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In a fuel supply system of a conventional household oil heating system the fuel degrades over time depending on the system temperature, the tank volume and the flow rates. The test fuel is a blend of 80 vol.% conventional domestic heating oil and 20 vol.% fatty acid methyl ester from rapeseed oil feedstock. The fuel will increase the deposits in the fuel supply which lead to system failures. In this paper a model based approach is introduced for the analysis of accelerated life testings. The impact of the tank volume on the failure time is analyzed. A well balanced physical model is set up for stochastic simulation. The model contains short term dynamic and long term transient degradation effects that have an important impact on the system reliability. The degradation effects of the components and the used fuel cause a system failure over time. A system failure is detected when the volume flow of the fuel supply declines. The analysis shows that the typical variances of characteristic parameters lead to a significant distribution of failure time. Furthermore, the functional relation between tank volume as stress factor and failure time is described.

Biomass to energy conversion is an important action to reach sustainability, particularly on the small scale. Among different biomasses, however, vegetable oils can fire directly a compression ignited internal combustion engine with minimal pre-treatment of the fuel and adaptation of the engine. Energy production from waste cooking oils is even more interesting because it allows energy production while disposing of a residue. Data available in the Literature are rarely referring to commercially available engines therefore additional information is required on overall performance, emissions, and maintenance requirements. This paper presents the results of tests carried out by fuelling a commercially available 33 kW direct injection Diesel engine with different fuels, such as: Diesel (used as benchmark), biodiesel, linseed oil, RBDPO (Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil), corn oil, soy oil, peanuts oil, sunflower oil, palm oil, waste frying sunflower oil and waste frying palm oil. Tests were performed at three different loads (10, 20, 30 kW) measuring fuel consumption, electricity production and exhaust gases temperature and composition. Fuel injectors were checked following each test to evaluate the fouling caused by different fuels. Results show that when increasing load fuel consumption shows a general decreasing trend while CO emissions decrease and NO X increase. All fuels show a higher consumption than diesel, due to a lower calorific value. Biodiesel CO emissions decrease with power increasing with a lower slope than diesel, therefore are lower at the lowest power and higher at the highest power. Biodiesel NO emissions are always 15–20% higher than diesel. Vegetable oil CO emissions are higher or lower than diesel ones depending on the power and on the fuel, while NO emissions are often higher than diesel ones. Specific fuel consumption, CO and NO emissions of waste frying vegetable oil are generally comparable to those of pure oils.

The petroleum energy market is becoming more volatile owing to recent fluctuations in oil price, which in the long run affects the pricing and volatility persistence levels of other petroleum products. Apart from the symmetry and asymmetry that are known with volatility series, jumps have recently been identified, while the symmetric and asymmetric models failed in predicting the jump components in the financial series. The historical prices of crude oil and its distilled constituents possess occasional jumps as a result of global political or economic constraints. We applied both fractional persistence and volatility modelling frameworks in studying the volatility persistence in crude oil and petroleum products prices. We chose among symmetric, asymmetric and jumps volatility models. Results indicated that prices of crude oil and gasoline were less persistent when compared with volatility series of other petroleum products. The newly proposed jump volatility model variants outperformed other existing volatility models in predicting the volatility in the prices of crude oil, heating oil and diesel. The exception was the Asymmetric Power ARCH (APARCH) model, which emerged best in predicting the prices of gasoline, kerosene and propane prices; but GAS variants were still ranked second and third competing models in predicting the volatility in gasoline and kerosene prices. Using wrongly specified model for predicting the volatility in petroleum pricing can misinform oil markets, thereby generating intense conditional oil market volatility that is capable of distorting the price of oil and macroeconomic stability of the entire globe.

It has traditionally been assumed that the refining margin is stationary given that it is a linear combination of cointegrated time series, i.e., crude oil and its main refining products (mainly heating oil and gasoline). Following this reasoning, stationary models have been proposed to measure the refining margin. In this paper, we investigate the main empirical properties of several time series that measure the refining margin (or crack spread) using an extensive database of WTI, heating oil and unleaded gasoline futures prices traded on the NYMEX. The results show that there are serious doubts about the stationarity of the refining margin. Moreover, a non-stationary factor model is proposed and estimated to measure the refining margin, and in some cases, the model achieves better results than the traditional stationary models. This result has straightforward implications for valuation and hedging.

Potential scenarios for the forest bioeconomy are heavily reliant on price assumptions; in particular, any abrupt changes in prices have a profound impact on the relevancy of any sector analysis. The objective of this paper was to demonstrate a new forest sector approach for incorporating price uncertainties in order to improve our assessment of investment decision making alternatives. Methodologically, we linked a multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (mGARCH (1,1)) with three global land use scenarios that are of strategic importance to the forest bioeconomy. The three scenarios were formulated as i) a business as usual scenario, ii) a high biomass usage scenario and iii) a no-growth scenario. Our results indicate an upward trend in prices over time for all three scenarios and for most woody biomass commodities. Under all scenarios, price volatility in the forest sector would be smaller than that for the fossil fuel energy (i.e. oil and natural gas). Price volatilities from fossil fuel markets are positively influencing woody biomass price volatility and positively influencing pulp volatility. These results are discussed in the context of a case study describing investment alternatives for a district heating facility with options for: woody biomass, natural gas, or heating oil.

Microbial growth on hydrocarbons is common in nature and used in bioremediation of contaminated sites, whereas in fuel storage tanks this phenomenon can affect the stability of the fuel and the tank. The impact of microbial growth and produced metabolites on materials, which are used in the construction of storage tanks, were analyzed. In contrast to metal tank components, polymeric materials did not affect or were influenced by microorganisms. Zinc was highly corroded by microbial growth, most likely due to the formation of organic acids that were produced during microbial growth on hydrocarbons. A contaminated water phase in a storage tank of a heating system was simulated with a self-constructed pump test bench. Microbial growth began in the water phase of the storage tank and microbes were distributed throughout the tank system, through water-in-oil microemulsions. No microbial growth was observed in oil that was previously contaminated, indicating that essential nutrients had been depleted. The identification and removal of these essential nutrients from fuels could minimize or prevent microbial contamination. The results are discussed with regard to developing recommendations for the design and operation of domestic heating oil storage tanks to lower the risk of technical failure due to microbial contamination.

