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This study evaluated the cooling properties of summer cooling towels of different brands by analyzing the moisture management behavior. It was found that all the samples could provide a cooling effect at first contact after being wetted. The samples of Cooldyxm and Ice Towel showed the highest cooling effect followed by the N-rit samples, which was regarded as “fast absorbing and quick drying fabric, whereas Perfect Fitness samples had the poorest cooling effect and was labeled as “slow absorbing and slow drying fabric”. The reason may be explained by the yarn density, fabric structure and thickness.

Seat upholstery fabrics for vehicles are crucial products as technical textiles in motor vehicles make up approximately 15% of the total manufactured technical textiles worldwide and more than 50% of the production belongs to the woven fabrics because of their appropriate properties for this application. The current work presents the comfort-related properties of the woven fabrics designed to be used in automotive seat upholstery. For this aim, double-layered woven fabrics were produced with four different process variables such as bottom layer pattern, number of interlacing warps in a unit report, number of interlacing picks per top warp, and number of weft skips by using Taguchi experimental design. Besides handle related properties, such as circular bending rigidity, surface roughness properties, and thermo physiological comfort related properties that include air permeability, thermal resistance, and moisture management properties were measured and analyzed based on Taguchi experimental analysis.

“Wear a mask. Save lives” is the slogan of WHO and all the government agencies over the world to the public. One of the most adopted prevention measures that can limit the spread of the airborne virus in the form of respiratory viral diseases, including the new strain of COVID-19, is wearing a proper mask. If the mask surface is heated to 65 to 70 °C, it could help potentially diminish any viruses or bacteria accumulated. The FAR-Ultraviolet -C (FAR-UV-C) dose for the influenza limit to 254 nm light is ~3 mJ/cm2/hour exposure is not harmful to the human skin and eyes. Here, we propose an intelligent mask served by FAR-UV-C and conducting a yarn-based heater that could potentially be activated in a controlled manner to kill the virus. The effective irradiation intensity for skin application would be under 0.1 µW/cm2. The exposure risk of UV-C is technically prevented by fabricating multi-layered fabrics with multiple functionalities. Along with experimental validation on bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE), tinker cad simulation for circuit design, and comsol multiphysics for temperature profile study, we probed Moisture Management Test (MMT) in addition with cytotoxicity risk by MTT Assay for survivability to ensure safer application potential. This novel proposed design with the germicidal combination of heating and FAR-UV-C models, described here, is promising in retaliating and combating any airborne viruses.

In recent years, baby clothing has become an important role in the garment sector. The increasing importance of baby clothing, along with the new designs, different fabric structures, accessories and clothing comfort is required to develop. Due to the increasing importance given to baby health in the world, babywears have to be manufactured from materials that are not harmful to health in accordance with the standards. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cotton knitted fabrics structure of babywear on moisture management properties. For this reason, moisture management properties (wetting time, absorption rate, spreading speed, accumulative one-way transport capability (OWTC) and overall moisture management capability (OMMC)) of cotton knitted fabrics of different structures which are widely used in babywear have been examined. Moisture management tester was used for liquid transport of the knitted fabric samples. As a result of the study, it is observed that single jersey fabric had higher OMMC values than these of interlock and 1x1 rib knitted fabrics. Regarding the effect of yarn thickness, liquid transport increased with decreasing yarn thickness in general. Regarding the effect of fabric weight and fabric thickness, liquid transport decreased with increasing weight and thickness in general. Negative correlations were observed between fabric weight, fabric thickness and overall moisture management capability.

This study discusses the effect of modified yarn path in ring spinning such as straight path, left diagonal path and right diagonal path on moisture management properties of the cotton fabric like ...

