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Bu derleme, 9-11/05/2016 tarihlerinde Isparta Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde düzenlenen 12. Ulusal Zootekni Öğrenci Kongresinde sözlü bildiri olarak sunulmuş olup bildirinin özeti bildiriler kitabında basılmıştır. Karma yeme ait ilk örnekler 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkmıştır. Karma yem üretiminde asıl gelişme ise 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında olmuştur. Bu gelişmedeki en önemli payın farklı bilim dallarında ortaya çıkan gelişmeler ve bunların ortaya çıkarmış olduğu ortak etkiye ait olduğu söylenebilir. Karma yem fabrikalarında karmaya girecek ham maddelerin fabrikaya alımından ambalajlanmasına kadar geçen süreçte birçok farklı işlem uygulanmaktadır. Söz konusu işlemlerin her birinde önemli teknolojik gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Fakat karma yemin üretilmesindeki en önemli işlemler olan öğütme, karıştırma ve yeme form (toz, pelet veya granül form) verilmesindeki teknolojik gelişmeler hayvan besleme açısından en olumlu etkiyi yaratan gelişmelerdir. Teknolojik gelişmeler ile birlikte karma yemlerin yem değerleri de önemli bir gelişim göstermiştir. Bu derlemede karma yem üretiminde yaşanan teknolojik gelişmelerin hayvan besleme açısından bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. The first examples of compound feed have emerged towards the end of the 19th century. Compound feed production has shown its real development in the second half of the 20th century. It can be said that the most important share in this development belongs to the developments that occur in different branches of science and to the common influence. Many different processes are applied until the raw materials are taken to the factory and compound feeds are packed in the factories. Significant technological developments have been experienced in each of these processes. But technological developments in grinding, mixing and shaping the compound feed (powder, pellet or granular form), which are the most important processes in the production of compound feed, are generating the most positive impact in terms of animal nutrition. Along with technological developments, feed values of compound feeds also showed a significant improvement. In this review, an evaluation of the technological developments in compound feed production has been made in terms of animal nutrition.

Οι αφλατοξίνες στις ζωοτροφές αποτελούν σοβαρό κίνδυνο για την υγεία των ζώων και επιπλέον θέτουν σε κίνδυνο την υγεία των καταναλωτών από την κατανάλωση γάλακτος επιβαρυμένου με αφλατοξίνη. Δεδομένου ότι η τοξικότητα και η σταθερότητα των αφλατοξινών κατα την επεξεργασία ζωοτροφών και των τροφίμων είναι γνωστή, η παρούσα μελέτη είχε ως σκοπό την αποτύπωση των επιπέδων των αφλατοξινών σε συμπυκνωμένες ζωοτροφές, πρώτες ύλες για ζωοτροφές και σε ενσιρώματα αραβοσίτου, στην κεντρική Ελλάδα. Από τα 274 δείγματα ζωοτροφών που αναλύθηκαν με την ανοσοενζυμική μέθοδο Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), στα 132 (48.17%) δεν βρέθηκαν αφλατοξίνες, ενώ στα 39 (14.23%) βρέθηκαν αφλατοξίνες εκτός του ευρωπαϊκά θεσμοθετημένου ορίου των 10 μg kg-1. Τα ποσοστά των αφλατοξινών κυμαίνονταν από 0.6 έως 45.2 μg kg-1. Το καλαμπόκι βρέθηκε να είναι στατιστικά σημαντικά πιο επιβαρυμένο με αφλατοξίνες (p-value, Aflatoxins (AFs) in feeds are considered as serious hazards for livestock health and additionally they pose a risk for consumers’ health, especially when contaminated milk is consumed. Since AFs toxicity and stability during feeds and food processing is well established, this study aimed to determine the level of AFs contamination in compound feeds, feed materials and silage, intended for feeding dairy livestock, in central Greece. Out of 274 feed samples analyzed with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), in 132 (48.17%) AFs were not detected, while 39 (14.23%) were found above the EU maximum tolerable limit of 10 μg kg-1. The levels of AFs contamination ranged from 0.6 to 45.2 μg kg-1. It was found more possible for corn to be contaminated (p-value

Включение заменителя обезжиренного молока в состав комбикорма КР-2 10% по массе, оказывает положительное влияние на потребление кормов, морфо-биохимический состав крови, общее физиологическое состояние животных, продуктивность, способствуют повышению энергии роста опытного молодняка на 1,7% удешевлению комбикормов на 41,4%, снижению себестоимости прироста на 32,3%. Inclusion of skimmed milk replacer into compound feed KR-2 in the amount of 10% by weight has a positive effect on feed intake, morphological and biochemical composition of blood, general physiological state of animals, performance, promotes increase of growth energy of experimental young animals by 1,7%, allows to decrease feed price by 41,4%, and price cost of weight gain by 32,3%.

Проведенный анализ существующих комбикормовых установок выявил следующие их недостатки: низкую однородность производимого продукта, высокую металлоёмкость конструкции и большое энергопотребление. Для приготовления комбикормов в условиях хозяйств необходимы надежные, простые в эксплуатации и сравнительно недорогие размольно-дозировочно-смесительные агрегаты и установки, которые позволяют производить концентрированные смеси из местного сырья и обогащать комбикорма витаминами и добавками. Основываясь на потребности сельхозпредприятий в концентрированных кормах в Федеральном аграрном научном центре Северо-Востока совместно с проектно конструкторским бюро НИИСХ Северо-Востока разработана конструктивно-технологическая схема нового кормоцеха. В предложенном варианте комбикормового цеха используется метод измельчения ингредиентов после их дозирования, что улучшает однородность корма. Важно распределять в массе кормосмеси компоненты, вводимые в небольших количествах и имеющие высокую кормовую ценность или биологическую активность: белково-витаминные добавки (БВД), премиксы, витамины, микроэлементы, лекарственные препараты. Однородность смеси обеспечивает одинаковую питательную ценность корма во всех частях его объема. Проведено технико-экономическое обоснование применения нового кормоцеха в сравнении с базовым вариантом (Р1-БКЗ-5 (Мельинвест). Приведены расчеты (по ценам 2017 г.) производительности цеха по выходу комбикорма, удельных эксплуатационных затрат, удельных капиталовложений, рассчитаны приведенные затраты и годовой экономический эффект. Применение разработанного комбикормового цеха экономически целесообразно. Годовой экономический эффект составляет 773651 рубль при годовой загрузке 2140 т. Он получен в основном за счёт снижения на 46 % удельных капиталовложений и удельной энергоёмкости машин на 38 %, An analysis of actual feed plants showed their weak points: low uniformity of made product, high metal consumption, and high-power consumption. Reliable, easy-to-work and rather cheap grinding-dosing-mixing machines and installations are necessary to produce compound feed. They can produce a concentrated mix of domestic raw materials and enrich them with vitamins and additives. In North-East Federal Agrarian Scientific Center in cooperation with planning and design office of the center was developed a new constructive and technological scheme of a feed plant based on a need of agricultural enterprises in concentrated mixes. This feed plant uses a method of grinding ingredients after dosing which improves a uniformity of compound feed. It is important to mix in components adding in small portions and having high feeding value and bioactivity: protein and vitamin supplements, premixture, vitamins, minor nutrient elements, and medicines. Uniformity of compound feed provides same feed value in its whole volume. The feasibility study of a new feed plant in comparison with basic one was carried out (P1-BK3-5 (Melinvest). Calculations (based on prices 2017) of productivity of feed plant, specific costs, specific capital investments, expenses, and an economic effect are given. Implementation of this feed plant is economically reasonable. An annual economic effect is 773651 Rub. and annual capacity 2140 t. It is the result of a decrease of specific capital investments by 46 % and energy intensity by 38 %.