Taking the complex property of nonlinear feedback connectivity into consideration, the goal of this paper is to apprehend the interdependences between the financial and energy sectors. Our contribution is both theoretical and methodological. We conduct a multivariate analysis employing nonlinear tools, namely the Partial Transfer Entropy and the Asymmetric Mackey-Glass causality test. In particular, we build a system comprising the petroleum complex (crude oil, gasoline and heating oil), the S&P500 index and the 1-month futures-spot spread for crude oil. By adopting a rolling-window approach, we observe a persistent lead-lag relationship between the S&P500 index and the market participants' expectations for crude oil, from 2004 to 2009. Depending on the bubble period in the stock market, it appears that the resulting coupling becomes subject to the deterioration of global economic activity, induced by large common shocks.

Wood from Irish forestry has potential for sustainably supplying some of Ireland’s energy needs. This study used an environmental sustainability assessment methodology to assess how much heat energy could be supplied sustainably and the impacts on the environment in comparison to fossil fuels. Around 11% of the Irish land area is forested and around 31% of harvested forest wood is used for energy. Considering this, the steady-state sustainable supply of fuel wood energy from this area was estimated to be around 8.7% of the Irish heat primary energy demand in 2010. Thus, forest wood fuel is a limited resource and can only sustainably supply a small fraction of demand. Life cycle assessment showed that total environmental impact was about 10% of that for heating oil, although this did not include land requirement which is the dominant impact for wood fuel and limits its supply. Even though forest wood is “greener” than heating oil from a climate change perspective, there are a number of other impacts where it performs worse, in particular, emissions of particulate matter during wood combustion which contributed to the highest emissions impact from the life cycle.

This paper examines the impact of financial stress and policy uncertainty on the price dynamics of energy (crude oil, heating oil and gas) and metal (gold, silver, copper, platinum and pal ...

During oil refining, equipments are constantly exposed to the action of compounds such as salts, leading corrosion problems and to decrease in equipment service life. Soon, the growing search for productivity increasingly demand more strategies to monitor the processes and minimize costs. This article contributes to the methodology development to study the chlorides released during the oil distillation, in a similar process that occurs in refineries, enabling predict and minimize damage. Oils were evaluated with respect to chloride release during each stage of oil heating. Salinity mass balance were obtained as well as their respective chloride release percentage to each oil.

This paper assembles heating fuel prices for the U.S. state of Vermont, from the colonial era to the present, in order to test whether energy fuel prices and energy service prices have diverged over this time period. Prior authors have reported evidence of a significant difference between long run energy fuel prices and energy service prices. However, this is the first analysis to pose this question beginning in the context of colonial America. In accord with earlier work focused in the U.K. the paper reports a significant divergence in fuel and service prices. In this setting real heating fuel prices increased over the 220 year time period by a factor of between 15 and 20. In contrast, heating service prices increased by a factor of two. Expressed in labor units, heating service prices have fallen in Vermont by 25%, while fuel prices were essentially flat. Finally, over this two century time period in Vermont and the U.K., the rate of change in service prices expressed in labor units is remarkably similar: − 1.1% and − 0.9%, per annum, respectively.

The world’s energy requirement has been dominated by petroleum oil resources for years in many applications, especially in the area of electricity generation and utilization. Mineral oil application in power system equipment can be potentially hazardous to the environment, especially when there are incidents of transformer explosion, which caused spillages of oil to the soils or water streams and thereby pollute the surrounding environments. This paper is aimed at finding a substitute for the use of mineral oil as transformer oil. Experiments on breakdown voltages, flash points, pour points, viscosities, densities and insulation resistances on conventional mineral oil and some selected vegetable oils were conducted, analyzed and compared to the internationally accepted standards, ASTM (America Standard Test of Material). Rubber seed oil, Palm oil, Mellon oil, Ground oil and Palm kernel oil were found to have good electrical, chemical and thermal properties which the transformer oil has.

Streszczenie: W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań, których celem była identyfikacja działań na rzecz redukcji emisji CO2, planowanych przez samorządy lokalne. Przeprowadzono je w 2015 r. na terenie 12 gmin województwa lubelskiego, w których opracowano plany gospodarki niskoemisyjnej (PGN). Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że podstawowym źródłem emisji CO2 (47%) było zużycie paliw płynnych w transporcie, głównie tranzytowym, oraz przez ciągniki i samobieżne maszyny rolnicze. Pozostała część emisji (53%) była powodowana przez spalanie węgla (31%), paliw węglowodorowych (gazu i oleju opałowego – 2%) oraz przypisana energii elektrycznej (20%), którą wytwarzano poza obszarem obejmującym badane gminy. Spośród wielu wskazanych w PGN możliwości zmniejszania emisji CO2 największe znaczenie będzie miała substytucja konwencjonalnych źródeł energii nośnikami odnawialnymi, głównie biomasą i energią słoneczną.

Currently, more than half of the oil reserves (53.3%) in the world are in the form of restorable oils such as heavy oil, extra heavy oil, oil sand, tar sands, oil shale, and bitumen. Heavy oil is one of the petroleum oil varieties that contain long chain hydrocarbons. All types of heavy oils contain asphaltenes and thus are considered very dense substances. The asphaltenes are one of the most complex and heavy organic compounds present in the heavy oil. The heavy oil is defined as one having an American Petroleum Institute scale index equal or smaller than 20°. In conventional refining procedures, heavy oil poses many challenges. Recycling and re-refining are applied techniques for the processing of petroleum based heavy oils into reusable light oils such as gasoline and diesel fuel. In this regard, catalytic pyrolysis and thermal cracking are promising technologies for light oil production. The authors review the heavy oil upgrading processes and their associated challenges with ambition to find ...

