspective of WTO talks. The proposals are silent on these points. This is because they finally achieve the shift from product to producer support by replacing all existing or newly introduced direct income payments, with a few exceptions, by a single decoupled payment per farm, based on historical references and conditional upon cross-compliance to environmental, animal welfare as well as food security and quality criteria. In addition, they expand the scope of rural development instruments to promote food quality, meet higher standards and foster animal welfare and they increase amounts available for rural development by transferring funds from the first to the second pillar via the introduction of an EU-wide system of degression and modulation. This paper discusses these proposals from both an external and internal point of view. We analyse to what extent the MTR proposals could facilitate the EU negotiation position in the WTO. From a domestic point of view, these proposals correspond to appropriate changes in the right direction with however some important qualifications. We analyse these qualifications. We also discuss to what extent the MTR proposals should be considered as the ultimate reform of the CAP or as the third step, after 1992 and 1999, in the long-term process where public intervention would be mainly reserved for correcting market failures, notably the promotion of positive externalities and public goods as well as the reduction in risk and instability faced by agricultural producers., Les propositions de réforme de la Politique agricole commune présentées par la Commission européenne en juillet 2002 et en janvier 2003 peuvent être considérées comme une révolution. Non parce qu'elles contiennent des engagements à une plus grande ouverture du marché européen ou à une diminution des subventions à l'exportation dans la perspective des négociations agricoles multilatérales du cycle de Doha. Mais parce qu'elles achèvent le mouvement amorcé en 1992 d'un soutien interne aux produits vers un soutien aux producteurs, via le remplacement des aides directes actuelles par une paiement unique par exploitation déconnecté des choix de production, calculé sur une base historique. En outre, le versement de ce paiement serait conditionné au respect de normes en matière d'environnement, de bien-être animal, de sécurité et de qualité desproduits. Les propositions permettraient également d'augmenter les ressources disponibles pour financer les mesures dites du deuxième pilier, i.e., les mesures liées à la politique de développement rural. Cet article analyse les propositions d'un double point de vue, externe et interne. Sur le premier point, il s'agit notamment d'examiner dans quelle mesure leur adoption permettrait de faciliter la position de négociation de l'Union européenne à l'Organisation mondiale du commerce. Sur le deuxième point, nous montrons qu'il s'agit d'un nouveau pas, après ceux de 1992 et de 1999, dans la bonne direction même si certains problèmes ne sont que très partiellement résolus (par exemple, celui de l'inégale répartition du soutien entre productions, exploitations, etc.) et même si plusieurs interrogations méritent une analyse quantitative plus approfondie (par exemple, l'impact de ces propositions sur le prix du foncier, le nombre de producteurs, l'abandon éventuel de surfaces, etc.).

Esp: Para alcanzar sus metas y hacer frente a la globalización de los mercados y el consiguiente incremento de la competencia, las organizaciones tienden a implicarse en relaciones estables que se concretan en la creación de alianzas o asociaciones. En el ámbito agroalimentario este comportamiento es seguido por las cooperativas agrarias, las cuales encuentran en su incorporación a cooperativas de segundo grado una alternativa que les ofrece importantes beneficios. en este contexto, el propósito de este estudio es conocer en que medida las cooperativas de segundo grado contribuyan a que las cooperativas agrarias que las integran alcancen sus objetivos. Para ello se plantea un marco teórico que permita evaluar esta contribución y se realiza un estudio empírico con la información obtenida de una encueta a 190 cooperativas hortofrutícolas españolas que comercializan toda, o parte, de su producción a través de una cooperativa de segundo grado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los objetivos que mayor medida se consiguen son los de imagen y prestigio, crecimiento en ventas y beneficios. Además, la contribución de la cooperativa de segundo grado a la consecuciónde los objetivos de la cooperativa de primer grado es mayor conforme aumente el número de servicios que aquélla presta a ésta y cuanto menor es la dimensión de la cooperativa de primer grado y la distancia entre ambas cooperativas. Eng: The establishment of long-term relationships is common practice among those companies that strive to attain their objectives in industries with increasing globalisation and competition. In the agro food sector this behaviour is been followed by the agricultural cooperatives, which with their integration in second-order marketing cooperatives have found an alternative to reach important benefits. In this context, the purpose of this study is to figure out how the second-order cooperatives contribute to their first-order partners´objectives. We offer theorical model and empirically test it over a sample of 190 first-order cooperatives that are integrated in second-order partnerships. The results show that the first-order cooperatives´objectives of image, and growth in sales and profits are those that are better achieved with the integration in second-order relationships. Moreover, the second-order cooperatives contribution to their first-order objectives is positively influenced by the number of services the second-order cooperatives perform for their partners, and negatively affected by the size od the first-order cooperative and the distance between the two partners. La recogida de información para esta investigación ha sido financiada por ANECOOP, Sdad. Coop. empresa a la que los autores agradecen la ayuda prestada.

