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ألقت أوراق البردي العربية الضوء على وظيفة صاحب الکورة في مصر في عصر الولاة، فکان صاحب الکورة همزة الوصل بين الحکام العرب في الإدارة المرکزية، وبين عمال الإدارة المحلية وأهل مصر من سکان المدن والقرى،وأوضحت أوراق البردي کيفية تعيين أصحاب الکور في مناصبهم، فکانوا يعينون من قبل ولاة الفسطاط. وقد اتسمت الإدارة المحلية في عصر الولاة بالمرکزية الشديدة، فلم يکن الولاة يعطون أصحاب الکور الفرصة للاستقلال بأمور کورهم، وتشير أوراق البردي العربية إلى أي مدى کان الوالي يتدخل في أمور الإدارة المحلية ويخضعها لمراقبته الشديدة مطالبا صاحب الکورة بالرجوع للإدارة المرکزية دائما في کل شئون کورته، فکان الوالي يتدخل في الشئون المالية في مقدار الضرائب من خراج وجزية وفي موعد جبايتها، وکان يصدر أوامر الدفع الخاصة بالقرى ويهدد المتأخرين عن دفعها. وکانت اختصاصات صاحب الکورة کثيرة ومتنوعة، وتتمثل في جمع الضرائب، والقيام بإرسالها إلى خزانة الولاية، وجباية ضريبة الطعام، ومکافحة ظاهرة الهروب التي لجأ إليها الأهالي کنوع من المقاومة السلبية للمطالب المالية المتزايدة التي تطالبهم بها الإدارة الأموية، کما کان مسئولا عن إرسال المبلغ المطلوب من الکورة ثمنا للمواد الغذائية المطلوبة لرزق الأمير وحاشيته، وکان من مهام صاحب الکورة أيضا: الفصل بين أهل الکورة في القضايا المدنية، ومعاقبة الخارجين على القانون، ومحاربة جشع التجار ومنع احتکار الأطعمة. The Arabic papyrus shed light on the work of the owner of the village in Egypt in the era of the Governors, the owner of the village was the link between the Arab rulersin the central administration with the workers of the local administration and the People of Egypt from the towns and villages, the papyrus explained how to appoint the owners of the Kur in their positions, they were appointed by the Governors ofFustat.The local administration in the era of Governors was characterized by extreme centralization, the Governors did not give the owners of the Kur the opportunity to become independent in their own affairs, the papyrus notes the extent to which the Governor intervened in the affairs of the local administration and subjected them to his strict control, he asked the owner of the kora to return to the central administration always in all affairs of his corpus, he intervened in the financial affairs in the amount of taxes from absences and taxes and on the date of collection, he issued payment orders for the Village and threatened those who were late for payment. The duties of the owner of the village are many and varied, namely collecting taxes, sending them to the state treasury, collecting food tax, and combating the escape phenomenon that the People resorted to as a kind of passive resistance to the increasing financial demands demanded by the Umayyad administration, Al-Koura was a price for the foodstuffs required for the prince's livelihood and his entourage, and it was also the duty of the owner of the village: Separation between the people of the village in civil cases, punishment of the outlaws, fighting the greed of traders and preventing the monopoly of food.

The article describes the solution of the problem of managing a preschool educational institution in the context of an innovative approach. After all, the problem of reforming preschool education in modern conditions involves a radical restructuring of management, its democratization, decentralization and humanization. The article aims at scientific and practical substantiation of mechanisms of state management of innovative development of preschool education in Ukraine and definition of strategic directions of their improvement and reveals essence of innovative approaches to management of preschool educational institution, and also research of priority of innovations in management of preschool educational institutions. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the transition to new educational standards, integration into the European and world educational space have brought to the fore the problem of innovative management in preschool educational institutions. Functional changes in the activity of the head of the preschool institution are analyzed. The methodological basis of the study is the need to modernize preschool education in Ukraine, which is associated with European and global trends and challenges, the growing attention of the international community to this level of education.The introduction of innovations in the management activities of the organization, which is associated with the inconsistency of the needs management process, due to the environment of its operation. The introduction of innovations in the management of the organization helps to avoid such negative effects and factors as reduced productivity, active and passive resistance to change, exclusion of employees from the work process, conflicts in the team, professional exhaustion, voluntary dismissal, slow assimilation of changes, dismissal etc.Such tasks as solving the problem of managing a preschool educational institution in the context of an innovative approach remain relevant for preschool education in the near future. Thus, the use of innovative approaches will ensure high efficiency of preschool education management