There is not one primary energy market and the price of oil is not a good proxy for many alternative energy prices. Therefore, this paper explores the effects of alternative energy price shocks on economic activity, and examines the relative performance of these alternative measures in predicting state level economic activity using the Davidson and MacKinnon J-test. The alternative energy price series considered are as follows: gasoline, diesel, natural gas, heating oil, and electricity. Alternative measures of energy price shocks produce different patterns of impulse responses than oil price shocks. Additionally, overwhelming evidence indicates that alternative energy price models, excluding models containing the price of gasoline, outperform the baseline model containing the price of oil for many states, particularly at short-to-mid forecast horizons. Using alternative energy prices should lead to a more accurate modeling of the energy price–macroeconomy relationship.

In this study, the performance of a surface air–oil heat exchanger for an aero gas-turbine engine having plate- and pin–fin shaped geometries was investigated numerically. Basic heat-transfer and pressure-drop characteristics were examined using a simplified channel model. Performance of pin-shaped fins is compared with that of the plate fin as a baseline. Using a parametric study, optimal fin pitches of the pin–fin geometries in stream- and span-wise directions were determined. Finally, the high-speed bypass effect of the surface air–oil heat exchanger was calculated using the geometry of a real engine. Aero-thermal performance for such as the heat transfer rate, pressure-drop along the bypass stream of the engine, and distorted velocity boundary layer profiles, were evaluated quantitatively. The entropy generation rate due to the surface air–oil heat exchanger is summarized to assess the irreversibility loss inside the bypass stream and the cooler region.

The aim of this paper is to propose an empirical strategy that allows the discrimination between true and spurious long memory behaviors. That strategy is based on the comparison between the estimated long memory parameter before and after filtering out the breaks. To date the breaks, we use the probability smoothing of the Markov Switching GARCH model of Haas et al. (2004). Application of this strategy to the crude oil, heating oil, RBOB regular gasoline and the propane futures energy with the one, two, three and four months maturities show strong evidence for the presence of long range dependence in all futures energy prices volatility. 11As proxy of volatility, we use the squared returns. Others proxies are used in the empirical studies such as the absolute value of returns. Our empirical studies show there are strong differences between these two proxies. time series. This result of long range dependence in the volatility is confirmed by the superiority of the FIGARCH and FIEGARCH models compared with the Markov switching GARCH models in terms of out-of-sample forecasting and value at risk (VaR) performances. Moreover, we show that the proposed empirical strategy is robust to different data frequency. Practical implications of the results for market participants are proposed and discussed. Scopus

We used DOE-2.1E to simulate energy consumption for several prototype office and retail buildings in four cold-climate cities in North America: Anchorage, Milwaukee, Montreal, and Toronto. To simulate the effect of snow on the roof, we defined a function calculating the daily U -value and absorptivity of the roof. Cool roofs for the simulated buildings resulted in annual energy expenditure savings in all cold climates. In Anchorage, the simulated annual heating energy consumptions of the old retail building with a dark versus a cool roof (without snow) are 123.5 and 125.8 GJ/100 m 2 , respectively (a 2.3 GJ/100 m 2 penalty for the cool roof). With snow, the heating penalties decreased to 1.2 GJ/100 m 2 , leading to an annual energy savings of 7 $/100 m 2 of roof area. For an old retail building in Montreal and Toronto, a cool roof can save up to 62 $/100 m 2 and 37 $/100 m 2 , respectively. For a new, medium-sized office building with natural gas heating fuel, a cool roof would save 4 $/100 m 2 in Montreal, 14 $/100 m 2 in Milwaukee and Anchorage, and 10 $/100 m 2 in Toronto. Cool roofs can reduce the peak electric demand of the retail buildings up to 1.9 and 5.4 W/m 2 in Toronto and Montreal, respectively.

Rural residential space heating is strongly linked to policy considerations related to the clean energy supply and rural sustainable development. As there has been a hot debate on whether to promote district heating in South China, this paper aims to investigate household heating choices with a particular focus on rural residential sector, using the survey data from Sichuan Province. In order to investigate the main influencing factors of household decision-making behaviors, a multinomial logit (MNL) model with sample selection correction and an alternative-specific conditional logit (ASCL) model were used to respectively analyze the actual and stated choices. The estimation results show that energy-specific attributes such as safety level and smoky level have statistically significant effects on household stated preferences for heating systems. Households prefer to adopt lower-cost heating system with high quality energy sources. Among household-specific characteristics, income level, educational level of the decision-maker, household demographic structure, and household location are important determinants of heating fuel choices. These findings suggest that future energy policy should pay more attention to its combined effect on both cost and quality of heating system as well as its different regional effects. Besides, enhancing household socio-economic status should also be attached importance in policy design.

Are high-frequency data always needed to generate precise forecasts of risk measures in energy markets? This study attempts to shed light on this question. We study whether energy market participants can rely on low-frequency volatility estimators when interested in two market risks: volatility and expected shortfall. Using ten years of data on four of the world’s most liquid energy futures contracts – the crude oil benchmarks West Texas Intermediate and Brent, as well as natural gas and heating oil futures – we provide conclusive evidence that while realized volatility models lead to much more accurate forecasts in the short term, medium- and longer-term forecasts based on daily ranges are comparable and, in some cases, even more accurate than their high-frequency counterparts that are computationally more intensive and that require costly data. Next, we present an application to predict extreme price declines - expected shortfall - with low-frequency volatility estimates. For that purpose, we propose a novel complete subset quantile regression model to predict multiple-day-ahead expected shortfall . Our back-testing results show that the new model leads to well-specified price decline forecasts, particularly when used with low-frequency volatility estimates. These results show that depending on the forecast horizon and purpose, low-frequency, publicly available, free of cost and easy to process volatility estimators still matter.

The emergence of energy commodity exchange-traded fund (ETFs) has provided an alternative vehicle for both energy commodity users (long hedgers) and producers (short hedgers) to hedge their respective exposures to unfavorable commodity energy price movements without opening a relatively expensive futures account. This paper examines the usefulness of ETFs in dealing with tail risk in crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas markets by analyzing the out-of-sample hedging effectiveness of ETFs and comparing their performance with those of the futures counterparts. The empirical distribution method and kernel copula method are applied to estimate the minimum-Value at Risk (VaR) and minimum-Expected Shortfall (ES) hedge ratios for both long and short hedgers. Our results indicate that the futures contract is a better hedging instrument for hedging tail risk in the crude oil and heating oil markets whereas the ETF provides better downside risk protection in the gasoline and natural gas markets.