This paper is the final report of a research project whose aim was to analyse the methodology of calculating the costs and benefits for the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia of the envisaged accession to the European Union. The research focused particularly on the impact of the emerging EMU and on the application of the CAP, Structural Funds and the customs union. The paper reviews, compares and evaluates the techniques/models used and the results arrived at in the individual countries in the assessment of the costs and benefits of EU accession. The main lesson from our research project is that no single methodology can be distinguished or developed as 'the' solution to the problem of measuring the costs and benefits of accession to the EU. The degree of uncertainty in all important aspects of the EU's eastern enlargement is high and the constraints in the application of model-based methodologies are such that robust assessments of accession-related costs and benefits are extremely difficult to produce. Nevertheless, due to the political and economic need for a proper perception of the implications of membership, research on costs and benefits must be implemented, even if under suboptimal conditions and with rather limited validity of results.

La tendencia general hacia la globalización de los mercados, los recientes acuerdos de la Ronda Uruguay del GATT y las sucesivas reformas de la Política Agrária Común (PAC) afectan de manera especial al sector agrario y alimentario. Estos hechos impiden que las PYMES agroalimentarias puedan responder adecuadamente de forma aislada a los cambios relacionados con la demanda y el progreso técnico. De entre las diversas actuaciones para superar estas limitaciones destaca la integración de las PYMES en cooperativas agrárias.

The main determinants of Spanish demand for imported corn are Spain's adherence to the EC's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the U.S.-EC Enlargement Agreement. Spain's adoption of the CAP raised corn prices, leading livestock producers to substitute less expensive feed ingredients, and increased protection from imports. Spain's entry into the EC resulted in slightly higher domestic corn production, lower imports, and lower consumption. The Enlargement Agreement requires Spain to import 2.3 million tons per year of corn and other feed ingredients. Quality considerations are secondary to agricultural policy in determining the quantity and source of Spain's corns imports. The new CAP for grains will reduce Spanish corn production.

Soil is a vital resource for sustaining life of the Earth. This resource has a low ability for regeneration, while it is subjected to increasing human pressure; it is therefore, in need of protection, as recognized by the UE in Europe and by the FAO at world scale. Soil provides important functions related to: the agriculture as vegetable biomass production and row materials of the Agro-Food processing; the water regulation and hydrogeologic protection, the regulation of the biochemical cycles of the fundamental elements for life: nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur; the degradation of the xenobiotics polluting substance; the preservation of the biodiversity; the preservation of cultural artifact: the climatic regulation, relating to the function of carbonic sink provided by the soil organic matter and biomass. The UE has call attention that the soil threats like: erosion, organic matter decline, local and widespread contamination, sealing, compaction, biodiversity decline, salinization and landslides are closely linked to agriculture (Soil Thematic Strategy of the UE). According to FAO assessment the percentage of soil degraded in the world was about 15% in 2001 and is increased up to 27% in 2008. The 78% of the degraded soil are located in the humid regions and concern in equal measure both forest that cultivated land. Such tendency points out that the agricultural and forest productions in long time will be strongly influenced by the soil degradation there it will be a decrease also if the same surface of agricultural land. In cultivated land one of the principal cause of the productivity decline is the excessive dependence of the farmer on the productive factors employees in to increase the production level (inputs), with the result to damage the soil in the long time, therefore, all ecosystems dependent on soil. Different soil quality indexes have been proposed and elaborated in to attempt to evaluate the sustainability of land use activities as part of national and international programmes on sustainable soil management. Actually, Rural Policy, in particular the agri-environment measures, offers member states or regions new opportunities for encouraging farmers to achieve soil quality in to decrease soil degradation. Although, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), to date, soil protection is not a specific objective, nor does a targeted policy framework for soils seem exist.

