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Intended as a working document for communications professionals and as reference material for planning administrators, the study compared comic books and fotonovelas, and analyzed their use in health and nutrition, family planning, agriculture, and literacy programs in developing nations. Most of the somewhat limited efforts to use comics and fotonovelas dealt with family planning. Generally, the efforts were not entirely successful and the quality of productions was irregular, because producers misunderstood the media forms and did not appreciate their traditional conventions and generic structures. According to the study, fotonovelas, with their visual and highly emotive quality, were more effective in reaching illiterate, semi-literate, and large audiences; had more potential for multimedia campaigns and participatory education; and were better suited for certain distinct educational messages, especially family planning. In contrast, comic books, with their less emotive themes and more abstract presentation, were more flexible, could reach more diverse audiences, and were ideal for children and adolescents. However, comics were more expensive to produce and presented more production problems than fotonovelas. Both faced distribution problems resulting from limited institutional channels and limited commercial marketing systems in less developed countries. The study contains a review of successful and unsuccessful examples of both media forms. (SB)

The increase in one child families in the 1980's is analogous to the one child family rate during the Depression years. Although family size was limited for economic reasons during the Depression, current increases in the number of one child families are attributed to advances in contraceptive technology, increased employment of women, inhibiting economic factors, and increased marital instability. The increased numbers of voluntory one child families, may result in a child psychologically different from the only child of past generations. The well-known confluence model of intellectual development, which posits that intellectual development is determined by the level of family intelligence, is currently in doubt due to the recognition of various confounding factors, (e.g., father absence, socioeconomic status), and subsequent research. Studies of achievement with only children have shown that only children perform better academically than others. Parental expectation, financial abilities, and an uninterrupted relationship with the child are possible reasons for this high achievement. Self-esteem studies have placed only children above, below, and at par with others. In interpersonal relations only children have been found to be less affiliative than others, which may be the result of the relatively large amounts of affection they receive from their parents, rather than a lack of social skills. Only children appear to be mentally healthy, with many studies indicating that only children are underrepresented in psychiatric literature. Future research should focus on factors other than sibling absence in defining characteristics of the only child. (BL)

In the past, many family planning and population organizations have paid relatively little attention to black fears of birth control coercion and to the writings, speeches, and attitudes that have resulted. Nor have they considered the history and reasons for black sensitivity on the subject of planned family size. This bulletin puts some of these issues and concepts into context within the American scene. It explores the present spectrum of opinion among black leaders and the cultural and political backgrounds that have influenced current thought. The responses of blacks in putting family planning into practice are also outlined, together with some probable trends in family size. It is concluded that, at present, black women are more influenced in the practice of rejection of family planning methods by the practical considerations of bearing and raising children than by any abstract political and philosophical questions on either side. But, some black men may look at issues differently. A New England study indicates that black males under 30 are both more likely to concur with the genocide-conspiracy theory and be more hesitant about condoning the limitation of black family size than are older black males. (Author/JM)

The desire for only one child runs counter to the prevailing social norms, and understanding of such mothers' motives may illuminate their interactions with and influences on the only child. In the present study a sample of 583 married women aged 18 to 49 was interviewed to examine (1) the incidence of women desiring only children and the sociodemographic factors associated with this desire, and (2) the relative rewards and costs of parenthood as perceived by women desiring various family sizes. Previous researchers' findings were confirmed, showing that the desire to have only one child is not common. However, no significant sociodemographic differences were discovered differentiating women desiring various family sizes. On the positive values of parenthood, women desiring an only child feel intermediate between those desiring no children and those wanting two or more children. On the negative values the findings generally supported the hypothesis that women desiring only one child were more concerned about additional children reducing their freedom and alternative role options than were women wanting two or more children. Finally, it was shown that women desiring only children rated the personal benefits of parenthood involving the relationship between parent and child as high as did other women. (Author)