Введение: в России приготовление комбикормов остается одной из наиболее консервативных отраслей промышленного производства. На основе анализа литературных источников был сделан предварительный вывод о применимости концепции создания мобильных малых локальных предприятий для создания современных комбикормовых заводов. Целью исследования являлся теоретический анализ способов применения концепции создания и функционирования современных малых локальных предприятий для организации производства комбикормов в сельхозпредприятиях. Материалы и методы: исследования проводились на основе методов системного анализа и синтеза. Предложенная структура малых комбикормовых предприятий основана на использовании модульного принципа построения производственных систем. Использована концепция создания и применения мобильных малых предприятий. Результаты: локальные малые контейнерные заводы по производству комбикормов будут обладать высокой эффективностью, так как производство готового корма будет приближено как к источнику сырья, так и месту его потребления. Применение транспортабельных комбикормовых заводов, состоящих из одного модуля-контейнера, позволит малым сельхозпредприятиям организовать независимое локальное производство комбикормов в основном из собственного сырья. Для малых и средних сельхозпредприятий рационально использование малых комбикормовых заводов группового типа, состоящих из основного и дополнительных модулей, обеспечивающих оперативную реакцию на изменение внешних условий путем изменения структуры предприятия. Для сельхозпредприятий, работающих в стабильных условиях, рационально применение модульных комбикормовых заводов постоянной структуры. Обсуждение: для внедрения малых контейнерных комбикормовых заводов в производство необходимо решить ряд проблем. В частности, необходимо решить проблемы аспирации контейнерных модулей, их стандартизации, а также размещения в комплекте с ними емкостей для оперативного хранения запаса сырья и готового корма. Заключение: создание системы внутрихозяйственного приготовления комбикормов в форме малых локальных контейнерных заводов позволяет превратить эту консервативную отрасль промышленности в инновационную, соответствующую современным принципам организации производства

Several plant pathogen Fusarium species produce fumonisins (FUMs); which can end up in food and feed and; when ingested; can exhibit harmful effects on humans and livestock. Mycotoxin intoxication by fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) can cause porcine pulmonary edema; leukoencephalomalacia in equines; esophageal cancer and birth defects by natural contamination. Herein; the occurrence of FB1 and FB2 in feedstuff (compound feed and feed ingredients) was investigated between 2011 and 2016 in South Korea. A total of 535 animal feed samples (425 compound feed samples and 110 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled four times between 2011 and 2016 (2011; 2012; 2014 and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The limit of detection (LOD) for FB1 and FB2 was 20 μg/kg and 25 μg/kg; respectively; and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 30 μg/kg and 35 μg/kg; respectively. The recovery range (%) was between 86.4% and 108.8%; and the relative standard deviation (RSD) (%) was 4.7–12.1%. Seven (swine feed samples) out of the 425 feed samples exceeded the European Union (EU) and South Korea commission regulations over the six-year test period; and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.

Aim of the thesis: To the influence of extruded compound feed in dairy cow‘s nutrition on cow‘s productivity, quality of production and health. Objectives of the thesis: 1. To produce extruded compound feed and analyse it‘s nutritive and energetic value; 2. To analyse ratio‘s with extruded compound feed influence on dairy cow‘s productivity; 3. To analyse ratio‘s with extruded compound feed influence on milk composition and qualitative indexe‘s. Methods of the research: Master thesis‘ research was accomplished at Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Veterinary Academy, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Laboratory of meat quality estimation and in JSC „Naujasis Nevėžis“ and farm „X“ in 2015-2017. The feeding trial was performed in january-april 2016. In 2015 company JSC „Naujasis Nevėžis“ produced an extruded compound feed‘s PROTEMIL-20 formulation, this product was designed for feeding dairy cows year-round. There was a feeding trial performed, to evaluate extruded compound feed‘s PROTEMIL-20 influence on dairy cow‘s productivity, milk composition and quality, the feeding trial lasted for 100 days (preparatory period of 10 days, and 90 days for examination). Results of the research: 1. Compound feed‘s processing by extrusion had a positive influence on dairy cow‘s productivity, during all trial period, cows fed with extruded ompound feed PROTEMIL-20 had 103.7 kg or 3.66 % (p0,05) bigger, after third month – 0.26 % bigger comparing to control group (p>0,05),the amount of protein in milk after first month of the trial in experimental group cow‘s milk was only 0.03 % (p>0,05), after the second – 0.1 % bigger (p>0,05), and after the third month – 0.13 % bigger (p>0,05), comparing to control group‘s milk. 3. During the trial, the relation of fat and protein in milk of experimental group cow‘s varied slightly and was in physiological norms (p>0,05). 4. During the trial period, the amount of lactose in experimental group cow‘s milk ranged from 4.67 to 4.73 %, and control group‘s – from 4.71 to 4.76 %. These results show that the amount of lactose in dairy cow‘s milk corresponded physiological norms (p>0,05). 5. Differently processed compound feed‘s appliance in dairy cow‘s nutrition did not have a reliable influence to the concentration of urea in milk, during all the trial period the somatic cell count exceeded 200 thousands/ml limit (p>0,05). Size and structure of the thesis. Size and structure of the thesis. Thesis consist of: preface, 4 chapters, that represents literature analysis, research methods, results, discussion, conclusions, recommendations, literature sources list. Literature sources list consists of 74 positions. Extent of thesis: 44 pages, 4 tables, 10 pictures.

Background: In the nutrition literature there are several reports on the use of artificial neural network (ANN) and Multiple linear regression (MLR) approaches for predicting feed composition and nutritive value, while the use of support vector machines (SVM) method as a new alternative approach to MLR and ANN models is still not fully investigated. Methods: The MLR, ANN, and SVM models were developed to predict metabolizable energy (ME) content of compound feeds for pigs based on the German energy evaluation system from analyzed contents of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), and starch. A total of 290 datasets from standardized digestibility studies with compound feeds was provided from several institutions and published papers and ME was calculated thereon. Accuracy and precision of developed models were evaluated given their produced prediction values. Results: The results revealed that the developed ANN (R2= 0.95; root mean square error= 0.19 MJ/kg of dry matter) and SVM (R2= 0.95; root mean square error= 0.21 MJ/kg of dry matter) models produced better prediction values in estimating ME in compound feed than those produced by conventional MLR (R2= 0.89; root mean square error= 0.27 MJ/kg of dry matter). Conclusion: The developed ANN and SVM models produced better prediction values in estimating ME in compound feed than those produced by conventional MLR, however, there were not obvious differences between performance of ANN and SVM models. Thus, SVM model may also be considered as a promising tool for modeling the relationship between chemical composition and ME of compound feeds for pigs. To provide the readers and nutritionist with the easy and rapid tool, an Excel® calculator namely, SVM_ME_pig, was created to predict the metabolizable energy values in compound feeds for pigs using developed support vector machine model.

