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This fact sheet describes the various parts of the parturition (kidding) process and the basic signals which does usually exhibit for each three stages of the process.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia do toltrazuril no controle da coccidiose em cabritos de corte criados extensivamente em região semiárida e determinar a idade mais adequada para realização do tratamento. Quarenta cabritos foram separados por faixa etária e tratados com toltrazuril em dose única aos 14; 21; 28 e 35 dias de idade. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas semanalmente para determinação do número de oocistos por grama de fezes (Oopg) nas semanas subsequentes ao tratamento. Os animais também foram pesados semanalmente para determinação do ganho de peso médio diário (GPD). Todos os cabritos tratados não apresentaram oocistos nas fezes pelo menos por uma semana após o tratamento. O Oopg dos cabritos tratados, independentemente da idade do tratamento, foi menor do que os não tratados (P This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of toltrazuril in controlling coccidiosis in meat goats raised extensively in semiarid region and determine the most appropriate age for performing treatment. Forty kids were divided by age and treated with single dose of toltrazuril at 14, 21, 28 and 35 days aged. Fecal samples were collected weekly to determine the number of oocysts per gram of feces (Oopg) after treatment. The kids were weighed weekly to determine average daily gain (ADG). All treated kids showed no oocysts in the feces by at least one week after treatment. The Oopg of treated kids regardless of age at treatment was lower than the untreated (P

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections have an important negative impact on smallruminant production. The selection of genotypes resistant to these parasitic infections is apromising alternative control strategy. Thus, resistance against GIN is an important componentof small ruminant breeding schemes, based on phenotypic measurements of resistancein immune mature infected animals. In this study we evaluated both the impact of thepost-weaning parasitism history on the response to an experimental Haemonchus contortusinfection of resistant and susceptible Creole kids chosen on the basis of their estimatedbreeding value, and the interaction with the kid’s genetic status. During the post-weaningperiod (from 3 months until 7 months of age) Creole kids were reared at pasture accordingto four different levels of a mixed rotational stocking system with Creole cattle: 100% (control),75% (GG75), 50% (GG50), and 25% (GG25) of the total stocking rate of the pasture. Thelevel of infection of the kids decreased significantly at 50% and 25% of the total stocking rate.After the post-weaning period at pasture, at 11 months of age kids were experimentallyinfected with H. contortus. The faecal egg counts (FEC) were significantly lower in the groupsshowing the highest FEC at pasture. This result suggests that a degree of protection againstan experimental H. contortus infection occurred during the post-weaning period and wasdependant on the level of parasitism. Interestingly, no interaction was observed betweenthis level of protection and the genetic status. In conclusion, the level of post-weaning naturalparasitism history at pasture would not influence the genetic status evaluation. Moregenerally our results suggest that it would be better to expose kids to a high level of gastrointestinalparasitism during the post-weaning period in order to increase the basal levelof resistance thereafter.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass quantitative characteristics, shelf life and physicochemical characteristics of Longissimus dorsi muscle and the allometric growth of cuts and tissue of goat kids ½ Boer-Saanen fed diets with different levels of vitamin E. Thirty-five goat kids ½ Boer-Saanen were used, with an average age of 122 ± 3.57 days and initial body weight of 21 ± 2.85 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments, being the control without addition of vitamin E, and other treatments containing 50, 150 and 450 mg of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg of DM. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the study and each 14 days to monitor the body weight and make diet adjustment. When the average body weight reached 32 kg, the animals were fasted for 16 hours and subsequently slaughtered to obtain the carcass. Quantitative carcass characteristics were evaluated, and samples of the Longissimus dorsi muscle were taken to the physicochemical evaluations and visual assessment of meat shelf life. The left half carcass was sectioned into five anatomical regions, as follows: neck, shoulder, ribs, loin and leg. To evaluate the allometric growth of the cuts and tissues, the cuts: shoulder, loin and leg were dissected and separated into following tissues groups: total fat, muscle and bone. There were no treatment effects on performance and carcass quantitative characteristics of the animals supplemented with vitamin E in diet, however there was effect of gender on performance and carcass characteristics of the animals, where males showed better results. To the physicochemical characteristics of Longissimus dorsi muscle, there were no effects of treatments in color, pH and muscle shear force. However, there was a positive linear effect for the moisture content and cooking loss, and negative linear effect on crude protein and total fat content in Longissimus dorsi muscle of the animals supplemented with vitamin E in diet. In the fatty acid concentration in Longissimus dorsi muscle, improvements were observed in the fatty acid profile, with quadratic effect for myristic, conjugated linoleic acid and arachidonic fatty acids, and for the sum of poly-unsaturated fatty acids and the ratio polyunsaturated fatty acid: saturated fatty acid, and a negative linear effect for the palmitoleic fatty acid. There was a reduction in lipid oxidation in the meat days of storage and increased incorporation of vitamin E in muscle of the animals that consumed diets supplemented with vitamin E. The shelf life of meat was influenced by vitamin supplementation in animal diet and showed greater survival time of meat in chemical evaluation by the method of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the visual evaluation method for consumers, wherein the chemical method was more accurate to assess the prediction of shelf life. There were diet effects on allometric growth of carcass commercial cuts of animals supplemented with vitamin E, and on the development of tissues (muscle, fat and bone) in the main commercial cuts of the goat kids' carcass. Vitamin E can be used to fed ½ Boer-Saanen goat kids in levels up to 150 mg, without affecting the productive performance of the animals, showing improvements in chemical composition of Longissimus dorsi, in the vitamin E incorporating in muscle tissue, reducing lipid oxidation, better consumer acceptance of meat supplemented and proper development of cuts and tissues cuts of animals carcasses. O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, as características quantitativas da carcaça, vida de prateleira e composição físico-química do músculo Longissimus dorsi e o crescimento alométrico dos cortes e tecidos de cabritos ½ Boer-Saanen, recebendo rações com diferentes níveis de vitamina E na dieta. Foram utilizados 35 cabritos ½ Boer-Saanen, com idade média ± desvio-padrão de 122 ± 3,57 dias e peso corporal médio inicial de 21 ± 2,85 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em quatro tratamentos, sendo o controle, sem inclusão de vitamina E, e os demais tratamentos contendo 50, 150 e 450 mg de dl-α-tocoferol acetato/kg MS. Os animais foram pesados no início do experimento e a cada 14 dias para acompanhamento do peso corporal e ajuste da dieta. Quando atingiram peso médio de 32 kg, os animais foram submetidos a jejum de 16 h e, posteriormente, abatidos para a obtenção das carcaças. Foram avaliadas as características quantitativas das carcaças, e amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi foram retiradas para as avaliações físico-químicas e avaliação visual da vida de prateleira da carne. A meia carcaça esquerda obtida foi seccionada em cinco regiões anatômicas, sendo pescoço, paleta, costilhar, lombo e perna. Para avaliação do crescimento alométrico dos cortes e dos tecidos, os cortes paleta, lombo e perna foram dissecados e separados nos seguintes grupos teciduais: gordura total, músculos e ossos. Não foram observados efeitos dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho e as características quantitativas da carcaça dos animais suplementados com vitamina E, no entanto se observou efeito do sexo no desempenho produtivo e nas características de carcaça dos animais, em que os machos demonstraram melhores respostas. Para as características físico-químicas do músculo Longissimus dorsi¸ não foram observados efeitos das dietas suplementadas na cor, pH e força de cisalhamento do músculo. Entretanto, observou-se efeito linear positivo para o teor de umidade e perda por cocção, e efeito linear negativo para os teores de proteína bruta e gordura total no músculo Longissimus dorsi dos animais suplementados com vitamina E na dieta. Na concentração de ácidos graxos no músculo Longissimus dorsi foram observadas melhorias no perfil de ácidos graxos, com efeitos quadráticos para os ácidos graxos mirístico, ácido linoleico conjugado, araquidônico, soma total dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e razão ácido graxo poli-insaturado: ácido graxo saturado, e efeito linear negativo para o ácido graxo palmitoleico. Houve redução na oxidação lipídica durante os dias de armazenamento das carnes e aumento na incorporação de vitamina E no músculo dos animais que consumiram dietas suplementadas. A vida de prateleira das carnes foi influenciada pela suplementação vitamínica na dieta dos animais, tendo demonstrado maior tempo de sobrevivência dos bifes na avaliação química, pelo método de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, e pelo método de avaliação visual por consumidores, em que o método de avalição química se mostrou mais acurado na predição da avaliação de vida de prateleira. Houve efeitos das dietas sobre o crescimento alométrico dos cortes comerciais da carcaça de animais suplementados com vitamina E, bem como no desenvolvimento dos tecidos (muscular, adiposo e ósseo), nos principais cortes comerciais da carcaça caprina. A vitamina E pode ser utilizada na alimentação de cabritos ½ Boer-Saanen, em níveis a partir de 150 mg, sem influenciar o desempenho produtivo dos animais, apresentando melhoras na composição química do músculo Longissimus dorsi, na incorporação de vitamina E no tecido muscular, redução na oxidação lipídica, melhor aceitação pelo consumidor das carnes suplementadas e desenvolvimento adequado dos cortes e dos tecidos dos cortes da carcaça dos animais. xv, 85 f