Conducted in the Punjab in Jhok Sayal, a predominantly Muslim village, this narrative study described: the environment and living conditions of women in this rural village (comprised mainly of tenants and landless labourers); the attitudes of the women toward education, marriage, family planning, and skills; and the woman's daily and annual activities. Sixty-three married women from 63 separate households were interviewed. Of these 63, none were household heads. Findings included: 87% lived in "Katcha" houses made of mud, dung, and straw; the neater, better maintained structures ("Pucca" houses) belonged to the tenants; most lived in close proximity to livestock, and without separate latrine and cooking facilities; a full day was spent engaged in hard, physical labour, interspersed with child-care, housework, food preparation, and home-related skills; their physical chores were intensified during the planting, harvest, and processing seasons; they attached greater importance to the education of males; 62% wished their daughters to be married between the age of 12 and 17; preference for sons, economic security in old age, "it is God's will", and fear of birth control were given for nonacceptance of family planning; and most women disapproved of selling their skills (i.e., pickle making, straw work, clay pottery, spinning, sewing) for cash. (NQ)

Activities and concerns of Ford Foundation supported population research and training centers are described in this report. The centers are concerned with population growth, consequences of growth for human welfare, forces that determine family planning, interrelations among population variables, economics of contraceptive distribution, and population trends and birth control programs. The chapter on education and training presents information on population dynamics, demographic training, population communications, and family planning programs. Research collaboration and population education through the use of case studies are discussed in the chapter on service to developing nations. A chapter on research provides information on European birth rates, economic factors, contraception, family variables, and urbanization. In the last chapter, the prediction is made that the responsibility for research on population problems will shift to universities and institutions in developing nations, while governmental and philanthropic institutions in the industrial world will continue to support advanced training for demographers and advanced research tools. A listing of the 44 principal grants which have been made to centers for research and training on world population problems from 1954-76 and a directory of trustees and executive officers are included. (Author/DB)

Since 1969 the International Planned Parenthood Federation has worked with the government of Botswana in setting up family planning services. An evaluation of the family planning aspects of the program were carried out. This is a summary of three research studies and some general comments. Included is: (1) an introduction to Botswana and the studies; (2) summary and comments regarding a study of family welfare educators; (3) summary and comments of a study of service statistics; and (4) summary and comments of a follow-up survey to trace family planning acceptors. (RH)

This review of Nigerian population and family planning surveys is the first in a series intended to assist social scientists and program personnel in identifying research that can be used in program planning. Twenty-five studies have been selected from a comprehensive bibliography on population and family planning in Nigeria. The selection was based on three criteria - coverage of research topics, validity of scientific approach, and practical implications. The types of survey under review, some of the problems encountered in the search for information and the methodologies adopted for national, urban and rural and other types of survey are described. An analysis of findings related to specific population and family planning topics is followed by some recommendations. Much of this information is also presented in tabular form, enabling the reader to identify surveys according to methodology and content. The opinions expressed are those of the authors. A background to the review is provided by notes on the historical development and financing of research in Nigeria, with lists of recent research topics and the researchers involved. (Author/RH)

Child bearing is probably one of the most important functions of the family in American society today. This study identified and investigated the (1) reasons for the existing differentials in fertility behavior (preferences, contraceptive use and effectiveness, and actual fertility) of white, black, and American Indian groups in a low income predominantly rural county and (2) potential problem areas in the development and implementation of fertility control programs among each of these groups. A tri-racial group of male and female interviewers from Robeson County, North Carolina (locus of the research) mostly questioned respondents of their own race. Pre-interviews determined eligible females and couples (females had to be between 18 and 49 and if without a spouse, have at least one child) and their race. The 695 interviews examined the total number of live births, family size preferences, and socioeconomic status. Data were analyzed, for the most part, using descriptive statistical measures (e.g., the arithmetical mean and percentage distributions). Control variables considered major variants were race, age, socioeconomic status, years married, and age at first marriage. Survey results were presented for the total sample and for various subgroups. Some findings were: (1) 73.4 percent of the wives approved of family planning; (2) when race is controlled, more whites approved of family planning than blacks; and (3) more blacks approved than Indians. (NQ)