The optimization problem of feed ration in the creation of the automated production of compound feed and premixes was substantiated. The mathematical formulation of the problem of linear programming was made, the objective function was built, the method for the problem solution was chosen, and software for the method implementation was developed. MS EXCEL spreadsheets and programming language Visual Basic for Application were used that gives to zoo-technicians wide opportunities in the implementation of functional and inexpensive solutions in the field of computational processes as reflected in the practical part of this paper. However, the drawback of this solution is the experts’ need for knowledge of software development. The choice of one or another solution must be made in accordance with the financial and staffing opportunities of agricultural enterprises as these items are limiting.

Сформулированы основные положения технологического проектирования внутрихозяйственных комбикормовых предприятий на основе открытой модульной архитектуры. Разработана номенклатура типовых технологических модулей комбикормовых предприятий. Это позволяет разработать готовые компоновки модульных предприятий, включающие перечень входящих в них типовых модулей и схему их взаимного расположения. Основные положения являются базой для разрабатываемой методики технологического проектирования внутрихозяйственных комбикормовых предприятий., Fundamentals of technological projecting intraeconomic compound feed enterprises on the basis of open modular architecture are formulated. The nomenclature of compound feed enterprises' standard technological modules is developed. It allows to develop the ready configurations of modular enterprises including the list of standard modules and circuit of their positional relationship. Basic provisions are a basis for developed technique for technological projecting the intraeconomic compound feed enterprises.

Введение. В настоящее время понятие «модульный принцип построения» применительно к комбикормовому производству отчетливо не сформулировано и нуждается в уточнении. Материалы и методы. Исследования выполнены в «Аграрном научном центре «Донской», «Северо-Кавказский научно-исследовательский институт механизации и электрификации сельского хозяйства», Ростовская область, Россия. Методами исследования являлись системный анализ и синтез. Результаты. Особенность существующих контейнерных модульных заводов состоит в том, что модули являются не технологическими, а конструктивными. На основе проведенного анализа был сделан вывод о необходимости совмещения конструктивного и технологического модуля при проектировании модульных комбикормовых предприятий. Применение модульного принципа эффективно при оформлении технологического модуля в качестве конструктивно законченной единицы предприятия. В качестве структурной единицы комбикормового завода необходимо принять конструктивно законченный и функционально самостоятельный технологический модуль, а сами модули унифицировать на основе единой платформы. Под модульным принципом формирования внутрихозяйственных комбикормовых предприятий нами понимается принцип формирования заводов путем их компоновки из типовых конструктивных технологических модулей ограниченной номенклатуры. Такое предприятие как технологическая система формируется из подсистем технологических модулей, а как конструктивная система из структурных единиц стандартных конструктивных модулей, причем конструктивный модуль совпадает с технологическим. Создание комбикормового предприятия в виде комплекса автономных конструктивных технологических модулей позволит осуществлять поэтапное изменение структуры технологического процесса без приостановки производства, увеличивать или снижать производительность, удовлетворять запросы потребителей кормов. Обсуждение. Модульные комбикормовые предприятия на основе технологических модулей оптимальны при малой мощности и внутрихозяйственном размещении. Заключение. Реализация результатов исследования позволяет создавать производящие полнорационные корма комбикормовые заводы на основе унифицированных технологических модулей., Introduction. The term Modular Principle of Creation in relation to compound feed production is clearly not formulated now, it needs to be specified. Materials and Methods. Researchers are carried out at Agricultural Scientific Centre «Donskoy», North-Caucasian Scientific Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture, Rostov Region, Russia. Systems analysis and synthesis were research methods. Results. Feature of the existing container modular plants the fact that modules are not technological, but constructive. The output about need of combination of the constructive and technological module in case of design of the modular compound feed enterprises on the basis of the carried-out analysis was made. Use of the modular principle effectively in case of design of the technological module in quality is constructive the finished unit of the enterprise. It is constructive the finished and functionally independent technological module it is necessary to accept as structural unit of feed mill, and modules need to be unified on the basis of a uniform platform. By us the modular principle of formation of the intra economic compound feed enterprises as the principle of formation of the plants by their configuration from standard constructive technological modules of the limited nomenclature is understood. Such enterprise as technological system is created of subsystems of technological modules and as constructive system from structural units of standard constructive modules, and the constructive module matches technological. Creation of the compound feed enterprise in the form of a complex of independent constructive technological modules will allow realizing step-by-step change of structure of technological process without production suspension, to increase or reduce productivity, to satisfy requests of customers of forages. Discussion. The modular compound feed enterprises on the basis of technological modules are optimum at the low power and intra economic placement. Conclusion. Implementation of results of a research allows creating the feed mill making adequate ration forages on the basis of the unified technological modules.

The aim of the study was the assessment of microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010. The examinations were done at all veterinary diagnostic laboratories operating in the frame of official laboratory system. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and counts of Enterobacteriaceae family, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total microorganisms, and fungi were assessed. Assays were done following Polish, European, and international standards. Percentage of contamination of compound feed for poultry, pigs, and cattle by Salmonella sp. ranged from 0% to 3.5%. The highest contamination level by Enterobacteriaceae bacteria were detected in wet petfood. No more than 106 cfu/g of aerobic bacteria and no more than 105 cfu/g of fungi were detected in the feed. The results of the study revealed that the microbiological quality of compound feed used in Poland in 2007-2010 was better than the quality of the feed used in 2003-2006.

The test performed was aimed at analyzing the various levels of the crude protein parameters in the recipes of compound feed administered to pigs for fattening, as well as the influence of these levels on the quantity of excreted nitrogen and the production performances. Fattening was achieved in two stages: 30-60 kg and 60-100 kg. In the first stage the content in crude protein was 17.57%, respectively 16.06% and in the second stage was 15.03% and 13.47%. The others recipe parameters were approximately equal in all batches of the respective stage. The results of the tests showed that the productive performances of the pigs and the results obtained at slaughtering haven’t been influenced significantly by the reducing proteic level of the compound feed and by the elimination protein of animal source, but the quantity of excreted nitrogen by pigs was decreased, playing for safety the environment pollution.