The aim of this research was to determine the growth and development of goat kids from organic breeding during the period of suckling and fattening. The research was conducted on organic farms with 15 lambs French Alpine breed, during the suckling period (from kidding to 75 days) and the beginning of the fattening period (during the first 20th day of fattening). Goat kids were weighed at birth, 15, 45 and 75 days in the period of suckling, when weaning followed, and at the age of 95 days of fattening. Goat kids were fed a mixture of concentrated feed (50% barley, 30% corn, 10% wheat and 10% sunflower meal) and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during the period of suckling. Goat kids were suckling ad libitum. Rearing and feeding of goat kids were in accordance with the Regulations on organic livestock production. Immediately after weighing goat kids were taken body measures (height of withers, trunk length, circumference and width of chest, circumference and leg length and cannon bone circumference), body condition scores and were calculated indices of anamorphosis and body proportions as well as daily gain. Determined the body weight and daily gain of goat kids in suckling period and the beginning of the fattening period (from 4.39 kg to 15.72 kg respectively, 18.82 kg and 151 g or 155 g) indicate the satisfied result of feeding and rearing in the organic conditions. With increasing the age of goat kids body weight was growing, as well as daily gain and body condition scores (from 2.53 to 2.89), anamorphosis indices (from 45.00 to 61.87) and body proportions (from 16.71 to 32.96). Determined indicators of growth and development of goat kids show satisfactory rearing conditions in organic breeding.

Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections have an important negative impact on small ruminant production. The selection of genotypes resistant to these parasitic infections is a promising alternative control strategy. Thus, resistance against GIN is an important component of small ruminant breeding schemes, based on phenotypic measurements of resistance in immune mature infected animals. In this study we evaluated both the impact of the post-weaning parasitism history on the response to an experimental Haemonchus contortus infection of resistant and susceptible Creole kids chosen on the basis of their estimated breeding value, and the interaction with the kid's genetic status. During the post-weaning period (from 3 months until 7 months of age) Creole kids were reared at pasture according to four different levels of a mixed rotational stocking system with Creole cattle: 100% (control), 75% (GG75), 50% (GG50), and 25% (GG25) of the total stocking rate of the pasture. The level of infection of the kids decreased significantly at 50% and 25% of the total stocking rate. After the post-weaning period at pasture, at 11 months of age kids were experimentally infected with H. contortus. The faecal egg counts (FEC) were significantly lower in the groups showing the highest FEC at pasture. This result suggests that a degree of protection against an experimental H. contortus infection occurred during the post-weaning period and was dependant on the level of parasitism. Interestingly, no interaction was observed between this level of protection and the genetic status. In conclusion, the level of post-weaning natural parasitism history at pasture would not influence the genetic status evaluation. More generally our results suggest that it would be better to expose kids to a high level of gastrointestinal parasitism during the post-weaning period in order to increase the basal level of resistance thereafter.

[EN] This study is about the effect of crossing Murciano-Granadina (MG) and Boer (BO) breeds on the tissue composition of goat kids, in both male and female. 48 goat kids were used, 24 pure MG kids (12♂ and 12♀) and other 24 resulting from the crossbreeding BM (12♂ and 12♀). The goat kids were fed by artificial rearing and slaughtered with an approximated live weight of 9 kg. After the quartering of the left half carcass, the shoulder was vacuum packaged and frozen until its later tissue dissection. It was proved that the crossbreeding between MG and B didn’t change males’ tissue composition and reduced the females’ bone content, improving the meat/bone ratio of the carcass., [ES] En este trabajo se estudia el efecto del cruzamiento de la raza Murciano-Granadina (MG) con la raza Boer (B) sobre la composición tisular de los cabritos lechales, tanto en machos como en hembras. Para ello se utilizaron 48 cabritos, de los cuales 24 eran de raza MG (12♂ y 12♀) y otros 24 resultantes del cruce BM (12♂ y 12 ♀). Los cabritos fueron alimentados en lactancia artificial y sacrificados con un peso vivo aproximado de 9 kg. Tras el despiece de la media canal izquierda, la espalda fue envasada al vacío y congelada hasta su disección tisular posterior. Se comprobó que el cruzamiento de la raza MG con la raza B, no alteró la composición tisular en los machos y redujo el contenido en hueso de las hembras, mejorando con ello la proporción de carne/hueso en la canal.