Energy futures market has occupied an extremely significant position in financial markets, attracting a large amount of scholars to search out its price formation mechanism. To predict the price of energy futures has become a pivotal issue. For the sake of enhancing the forecasting accuracy of energy futures prices, a novel model ST-GRU is proposed by embedding stochastic time intensity function into gated recurrent unit model (GRU). ST-GRU, GRU, LSTM, WNN and BPNN models are applied to predict the daily closing prices of West Texas Intermediate crude oil, Brent crude oil, Natural gas and Heating oil respectively. In error assessment, the prediction effects of various models are compared by general benchmarks. Then composite multiscale cross-sample entropy (CMSCE) algorithm is utilized to analyze the synchronization between the predicted value and the real value. In order to further predict the volatility of futures closing price and demonstrate the superiority of the ST-GRU model, the above-mentioned five models are used to predict and analyze 5-day, 10-day and 20-day moving average logarithmic return (MALR) series of four energy indexes. Finally, comparative experiments indicate that ST-GRU model has the highest prediction precision and the best learning performance.

Turmeric is commonly used as a spice, food preservative, coloring agent, and medicine. Turmeric essential oil (EO) is effective in acne treatment, skin lightening, anti-aging, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory. In this study, the kinetic model evaluates variable conditions that affect the hydrodistillation (HD) process. The HD method was chosen because it is easy for industrial-scale applications. The significant HD parameters, including turmeric-water ratio (TWR), heating oil temperature (HOT), and distillation time, were investigated. The highest yield (6.72%) was achieved under the following conditions: the turmeric-water ratio of 1:5, heating oil temperature of 150°C, and distillation time of 4 hours. There have been no studies on the kinetic model of essential oil extraction from turmeric by hydrodistillation. Therefore, three kinetic models were proposed to test for compatibility. The results showed that the two-site desorption model had a better fit than other models. The TWR and HOT had a more significant impact on the cell and tissue alteration of oil glands than the diffusion of essential oil.

Amongst the innumerable challenges that permeate the production chain of heavy oils, the transportation stage deserves to be highlighted. Due to its high viscosity, heavy oils exhibit considerable flow resistance, requiring auxiliary mechanisms to enable its transportation via pipelines. This study analyzes a concentric pipeline configuration, in which steam flows through the inner pipe and oil flows through the annular space of the oil pipe. The main goal is to investigate the impacts of steam insertion, concentric coupling dimensions, thermal insulation, steam quality and system horizontal length on the main parameters of flow control: oil temperature and viscosity. As a secondary parameter, oil initial pressure required to ensure flow completion is also discussed. In this intent, a numerical approach is applied with software Ansys CFX in a tridimensional, steady state simulation. A second objective is to estimate the main parameters of interest by an analytical approach, using the thermal resistance model associated with the e – NTU method. The goal is to determine if, given a similar coupling scenario and the absence of computational resources, oil temperature and viscosity can be estimated by direct calculations within an acceptable range of deviation from the numerical approach. Heat transfer rates are also estimated as secondary parameters. Numerical results for a 1-m length system reveal that steam insertion elevates the average oil temperature in 1.2%, reducing its average viscosity and initial flow pressure by 8.7% and 24.2%, respectively. From the previous scenario, a reduction of 24.6% in the oil pipe/steam pipe radius ratio results in an additional 1.2% temperature increase and 4.7% viscosity reduction. On the other hand, reducing steam quality in 30% implicates an average oil viscosity 2.4% higher. In a 4-m system, a convective cell pattern is observed, in which oil heating and viscosity reduction reaches its peak at the central upper region of the annular space, highlighting cooler and denser deposits in the lower section of the system and a nonlinear heating process. Maximum deviations between numerical and analytical approaches in oil temperature and viscosity estimates are 1.3% and 15.6%, respectively, which indicate the latter as a suitable calculation method for small systems in the absence of numerical resources. Deviations are mainly attributed to the neglect of natural convection, gravitational and steam turbulence effects, which contribute for a non-homogeneous heating of oil.

Quality of inferior woods can be improved with wood modification technology. There are some wood modification technologies available, one of them is oil-heat treatment. Candlenut wood (Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd.) is one of low-quality wood species with limited utilization. Efforts to improve the properties of wood are needed for more optimal utilization. This research was conducted to improve physical properties of candlenut wood namely density, specific gravity, and dimensional stability by applying oil-heating treatment at various temperatures (160, 180 and 200°C) for one hour. Physical properties of wood were tested according to ASTM D143-94. The result showed candlenut wood in oil-heat treatment as better than control. Density and specific gravity of wood increased by 25.13% and 26.97%, respectively, and the dimensional stability also increased as well, shown by the reduction of hygroscopic properties of wood at tangential and radial directions by 22%. The best treatment selected for candlenut wood with temperature of 160°C.

Based on daily data from 28 June 1990 to 31 October 2018, we investigate the asymmetric effects of geopolitical risks on energy (crude oil, gas and heating oil) returns and volatility under different market conditions by using a quantile regression model. The results show that geopolitical risks have significantly negative effects on crude oil returns in the bearish market and on heating oil returns in the normal and bullish markets but have no effects on gas returns. Meanwhile, the impacts of geopolitical risks on crude oil volatility are significantly positive in different market conditions, and the impacts on gas and heating oil volatility are mainly negative but not significant. In addition, we further divide geopolitical risks into geopolitical threats and geopolitical acts and find that geopolitical threats and acts have heterogeneous effects on energy returns and volatility.

In coal-dominated regions, hydrogen by-product from refineries can be used to replace coal as heating fuel. This can be a viable method for reducing CO2 emissions. Given that hydrogen injection into existing natural gas pipeline networks is an economical way to utilise this clean gas, this paper explores its benefits by studying its supply chain optimisation and analysing its reliability. First, a mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to minimise transport and dissatisfaction costs. Material balance, supply and transport of natural gas, operation of pipeline networks, and hydrogen injection are considered as constraints. The operating plans of a regional natural gas supply chain (NGSC), with and without hydrogen injection, are optimised. Then, three types of indicators – economic indices, coal and hydrogen as percentages of total energy consumption, and CO2 emissions – are applied to compare the performance of the NGSC in different situations. A case verifies the proposed model and shows the influence of utilising hydrogen in an NGSC. The optimal operating plans under one standard and two non-standard conditions are calculated, and the reliability of the supply chain is analysed. Results illustrate that injecting hydrogen in the NGSC is beneficial in reducing CO2 emissions and operating costs.