Moisture management is important for the human comfort of clothing, especially while perspiring. Ideally, the fabric chosen for a garment enables moisture to migrate away from the skin surface, facilitating the liquid to be evaporated into the surrounding environment, which causes a cooling sensation for the wearer. This process is influenced by factors such as fiber type, fabric construction, and fabric treatments, all of which impact the resulting wicking and moisture management properties of the fabric. This research explored the heat loss associated with combined water absorption, wicking, and evaporative cooling during wetting of fabrics. A dynamic sweating guarded hot plate was used to measure transitional heat loss as water was introduced at a steady rate over a 65-minute testing period. The results on a cotton and polyester blend fabric as well as a wool fabric indicated that the liquid water absorption and transport processes significantly influence heat loss properties during this transition. However, the results also show novel aspects in the efficiency of cooling associated with the wicking of sweat and different stages of wetting of fabrics leading to different cooling power. Furthermore, this method raises questions as to whether current sweating guarded hot plate technologies are an appropriate representation of human sweat production or that the scalability of sweat production per unit area is limited. This developed testing method can be successful in quantifying the differences in transitional heat loss and will enable testing of fabrics for comfort in changing conditions.

Purpose Polyester multifilament is used to produce the face and back layer of warp knitted spacer fabric (WKSF) and these two layers are connected by polyester monofilament as a middle layer. This fabric has unique and extraordinary characteristics, and different possibilities of fabric structure and the middle layer thickness are tried to find out the moisture management properties. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the influence of fabric thickness and structure on moisture management properties. Findings Polyester monofilament quickly up takes the water molecule from the water reservoir and transfers it by capillary action. The gravitational force and the availability space between the two outer surface layers restrict the movement of water molecules, although the pressure develops to push the molecules from the water reservoir. As a result, all the spacer fabric samples attain the equilibrium state very quickly. WKSF and the hexagonal net structure prove to be better in vertical wicking. Originality/value The liquid movement is quick in the front side of the spacer fabric, and the rate of wicking is higher in open structure than in the closed structure. It confirms that the hexagonal net structure produces high pore size on fabric and it reaches maximum wicking values. Fabric thickness does not have much influence on the vertical wicking properties of all fabric samples, and the rate of liquid movement produces a similar trend. In in-plane wicking, the polyester monofilament in the middle layer of spacer fabric plays a major role rather than the outer surface layers of fabric.

Comfort has been one of the most important features of clothing, particularly for sportswear, which requires an effective transport of heat and moisture from the inner to the outer side of clothing...

The aim of this study was to investigate the liquid moisture management performance of knitted fabrics produced from vortex-spun yarns using different kinds of fibers and ratios. For this purpose, the vortex-spun yarns with 19.7 tex were obtained in different blend ratios in Murata Vortex Spinner by using different fibers. Then, these yarns were knitted in a circular knitting machine at two different stitch lengths and dyed considering fiber types. Moisture management properties of the produced fabrics were tested. The results revealed that moisture management properties of vortex knitted fabrics were much affected by fiber types in comparison with fabric tightness. Modal and nylon fibers have shown very positive results in terms of moisture management performance. The vortex-spun yarns having a low diameter, high shape values that are more rounded, and high density improved moisture management performance of the fabrics whereas the hairy yarns and higher fabric thickness reduced it. © 2019, © 2019 The Textile Institute.

Women's breasts contain limited anatomic support. Sporting activities create an excessive movement of breasts. It causes generation of continuous stress on the cooper ligaments. Excessive stress on cooper ligaments creates discomfort, pain, embarrassment and also causes the breasts to sag. The effectiveness in reducing breast movement depends on various factors. The factors are related to breast sizes, breast stiffness, running and jumping speed of sport woman and fabric structural parameters by which sports bra are made. However, no work has investigated and characterized spacer fabric based on the curvature of inner body parts under the bra. Characterization of spacer fabric is required on the basis of the real life simulation. The reaction force acting on the breasts during spherical compression of spacer fabric needs to be analyzed. Air and moisture transmission through the fabric, thermal resistance and moisture management properties also need to be characterized along with compression properties. Samples were developed to characterize spacer fabric for the above requirement. This paper analyzes to understand the behavior of warp knitted spacer fabric for spherical compression with different diameter of the spheres and its thermal, air and moisture related comfort characteristics. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is also done for compression properly of spacer fabric. It is concluded that spacer fabric may be considered as a very effective component of sports bra for controlling breast movement without compromising with comfort of sports women.