In Denmark a large and complex group of social, legal, educational, health, and financial services are available to all women who are pregnant and/or have children under 2 years of age. These services are the subject of two joint reports. The first report describes the history, organization, and administration of the program and the services for pregnant women. Through the nationally organized Mothers Help centers, almost half of all women in Denmark come into contact with and receive help from the centers during their pregnancies. Services provided include maternity allowances, counseling services, educational programs, and abortion counseling. Special services are provided for single parents in the form of: (1) legal aid in connection with affiliation proceedings against the child's father; (2) extensive counseling on whether or not to interrupt the pregnancy; and (3) special maternity homes for single pregnant women. A second report describes services for women with children under 2 years of age and concludes with an analysis of the problems and future of the program. In brief, services offered mothers with children under age 2 include: (1) family planning services; (2) domestic assistance; (3) housing, financial assistance, and educational programs for single mothers; and (4) children's allowances. The authors describes some implications of these extensive health services for the United States in terms of providing for the health and well-being of pregnant women--particularity young, unwed women. (Author/PC)

This outline of East-West Center professional development and research projects planned for 1973-74 and 1974-75 is published to provide as much information as possible to cooperating organizations and to potential cosponsors of the center's projects. The projects provide a forum in which women and men from Asia, the Pacific area, and the United States can exchange ideas and experiences and seek solutions to mutual problems. Project participants are nominated by the cooperating institutions and agencies. Nominees must meet the educational and experience criteria established for each project, show evidence of career commitment to the problem being studied, and demonstrate a willingness and ability to contribute to cultural interchange. The workshops, conferences, and research projects are listed by name under the center's sponsoring institute: (1) East-West Communication Institute; (2) East-West Culture Learning Institute; (3) East-West Food Institute; (4) East-West Population Institute; (5) East-West Technology and Development Institute. A brief description of projects, including dates, cooperating agencies, and the name of each project coordinator, is provided. A short vita for staff of each institute is also included. (Author/RM)

Empirical tests of hypotheses developed in a discussion of income and substitution effects support the hypotheses and show that women with more education have their first birth (Bl) sooner after leaving school than less educated women; also, an additional year of schooling raises the woman's age at Bl by only about one-half year. The higher the wife's education, the shorter the total interval between Bl and the last birth (Bn), given family size; the effect is even stronger if family size is not held constant. Ceteris paribus, more education for the husband, led to postponement of Bl. Higher family income resulted in an earlier Bl and a longer total interval. Women with more education worked during more of the period before Bl, were more likely to work after either B1 or Bn, and worked sooner after Bn. If family income was high, she was less likely to work after Bl; but if she worked, it was more likely to be between births. If she worked only after Bn, the high income woman's last child was older when she (re-) entered the labor force. (Author)

In this paper, the author offers an expanded explanation of just what difference sibling position should make, and then subjects this reasoning to a test that seems to meet all of the objections raised about empirical work linking sibling position to achievement. More specifically, the author (1) lays out a simple proximate explanation of the way in which family size, birth order, and child spacing should influence a child's subsequent attainments by governing the time and other inputs he or she receives; (2) transforms these three dimensions of family structure into a single quantitative family-inputs index; (3) tests the link between sibling position and achievement within families as well as across families; and (4) presents calculations suggesting the order of magnitude of the impact of improved contraception on the subsequent inequality and level of a cohort's educational and career attainments. It turns out that the link between sibling position and achievement is significant even when age and parents' attributes have been held constant. The impact of improved contraception on the distribution of achievements in the next generation turns out to be as important, or possibly more important, then would be inferred from past studies. The family-inputs index emerges as an important variable for future studies. (Author/JM)