Dairy goats have been imported into Tanzania since the 1960s to improve the milk production of Small East African (SEA) goats through crossbreeding. The SEA goats have poor genetic potential for milk. Although crossbreeding programmes started in the early 1980s, most were abandoned or failed for a number of reasons, including lack of performance records, which were important for the design and management of breeding programmes for dairy goats. This study was designed to evaluate growth, lactation, and manure yield in Norwegian Landrace (NL) goats in one rural community of Tanzania. Growth was evaluated in 211 goats by birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), weight at six (W6M) and nine months (W9M), and average daily gain (ADG). Lactation performance involved lactation milk yield (LMY), lactation length (LL), and dry off days in 251 does. Twenty four additional goats were confined to determine manure production and chemical composition in a different on-station study. The general linear model (GLM) of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was used in data analysis. Averages for BW, WW, and adult weight (W9M) were 3.27 ± 0.04, 12.79 ± 0.09, and 28.33 ± 0.19 kg, respectively. Average LMY of 322 litres, LL 214.5 days and dry off days of 84 were obtained. Animals with ≥75% NL genetic make-up produced more milk and showed longer LL and higher ADG than those with 50%. For example, BW was 3.38 ± 0.12 kg in 75% NL animals compared with 2.56 ± 0.12 kg in 50%, whereas LMY was 324.09 ± 16.22 and 248.67 ± 16.20, respectively. The amount of manure was 311.8 g and 218 g per day for mature and grower goats, respectively. Nitrogen was the major content, comprising 1.98% of all nutrients in manure. Compared with the early years of introducing NL goats, growth and productivity of milk have increased several fold, indicating that the development of NL goats in Mgeta is positive at the moment. Keywords: Exotic goats, goat kids, Mgeta, productivity, smallholder

Pre-print The effects of Crypthecodinium cohnii (Cryp.), Chlorela spp. (Chlo.) and Isochrysis galbana (Iso.) addition to milk replacer on goat kids and lambs growth were evaluated. About 80 Majorera goat kids (males and females) and 80 Canarian sheep lambs were randomly assigned into four different groups (by specie) according to diet. Control groups were fed with a commercial milk replacer at 16% (w/w); Cryp. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of C. cohnii; Chlo. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of Chlorela spp.; Iso. groups received a commercial milk replacer (15.1% w/w) supplemented with 9 g of a paste of I. galbana. After colostrum period, animals were individually bottle-fed twice daily (8 am and 8 pm) ad libitum with the corresponding diet until day 60 of life. Animals were weighted every week at 8 am and liquid diet intake was recorded weekly. No effects of microseaweed addition were observed, neither growth nor milk replacer intake. Yes

Background Floppy kid syndrome (FKS) affects goat kids in the first month of life and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The condition is characterized by neurological signs that can be ascribed to increased plasma d-lactate concentrations. The source of d-lactate has not been identified conclusively, but d-lactate-producing bacteria in the large intestine are thought to be involved. Objectives To determine the number of colony-forming unit (CFUs) of certain groups of bacteria in the feces of kids with and without FKS. Animals Nineteen goat kids with clinical signs of FKS, acidemia (pH ≤ 7.2), and plasma d-lactate concentration >7 mM and 15 healthy goat kids without acidemia (pH >7.2) and d-lactate concentration

Se analizaron los pesos al nacimiento (PN) de cabritos Boer, Nubios y sus cruzas manejados bajo condiciones de confinamiento en el Altiplano Potosino, con el propósito de evaluar la influencia de genotipo de la cría [Boer puros (B), Nubios puros (N), ½ B x ½ N (BN), ¾ B x ¼ N (¾ B), y ⅞ B x ⅛ N (⅞ B)], tipo de nacimiento (sencillo, doble y triple+), sexo (macho, hembra), número de parto (1, 2, 3, 4+) y época de nacimiento (1-8) en el PN. Se efectuó un análisis de varianza en donde todos estos factores se definieron como efectos fijos. Todos los factores influyeron (p0.05), pero superiores a los de cabritos ⅞ B (2.7 kg). El PN en crías de nacimiento sencillo fue mayor (3.2 kg, p0.05), but higher (p

The aim of this research was to determine the growth and development of goat kids from organic breeding during the period of suckling and fattening. The research was conducted on organic farms with 15 lambs French Alpine breed, during the suckling period (from kidding to 75 days) and the beginning of the fattening period (during the first 20th day of fattening). Goat kids were weighed at birth, 15, 45 and 75 days in the period of suckling, when weaning followed, and at the age of 95 days of fattening. Goat kids were fed a mixture of concentrated feed (50% barley, 30% corn, 10% wheat and 10% sunflower meal) and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during the period of suckling. Goat kids were suckling ad libitum. Rearing and feeding of goat kids were in accordance with the Regulations on organic livestock production. Immediately after weighing goat kids were taken body measures (height of withers, trunk length, circumference and width of chest, circumference and leg length and cannon bone circumference), body condition scores and were calculated indices of anamorphosis and body proportions as well as daily gain. Determined the body weight and daily gain of goat kids in suckling period and the beginning of the fattening period (from 4.39 kg to 15.72 kg respectively, 18.82 kg and 151 g or 155 g) indicate the satisfied result of feeding and rearing in the organic conditions. With increasing the age of goat kids body weight was growing, as well as daily gain and body condition scores (from 2.53 to 2.89), anamorphosis indices (from 45.00 to 61.87) and body proportions (from 16.71 to 32.96). Determined indicators of growth and development of goat kids show satisfactory rearing conditions in organic breeding.