This study aimed to examine the fabrication of bi-constituent nanofibrous membranes and investigation of their moisture management behavior in various environmental conditions. In doing so, polyurethane with a hydrophobic nature and superior mechanical behavior and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS) with a hydrophilic nature were utilized. Different hybrid electrospun nanofibrous membranes were aligned based on different layer arrangements and composition ratios. Then, the impacts of the solid fraction of polymers, sequence of stacking, and environmental conditions on water vapor permeability, contact angle, and acidic water permeation were measured and discussed. Tracing the water vapor permeability behavior in samples was carried out through measuring the amount of permeation hourly and proposing some regression models. Bi-modal nanofibrous membranes were successfully fabricated using PAMPS and polyurethane with an average fiber diameter of 543.5 and 216.7 nm, respectively. As the volume fraction of PAMPS increased, the porosities of the samples remained unchanged, the number of pores increased, and the pore size decreased (the average pore diameter was 299.97 nm for the PAMPS sample and 492.35 nm for the polyurethane sample). Despite the better water vapor permeability of the polyurethane membranes than that of the PAMPS membranes, in the first 12 h of the water vapor permeability test, the trend was completely reverse. The results also revealed that in the relative humidity of 55%, the polyurethane layer had the highest water vapor permeability among all samples. The results of the acidic water permeation and contact angle tests showed that the hybrid electrospun nanofibrous membranes exhibit better wicking and wetting properties.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the historic development of the requirements for sub-floor (also known as “basementless space” or “crawl space”) moisture management in the USA, UK and New Zealand (NZ) from 1600s to 1969. Design/methodology/approach The review of 171 documents, including legislation, research papers, books and magazines, identified three time periods where the focus differed: 1849, removal of impure air; 1850–1929, the use of ground cover and thorough ventilation; and 1930–1969, the development of standards. Findings Published moisture management guidance has been found from 1683, but until the 1920s, it was based on the provision of “adequate” ventilation and, in the UK, the use of impermeable ground cover. Specific ventilation area calculations have been available from 1898 in the UK, 1922 in the USA and 1924 in NZ. These are based on the area of ventilation per unit floor area, area of ventilation per unit length of perimeter wall, or a combination of both. However, it was not until 1937 in the USA, 1944 in NZ and after the period covered by this paper in the UK, that numerical values were enforced in codes. Vents requirements started at 1 in. of vent per square foot of floor area (0.7 per cent but first published in the USA with a misplaced decimal point as 7 per cent). The average vent area was 0.69 per cent in USA for 19 cases, 0.54 per cent in NZ for 7 cases and 0.13 per cent in UK for 3 cases. The lower UK vent area requirements were probably due to the use of ground covers such as asphalt or concrete in 1854, compared with in 1908 in NZ and in 1947 in USA. The use of roll ground cover (e.g. plastic film) was first promoted in 1949 in USA and 1960 in NZ. Practical implications Common themes found in the evolution of sub-floor moisture management include a lack of documented research until the 1940s, a lack of climate or site-based requirements and different paths to code requirements in the three countries. Unlike many building code requirements, a lack of sub-floor moisture management seldom leads to catastrophic failure and consequent political pressure for immediate change. From the first published use of performance-based “adequate” ventilation to the first numerical or “deemed to satisfy” solutions, it took 240 years. The lessons from this process may provide guidance on improving modern building codes. Originality/value This is the first time such an evaluation has been undertaken for the three countries.

Moisture management is defined as the controlled movement of water vapour and liquid water (perspiration) from the surface of the skin to the atmosphere through the fabric. The ability of moisture transport is a very important feature of textile materials from the point of view of the physiological comfort of usage clothing made of these materials. Among the different textile materials (woven, knitted and nonwoven), seersucker woven fabric is considered as having good comfort-related properties. The fabrics are characterised by the occurrence of puckered and flat strips in the warp direction. The puckered effect generates air spaces between the body and the fabric, keeping the wearer cool in hot conditions as the puckered area holds the fabric away from the skin during usage. In the work presented, seersucker woven fabrics of different patterns of the puckered strips were investigated. The aim of the work was to analyse the relationship between the structure of seersucker fabrics and their moisture management properties. Measurement of the moisture transport properties of seersucker woven fabrics was made using a Moisture Management Tester M290, produced by SDL Atlas. Investigations performed showed that the properties of seersucker woven fabrics characterising their ability to transfer liquid moisture are different depending on the variant of the repeat of puckered strips.