This team report, one in the series described by SO 008 058, identifies representative cases of certain categories of projects involving nonformal education (NFE) and describes them using fairly uniform elements and a common framework. Nonformal education, as defined for this application, is intentional and systematic, but unlike formal education, subordinates form to mission. Eight "families" of case studies represent a sample from a larger number of possibilities categorized according to the project's mission and its sponsorship. The eight categories include projects for agricultural development, family planning, literacy, health and sanitation, and projects sponsored by colleges, universities, voluntary associations, armed forces, and industry--all taking place in both developed and developing nations. Chapter 1 provides the rationale and methodology used by the study team. Chapter 2 consists of a short listing of cases surveyed, along with abstracts. All of the cases are described more extensively in chapters 3-10. The final chapter synthesizes the families of case studies and makes generalizations that will provide practical lessons for the future of NFE. Appendixes carry supplementary reports. (JH)

While the majority of society has continued to decrease in family size, historically the Mexican American population has continued to maintain an extraordinary fertility and a resulting large family size. This study examined fertility patterns among the Spanish speaking population through a comparative demographic analysis of the 1950-1970 censuses. The Spanish surnamed population was compared state by state throughout the Southwest with the total population. Age and sex composition, dependency and fertility rates, and family size patterns were analyzed, as well as overall rates of growth. Data were obtained primarily from the 1950, 1960, and 1970 Special Reports on Persons of Spanish Surname and the individual State Reports of the 1970 Census of Population for the five Southwestern states. Only comparable tables of these census reports were used for continuity. It was found that while the fertility rate of the total population of the Southwest did in fact increase in 1960, by 1970 the current fertility rate had decreased to levels below that in 1950 in every state throughout the Southwest. The Mexican American decreasing fertility was evidenced in the population pyramids, age composition tables, dependency ratios, child-woman ratios, children ever born per 1,000 women ever married tables, and the average persons per family data analyzed from census data. (AUTHOR/NQ)

This report summarizes the Regional Meeting of Experts on the Role of University Faculties/Colleges of Education in Population Education. The meeting explored ways in which university faculties/colleges of education could serve the needs of member states in the promotion of population education. The report is divided into six parts. Organization and scope states the overall objectives of the meeting and lists the day-by-day accomplishments. The introduction presents the group's philosophy of population education. Following the introduction, the nature and status of population education in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are explored. The role of university faculties/colleges of education in population education is considered, and recommendations and suggestions are made. An appendix containing the opening address, list of participants, work schedule, and a list of documents concludes this report. (BT)

Opening with a message from president Thomas B. Keehn, the publication presents the reports of four regional representatives for Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America focusing on the following organizational goals: (1) developing and expanding the World Education program of integrating family life planning with functional literacy education, (2) encouraging innovation in adult education, (3) broadening the base of funding, and (4) strengthening the organization's place in the international community. The report also includes excerpts from an evaluation report on the organization's program and philosophy, a report on publications, an auditor's report, and a list of coordinating agencies. (MDW)

This report surveys the first generation of theoretical and empirical research on the determinants of parent "demand" for children. A large fraction of this literature was first published as Rand reports and papers. The pragmatic question discussed here is the strengths and shortcomings of the state of the art in economic analysis of fertility determinants. Efforts to view fertility as a response to time and resource constraints and market determined exchange prices have begun to yield a substantial and largely consistent literature of empirical investigations. Section 2 outlines the evaluation of this framework for analyzing fertility, and Section 4 evaluates the estimated magnitude and importance of several of the apparently causal relationships assumed by this framework. Section 3 briefly reviews the problems of statistically modeling reproductive behavior and estimating model parameters. In Section 5 it is argued that if the evaluation of population policy interventions is to become a more precise science, analysis should focus on fertility and not contraceptive services. Section 6 summarizes the empirical results from various evaluation studies of the Taiwan Family Planning Program. The final section considers how the demand approach to fertility determinants might help in the future to choose among broad types of policy interventions. (Author/JM)