The aim of the study was to determine haematological parameters and acid-base balance of the goat kids´ blood from organic breeding. Goat kids were 45 days old and in the suckling period. Along with suckling, goat kids were fed with mixture of cereals and meadow hay. Blood was sampled in the morning, after suckling, from the jugular vein and was immediately transported to the laboratory. Determining of haematological parameters (number of leukocytes and erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume - MCV, mean hemoglobin content in erythrocytes - MCH and mean hemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes – MCHC) was conducted on automated hematology analyzer Sysmex pocH-100iV, while acid-base balance parameters of goat kids´ blood (pH of blood, BE of blood, gases in the blood: pCO2, pO2 and tCO2 and electrolytes: Na, K, Cl and bicarbonate) were conducted on acid-base analyzer Rapid Lab 348. Then, the anion gap, strong ion difference and z value from the blood of goats were measured. Results of the research were analyzed by descriptive statistics and compared with current reference values for goats. With analysis of haematological and blood acid-base balance parameters in the organic breeding, small changes of analyzed parameters (except pH value and electrolytes) were observed when compared with reference values for goats. Mentioned changes can be attributed to age due to the pronounced growth and maturation of most organs in suckling goat kids. Therefore, it is very important when choosing animals from the herd for the production of haematological parameters and determination of blood acid-base balance, to take age of animals as an important factor in order to obtain better results.

Se utilizaron 141 cabritos de 5 razas españolas a dos pesos de sacrificio y se determinó la calidad instrumental y sensorial de su carne. La influencia del peso al sacrificio es, presumiblemente, muy importante sobre la calidad de la carne, pero este efecto debe ser valorado para cada raza. Aunque la carne del cabrito más ligero tuvo mayores valores en la fuerza de compresión, en el análisis sensorial esta carne fue descrita como más tierna y jugosa. There were slaughtered 141 suckling kids of 5 Spanish breeds at two live weights. The influence of slaughter weight even in young kids is very important in most of the traits of meat quality, but this effect should be considered separately for each breed. Meat from light kids had greater values of instrumental texture but it was defined by panelist as tender and juicy. Este trabajo ha sido financiado por el INIA (RTA2006-0177) y fondos FEDER

The aim of the present study was to evaluate tylosine efficacy administered by intramuscular for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected goat kids. These animals were randomly assigned to test group (n=10) and control (n=10) group after routine clinical examination. All kids showed mild mental depression, decrease in suckling reflex and diarrhea in different severity. Fecal samples were analyzed via virological, bacteriological and coccidial examinations. The consistency of feces was assessed as pastose, semiliquid, or liquid. The rates of infection of the samples were evaluated semi-quantitatively. Tylosine was given by intramuscular route to test group - 2 at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day for 5 days. However, isotonic saline solution (1.0 ml) was used by intramuscular route to the control group, once a day for 5 days. Hematological results of all the kids were within normal limits except for hematocrit rates which were mild high in 15 kids as a result of dehydration. However, OPG was not detected in both of group after treatment. It was suggests that tylosine applied animals has been shown more rapid recovery than control group. Tylosine may be useful in order to reduce of treatment period in the disease. In future, more detailed studies which evaluate the effects of tylosine in goat kids with cryptosporidiosis are needed.

Embora os caprinos não estejam, na maioria das vezes, associados à produção intensiva, esta prática tem sido cada vez mais comum. Com a intensificação da produção tornou-se importante o desenvolvimento de ambientes controlados, de modo a optimizar os recursos e diminuir os custos. Os objectivos deste trabalho foram monitorizar e controlar a qualidade do ar interior de uma sala de aleitamento artificial para cabritos. Foram estudadas a temperatura, humidade relativa e as concentrações de dióxido de carbono e de amoníaco. Foram determinados os caudais de ventilação e a circulação do ar na sala. Os valores de temperatura, humidade relativa, dióxido de carbono e amoníaco encontravam-se dentro dos níveis recomendados. Os caudais de ventilação revelaram-se suficientes para o controlo do ambiente. Although goats are not, in most cases, associated with intensive production, this practice has been increasingly common. With the intensification of production it has become important to develop a controlled environment to optimize resources and reduce costs. The objective of this study was to monitor and control air quality inside a room for artificial feeding of goat kids. We studied the temperature, humidity and concentrations of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Rates of ventilation and air circulation in the room were determined. The values of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia were within the recommended levels. The ventilation flow was sufficient to control the air quality.

The paper analyzes the state of goat production in the Republic of Serbia, with special emphasis on the general overview of conditions and problems that accompany this branch of animal husbandry with the proposed solutions and recommendations with the aim of increasing the productive capacity of the existing breeds of goats. Goat Serbia is characterized by a negative state, especially strong negative trend over the number of goats. Production of goat milk and meat past few years has stagnated at very low levels. As a small producer of these foods, our country can not meet the needs of its population in them, nor to any one market may not emerge as a serious bidder. For these reasons, imposes itself as a priority in the agricultural policy of our country, the constant application and approval of new incentives in the goat in order to create as many commodity producers of milk and meat, especially of kid meat intended for export. Serbia goat development opportunities exist and are available through the agricultural areas, where special emphasis should be placed on individual farms, their size, and to deal with the goat as the primary production in the highlands, and in some areas and the plains, where land and soil suitable for meadows and pastures. However, evaluation of the potential and benefits is very low, and the prosperity of goats farms not possible without a transformation of the wider economic and social environment.

The importance of organic livestock production is increasing in Spain and especially in Andalucía, but nevertheless still exist reduced number of studies about the quality of these products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of management system (conventional vs organic) on the fatty acid profile (with special reference on the conjugated linoleic acids, CLA) in the meat of Payoya goat kids. Twenty-four male kids (12 from a farm with conventional system and 12 from a farm with organic system) were used. The farms were located in the Sierra Norte of Cádiz (Andalucía, Southern Spain) and were fed in a grazing-based management, ranging mainly between semi-extensive and semi-intensive systems. Kids in both groups were born from twin births. They were raised with natural milk and slaughtered at same average live weight (8.4±0.31 kg). After 24 hours of chilling, carcasses were splitted along the dorsal midline and Longissimus thoracis muscle was obtained, packed to the emptiness and preserved at -20ºC up to analysis. There were no significant differences in a high number of the studied fatty acids according to production system, except for C14:0, C18:1, C20:0, C21:0, and C22:5n3 (with higher percentage in organic kids, P

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Cylindamycine in saanen goats kids suffering from naturally occuring coccidiosis. 13 kids were found to be suffering from different degrees of coccidiosis. Fecal samples were submitted from all of the diarrheic kids in the goat flock for virological, bacteriological and coccidial examinations. Bacteriogical cultures and flotation examinations of faecal samples were evaluated. In clinical examinations, all kids showed dysentery, tenesmus, inappetence, and weakness. While total per oocyste counts were detected as 675500 opg (per gram oocysts) before the treatment, were detected as low as 24020 opg at end of day 14. Clindamycine applications in addition to managemental measurements may be useful to reduce the oocyst counts and to improve of clinical status.