This study aimed to investigate the pollutant removal efficiency of Spathiphyllum wallisii in an indoor space according to the degree of water stress. The control group was a without plants group, and the treatment groups included well-watered S. wallisii and water-stressed S. wallisii. The temperature in the chamber according to presence or absence of water stress of S. wallisii was maintained at 23℃ ± 1℃, an indoor comfortable temperature, for both control and treatment groups. Humidity also significantly differed between the control and treatment groups, but there was no significant difference between the treatment groups. In terms of indoor pollutants owing to water stress, the formaldehyde concentration was 0.30 mg･m-3 in the control group, 0.05 mg･m-3 in the well-watered S. wallisii group, and 0.09 mg･m-3 in the water-stressed S. wallisii group. The control and treatment groups exhibited statistically significant differences, but there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups according to the water stress in the plants. All of the total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) of well-watering S. wallisii were removed after 5 hours, whereas 0.34 mg･m-3 of TVOC of water-stressed S. wallisii were m aintained. T VOC of t he c ontrol g roup w as 1 .25 mg･m-3. Thus, the three groups showed statistically significant differences. In addition, the carbon dioxide concentration was 459 ppm in the control group, which was not significantly different from that in the well-watered S. wallisii group. However, the carbon dioxide concentration was slightly higher in the water-stressed S. wallisii group than that in the control group. The porosity change rate of the well-watered S. wallisii group was high and that of the water-stressed S. wallisii group was low. Thus, the space containing S. wallisii showed greater indoor pollutant removal efficiency, regardless of the water stress than the space without plants. Therefore, the indoor space arranged rather than the space in which the S. wallisii not disposed is effective for the air purification, and the S. wallsii which is subjected to water-stressed drop the change of stomatal size and the carbon dioxide in the indoor pollutants removal, also moisture management is necessary to effectively remove indoor pollutants.

This comparative study was done to study modal fiber as an ecofriendly alternative of cotton fiber in polyester-cotton (PC) fabrics. Clothing serves as a barrier between environment and human body, thus providing the thermo-physiological comfort by controlling the transportation of moisture and heat from body to external environment. Thermo-physiological comfort is an important sportswear criterion in terms of sportsmen’s comfort and performance. In this study, heat and mass transfer of active sportswear were evaluated. Thermal properties were measured by sweating guard hot plate, air permeability by air permeability tester and sweat response by moisture management tester. It was found that fabric with modal on face and micro polyester on back showed best transmission properties with good pilling resistance.

Knitwear fabrics are now becoming an ultimate choice of clothing consumers because of their easiness in wearing, simplicity, lasting appearance and mechanical distinctiveness. It is necessary to further improve the quality of knitted fabrics to keep their competitive edge in clothing industry. In this research work, knitted vest fabrics were developed with improved thermal resistance and overall moisture management properties. Thermolite yarns of three different counts (linear density) were used to develop the interlock knitted fabrics. Thermal regulation and mechanical properties of developed fabrics were compared with 100% cotton-knitted vest. The study concludes that the use of Thermolite yarns have significantly improved the overall comfort properties of interlock knitted fabrics. The use of Thermolite technology can be an ultimate choice of fabric manufacturers in the development of all seasoned knitted fabric vest compared with cotton.

This work investigates how the orientation of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) affect the moisture and heat transfer of poly acryl amide membranes. In so doing, iron oxi...