This research aims to test: (1) to know the effect of fuel heating through radial finned pipe in upper tank radiator to fuel consumption of Suzuki APV car, (2) to know the effect of ethanol addition on fuel of gas type pertalite to fuel consumption of Suzuki car APV, and (3) know the effect of fuel heating through radially finned pipes inside the upper tank radiator and the addition of ethanol to the fuel to the fuel consumption of Suzuki APV cars.This research uses experimental method with comparative descriptive data analysis. The research sample used is Suzuki APV with machine number G15A1D100006. Data obtained from the amount of fuel consumption in one minute at idle cycle with variation of percentage of mixed pertalite and ethanol 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% using the method without heating fuel and using heating Fuel radial finned capillary pipes within the upper tank radiator. The data obtained from the research results are inserted into the table and displayed in graphical form, then analyzed.The results of this research is: (1) the use of fuel heating using radially finned pipe in the upper tank radiator increases fuel consumption in Suzuki APV engines. The highest increase in fuel consumption on fuel heating using radially finned pipes with a spacing of 10 mm fin without ethanol mixture of 81.67 ml / min. Difference of consumption is 20 ml / min or 32.4% of standard state consumption,(2) the addition of ethanol in gasoline can reduce the fuel consumption of Suzuki APV cars. The variation of ethanol addition to the most economical fuel when adding 20% ethanol content of 51.67 ml / min. Difference in consumption 10 ml / min or 16.21% of standard state consumption, (3) the addition of ethanol to fuel and heating fuel decreases fuel consumption on Suzuki APV engines. The largest decrease in consumption at 20% ethanol content and no fuel heating of 51.67 ml / min. Decrease in consumption by 10 ml / min or as much as 16.21% of fuel consumption in the standard state.

Temuco, capital of the Araucanía Region of Chile, presents the highest indices of pollution by smoke from wood-burning heating stoves in the country, specifically during the southern winter. Firewood combustion is the cheapest heating fuel available to the population of Temuco, and has resulted in considerable contamination in the city. There has been an large increase in the city’s population, while the winter months from April to September have been growing colder. The problem affects the whole population, and especially children and the elderly. The pollution indices present serious levels. The evening and night are the worst times to be outside, due to both poor visibility and the toxicity of the environment. This situation is a social problem which has not been fully investigated. More seriously still, the people of Temuco do not display particular concern about their collective health or about protecting the environment from the smoke produced by wood-burning stoves. In view of this serious problem, the present article proposes a strategic design for information and social organisation by sectors in the city’s residential districts, in order to generate awareness and communication in the community. The strategic guidelines are drawn with special emphasis on visual communication, in both printed and digital format, in order to organise social groups of people motivated to solve the pollution problem. The central object of this proposal is to offer a strategic model able to generate collective awareness to support and help the city’s housing estates and residential zones. Connection between community members, empathy and social assistance will be basic aspects for the functioning of the strategy when it is applied. Finally the proposal contemplates social organisation in pursuit of the common good: protecting the local environment, improving people’s quality of life, and promoting social coexistence in housing estates and communities affected by the problem of pollution by smoke from wood-burning stoves.

The present paper studies the EU consumer sentiment - heating oil stock prices relationship given the recent changes in the EU economy with the assistance of threshold cointegration. According to our findings, the existence of linearity against threshold cointegration is rejected for all the variables with the exception that of skewness, while the estimation of the threshold vector error correction model does not confirm the short-term dynamics in most cases. Having in mind that oil prices can affect economic activity in real and financial terms and is perceived as news by the consumers, the conclusion reached is in line with the existing literature, according to which consumer confidence is strongly affected by the news dissemination and by the signals of economic growth. The major practical implication of the study is the policy makers' acquisition with tools to create economic condition that improve consumer confidence and promotes economic growth, peer-reviewed

Overview Unlike the electricity sector, heating and cooling storage requirements have attracted little public attention. This is because these storage requirements have generally already been met, and will not change significantly in the future. In the electricity sector by contrast, there will be a significant shift from primary energy storage to electricity and final energy storage. Both sectors have remarkably high storage requirements. Almost all households have thermal buffers. The same is true of renewable energy heating systems such as pellet heating, geothermal, or solar-thermal systems. Some households with liquid gas or oil heating even have two storage units: a fuel tank and a thermal buffer. Exceptions include heating systems with upstream storage such as district heating or gas storage. In the future, integration of the electricity and heating sectors by combined heat and power (CHP) generation, heat pumps, power-to-heat (PtH), and power-to-gas (PtG) will facilitate the use of renewable energy, and lead to a paradigm shift. Relying on results from various studies, this chapter examines the development of heating supply in Germany and the resulting thermal storage requirements. The chapter’s later sections provide surplus and storage potential estimates. Cooling requirements are included as ‘process cooling’ under ‘process heat’, and as ‘air-conditioning’ over ‘room heating’. It is primarily integrated into electricity demand.