Although goats are not, in most cases, associated with intensive production, this practice has been increasingly common. With the intensification of production it has become important to develop a controlled environment to optimize resources and reduce costs. The objective of this study was to monitor and control air quality inside a room for artificial feeding of goat kids. We studied the temperature, humidity and concentrations of carbon dioxide and ammonia. Rates of ventilation and air circulation in the room were determined. The values of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia were within the recommended levels. The ventilation flow was sufficient to control the air quality., Embora os caprinos não estejam, na maioria das vezes, associados à produção intensiva, esta prática tem sido cada vez mais comum. Com a intensificação da produção tornou-se importante o desenvolvimento de ambientes controlados, de modo a optimizar os recursos e diminuir os custos. Os objectivos deste trabalho foram monitorizar e controlar a qualidade do ar interior de uma sala de aleitamento artificial para cabritos. Foram estudadas a temperatura, humidade relativa e as concentrações de dióxido de carbono e de amoníaco. Foram determinados os caudais de ventilação e a circulação do ar na sala. Os valores de temperatura, humidade relativa, dióxido de carbono e amoníaco encontravam-se dentro dos níveis recomendados. Os caudais de ventilação revelaram-se suficientes para o controlo do ambiente.

The importance of blood serum immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity and glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) duration was compared to assess passive transfer status in healthy goat kids. Twenty-one Saanen goat kids (0–15 days old) were used. Blood samples were collected from kids presuckling (day 0, baseline), and on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 15th days. Serum IgG concentration, GGT activity and GCT duration were measured on these days. It was observed that serum IgG concentration and GGT activity significantly increased on the 1st, 4th and 7th day of the experiment. However serum GCT duration was decreased significantly in kids on the 1st, 4th, 7th and 15th days. It was observed that passive transfer status was sufficient when 10% GCT solution clotted serum within 10 and 15 min in up to 7-day-old and 8–15 days old suckling kids, respectively. Thus, GCT as an indicator of GGT activity is useful, practical, and cheaper than GGT in assessing passive transfer status in goat kids.

Acesso restrito: Texto completo. p. 138-143. Submitted by JURANDI DE SOUZA SILVA (jssufba@hotmail.com) on 2012-04-20T13:06:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 __ac.els-cdn.com_S016524...6d7d903a5768752a523568cb98a8f.pdf: 181691 bytes, checksum: 3867218d027c005daae1e1cdd404ac99 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-20T13:06:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 __ac.els-cdn.com_S016524...6d7d903a5768752a523568cb98a8f.pdf: 181691 bytes, checksum: 3867218d027c005daae1e1cdd404ac99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07 This study evaluated the transference of maternal-specific antibodies against Haemonchus contortus and the humoral immune response of 32 goat kids to natural infection by the parasite,from birth to 5 months of age. All serum samples collected immediately after birth and before colostrum ingestion were negative for H. contortus antibodies, as demonstrated by ELISA. However, 30 and 60 days after colostrum and milk ingestion, antibody detection was positive and faecal egg count (FEC) was negative, suggesting the transference of humoral immunity by colostrum. All animals were FEC-negative for Strongylodea until four months of age, consistent with the stage of animal development where nourishment comes only from breastfeeding. Animals also presented a high serum IgA concentration, associated with lower levels of total IgG. This work demonstrated that passive humoral immunity against H. contortus in goat kids occurs via the colostrum and not by transplacental transference of antibodies.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğumdan sonra 24.saatte ölçülen immunglobulin G (IgG- 24) konsantrasyonu ile sütten kesme dönemi öncesinde canlı ağırlık artışı arasında ilişkinin saptanmasıdır. Bununla beraber doğduktan hemen sonra hiperimmun serumun parenteral olarak uygulandığı oğlaklar ile kontrol grubu oğlakların büyüme performanslarının karşılaştırılması da hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada aynı koşullarda bakılan 30 sağlıklı Saanen oğlak (0-30 günlük) kullanılmıştır. Doğumun hemen sonrasında canlı ağırlıkları ölçülmüştür. Oğlakların yarısına (n=15) hiperimmun serum, diğer yarısına (n=15) %0.9 NaCl solusyonu enjekte edilmiştir. Doğumdan sonraki 24.saatte alınan kan örneklerinden serum IgG konsantrasyonu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın 30. gününde canlı ağırlıklar ölçülmüş ve büyüme performansları hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma grubunda, doğumdan sonra 24.saatte ölçülen IgG değeri ile günlük ortalama canlı ağırlık kazancı (R2 = 0,17) arasında ilişki bulunmazken, IgG-24 konsantrasyonu ile 30.gün canlı ağırlığı arasında (R2 = 0,26) istatistiki önem saptanmıştır. Kontrol grubunda 24.saat IgG ile günlük ağırlık artışı ve 30.gün canlı ağırlığı arasında istatistiki fark bulunmamıştır. Sonuçlar, 24.saatteki IgG düzeyi ile 30.gün canlı ağırlığı arasında pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğunu ve hiperimmun serum uygulanan oğlakların 30.gün canlı ağırlık performanslarının arttığını göstermektedir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the IgG levels at 24 hours postpartum and the mean daily weight gain until the weaning period. Goat kids injected parenterally with hyperimmune serum just after birth were also compared with those not injected. Thirty healthy Saanen goat kids (0-30 daysold) were used which had the same conditions. Body weight was measured at birth. Half of the kids (n=15) injected hyperimmune serum and other half of the kids (n=15) injected 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood samples were collected and serum IgG concentration were detected on 24 hours after parturation. Body weight was measured day 30 and calculated of preweaning growth performance. There were no difference in serum IgG-24 concentrations, mean daily gain (R2 = 0,17) in study group. There was significant difference between day 30 weight (R2 = 0,26) and IgG-24 in study group. There were no difference among daily weight gain, day 30 weight and IgG-24 in control group. Results indicated that there was a positive relationship between IgG-24 and day 30 body weight and hyperimmun serum injection was increased to growth performance in goat kids for day 30 after parturation

Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica - Produção Animal - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária While goats are not, in most cases, associated with intensive production, this practice has been increasingly common. With the intensification of production, it has become important to develop a controlled environment to optimize resources and reduce costs. The objectives of this study were to monitor and control the quality of air inside a room of artificial milk feeding for kids and come up with improvements to it. We also aimed to analyze droppings from goat kids to assess the usefulness of applying a commercial disinfectant to reduce the emission of ammonia. We studied the temperature, humidity and concentrations of carbon dioxide and ammonia, and analyzed the concentrations of ammonium and Kjeldahl nitrogen of manure, and its pH and electrical conductivity. The values of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and ammonia were within those recommended. The pH was higher in samples with disinfectant and electrical conductivity was higher in samples without disinfectant. Samples with disinfectant had lower losses of ammonium and electrical conductivity, leading to believe that this could be useful to reduce the emission of ammonia.