Összefoglalás A szerves szén igen jelentős összetevője a talajoknak. Meghatározza a talajok számos fizikai, kémiai, biológiai és nedvesség gazdálkodási tulajdonságát és sokrétű környezeti funkcióit, többek között termékenységét, vízszűrő-, és szolgáltató képességét, pufferkapacitását, vagy a biológiai sokféleség megőrzésében játszott szerepét. A modern osztályozási rendszerekben a szerves szén mennyiségi és mélységi megjelenése diagnosztikus egységek és magasabb rendszertani egységeknek is gyakran alapja. Diagnosztikus szemléletű hazai talajosztályozási rendszerünk kidolgozásakor megvizsgáltuk a hazai genetikus osztályozás szervesanyagra vonatkozó kritériumait, részletesen elemeztük a TIM adatbázis adatait és figyelembe vettük a nemzetközi standardokat. Törekedtünk olyan diagnosztikai egységek, altípus és változati tulajdonságok meghatározására, melyek az osztályozás támogatásán túl, önmagukban is fontos információt szolgáltatnak a különböző alkalmazásoknak. Eredményeink szerint a TIM adatbázis tanulmányozása, a szerzők saját talajleíró tapasztalata, továbbá a szervesszén-tartalomra irányuló adatigény indokolja további mennyiségi intervallumok meghatározását az osztályozás alacsonyabb (altípus és változati tulajdonság) szintjén. Vizsgálatunk további fontos eredménye, hogy rámutat, a földes részre vonatkoztatott szervesszén-tartalom nem elég a feltalajok diagnosztizálására. A durva rész arány, a telítettségi viszonyok, a szín, a szerkezet további fontos kritériumok a feltalajok, illetve a felszíni diagnosztikai szintek definiálásában. Ugyanakkor a szerves szén mennyiségi-, és mélységi határértékeinek egységes, típustól független meghatározása fontos információt szolgáltat a talajok sok szempontú megítélésben. Javaslatunkban a szervesszén-tartalomra vonatkozóan nyolc felszíni diagnosztikus talajszint, egy felszín alatti diagnosztikus talajszint, és egy diagnosztikus talajanyag került meghatározásra. Az osztályozás alacsonyabb szintjein további 5 kategória bevezetését javasoltuk a talajokban megjelenő szervesszén-tartalom részletesebb jellemzésének biztosítása érdekében. A javasolt rendszerben összesen 20 altípus -, és 2 változati tulajdonságban jelenik meg szervesszén-tartalomra, vagy olyan diagnosztikus talajszintre vonatkozó követelmény, amely definíciójában a szervesszén-tartalom (is) szerepel. Az egyes elemek azonos értelmezése lehetővé teszi a típustól független térbeli kiterjedésének meghatározását.

The wearing comfort of socks can be affected by the fabric properties of liquid moisture management. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the fabric parameters and moisture management of sock fabrics. The moisture management of socks fabric was measured by the moisture management tester according to AATCC 195-2012. It was found that the cotton sock fabrics were waterproof before washing. This may be due to hydrophobic treatment. The cotton material seems not to be suitable for moisture transfer.

By dissipating the absorbed moisture on clothes quickly, the wearer's comfortability can be improved. Wicking plays a vital role in transporting sweat away through the fabric from the generation areas of the body. Usually, this transportation is an undirected random process. It transports moisture in all possible directions, making large wet patches on the cloths, and these could lead to the wearer's discomfort. This paper reports a method to transport moisture away through predefined paths to predefined locations on weft knitted polyester fabric. The moisture transportation paths were printed on the fabric using a dielectric barrier discharge plasma gun. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed channel printing process for moisture management on the clothing.

Propensity of a textile material to evaporate moisture from its surface, commonly referred to as the ‘moisture management’ ability, is an important characteristic that dictates the applicability of a given textile material in the activewear garment industry. Here, an infrared absorbing nanoparticle impregnated self-heating (IRANISH) fabric is developed by impregnating tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles into a polyester fabric through a facile high-pressure dyeing approach. It is observed that under simulated solar radiation, the impregnated ITO nanoparticles can absorb IR radiation, which is effectively transferred as thermal energy to any moisture present on the fabric. This transfer of thermal energy facilitates the enhanced evaporation of moisture from the IRANISH fabric surface and as per experimental findings, a 54 ± 9% increase in the intrinsic drying rate is observed for IRANISH fabrics compared with control polyester fabrics that are treated under identical conditions, but in the absence of nanoparticles. Approach developed here for improved moisture management via the incorporation of IR absorbing nanomaterials into a textile material is novel, facile, efficient and applicable at any stage of garment manufacture. Hence, it allows us to effectively overcome the limitations faced by existing yarn-level and structural strategies for improved moisture management.