The increase in the use of motorized vehicles in Indonesia has led to an increase in the need for fuel oil consumption and has caused a decrease in the supply of fuel oil. The technology used in vehicles is less effective in reducing fuel consumption. Technology is a need that can reduce fuel consumption in vehicles. This study aims to determine the effect of heating the fuel on the Vapor Carburetor by the Bubbling method on decreasing the consumption of motorized fuel. The Vapor carburetor is a fuel system by producing fuel vapor by making air bubbles pass through the fuel (Bubbling). This study uses an experimental method with a research object of a 100cc single cylinder gasoline engine. The fuel used by RON 90 with a fuel channel wrapped around the Exhaust Manifold in 2 turns through calculating fuel consumption per milliliter/minute. Data analysis uses descriptive quantitative with an average of 42.22% in reducing fuel consumption. The test results show that the Vapor Carburetor with fuel heating is more effective in saving fuel consumption.The increase in the use of motorized vehicles in Indonesia has led to an increase in the need for fuel oil consumption and has caused a decrease in the supply of fuel oil. The technology used in vehicles is less effective in reducing fuel consumption. Technology is a need that can reduce fuel consumption in vehicles. This study aims to determine the effect of heating the fuel on the Vapor Carburetor by the Bubbling method on decreasing the consumption of motorized fuel. The Vapor carburetor is a fuel system by producing fuel vapor by making air bubbles pass through the fuel (Bubbling). This study uses an experimental method with a research object of a 100cc single cylinder gasoline engine. The fuel used by RON 90 with a fuel channel wrapped around the Exhaust Manifold in 2 turns through calculating fuel consumption per milliliter/minute. Data analysis uses descriptive quantitative with an average of 42.22% in reducing fuel consumption. The test results show that the Vapor Carburetor with fuel heating is m...

The droplet combustion characteristics of conventional heating oil, UCO biodiesel and their mixtures (10 and 20% biodiesel by volume) were examined in a free-falling droplet combustion facility designed to approach the typical temperature and oxygen conditions around individual droplets in real boiler flames. Moreover, and given the importance of avoiding effects due to gravity or convection in this type of experiments, the quite spherical soot shells recorded (infrequent event in free-falling droplet combustion studies) reveal a configuration close to 1-D, even though tests were performed at normal gravity. The droplet combustion characteristics were evaluated at four different oxygen levels (0,3,5 and 10% O2), and comprise droplet size evolution, burning rates and sizing of the occurring soot shells and envelope flames. Results show indistinguishable behaviors between heating oil and their mixtures, whereas biodiesel displays longer initial heating transients and higher quasi-steady burning rates. Even though the UCO biodiesel studied is highly unsaturated, no signs of polymerization were observed for any of the tests. In addition to these combustion characteristics, an aspirating soot probe was used to quantitatively evaluate the propensity to soot of each fuel at different oxygen levels. The amount of collected soot was found to significantly decrease with biodiesel addition, even though similar results were obtained for both mixtures. The practically identical droplet combustion characteristics between heating oil and its mixtures with biodiesel, in addition to the lower propensity to soot of the latter, support the feasibility of using such blends as drop-in replacement for conventional heating oil. The experimental results obtained are thought to constitute a valuable database for the development and validation of modeling tools for the prediction of droplet evaporation and combustion of practical fuels in realistic conditions., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education through the pre-doctoral grant FPU15/01866 and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European Union FEDER funds through the research project ENE2016-76436-R.

Although its use is declining, oil heating is still used in areas not covered by the methane grid. Oil heating is becoming more and more expensive, requires frequent tank refill operations, and has high emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants such as SOx. In addition, spills from oil underground storage tanks (USTs) represent a serious environmental threat to soil and groundwater quality. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis on technical alternatives to oil heating with reference to the Aosta Valley (NW Italy), where this fuel is still often used and numerous UST spills have been reported in the last 20 years. We assess operational issues, GHG and pollutant emissions, and unit costs of the heat produced for several techniques: LPG boilers, wood boilers (logs, chips, pellets) and heat pumps (air-source, geothermal closed-loop and open-loop systems). We examine the investment to implement such solutions in two typical cases, a detached house and a block of flats, deriving payback times of about 3&ndash, 8 years. Wood log boilers turn out to be the most economically convenient solutions, however, heat pumps provide several benefits from the operational and environmental points of view. In addition, including solar thermal panels for domestic hot water or a photovoltaic plant would have payback times of about 6&ndash, 9 years. The results highlight the economic feasibility and the multiple benefits of a rapid phase-out of oil heating in Italy.

Fishmeal production may lend itself to integration of solar thermal heating due to favourable heating temperature requirements, high heat demand, and production plants being located in high solar irradiance areas for many countries, especially South Africa. Despite these potential compatibilities, and the potential to reduce fossil fuel consumption by switching to a renewable energy heating source, very little work has been done to determine the feasibility of solar thermal heat integration into existing fishmeal production plants. This study focuses on fishmeal production as a potential process for integrating industrial solar thermal heat, and aims to determine preliminary feasibility of solar thermal heat integration into two existing South African fishmeal plants. They differ according to scale of operation, production route, physical location, heating fuel, and the type of raw material processed. The studied factories are a good representation of the different locations and operating conditions that could be expected within the South African fishmeal industry: Factory A produces fishmeal from lean-fish-processing by-products at a rate of 307 kg/h and requires 2988 MJ from heavy fuel oil per 1000 kg raw material, while Factory B produces fishmeal from pelagic fish species at a rate of 6276 kg/h and requires 1796 MJ from coal per 1000 kg raw material. The method followed identifies areas of heating inefficiency and opportunities for solar process heat integration, followed by preliminary economic analyses for possible implementations to determine economic viability. The study shows that in both factories, preheating the raw material stream to 70 °C is an attractive option that could utilise solar thermal heating and noticeably reduce fossil fuel consumption. For Factory A, the most attractive option is a solar thermal raw material preheating system with 384 m2 flat-plate collector area, resulting in a solar fraction of 0.81 for this process. Factory A’s relatively constant monthly heat demand and the high cost of heavy fuel oil being used were the greatest contributors to viability; indicated by a net present value of R 3.3 million for this particular system. For factory B, none of the investigated solar heating systems is found to be economically viable. This is due to the low cost of coal and the seasonal heat demand profile, with no demand from November to January and a maximum during winter months, when solar irradiation is at its lowest. The study concludes that fishmeal production processes have potential for solar thermal heat integration, but suitability and viability are greatly dependent on the specific framework conditions.

Pyrolysis oil produced from forestry residues is used as a low-grade fuel in applications such as heating oil. However, the high water and acid content can lead to fuel instability, phase separation, poor lubrication, and corrosion. In this work, pervaporation has been studied as a process to simultaneously upgrade a pyrolysis oil produced from Canadian softwood bark to meet a boiler fuel standard and extract value-added chemicals. Commercial polyacrylonitrile-supported polyvinyl alcohol membranes from DeltaMem AG were used at temperatures of 60 and 80 °C to separate water and volatile organic components, including methanol, acetic acid, and acetol. A design of experiment study was used to define the range of operating conditions. A temperature of 80 °C and a low feed flow rate of 0.1 mL min−1 resulted in the highest quality oil. The upgraded pyrolysis oil (pervaporation retentate) showed an increased heating value from incomplete combustion to 16.07 MJ kg−1 and the water content was lowered from 70.2 wt% in the feedstock to 21.4 wt%, demonstrating the potential for this process on a larger scale.