Many compounds have been screened for their potential anti-cryptosporidial activity in ruminants but none of them has been totally efficient in controlling the disease. Macrolide antibiotics have demonstrated some activity against Cryptosporidium spp. in humans. Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic, available in France in an oral form (Pulmotil® AC, Lilly France). The preventive efficacy of tilmicosin was evaluated in a goat farm experiencing severe clinical cryptosporidiosis in kids. Twenty-two kids were separated from their dams just after birth and placed in a separated pen. They were divided into 3 groups: an untreated group (10 kids), group 1 (6 kids) receiving tilmicosin at 25 mg/kg BW/day and group 2 (6 kids) receiving tilmicosin at 50 mg/kg BW/day. Tilmicosin was individually given by oral route from day 2 of age for 10 days. Three times a week, individual faecal samples were performed to assess the oocyst output. Clinical data, i.e. diarrhea and mortality, were recorded. In control kids, the highest prevalence and intensity of excretion were observed between day 6 and day 16 of age and mortality reached 90%. Excretion dynamic and clinical consequences were similar in both treated kid groups. Finally, tilmicosin did not demonstrate any activity against severe kid cryptosporidiosis in field conditions

Die Anwendbarkeit der Verdünnungsmethode mit Hilfe des Markers Deuteriumoxid (D2O) zur in vivo-Erfassung der sich ändernden Körperzusammensetzung wurde an 53 Ziegenlämmern der Rasse Bunte Deutsche Edelziege im Gewichtsabschnitt von 4 kg bis 20 kg LM überprüft. Bei einer Lebendmasse von 4, 8, 12, 16 bzw. 20 kg wurde den Tieren nach einer 13- bis 18stündigen Nüchterung D2O injiziert und nach weiteren vier bis fünf Stunden Blutproben gezogen. Bei jeweils einem Teil der Tiere erfolgte anschließend die Schlachtung und die chemische Analyse der Körper zur Bestimmung des Ganzkörperwassergehaltes, der Chymusmasse und der Leerkörperzusammensetzung. Die Messungen der D2O-Konzentrationen in den Blutproben und die chemische Analyse der Ganzkörper ergaben eine Überschätzung des Ganzkörperwassergehaltes durch die Verdünnungsmethode um im Mittel 3,99 %. Zwischen dem chemisch bestimmten und dem geschätzten Wert besteht eine enge lineare Beziehung. Die Schätzung des Inhaltes des Gastro-Intestinaltraktes (Chymus) dient zur Schätzung der Leerkörpermasse. Dessen Variabilität lässt sich im Wesentlichen durch die Lebendmasse erklären. Die chemische Analyse der Tierkörper zeigte, dass die Zusammensetzung des fettfreien Leerkörpers im hohen Maß von der Leerkörpermasse abhängt. Anhand von allometrischen Regressionsgleichungen wurden die Bestandteile der fettfreien Leerkörpermasse geschätzt und daraus die Zusammensetzung des fetthaltigen Leerkörpers ermittelt. Der Vergleich der mittels chemischer Analyse bestimmten bzw. der Verdünnungsmethode geschätzten Leerkörperzusammensetzung ergab eine hohe Übereinstimmung beim Wasser-, Rohprotein- und Rohaschegehalt. Der Rohfettgehalt wies dagegen größere Abweichungen auf. Als Ursache wurde die Streuung der geschätzten Chymusmasse bzw. Chymuswassermasse aufgedeckt. Das Fazit ist, dass sich die D2O-Verdünnungsmethode zur in vivo-Bestimmung der sich ändernden Körperzusammensetzung von Ziegenlämmern im Gewichtsabschnitt von 4 kg bis 20 kg LM eignet. On young goats (breed Bunte Deutsche Edelziege) with a live weight range of 4 kg up to 20 kg the suitability of the dilution method using the marker deuterated water (D2O) was checked in order to measure the changes of body composition during growth on living animals (in vivo). At a live weight of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 kg the animals received an intrave¬nous dose of D2O after a fastening time of 13 to 18 hours. Blood samples were taken after a waiting period of 4 to 5 hours. In connection with the last blood sample in each period a part of the animals were slaughtered to determine the total body water content, the digesta mass and the empty body composition by chemical analysis. The determination of the marker concentration in the blood samples and the chemical analysis of the total bodies showed that the dilution method overestimated total body water content by 3,99 %. There is a close linear relationship between the estimated and the chemically determined content of total body water. The estimation of the digesta mass serves for the estimation of the empty body mass. Its variation mainly depends on the live weight. The chemical analysis of the animal bodies revealed that the composition of the fat-free empty body is mainly dependent on the empty body mass. Using allometric equations the components of the fat-free empty body mass were estimated and thus the composition of the empty body could be calculated. The comparison of the chemically determined components with the estimated components of the empty body showed a high agreement concerning the content of water, protein and ash. However estimation of the fat content is less accurate. The reason is the variation of the estimated digesta mass and the digesta water mass. It can be concluded that the dilution technique using deuterated water is a practicable method to determine in vivo the changing body composition of growing kids with a live weight range of 4 kg up to 20 kg.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la cinética ruminal y el crecimiento de cabritos suplementados con un probiótico de bacterias ácido-lácticas, se asignaron 86 animales Alpinos en un experimento durante 120 días. En el tratamiento uno (T1) 43 cabritos recibieron una dieta constituida por 50% de heno de alfalfa, 40% de concentrado comercial y 10% de alimento nitrogenado de lento consumo (DI). Los animales del tratamiento dos (T2) recibieron DI rociada diariamente con 50 mL de probiótico (BAL) por kilogramo de MS. Se determinó la desaparición de MS in situ, el consumo voluntario de MS, la degradación de la fibra, la concentración de NH3 y AGV, la digestibilidad in vivo, el pH ruminal, los derivados de purinas y la ganancia de peso. La ganancia de peso diaria fue de 129 y 169 g para T1 y T2, respectivamente (P