ASHRAE recommends that the appropriate indoor relative humidity range for a healthy and comfortable indoor environment is between 40% and 65% RH. In order to meet the requirement, the vapour-compression air-conditioning system is the most commonly used method for dehumidification. However, this approach is energy-consuming. In this paper, a novel precise humidity control material (PHCM) based on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) is synthesized. This material has an S-shape isotherm, high porosity, and very high water vapor uptake of 1.62 g/g at 80% RH. MOF-PHCM can autonomously control indoor relative humidity within the desired comfort range at room temperature. Hygrothermal properties of the new material are measured. Numerical simulations have been carried out to study the effect of MOF-PHCM on indoor hygrothermal conditions and building energy consumption in different climates. The results show that MOF-PHCM can effectively control indoor relative humidity fluctuations and reduce building energy consumption in most climates without any additional energy input. Peer-review under the responsibility of the organizing committee of the ICMB21.

Prolonged drying times of terry fabrics is a problem as they can not be re-used until completely dry. To resolve this issue, we have designed a sandwich polyester in the mid-layer with low moisture content that could reduce the drying time with excellent wicking properties. These fabrics are widely used as activewear and sportswear. The effect of different softeners on the moisture management properties of weft-knitted terry fabrics’ for various applications has also been studied. Terry knitted fabrics were prepared using a circular knitting machine. Six different softeners were applied with three different concentrations, i.e., 10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L, on the fabric using the pad-dry-cure method. Moisture management tests and rubbing fastness tests were performed to analyze the applied softener’s effect on the fabric comfort and moisture management performance. Results revealed that softener type (i.e., cationic, anionic, and non-ionic) and concentration levels considerably affect the moisture management capability of terry knitted fabrics.

In recent years, the development of personal protective equipment (PPE) for health care workers (HCWs) attracted enormous attention, especially during the pandemic of COVID-19. The semi-permeable protective clothing and the prolonged working hours make the thermal comfort a critical issue for HCWs. Although there are many commercially available personal cooling products for PPE systems, they are either heavy in weight or have limited durability. Besides, most of the existing solutions cannot relieve the perspiration efficiently within the insolation gowns. To avoid heat strain and ensure a longtime thermal comfort, new strategies that provide efficient personal thermal and moisture management without compromising health protection are required. This paper reviews the emerging materials for protective gown layers and advanced technologies for personal thermal and moisture management of PPE systems. These materials and strategies are examined in detail with respect to their fundamental working principles, thermal and mechanical properties, fabrication methods as well as advantages and limitations in their prospective applications, aiming at stimulating creative thinking and multidisciplinary collaboration to improve the thermal comfort of PPEs.

Wound moisture management is very important in wound healing. Previous wound management has included dry healing and moist healing, and the theory of wound moisture balance is currently generally accepted. However, current studies have not reported which humidity is suitable for wound healing and how to appropriately use antibacterial compounds when the humidity is suitable. Our study explored the moisture balance of polyurethane foam dressings through a moisture balance test and constructed a safe and effective moisture balanced antibacterial dressing by loading lysozyme onto a polyurethane foam dressing. Wound healing experiments showed that the wound healing speed was the fastest when the humidity was 25%. In vivo and in vitro antibacterial experiments showed the superior antibacterial performance of the dressing after lysozyme loading. We loaded lysozyme on moisture balanced polyurethane dressings by means of dopamine adsorption, and the modified dressings were named PU/DA-LYS (polyurethane/dopamine-lysozyme). Experiments on wound healing in infected mice indicated that PU/DA-LYS helps fight infection while promoting wound healing. Cytotoxicity experiments and in vivo biological safety experiments indicated that PU/DA-LYS was safe for use. Our study found that the lysozyme loaded polyurethane dressing can provide appropriate wound moisture and prevent bacterial infection, which is a future developmental direction for wound dressings.