High investment costs are a key impediment to the energetic refurbishment of residential buildings in Germany. A versatile consumer market for smart thermostat systems suggests that they might constitute a low-investment alternative that is also accessible for tenants. Here, we assess the cost-effectiveness of smart thermostat systems under different conditions and in comparison with other mitigation measures. A dynamic investment model is set up and applied to two typical home types, an average single-family house and an average apartment, built between 1949 and 1978. The impact of variables such as relative savings, building efficiency standard, investment cost, and heating fuel price on CO2 mitigation costs and payback times is investigated using sensitivity analyses. Smart thermostat systems are cost-effective for the two home types if relative savings of at least 5.7% (single-family house) and 7.7% (apartment) are achieved. Both CO2 mitigation costs and payback times strongly decrease with increasing relative savings for values below 10%. Similarly, the level of savings needed to achieve cost-effectiveness strongly increases with increasing building efficiency for values below 100 kWh/m2a. We demonstrate that smart thermostat systems can be a low-investment measure to cost-effectively reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the residential building sector. They should be used primarily in buildings with a medium to low efficiency standard, where energetic refurbishment is unlikely in the coming years. To assess the economic mitigation potential of smart thermostat systems, broad and granular empirical data on realized heating energy savings is urgently needed.

Over the last 30 years, the US swine industry has concentrated more animals on fewer farms in the Midwest US corn-belt region to more efficiently produce pork. At the same time, the food industry is beginning to be called upon by consumers to supply products with lower environmental footprints. Swine producers have opportunities to decrease the environmental impacts of their products, but need to know where the most beneficial changes can be incorporated. This study examined the fossil energy consumption and global warming potential (GWP) emissions at Midwestern swine farms using life cycle assessment methodology. Cradle-to-gate swine production scenarios were modeled using a combination of farm productivity survey data and on-farm energy monitoring, with an emphasis on activities related to swine production facilities and their operations. Fossil energy use totaled 10.6 MJ per kg of hog live weight (LW) in the average commercial scenario, 67% of which was used in the grow-finish stage, 11% in the farrowing stage, 12% in the nursery stage, 6% in gestation and 4% in gilt development. Average commercial scenario GWP emissions were 2.41 kg CO2 equiv. per kg hog LW, with 75% emitted during the grow-finish phase, 6% in farrowing, 9% in the nursery phase, 7% in gestation, and 2% in gilt development. Fossil energy required and GWP emissions for facilities and operations were 3.36 MJ and 0.15 kg CO2 per kg hog LW, respectively, and accounted for 32% of the system fossil energy and 6% of emissions in the average commercial scenario. Though fossil energy and GWP impacts resulting from swine production facilities and operations are smaller than those for feed ingredients and manure management, swine producers can directly influence these impacts through management. Heating, cooling, and ventilation are prime areas in facilities and operations where energy efficiency technology could reduce impacts. Lowering facility and operation energy inputs by 30% would decrease fossil fuel use in the system by 10% and slightly decrease GWP emissions. In the future, substituting renewable energy for fossil-based energy and using other efficiency technologies for current electricity and heating fuel needs may be able to eliminate the fossil energy needed for swine facilities and production operations.

To address the contradiction between simultaneous fixed-value control of heavy oil temperature and viscosity in current fuel viscosity and temperature control systems, this study analyzes the operating process and principle of heavy oil heating used in ocean vessels, and derives a differential equation for a fuel oil viscosity and temperature control system based on state observation. Using inlet and outlet temperatures as the state variables and heavy oil viscosity as the output variable, the system can be treated as a kind of affine nonlinear system, with coordinate transformation function vectors determined so as to derive the sliding mode variable structure form of the state observer. Finally, some programs were compiled for calculation and simulation using MATLAB. The results showed that, by using a sliding mode variable structure control, state variables could be tracked well during the control of output variables. This confirmed the superiority of output feedback control based on a model of the state observer.

In this study, we investigate the relationship between crude oil, heating oil and natural gas by applying a vine-copula-based GARCH model. Also, we consider the structural change in crude oil as it is found to be a root node in vine copula structure. Then, we separate the data into sub-periods and investigate the dependence structure in each sub-period using the break point approach. The result shows that there are four breaks at the following dates: 12/02/2009, 8/04/2011, 9/04/2014 and 11/02/2016. Overall, the degree of dependence varies over sub-periods where the dependence between crude oil, natural gas and heating oil is positive for almost all pairs. Interestingly, the dependence between crude oil and heating oil is positively strongest while the dependence between crude oil and natural gas is negative during the financial crisis sub-period.

While houses were simply connected to the electrical grid and contained a gas or oil heating system, for a long time energy flows were simple. With the integration of alternative energy systems such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, heat pumps, combined heat and power units (CHPs), home batteries and electrical cars into houses, energy flows become more complicated. This paper describes the implementation of a model to simulate the technical and economical outcome of a system with the previously mentioned components in single- and multi-family houses in Germany. As input for climate data and energy demand, literature data is used. The simulation is capable of economic and ecologic estimation and can be controlled by a web interface with the intention to provide a straightforward online tool for homeowners.

Fuel thermal reactor is a widely used power equipment, aiming current development of small and medium thermal reactor fuel, to accelerate the transformation of technology, in order to save energy, reduce pollution, improve fuel thermal reactor thermal efficiency purposes, fuel thermal reactor thermal efficiency calculation method of analysis to further improve the system provides a theoretical basis. This paper derived fuel melt through the use of anti-tank heat balance method efficiency and heat transfer efficiency is equal to the product of the combustion efficiency of the new expression minus the fixed loss calculation, verification of the results with conventional counterbalance subtraction formula identical results.