Fifty five suckling kids from three genotypes and two sexes protected by the PGI “Cabrito de Barroso” European quality label were used in this experiment. Carcass quality was assessed using indices from carcass measurements, dressing percentages, refrigerated losses, higher priced joints proportion and tissue composition of the carcass. Meat pH, colour, total pigment, fat, dry matter, collagen determinations (total and soluble), cooking losses and shear force estimated in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and gluteobiceps (GB) muscles were used to characterize meat quality. Principal component (PC) analysis was performed in order to examine carcass quality traits (n = 16) and meat quality (n = 16) traits. The five first principal components (PCs) explained about 86% of the total variability for carcass quality and 75% of the total variability for meat quality. Compactness indices of carcass and leg, carcass weight and subcutaneous fat were the most effective variables for the PC1, whereas the higher priced joints proportion, muscle proportions of the higher priced joints and of the carcass and the muscle and bone ratio were useful to define the PC2. The first PC of the meat quality parameters was characterized by colour traits (L⁎, b⁎, a⁎, C⁎, H⁎ and total pigment) whereas collagen determinations (total collagen and collagen solubility) defined the second PC. When the carcass quality data were projected on the plane defined by the first two PCs, two separate groups of points appeared, corresponding to the animals with slaughter live weight higher or lower than 10 kg. The distribution of the meat quality data on the plane defined by the first two PCs allowed the identification of two separate groups, corresponding to the muscles GB and LTL. The differences between genotypes tend to be small and related to slaughter live weight, which implies certain constancy in carcass and meat quality of the PGI “Cabrito de Barroso”.

The requirements for polyunsaturated fatty acids during brain development are high and in certain situations supply may be inadequate. Numerous studies in rodents have shown that it diet rich in linolenic acid improves learning ability and modifies emotional reactivity of offspring. Thirty-two goats received from 1.5 months before to 2 months after parturition either a control supplement (C, rapeseed supplement, n = 16), rich in oleic acid (C 18: 1 n - 9) or a test supplement (L, linseed supplement, n = 16), rich in linolenic acid (C18:3n - 3). At birth the profile of fatty acids was measured in blood, mammary secretions and tissue samples from the goats and their kids. After birth the kids were fed a mixture of milk obtained from the same treatment group as their dam and their emotional reactivity and learning ability were studied. The profile of fatty acids was also measured in goat milk and kid plasma. Plasma proportions of linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n - 3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n - 3) were increased (P < 0.05) and arachidonic acid (C20:4n - 6) decreased (P < 0.01) by L compared to C in goats and kids at birth. At I I days. L kids spent more time sniffing the environment (P < 0.01) and less time immobile (P < 0.05) in a novel environment and passed more frequently next to the novel object (P < 0.05). The kids also tended to spend more time watching the object (P = 0.079) and tended to delay the first vocalisation with mouth open (P = 0.070) compared to C kids. Learning ability in a T-maze test at 46 days and the reaction to a startling stimulus at 48 days were unaffected by treatment. In conclusion, a diet rich in linseed given to gestating and lactating goats seems to increase the attention/exploration of their kids at 11 days without affecting their learning ability. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of the present study was to study the effects of social instability (regrouping) during the second trimester (7 weeks) of pregnancy on aggression, cortisol concentrations and growth in goats and its consequences for survival, growth and some aspects of behavioural development in the kids. Six weeks after mating, 32 goats were distributed into eight groups. In four of the groups, randomly chosen pairs of goats were rotated between groups every Monday morning (around 08:30 h) for 7 weeks (unstable groups), starting 6 weeks into gestation (second trimester). The remaining four groups were kept stable throughout the entire pregnancy (stable groups). The adult goats were video recorded for 6 h twice a week for the first, second, fourth and seventh regrouping and for the 2 last weeks before expected birth. Blood samples of the adult goats were collected in a period from I week before the start of the first regrouping and until I week before expected birth. Blood samples from a maximum of two kids from each litter were collected at 3 weeks of age. Two kids from each litter were subjected to two types of behavioural tests: a 'social test' at the age of 1 and 7 weeks and a 'novel object test' at the age of 5 weeks. Except for the higher aggression level in the unstable groups, social instability did not have any other significant effects on factors such as growth, cortisol level or kid production in the goats. There were only minor effects on the behavioural development in the goat kids. However, kids from the unstable groups showed more escape attempts in the first trial of a,social test', spent more time in contact with a novel object and unfamiliar kids, and showed less fear (escape attempts) after they were given one exposure to the social test situation. Furthermore, kids from unstable groups had a lower basal cortisol level than kids from stable groups. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Istraživanje je provedeno s 30 jaradi, pasmine francuska alpina, po odbiću, u dobi od 70 do 110 dana, podijeljeno u dvije skupine. Osnovica obroka jaradi bilo je sijeno lucerne i smjesa koncentriranih krmiva (kukuruz - 50%, pšenica - 25%, sojina sačma - 15%, pšenične posije 8%) uz dodatak stočne krede od 2%. Hranidba je bila po volji. Jarad kontrolne i pokusne skupine hranjena je istim obrokom, uz dodatak 0,1% probiotika Bioplus 2B (Bacillus licheniformis i Bacillus subtilis). Analizirajući tjelesne mase jaradi vidljivo je da je na kraju pokusa jarad pokusne skupine imala značajno (P, The investigation included 30 weaned French Alpina goat kids, aged from 70 to 110 days, divided into two groups. Feeding was ad libitum. Basic feed ingredients were alfalfa hay and feed mixture (corn 50%, wheat 25%, soybean cake 15%, wheat bran 8%, limestone 2%). The experimental group of animals was fed feed mixture with addition of 0.1% Bioplus 2B® (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis). Goat kids from the experimental group had statistically (P

Carcass composition and meat quality traits were evaluated in 55 suckling kids (27 males and 28 females) from Serrana (S), Bravia (B) and Serrana × Bravia (S×B) crossbred genotypes. Kids were slaughtered at 8–11 kg of live weight according to “Cabrito de Barroso–PGI” specifications and carcasses’ left sides were totally dissected. Dressing percentage (based on ELW) did not vary between genotypes and sexes. Genotype B carcasses have better conformation, expressed in higher compactness index and muscle/bone ratio. Sex had no effect on the composition of dissected carcass but females deposited more internal fat than males. S genotype had significantly less muscle content and higher dissectible fat compared to B and S×B genotypes, suggesting differences in maturity stages. The carcass’ bone content (20.4–21.4%) did not differ significantly between genotypes. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and gluteobiceps (GB) muscles were used for meat quality determinations. Genotype had a significant effect on meat traits and fatty acid composition of the analysed muscles: B genotype and LTL muscle showed lower final pH, S×B genotype had darker and more red muscles, GB muscle had a higher shear force value and lower collagen solubility. Few sex effects were observed on meat quality traits as well as on fatty acid composition. Average percentage of desirable fatty acids in kids was superior to 60% with male S genotype displaying a lower value. Genotypes B and B×S, males and GB muscle had more favorable PUFA:SFA ratios.