Введение. Цель исследований обоснование отвечающих современным требованиям вариантов формирования технологического потока зернового сырья в комплексной системе внутрихозяйственного производства комбикормов. Материалы и методы. Исследования выполнены в «Северо-Кавказском научно-исследовательском институте механизации и электрификации сельского хозяйства» Ростовская область, Россия. Исследования проводились на основе теории технологического потока пищевых производств, базирующейся на положениях системного анализа и синтеза. Использовался метод построения операторной модели технологического потока сырья. Результаты. Группа технологических операций подготовки зернового сырья и связей между ними образует отдельную подсистему в рамках общей системы производства комбикормов. Повысить эффективность ее функционирования возможно, связав с подсистемой смешивания гибкой связью, реализуемой в виде операции промежуточного хранения измельченного зерна. Разработана структура технологического потока, включающая новые операции обеззараживания зерна действием активных жидкостей и СВЧ-излучения. Это обеспечивает получение биологически безопасного комбикорма. Представлена технологическая схема, включающая операцию микронизации зерна СВЧ-излучением. Это повышает усвояемость зерна в составе корма. Представлены технологические схемы, предусматривающие замену измельчения зерна операцией экструдирования, либо их сочетание в различных вариантах. Это обеспечивает адаптивность технологического потока к требованиям, предъявляемым потребителем к составу и качеству комбикорма, и к свойствам сырья. Также предоставляется возможность получения зернорастительных экструдатов путем совместного экструдирования зерна и вегетативной массы растений. Практическая реализация технологических схем осуществляется путем формирования на машинно-аппаратном уровне технологических модулей, осуществляющих завершенные циклы операций. Обсуждение. Применение дополнительных операций подготовки зернового сырья может увеличить себестоимость комбикорма, поэтому критерием принятия решения о их применении является экономическая эффективность. Заключение. Применение предлагаемых решений позволит эффективно формировать технологический поток зернового сырья на внутрихозяйственных предприятиях. Это повысит питательную ценность и биологическую безопасность кормов, продуктивность животных и качество продукции, обеспечит формирование научно обоснованной комплексной системы внутрихозяйственного производства комбикормов., Introduction. The research objective is justification specified the state-of-the-art specifications of variants formation workflow of corn raw material in integrated system of intraeconomic mixed feed industry. Materials and Methods. The researches had been carried out in the North-Caucasian scientific research Institute of mechanization and electrification of agriculture, Rostov region, Russia. The researches had been carried out on basis the theory of workflow of food productions, based on regulations of system analysis and synthesis. The method of construction of operational model of workflow of raw materials was used. Results. The group of technological operations of preparation of corn raw material and interelement coupling between them forms the individual subsystem within general system of mixed feed industry. The efficiency its functioning it is possible to increase, connecting with subsystem mixing by the flexible link, realizable in kind of operation of intermediate storage of refined grain. The structure of workflow, including the new operations disinfection grain by the action of active liquids and microwave radiation is worked out. It provides the production of biologically safe animal compound feed. The technological scheme including operation micronization of grain by microwave radiation is presented. It raises absorbency of grain as a part of a forage. The technological schemes providing replacement of grain refining by operation extrusion, or their combination in different variants are presented. It provides adaptability of workflow to the qualifying standards by the consumer to structure and quality of compound feed and properties of raw materials. Also production possibility corn and vegetation extrudates by way of combined extrusion grain and verdurous masses of plants is given. Practical realization of manufacturing schemes is carried out by formation at machine and apparatus level of the technological modules which are carrying out complete cycles of operations. Discussion. The application of additional operations of preparation of corn raw material can include the animal compound feed cost value, therefore criterion of decision making on their application is the economical efficiency. Conclusion. The application of proposed solutions will make it possible effectively form the workflow of corn raw material on intraeconomic enterprises. It will raise the nutritive value and the biological feed safety, the animals productivity and the product quality, will provide the formation scientifically grounded the integrated system of intraeconomic mixed feed industry.

[EN] The size and complexity of industrial plants, along with the characteristics of the products used, require a study, analysis and control of the existing risks in every industrial process. In this paper, a methodology for risk assessment in industrial plants, based on the combination of risks identification through the Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis and the risks evaluation through linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers is applied to a case study consisting on a compound feed plant located in the town of Silla (Valencia, Spain). The results from this study show that the main risk in the compound feed production process is the formation of explosive atmospheres (ATEX). Therefore, the corrective measures will focus on reducing the concentration of dust in the atmosphere and eliminating the possible sources of ignition, such as electrostatic discharges or sparks during the different phases of the process (the grinding, the transport of the raw materials, etc.)

Органический микроэлементный комплекс в составе комбикорма КР-3 повышает концентрацию общего белка на 7,8 %, глюкозы на 4,7 %, снижает уровень мочевины на 13,0–14,3 %, способствующие увеличению среднесуточных приростов на 9,5 % и получению прибыли 19,1 у. е. на голову за опыт. Organic trace element complex in KR-3 feed increases concentration of total protein by 7.8 %, glucose – by 4.7 %, decreases level of urea by 13.0–14.3 %, contributing to increase of average daily weight gains by 9.5 % and obtaining profit of 19.1 USD per one animal and one experiment.

The issue of classifying data when managing technological processes and compound feed production was substantiated. The program complex performs functions of integrated optimization and analysis of compound feed and premix rations. The programs involve new pattern of ration which first takes into account losses caused by unbalanced feeding (reduction of productivity, reproduction, health and breeding abilities). The programs allow comprehensive optimization of rations, determination of necessary feed additives and formulation of recipes of compound feeds, premixes, PVMA (protein-vitamin-mineral additives), which are very well combined with basic feed and considered when planning the feed expenditure. The issue of optimization of feed production plan is important for all agricultural enterprises with livestock industries, but it is extremely topical for livestock-based industries producing feeds, since it allows finding additional feed production reserves by means of improving the structure of sown areas and feed expenditure. Before creating livestock complexes, it is necessary to identify the sources and amounts of feed supply. Substantiation of the feed base and computing of the plan variants should be implemented using methods of mathematical modeling and ECM. The analysis of data classification was made and the choice of the k-means method for feed components classification was substantiated. The software for the k-means algorithm implementation was developed and various algorithm patterns, depending on initial conditions, were worked out.

Включение в состав комбикормов энерго-протеиновой добавки обеспечивает увеличение в рубце молодняка крупного рогатого скота количества летучих жирных кислот на 10-12 %, снижение содержания аммиака на 12-14 %, уровня мочевины в крови - на 16-21%, что позволяет получать среднесуточные приросты 861-891 г при затратах кормов 7,3-7,5 ц к. ед. Inclusion of energy-protein supplement in compound feeds provides increase in the rumen of young cattle of the amounts of volatile fatty acids by 10-12 %, reduction of ammonia by 12-14 %, urea level in blood by 16-21 %, which allows to obtain average daily weight gain of 861-891 g at feed cost of 7,3-7,5 c f.u.

Скармливание комбикормов КР-1, КР-2 и КР-3 с органическим микроэлементным комплексом (ОМЭК) в количестве 10 % от существующих норм содержания микроэлементов в типовых рецептурах повышает среднесуточные приросты бычков на 9,5-12,3 % при снижении затрат кормов на 7-10 %. Feeding animals with compound feeds KR-1, KR-2 and KR-3 with organic trace element complex (OTEC) at the amount of 10 % of the existing norms of microelements level in typical formulations increases the average daily weight gain of calves by 9,5-12,3 % while reducing cost of feeds by 7-10 %.

The optimization problem of feed ration in the creation of the automated production of compound feed and premixes was substantiated. The mathematical formulation of the problem of linear programming was made, the objective function was built, the method for the problem solution was chosen, and software for the method implementation was developed. MS EXCEL spreadsheets and programming language Visual Basic for Application were used that gives to zoo-technicians wide opportunities in the implementation of functional and inexpensive solutions in the field of computational processes as reflected in the practical part of this paper. However, the drawback of this solution is the experts’ need for knowledge of software development. The choice of one or another solution must be made in accordance with the financial and staffing opportunities of agricultural enterprises as these items are limiting., Обоснована задача оптимизации рациона кормов при создании автоматизированного производства комбикормов и премиксов. Выполнена математическая постановка задачи линейного программирования, построена целевая функция, выбран метод решения задачи и разработано программное обеспечение для реализации метода. Входные данные и полученный рецепт размещены в электронной таблице MS Excel, а обработка осуществлена при помощи встроенного алгоритмического языка Visual Basic for Application, Обгрунтовано задачу оптимізації раціону кормів при створенні автоматизованого виробництва комбікормів та преміксів. Виконана математична постановка задачі лінійного програмування, побудована цільова функція, обрано метод вирішення задачі та розроблено програмне забезпечення для реалізації методу. Вхідні дані та отриманий рецепт розміщені в електронній таблиці MS Excel, а обробку здійснено за допомогою вбудованої алгоритмічної мови Visual Basic for Application.