Everyday food preparation often involves cooking on vegetable oil, where heating at temperatures over 110 °C changes the quality of oil due to various chemical reactions. In this paper, the degree of thermal degradation of edible oil was investigated when heating oil at a temperature ranging from 110 to 190 °C for 10 and 30 min. The reference to the quality of edible oil is the content of free fatty acids (FFA) which increases as the temperature rises, due to hydrolysis.

Climate change was the beginning of the depletion of fossil fuels, and increasing expansion in investment projects in various sectors of our life, all play a key role in the increasing demand for energy. So energy is considered one of the biggest priorities and challenges facing the world economy due to the lack of conventional energy sources of crude oil and natural gas used in energy generation. The use of thermal insulation materials in building's envelope is one of the ways to reduce energy consumption. Therefore, this study will address the importance of the use of thermal insulation materials in building' envelope to reduce energy loss as a result of heating and cooling conditions. The case sudy was the implementation of thermal insulation on Engineering Faculty building's envelope/ Muta'h University. The thermal loads were calculated for the building, with and without thermal insulation, by using four common different insulation materials which are; Rockwool, foam concert, double-glazing and extended Polystyrene. The selection of these materials depends on availability in the market, cost of implementation and the coefficient of thermal conductivity. The results showed that the polystyrene extended of thickness 10 cm is the best material for the thermal insulation in comparison of the others. The reduction ratio in thermal transmittance reached up to 76%; while in volume ratio of central heating fuel consumption reached up to 26.7%.

This research work examined how biodiesel produced from frying oils affects the physicochemical properties of its mixtures with conventional heating oil. Through the characterization of biodiesel blends and heating oil, the purpose is to produce an improved heating oil that will meet the specifications of the existing legislation for heating oil, while positively contributing to reducing the production of pollutants. The percentage of biodiesel added to a conventional diesel fuel contributes to the reduction of the pollutants produced during combustion. The examined biodiesel is considered the residual product, which was produced at a factory in Cyprus, and was deemed unsuitable for export, because it does not meet the legal requirements. Using specific volumes of these mixtures, twelve parameters were determined in order to investigate the effect of the mixtures: kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, micro carbon residue (MCR), distillation curves, density, cloud point (CP), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) content, heat of combustion, iodine value (IV), cetane index (CI) after distillation, oxidation stability, and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). A number of fuel properties including the kinematic viscosity, MCR, distillation temperature—up to 80% distillate—and density showed an increase as the percentage of FAMEs raised from 2.5 to 50%, while others showed a mixed behavior (e.g., IV, CP, CI, CFPP), and the rest an inverse trend (e.g., sulfur content, heat of combustion and oxidation stability). An efficient potential utilization of a residual domestic product is proposed, while the pollutants that accumulate on the urban atmospheres during the winter months, due to increased heating needs of homes and other public or private buildings, will be significantly reduced.

The Global Household Air Pollution (HAP) Measurements database, commissioned by the World Health Organization, provides an organized summary of data reported in the literature describing HAP microenvironments, methods and measurements. As of June 2018, the database contains measurements from 43 countries obtained from 196 studies published through 2016. The database includes information useful for understanding the range of household and personal air pollution measurements that have been collected in a country, as well as characteristics of the cooking environment, including primary cooking fuel type, stove type, heating fuel type and kitchen location. Quantitative particulate matter (PM) of various size fractions and/or carbon monoxide (CO) exposure measurements included in the database can be aggregated and analyzed to generate summary statistics (e.g. average sub-national, national, regional and global HAP exposures) to assess temporal and spatial relationships. The quantitative PM exposure measurements in the database have been used in global predictive modeling of HAP-PM2.5 exposures ("Global Estimation of Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) from Household Air Pollution" (Shupler et al., 2018) [1]).

Precise modeling and forecasting of the volatility of energy futures is vital to structuring trading strategies in spot markets for risk managers. Capturing conditional distribution, fat tails and price spikes properly is crucial to the correct measurement of risk. This paper is an attempt to model volatility of energy futures under different distributions. In empirical analysis, we estimate the volatility of Natural Gas Futures, Brent Oil Futures and Heating Oil Futures through GARCH and APARCH models under gev, gat and alpha-stable distributions. We also applied various VaR analyses, Gaussian, Historical and Modified (Cornish-Fisher) VaR, for each variable. Results suggest that the APARCH model largely outperforms the GARCH model, and gat distribution performs better in modeling fat tails in returns. Our results also indicate that the correct volatility level, in gat distribution, is higher than those suggested under normal distribution with rates of 56%, 45% and 67% for Natural Gas Futures, Brent Oil Futures and Heating Oil Futures, respectively. Implemented VaR analyses also support this conclusion. Additionally, VaR test results demonstrate that energy futures display riskier behavior than S&amp, P 500 returns. Our findings suggest that for optimum risk management and trading strategies, risk managers should consider alternative distributions in their models. According to our results, prices in energy markets are wilder than the perception of normal distribution. In this regard, regulators and policy makers should enhance transparency and competitiveness in the energy markets to protect consumers.

New York City has had a long history of implementing local policies to reduce air pollution. Enacted as a part of PlaNYC, the Clean Heat policies aim to lower wintertime ambient air pollution by phasing out dirty No. 6 heating fuel oil and transitioning to comparatively cleaner No. 4, No. 2, or natural gas. This study evaluates the impacts of policies on ambient air pollution and, given that people spend the majority of their time inside, importantly, indoor air pollution. Using a natural experiment, we evaluate the effects of the policies by measuring average two-week levels of indoor and outdoor black carbon (BC) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 48 upper Manhattan apartments in successive winter heating seasons before and after mandated fuel transition. We failed to observe systematic improvements in indoor BC and PM2.5 concentrations in follow-up. However, outdoor levels of PM2.5 did improve, with statistical differences observed among buildings converting to the cleanest fuels. Non-statistical improvements were observed for outdoor BC. However, when accounting for meteorological differences, apartment characteristics, and behavioral patterns that may have influenced air pollution measurements, these differences were not significant. The study results have important policy and equity implications considering the differential improvements in air quality by conversion to No. 4 oil as compared to the cleaner No. 2 oil and natural gas.