Both price incentives and increases in efficiency have been responsible for increased livestock production and feed use in the European Community. Econometric estimates from 1964 to 1979 suggest that increased efficiency was a more important factor for poultry meat, eggs, and pork, while price incentives were more important for beef and dairy. Feed demand for grains and oilseed meal responded mainly to the growth in livestock products, but was limited by increases in the use of nongrain feeds. Simulation results suggest that lower price supports would have significantly reduced milk production and feed use, while an increase in the price of oilseed meals would have had little effect on the demand for total oilseed meal.

Marginal land rehabilitation to grow industrial crops presents a unique opportunity for deliver-ing commitments for the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), global climate change goals, and sustainable bio- based products without interfering with European food security. Moreo-ver, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), under Pillar II, has set support measures for Less Favoured Areas (LFA), High Nature Value Farming (HNV), Areas of Natural Constraints (ANC) to prevent land abandonment. Marginal lands are in large part attributed to agricultural land which has been abandoned. This is a major problem in terms of environmental, socioeconomic and landscape implica-tions as it can cause uniform landscapes, higher risks of fires, reduced biodiversity adapted to man-made environments, reductions in river flows and less water in basins, loss of cultural landscapes and management techniques required for their conservation, and loss of arable land and pastures, which could be essential for the sustainable development of rural com-munities. The aim of identifying ‘Good Practices’ is to understand the context of using marginal land for cropping, the state and prospects for industrial crops, the conditions framing their cultivation and the supply chains as well as their operational capacities across time and development stages. The process of identifying the ‘Good Practice’ involves gathering information on suc-cesses and failures of growing industrial crops on marginal lands in different contexts and lessons learned from them followed up with analysis of what works, what does not work and why. The ‘Good Practice’ can be assessed based on a combination of technical, environ-mental, economic and socio-economic criteria and indicators. It will follow practices which rehabilitate the biophysical constraints related to the soil and wa-ter conditions of the land while improving environmental, economic and societal establish-ments and operational aspects of the value chain. These practices will lead a path to policy success in integrating industrial crops cultivated in marginal lands in bio-based value chains.

Despite the potential of legumes to improve the sustainability of arable cropping systems and enhance the quality of farmed animal and human diets, the production and consumption of legumes in Europe are low, whereas their demand for feed is high.” This insight, also called a legume paradox, was shared by many stakeholders (approximately 600) from the TRUE project partnership and beyond. To support the realisation of more sustainable legume-based systems, results from the TRUEpolicy analysis are formulated as recommendations and collected in four policy briefsto help develop positive, proactive approaches This Policy Brief onThe Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the transition to legume supported food systems addresses the critical need for knowledge exchange and education of farmers in the EU to the benefit of legumes. A transition to home-grown legume supported agri-food and feed-systems in Europe also requires a major, concerted, and strategic effort across the value chain, including the crucial role of extension services. &nbsp

Despite the potential of legumes to improve the sustainability of arable cropping systems and enhance the quality of farmed animal and human diets, the production and consumption of legumes in Europe are low, whereas their demand for feed is high.” This insight, also called a legume paradox, was shared by many stakeholders (approximately 600) from the TRUE project partnership and beyond. To support the realisation of more sustainable legume-based systems, results from the TRUEpolicy analysis are formulated as recommendations and collected in four policy briefsto help develop positive, proactive approaches This Policy Brief onThe Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the transition to legume supported food systems addresses the critical need for knowledge exchange and education of farmers in the EU to the benefit of legumes. A transition to home-grown legume supported agri-food and feed-systems in Europe also requires a major, concerted, and strategic effort across the value chain, including the crucial role of extension services. &nbsp