The issue of classifying data when managing technological processes and compound feed production was substantiated. The program complex performs functions of integrated optimization and analysis of compound feed and premix rations. The programs involve new pattern of ration which first takes into account losses caused by unbalanced feeding (reduction of productivity, reproduction, health and breeding abilities). The programs allow comprehensive optimization of rations, determination of necessary feed additives and formulation of recipes of compound feeds, premixes, PVMA (protein-vitamin-mineral additives), which are very well combined with basic feed and considered when planning the feed expenditure. The issue of optimization of feed production plan is important for all agricultural enterprises with livestock industries, but it is extremely topical for livestock-based industries producing feeds, since it allows finding additional feed production reserves by means of improving the structure of sown areas and feed expenditure. Before creating livestock complexes, it is necessary to identify the sources and amounts of feed supply. Substantiation of the feed base and computing of the plan variants should be implemented using methods of mathematical modeling and ECM. The analysis of data classification was made and the choice of the k-means method for feed components classification was substantiated. The software for the k-means algorithm implementation was developed and various algorithm patterns, depending on initial conditions, were worked out., Обоснована задача классификации данных при управлении технологическими процессами и производством комбикорма. Проведен анализ классификации данных, обоснован выбор метода k-средних для классификации компонентов комбикорма. Разработано программное обеспечение для реализации алгоритма k-средних и отработаны разные варианты поведения алгоритма в зависимости от начальных условий., Обгрунтована задача класифікації даних при керуванні технологічними процесами та виробництвом комбікорму. Проведений аналіз класифікації даних, обґрунтований вибір методу k-середніх для класифікації компонентів комбікорму. Розроблено програмне забезпечення для реалізації алгоритму k-середніх та відпрацьовані різні варіанти поведінки алгоритму в залежності від початкових умов.

Magistrinio darbo tikslas: išanalizuoti kombinuotųjų lesalų, skirtų kalakutams, gamybos procesus bei pateikti rekomendacijas lesalų kokybės gerinimui bei kalakutų produktyvumo didinimui. Šio tikslo įgyvendinimui magistriniame darbe numatoma išspręsti tokius uždavinius: 1. Atlikti pašarinių žaliavų, naudojamų kalakutų kombinuotųjų lesalų, įvertinimą. 2. Atlikti lesalų gamybos procesų analizę. 3. Išanalizuoti kokybės sistemų, taikomų lesalų gamyboje, efektyvumą. 4. Atlikti kalakutų produktyvumo analizę atsižvelgiant į naudojamų lesalų kokybinius parametrus bei lesinimo programas. Išvados: 1. UAB „Marijampolės pašarai“ KŪB yra gaminami įvairūs visaverčiai lesalai, įvairioms paukščių grupėms, daugiausiai kalakučiukams-broileriams (6 lesinimo fazių lesalai) bei viščiukams broileriams ( startinis, auginimo vidurio ir pabaigos). 2. Sudarant kombinuotuosius lesalus kalakutams pagrindinis dėmesys yra kreipiamas į javų grūdų, sojos rupinių kokybę, nes lesalų struktūroje jie sudaro didžiausią dalį. 3. Žaliavų smulkintuve- malūne yra naudojamas 3 mm sietas, esant tokiam sieto diametrui pašarinių žaliavų dalelių sumalimo dydis gali kinta nuo 0,4 iki 0,5 mikrometrų. 4. Nustatant lesalų homogeniškumą į pašarus buvo įterpta po 1,0 proc. druskos. Esant tolygiam pašarinių žaliavų išsimaišymui druskos kiekio variacijos koeficientas neturėtų viršyti 5,0 proc., mūsų atliktais tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad šis rodiklis yra 7,0 proc. 5. Nekrakmolo polisacharidus skaldantys fermentai ir fitazės yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] The aim of the Master’s Thesis was to analyse production processes of compound turkey feed and provide recommendations for improving the quality of compound turkey feed and the productivity of turkey. Objectives of the Master’s Thesis: 1. Evaluate raw materials used in production of compound turkey feed. 2. Analyse production processes of compound feed. 3. Analyse efficiency of quality systems used in production of compound feed. 4. Analyse turkey productivity in regard to qualitative parameters and feeding programmes. UAB „Marijampolės pašarai“ KŪB produces large variety of complete compound feed for various poultry groups, mostly for turkeys (compound feed for 6 feeding phases) and for broiler chickens (starter, developer and finisher). This thesis contains analysis of the quality and quality affecting factors of raw materials and feed additives used in compound feed production. Accomplished analysis of processes in feed production included receiving and storing of raw material, grinding of raw material and fineness of its particles, processes of conditioning, expanding and granulation. Risk factors in compound feed production were assessed as well. During development of this thesis, experiment with cross Hybrid XL turkeys was carried out, which aimed to determine influence of compound feed enriched with synthetic amino acids on the intensity of turkey growth, the feed conversion and turkey liveability. The analytical and experimental part of the thesis concluded in the... [to full text]

The aim of the Master’s Thesis was to analyse production processes of compound turkey feed and provide recommendations for improving the quality of compound turkey feed and the productivity of turkey. Objectives of the Master’s Thesis: 1. Evaluate raw materials used in production of compound turkey feed. 2. Analyse production processes of compound feed. 3. Analyse efficiency of quality systems used in production of compound feed. 4. Analyse turkey productivity in regard to qualitative parameters and feeding programmes. UAB „Marijampolės pašarai“ KŪB produces large variety of complete compound feed for various poultry groups, mostly for turkeys (compound feed for 6 feeding phases) and for broiler chickens (starter, developer and finisher). This thesis contains analysis of the quality and quality affecting factors of raw materials and feed additives used in compound feed production. Accomplished analysis of processes in feed production included receiving and storing of raw material, grinding of raw material and fineness of its particles, processes of conditioning, expanding and granulation. Risk factors in compound feed production were assessed as well. During development of this thesis, experiment with cross Hybrid XL turkeys was carried out, which aimed to determine influence of compound feed enriched with synthetic amino acids on the intensity of turkey growth, the feed conversion and turkey liveability. The analytical and experimental part of the thesis concluded in the following recommendations: the fineness of raw material grinding affects many physiological and anatomical characteristics of turkey; therefore we suggest grinding raw material to particle sizes of 0.9-1.1 mm, for turkey requires less energy to sustain physiological processes and viscosity of their digestive tract decreases. The quality of compound feed sampling directly influences results of homogeneity test. UAB ”Marijampolės pašarai” KŪB should improve quality of sampling procedure and strictly follow requirements of Commission Regulation (EB) Nr. 152/2009. High temperatures during expansion process may have negative affect on the productivity of turkey, thus expansion of raw material should be performed at 95 – 100 0C and duration of the exposition should not last more than 3 – 4 seconds. Additives with low thermostability, such as xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase and phytase, are thermally processed in conditioner, expander and granulator, therefore in order to increase the productivity of turkey and improve the conversion of feed it is advisable to insert these additives in liquid form after granulation. For the attainment of pellet quality improvement, it is advisable to use more raw materials with high adhesity degree and apply oils after granulation process. The quality of compound feed pellets should be evaluated according to international standards. Compound feed for turkey with respect to their age should be additionally enriched with synthetic amino acids: L-lisyne HCL – 0.03-0.08 per cent, DL-methionine – 0.02-0.07 per cent, L-treonine – 0.01-0.09 per cent. Additional insertion of synthetic amino acids to compound feed increases turkey liveability and improves feed conversion. It is highly suggestible to implement such quality management programmes as Good Hygiene practice (GHP) & Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), which are designed to ensure compound feed and food safety, and also employ quality systems of more general nature like ISO 9000 standards.