The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among lambs and goat kids in Serbia was examined. The animals were grouped according to age, i.e., up to 30 days and from 31 to 90 days. The infection was diagnosed using three coprological procedures. Sheather’s sugar flotation was employed to determine the concentration of oocysts. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique and modified Kinyoun technique were used as staining procedures. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 42.1% examined lambs and 31.8% goat kids. These findings clearly demonstrate the presence of Cryptospodium infection in lambs and goat kids in Serbia and indicate the potential role of these animals as reservoirs of cryptosporidia. U ovom radu su izneti rezultati Ispitivanja raširenosti Cryptosporidium infekcije kod jagnjadi i jaradi na teritoriji Srbije. Ispitivane životinje su podeljene u dve starosne grupe: do 30 dana i od 31-90 dana. Za dijagnostiku kriptosporodijalnih infekcija korišćene su tri koprološke metode: flotacija po Sheatheru za koncentraciju oocista i modifikovane Ziehl-Neelsen i Kinyoun tehnike kao metode bojenja. Oociste kriptosporidija su ustanovljene kod 42,1% pregledane jagnjadi i 31,8% jaradi. Ovi nalazi ukazuju na potencijalnu ulogu jagnjadi i jaradi kao rezervoara infekcije za kriptosporidije drugih vrsta životinja i ljudi u Srbiji.

The present article describes the pathomorphologic studies of five newborn goats. All of them had shown clinical evidences of ataxia first day after birth. The animals came from different farms located in same village. Pathoanatomy established liquefactive necrosis in the white brain matter of the right hemisphere. In addition, one of them showed inborn dysplasia of the cerebellum, another opacity of the cornea. The basic pathohystologic lesions in the animals were deficiency of myelin and vacuolation of the white matter of the brain and the spinal cord. Other findings were defective formation of the cerebellum, degenerative-necrobiotic changes in the neurons of the ventral horns of the spinal cords and the degenerative-inflammatory changes in the articulations.

A study was conducted on twenty graded jamunapari goat kids fed on four different groups. Group I was fed solely on roughage, i.e. sola (Aeschonomene indica Linn) grass hay and rice straw (70:30). Groups II, III and IV were fed on de-oiled rice bran (100 g/d), urea molasses mineral granules (50 g/d) and urea molasses mineral granules (50 g/d) plus fi sh meal (25 g/d). The experiment lasted for 105 days. The effect of supplementing urea molasses mineral granules and fi shmeal was studied on rumen parameters, viz. microbial protein, bacterial and protozoal biomass and blood biochemical constituents, viz. BUN, plasma creatinine, glucose, total protein, Ca and P. Enzymatic activity for alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase were also measured. The microbial protein synthesis was higher in group III (42.94 g/100 ml) and IV (57.04 g/100 ml) as compared to control (I) and II. There was a signifi cant improvement of bacterial biomass (0.057 g/100 ml) and (0.082 g/100 ml). Similarly, bacterial and protozoal populations also become affected due to supplementation of fermentable-N and bypass protein, like fishmeal in the diet. The BUN was signifi cantly (P, Istraživanje je provedeno na 20 jaradi jamunapari pasmine. Prema načinu hranidbe, jarad je razvrstana u 4 skupine. Prva skupina hranjena je isključivo voluminoznom krmom - sijenom Aeschonomene indica Linn i rižinom slamom (70:30). Obrok 2., 3. i 4. skupine sastojao se od odmašćenih rižinih posija (100 g/d), granulirane mineralne melase ureje (50 g/d) i granulirane mineralne melase ureje (50 g/d) s dodatkom ribljeg brašna (25 g/d). Pokus je trajao 105 dana. Utjecaj dodavanja granulirane mineralne melase ureje i ribljeg brašna istraživan je na pokazateljima buraga odnosno mikrobnih bjelančevina, bakterijske i protozoalne biomase i biokemijskih pokazatelja u krvi, tj. BUN, kreatinina plazme, glukoze, ukupnog proteina, kalcija i fosfora. Također je određivana i aktivnost enzima alkalne fosfataze, aspartat transaminaze i alanin transaminaze. Sinteza mikrobnih proteina bila je veća u skupinama 3 (42,94 g/100 ml) i 4 (57,04 g/100 ml) u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom i skupinom 2. Značajno je povećana i bakterijska biomasa (0,057 g/100 ml odnosno 0,082 g/100 ml). Slično, bakterijska i protozoalna populacija su bile pod utjecajem dodatka «bypass» bjelančevina koje u obroku potječu od ribljeg brašna. BUN je bio statistički značajno (P

Chios ewe lambs and Damascus goat kids born in autumn or spring were used to study nutritional effects during development on their performance. Within species and season of birth, the animals were allocated at random to 3 equal sized groups. Group A animals were put on a high, group B on a medium plane of nutrition and group C on a medium plus increased protein intake from 3 weeks prior to the start and until the end of mating. At monthly intervals, the animals were weighed and feed offered was adjusted accordingly. Following mating, all animals were housed and fed as a single group at slightly above maintenance plus a pregnancy allowance for the last 6 weeks prepartum. With the exception of the induced higher BW at mating, daily BW gain and daily concentrate and roughage intake until mating of animals in group A compared to those in B and C, there were no differences among treatments for litter size and 60 d milk yield in either autumn born or spring born lambs and kids. Similarly, there was no difference among treatments in the no. of animals pregnant and delivering. Based on the findings of the present study it may be concluded that there is no need for BW greater than 44 kg (around 65% of mature BW) at mating and of additional (>14% CP DM) protein 3 weeks prior to start and until the end of mating to attain higher productive and reproductive performance of lambs and kids.