This article analyses the consequences that a specific new market for non-GM (genetically modified) compound feed would have on the relative profitability of Bt and conventional maize in the middle Ebro Valley (Spain). The study uses information obtained through a survey amongst maize farmers for the year 2009. This paper evaluates the current profitability of Bt maize relative to the profitability of conventional maize showing that at present the probability of Bt maize being more profitable than conventional maize is 100%, mainly due the significantly higher yields of Bt maize. In addition the future of Bt maize is analysed in the event that a specific demand for non-GM maize for feed emerges. Simulations of price premium for conventional maize and their impact on the profitability of Bt maize in the region are described. To reduce to 50% the probability of Bt maize being more profitable than conventional maize a price premium of € 17 ton-1 for non-GM maize would be necessary., Este trabajo analiza las consecuencias que podría originar la aparición de un nuevo mercado de piensos no modificados genéticamente en la rentabilidad relativa del maíz Bt y convencional en el Valle medio del Ebro (España). Para el análisis se utiliza información obtenida de los agricultores de maíz a través de una encuesta realizada durante el año 2009. El trabajo evalúa la rentabilidad actual del maíz Bt en relación a la rentabilidad del maíz convencional mostrando que la probabilidad de que el maíz Bt sea más rentable que el convencional es del 100%, debido en su mayor parte a los mayores rendimientos del maíz Bt. Además se analiza el futuro del maíz Bt ante la posibilidad de que aparezca una demanda específica para piensos no modificados genéticamente. Se realizan simulaciones de sobreprecios del maíz convencional y se analiza el impacto que éstos tendrán sobre la rentabilidad del maíz Bt. Para reducir al 50% la probabilidad de que el maíz Bt sea más rentable que el maíz convencional será necesario un incremento de 17 € ton–1 para el maíz no modificado genéticamente.

This article analyses the consequences that a specific new market for non-GM (genetically modified) compound feed would have on the relative profitability of Bt and conventional maize in the middle Ebro Valley (Spain). The study uses information obtained through a survey amongst maize farmers for the year 2009. This paper evaluates the current profitability of Bt maize relative to the profitability of conventional maize showing that at present the probability of Bt maize being more profitable than conventional maize is 100%, mainly due the significantly higher yields of Bt maize. In addition the future of Bt maize is analysed in the event that a specific demand for non-GM maize for feed emerges. Simulations of price premium for conventional maize and their impact on the profitability of Bt maize in the region are described. To reduce to 50% the probability of Bt maize being more profitable than conventional maize a price premium of € 17 ton-1 for non-GM maize would be necessary. Este trabajo analiza las consecuencias que podría originar la aparición de un nuevo mercado de piensos no modificados genéticamente en la rentabilidad relativa del maíz Bt y convencional en el Valle medio del Ebro (España). Para el análisis se utiliza información obtenida de los agricultores de maíz a través de una encuesta realizada durante el año 2009. El trabajo evalúa la rentabilidad actual del maíz Bt en relación a la rentabilidad del maíz convencional mostrando que la probabilidad de que el maíz Bt sea más rentable que el convencional es del 100%, debido en su mayor parte a los mayores rendimientos del maíz Bt. Además se analiza el futuro del maíz Bt ante la posibilidad de que aparezca una demanda específica para piensos no modificados genéticamente. Se realizan simulaciones de sobreprecios del maíz convencional y se analiza el impacto que éstos tendrán sobre la rentabilidad del maíz Bt. Para reducir al 50% la probabilidad de que el maíz Bt sea más rentable que el maíz convencional será necesario un incremento de 17 € ton–1 para el maíz no modificado genéticamente.

The aim of this Master's thesis was to characterize the current cost ratio, pricing system and profitability of an agricultural firm, called P.G.TRADE, spol s r.o.. This company is engaged in the production and sale of compound feeds and premixes, resp. in storing different kinds of agricultural commodities. My specific aim was to determine whether the current pricing system and prices cover all the costs which incurred because of the processes of production and sale of finished products and that in doing so provides a satisfactory level of profitability, too. In the first, methodological part, I summarized all the necessary theoretical knowledge that we need to know about controlling. I paid particularly big attention to calculations and budgeting. In the application part I focused on the characteristics of the company itself and on the analysis of the costs and of the pricing system. In the next part I described in details the manufacturing processes of compound feeds and premixes in the company's main factory in Dvory nad Žitavou. The last part is devoted to the calculation of production costs and identifying weaknesses. In addition to the description of the conclusions I tried to propose some measures that could help in improving the company's profitability.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia Submitted by Margarida Galamba (galamba@isa.utl.pt) on 2012-03-05T14:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolinaCamacho (2011) Dissertação.pdf: 24967777 bytes, checksum: 2ad6eaa0e480f7eac2d973e61bf68d81 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-05T14:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarolinaCamacho (2011) Dissertação.pdf: 24967777 bytes, checksum: 2ad6eaa0e480f7eac2d973e61bf68d81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011

Traceability refers to the ability to trace and track a food, feedstuff, a food-producing animal, or any substance intended to be or expected to be, incorporated into a food or feedstuff. Consumers-oriented traceability (COT) is a traceability approach which aims to provide tools for accessing textual and visiual infomation about the history of production and location of a product by consumers. COT increases efficiency of traceability systems with online real time query of products' information in supermarkets. This paper discusses the needs for COT with special reference to the chains of compound animal feeds and poultry meat. In addition, the COT design approaches and components of the feedTRace, a compound feed and poultry meat traceability system which has been tested in Çukurova Region of Turkey are introduced,and its functionalities are discussed on matching some of requirements fbr COT. Scientifıc and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Project Number: 1070449)

Namen naloge je bil ugotoviti, vpliv krmne mešanice na priraste in telesno maso telet od vhlevitve do telesne mase okrog 150 kg. Teleta smo tehatali ob prihodu, nato pa 30. dan reje in 60. dan reje. V poskus smo vključili 62 telet, ki smo jih razdelili na tri skupine (KM1, KM2 in KM3) glede na krmljenje s krmnimi mešanicami. Krmne mešanice so se med seboj razlikovale po sestavi in hranilnih vrednostih. Bistvena razlika med KM1, KM2 in KM3 je bila v vsebnosti surovih beljakovin (g/kg SS), prebavljivih surovih beljakovin (g/kg SS) in v presnovni energiji (MJ/kg SS). Teleta so dobivala seno ves čas poskusa po volji. Ob vhlevitvi so bila najlažja teleta KM1 skupine (116,38 ± 17,64 kg), ki so dosegla najnižjo telesno maso tudi 30. (125,63 ± 15,39 kg) in 60. dan poskusa (157,79 ± 16,94 kg) poskusa. Najvišjo povprečno telesno maso 30. dan poskusa so dosegla teleta skupine KM3 (148,67 ± 21,40), 60. dan poskusa pa teleta KM2 (167,75 ± 20,68 kg). Telesna masa se je med skupinami statistično značilno (P

Analiziran je sadržaj vitamina A i E u krmnim smjesama, dodacima i predsmjesama u uzorcima od 2004. do 2006. godine (288 uzoraka). Dobiveni rezultati uspoređeni su s deklaracijama proizvođača i pravilnicima i preporukama za hranidbu. U prosjeku sadržaj vitamina A i E u krmnim smjesama za piliće u tovu, kokoši nesilice, purane, praščiće, tovne svinje i krmače bio je vrlo blizu preporučenih vrijednosti. U dvije od analiziranih krmnih smjesa maksimalna granica od 13,500 IU/kg vitamina A bila je neznatno prekoračena, iako je ostala unutar povećane kolebljivosti analitičke metode. Razine vitamina E u dodatnim krmivima i predsmjesama potvrđuju činjenicu da proizvođači obično dodaju ovaj vitamin krmivima ponekad u većoj količini od preporučene (poboljšanje hranidbene vrijednosti i mogućnost spremanja mesa, protustresna aktivnost). Istraživanjima je otkriveno ukupno 3,1% slučajeva u godinama 2004-2006. (3,8%slučajeva 2004-2008. godine), kada sadržaj vitamina A i E nije odgovarao deklaraciji proizvođača. Sadržaj vitamina A i E, te kakvoću domaćih krmiva treba smatrati dobrima., Vitamins A and E contents in compound feeds, supplementary feedstuffs and premixtures sampled in the years 2004-2006 were analyzed (288 samples). The obtained results were compared with producer declarations and requirements presented in dietary regulations and recommendations. On the average, the vitamin A contents in compound feeds for broiler chickens, laying hens, turkeys, piglets, fattening pigs and sows were close to the recommended values. In two of the analyzed compound feeds the maximum limit of 13,500 IU/kg of vitamin A was slightly exceeded, though it remained within the expanded uncertainty of analytical method. The levels of vitamin E in supplementary feedstuffs and premixtures confirm the fact that manufacturers practice supplementing feedstuffs with this vitamin whose addition may be sometimes higher than the dietary recommendations (improving dietetic value and storage possibility of meat, anti-stress activity). The studies revealed a total of 3.1% of cases in the years 2004-2006 (3.8% of cases in the years 2004-2008) when the vitamins A and E content was not consistent with the manufacturer’s declaration. Regarding the vitamins A and E content, the quality of domestic feed products should be considered as good.

Bu araştırmada; Isparta İlinde faaliyet gösteren ve kapasitesi 10 ton/yıl veya üzerinde olan işletmelerden onbeş tanesinde kullanılan karma yemlerin kimyasal analizi yapılmıştır. Bu ama amaçla işletmelere gidilmiş tesadüfii olarak karma yem numuneleri ve bunlara ait etiketler alınmıştır. Yem örneklerinde ham yağ, ham kül, ham selüloz, ham protein, kuru madde miktarları laboratuarda analiz edilmiş, nitrojensiz öz madde ve organik madde miktarları çıkan analiz sonuçlarından hesaplama yoluyla bulunmuştur. İşletmelerin kullandıkları yemlerin kimyasal analiz sonuçları ile etiket beyanları karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçta, Isparta'daki alabalık işletmelerinin kullanmış oldukları karma yemlerin analiz sonuçları ile etiket bilgilerinin uyumlu olduğu saptanmıştır., In this study, have been went to different 15 salmon farms, which shows activity in Isparta province and their capacity is 10 or over, compound feed samples and their label have been took coincidental. Crude fat, crude protein, crude ash, crude cellulose, and dry matter amounts of feed samples have been analysed in laboratory. Their nitrogen-free extract and organic matter amounts have been calculated by results of these analysis results. Chemical analysis results of feed, which using by farms, have been compared with their label record. Consequently, analysis results of compound feeds, which using by salmon farms in Isparta province compatible with their label record have been determined.

The paper presents instruction concerning homogeneity evaluation of compound feed based on the level of the key component (chloride or calcium) mixture, which was elaborated in the National Research Institute of Animal Production, National Feed Laboratory (NFL) in Lublin. The instruction was accepted by competent authority and was verified at interlaboratory comparisons ILC from 2005 to 2007. Several licensed laboratories took part in the investigations project in the frame of official supervision as well as reference laboratory – NFL. The laboratories determined the calcium and chlorides content in samples of serial feed mixtures. Feeds were estimated for poultry, pigs and cattle in the form of powder, granules and crumbles. All laboratories achieved results of mixing levels (coefficient of variation) below 10%, which is a critical value. Mean values of coefficient of variation of results were not higher than 4% for chlorides and 3% for calcium. Expanded uncertainty was estimated. Competence of laboratories participating in the testing and referring to the legal control of compound feed homogeneity was confirmed. A research homogeneity program for compound feed was conducted in Poland from 2006 to 2007. Inspection results confirmed acceptable quality of compound feed in this scope., Rad daje temeljne upute u vezi procjene homogenosti krmnih smjesa na temelju razine glavnog sastojka (klorida ili kalcija) obrađene u Nacionalnom istraživačkom institutu proizvodnje životinja, Nacionalnog laboratorija za krmiva (NFL) u Lublinu. Upute je potvrdio nadležan stručnjak i provjerene su međulaboratorijskim uspoređivanjem - ILC od 2005. do 2007. godine. Nekoliko ovlaštenih laboratorija sudjelovalo je u projektu istraživanja u okvirima službenog nadzora kao i priručnih laboratorija - NFL. Laboratoriji su odredili sadržaj kalcija i klorida u uzorcima serijskih krmnih smjesa. Krmiva su procjenjivana za perad, svinje i stoku u obliku praška, zrnaca i mrvica. Svi su laboratoriji postigli rezultate raznih razina (koeficijent varijacije) ispod 10%, što je kritična vrijednost. Srednje vrijednosti rezultata koeficijenta varijacije nisu bile više od 4% za kloride i 1% za kalcij. Procijenjeno je prošireno kolebanje. Potvrđena je nadležnost laboratorija koji sudjeluju u testiranju u vezi sa zakonskom kontrolom homogenosti krmnih smjesa. Program istraživanja homogenosti krmnih smjesa provodio se u Poljskoj od 2006. do 2007. godine. Rezultati pregleda potvrdili su prihvatljivu kakvoću krmnih smjesa u okviru ovog rada.

Measures are being developed and implemented enabling the co-existence of conventional, genetically modified (GM) and organic cropping systems. In order to segregate GM from conventional crops in the entire supply chain, a food or feed company has to reorganise its production. This may involve for dedication of the production line to non-GM, or production can be organised on the same plant, using spatial or temporal segregation. In practice, only the latter method is used in the feed industry, as no investments in new machinery are necessary in the case. The segregation and identity preservation of GM and non-GM crops has to be well organised. An important tools used to proof the identity of the imported raw materials is the batch or product declaration and in some cases, a supplementary certificate of analysis for the raw materials is provided. In compound feed production, specific procedures to reduce carry-over are introduced and described in a book of charge, such as rinsing of transportation and production line, empty declaration of transport systems or storage bins and specific discharge and production orders. All these measures however imply supplementary costs to the manufacturer. A major additional cost is the price difference between GM and non-GM raw materials. Other extra costs result from losses in flexibility, a devaluation of the rinsing product, analysis and audits. As a result, the cost of a compound feed using non-GM is higher than with GM. Benefits to the segregation measures are an increased gamut of products and an improved organisation and management of the production. Together with an improved traceability system, consumers’ confidence is also increased.

International audience; Cross-contamination of cattle feed with meat and bone meal (MBM) allowed in feed for other species is regarded as the current hypothesis for the infection pathway of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) cases occurring after the implementation of a ban on feeding MBM to cattle. This study was aimed at establishing a spatial relation between BSE cases in Switzerland and the findings of MBM in cattle feed. A cluster analysis and a cohort study were performed. Two hundred sixteen BSE cases born after December 1990 and detected until August 1st 2005, screening data of 504 feed producers between 1996 and 2001 and population data from the Swiss 2001 cattle census were included. The cluster analysis showed feed producer, positive for MBM contaminations in cattle feed, as possible cluster centres for BSE cases. In the cohort study, farms within a radius of 2 and 10 km around positive feed producers showed significantly higher odds to have a BSE case than the control group. The odds ratio and its 95% confidence interval were 2.23 (1.26-3.93) for the 2 km radius and 1.38 (1-1.9) for the 10 km radius. The results provide evidence for a spatial relation between cross-contamination and BSE occurrence. These findings support the hypothesis of cross-contamination to be an important route for BSE transmission after a feed ban.

In vitro gas production movement for three different substrates, starch, standard compound feed (20 % crude protein, 33 % NDF/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre prepared from the standard compound feed (NDF), were determined using the caecum content of weaned rabbits (36 days of age) and of rabbits of slaughter age (78 days) as inoculum. Gas produced was fitted with the Gompertz model and the differences between parameters were calculated. The differences in fermentation kinetic parameters between older and weaned rabbits were significant within each substrate. In rabbits at slaughter weight the fermentation was more intensive, more rapid and, with the exception of compound feed, the production of gas was higher than in weaned rabbit. In first 10 hours of fermentation that correspond to the normal retention time in the caecum (Gidenne et al., 2000), the highest amount of gas was produced from compound feed. Only in this substrate the time of maximum fermentation rate was short enough (TMFR: 36 days 9.5, 78 days 6.6 hours, P, Određena je in vitro kinetika proizvodnje plina za tri različita supstrata, škroba, standardne smjese krmiva (20% sirovih bjelančevina, 33% NDF/kg DM) i neutralnog deterdžentne vlaknine pri¬premljene iz standardne smjese krmiva (NDF) upotrebom sadržaja caecuma odbijenih kunića starih 36 dana i kunića u dobi za klanje (78 dana) kao inoculum. Proizveden plin spojen je s Gompertz kalupom/modelom pa su izračunate razlike između parametara. Razlike u kinetičkim parametrima fermentacije između starijih i odbijenih kunića bile su značajne unutar svakog supstrata. U kunića klaoničke težine fermenta¬cija je bila intenzivnija, brža i uz iznimku smjese krmiva, proiz¬vodnja plina bila je veća nego u odbijenih kunića. U prvih 10 sati fermentacije, što odgovara normalnom vremenu retencije u caecumu (Gidenne et al, 2000) najveća količina plina proizvedena je od smjese krmiva. Samo u ovom supstratu vrijeme maksimalne stope fermentacije bilo je dovoljno kratko (TMFR: 36 dana 9.5, 78 dana 6.6 sati, P

An aggregator model for the Benelux animal feed sector The aim of this paper is to analyze the price responsiveness of demand for feed inputs by the Benelux compound feed industries. Various sets of own- and cross-price elasticities are obtained from theoretically consistent feed input demand functions which are in turn derived from estimated cost functions. A large number of feed inputs is taken into account by assuming weak separability. This assumption allows for the use of aggregator functions and a two-stage econometric estimation procedure, thereby avoiding the problems of multicollinearity and lack of degrees of freedom which alternative procedures are usually facing. The total set of feed inputs is partitioned into four subsets, according to similarities in nutritional content : cereals, 'cereal substitutes', high protein feeds and additives. This study exploits the properties of the Symmetric Generalised McFadden (SGM) functional form as an alternative to the traditional Trans log function. Specifically, the SGM function has two attractive properties worth mentioning. First, the symmetry of the SGM function means that the analyst is not forced to single out one particular input to play an asymmetric role ; second, global curvature restrictions can easily be imposed, if necessary, without destroying the flexibility properties of the SGM function. Imposing global curvature properties is accomplished using the Cholesky decomposition. Complete elasticity matrices for the Belgian and Dutch compound feed sectors are reported and discussed in the article. From these matrices, a number of conclusions can be drawn : i) most quantities demanded for cereal and high protein feeds in the Netherlands are inelastic with respect to their own prices and substitutes among each other ; ii) similar results prevail for cereal substitutes and high protein feeds consumed in Belgium ; Hi) by contrast, demand for each cereal in this country tends to be very responsive to its own prices ; and iv) the demand for "additives" is very inelastic with respect to its own price., Cet article analyse la sensibilité par rapport aux prix de la demande de matières premières consommées par les fabricants d'aliments composés au Benelux. Pour ce faire, des élasticités-prix sont obtenues en spécifiant des fonctions de coût, et en estimant les demandes dérivées d'intrants fourragers qui leur sont associées. L'ensemble des matières premières consommées par le secteur de l'alimentation animale est pris en compte, en supposant que la technologie correspondante est caractérisée par une structure faiblement séparable. La forme fonctionnelle symétrique généralisée de McFadden est utilisée pour représenter les différentes fonctions de coût. Un examen des matrices d'élasticités-prix permet de dégager les conclusions suivantes : la demande de la plupart des céréales et matières riches en protéines consommées aux Pays-Bas est inélastique ; il en est de même, en Belgique, pour celle de la majorité des substituts de céréales et des matières riches en protéines ; par contre, la demande de chaque céréale dans ce dernier pays tend à réagir fortement aux variations de leurs prix ; enfin, la catégorie "additifs" a une demande très inélastique par rapport à son prix., Peeters Ludo, Surry Yves. Un modèle d'agrégation pour le secteur de l'alimentation animale du Bénélux. In: Cahiers d'Economie et sociologie rurales, N°30, 1er trimestre 1994. pp. 49-78.

In order to study the influence of the light and compound feed on growth performance into young quail mixed-population of Balotesti was organized an experiment on 400 chicken quails. It has studied the impact of a illumination program with asymmetrical hourly intervals (10L+2N+6L+6N) compared with a program of continuous lighting in day period (16L+8N). It was used 3 types of compound feed: for growth, finishing and for adult quails. The growth performance of young quails during the period 28-49 days were superior in the case of lots of female animals (B1) and male (B2) compared with the consignments of female (A1) and male (A2). The average live weight at the age of 49 days was higher with 9.67% at the females from the lot B1 compared with females from lot A1, while to male this was higher with 6.95% at the males of the lot B2 compared with males from the lot A2. In the period 49-56 days the weight gain at males from the lot A2-2 has been with 6.30 g/head higher than to male from the lot of A2-1, and feed consumption rate has been reduced by 19.10 g c.f./g weight gain to the consignment A2-2 from the consignment A2-1. Increase of growth to male from the lot B2-2 has been with 6.88 g/head higher than to male from the lot B2-1 and feed consumption rate has been reduced by 17.60 g c.f./g weight gain to lot B2-2 compared the lot B2-1. Considering the superior performance recorded in the case of lots A2, B2, A2-2 and B2-2 during the periods concerned, it is recommended to use the illumination program with the hourly intervals asymmetrical with a duration of 16 hours in growth young quail still from the age of 28 days, the management of the finishing compound feed to male for meat in the period 49-56 days and the feed for adult quail females from the age of 49 days.