The political thought of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation after the collapse of Chris-tianitas once again raised questions about the extent of obedience and the possibility of active re-sistance to tyranny. One of the fathers of the doctrine which justified resistance to power was John Knox, considered also as one of the fathers of the Scottish Reformation. This prominent preacher and theologian was also, along with George Buchanan and Samuel Rutherford, one of the classics of the Anglo-Saxon concept of the right to resist and the right of rebellion.In the article, the author argues that Knox, starting from the position requiring obedience to the monarch and allowing only passive resistance, ultimately deviated from the moderate position of John Calvin and Heinrich Bullinger. His argument, influenced by political events in Scotland and England, and the radical concepts of Calvinist writers, tended to justify general revolution and even regicide. According to the author, the evolution of his views was caused by changes in the political and religious situation in Scotland and England. The rule of Catholic queens — Maria de Guise, Mary Tudor, and Mary Stuart — radicalised his political views, whose sense was to mercilessly fight heresy and idolatry and defend true faith. His ideas, according to the author, had a great impact on English puritans — thanks to him English puritanism obtained its radicalisation. Knox was also largely responsible for the attitude of Scottish Presbyterians during the Puritan Revolution, and his thought became largely the inspiration for the most radical concepts of this period.In the article, the author adopts the method of contextual analysis of Knox’s works and state-ments using a chronological key. This allows him to demonstrate a close correlation between Knox’s views on the law of resistance and the demand for ongoing political debate. The author finally con-cludes that political circumstances, not theological views, made Knox a monarchomach.

The article describes the facts of anti-state riots in the army during the First Russian Revolution in the south of Ukraine. The author of the article tries to investigate the revolutionary spirit in the Russian army during the revolution of 1905 – 1907. The article highlights the active propaganda activities of revolutionary parties in the army divisions of southern Ukraine. The main attention is paid to the violent nature of confrontation between the power structures of the Russian Empire and the revolutionaries. The article provides instructions for soldiers to suppress the rebel population. The movement and location of military units on the territory of Ukraine is noted in article. The conditions for settling soldiers in new places after moving are described. The conflict of war ministry with other ministries is also described. The conflict arose regarding the involvement of soldiers for various tasks in a revolutionary popular uprising. Attention is paid to the negative attitude of the Russian army soldiers to the Jewish population, as well as the participation of soldiers in Jewish pogroms in southern Ukraine. The article provides examples of insurgent attempts to persuade the military of revolutionary ideals. This context describes the authorities' actions to prevent the convergence of soldiers with people. The author describes an attempt by the revolutionaries to kill a commander of troops by means of a planned attack using explosives. The fact of the uprising of the soldiers of the Kherson Disciplinary Battalion is described. In addition to the active actions of the revolutionaries, the article notes a passive resistance to the authorities, which is manifested in calls not to pay taxes to the treasury. Also, the fact of supporting the army of the part of the population that did not hope for a revolution in the state is described. The article provides statistics on the level of mortality in the military and emphasizes the increase in the number of ineligible persons for military service by healthy in the first half of the nineteenth century.The author notes that at the beginning of the ХХ century the Russian army was not the defender of the Russian people, but remained the "guardian" of the political monarchical model, its important segment of security.

Balfour's Education Act of 1902, abolishing directly elected school boards and making rate aid available to denominational schools, provoked a storm of opposition from the Free Churches in England and Wales. One response was to refuse to pay the portion of the rate designated for the support of denominational schools; this led to Free Church representatives appearing in court and facing distraint and even imprisonment for non-payment. This article offers a case study of ‘passive resistance’ in Oxford, where opposition to the act was co-ordinated by a Citizen's Education League and the Free Church Council. It sets out the case made by the Free Churches, explores the personnel and denominational identities of the resisters, and assesses the impact of the campaign between 1903 and the First World War.

Au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, une coalition d'un corps expéditionnaire militaire franco-britannique se partage le protectorat allemand d'Afrique centrale : l'actuel Cameroun. Des années 1920 aux années 1950, la domination franco-britannique aggrave les injustices liées à l'organisation hiérarchisée de la société Bamiléké. Lesdites injustices favorisent la naissance du syndicalisme suivi de celle du nationalisme. Les nationalistes réclament l'unification et l'indépendance du Cameroun britannique et du Cameroun français. L'historiographie de ce processus de décolonisation s'est surtout penchée sur le rôle et le sort des élites pro-françaises et des leadeurs du comité directeur du parti nationaliste. L'objectif de cette thèse est de connecter l'histoire de cette élite et celle des subalternes Bamiléké, particulièrement oubliés, en démontrant que certains jouèrent des rôles déterminants dans la création, l'implantation et l'animation des syndicats et du parti nationaliste, tout comme dans le sabotage des activités desdites organisations. Par l'approche de l'« histoire d'en bas », nous explorons les cas d'injustices, de résistances passives ou d'accommodements des subalternes des sociétés hiérarchisées Bamiléké sous ladite domination. Nous revisitons l'accommodement des indicateurs de police et des agents provocateurs. Cette approche a pour but d'élucider la transition de la résistance passive à l'insurrection en juin 1956 afin de mieux comprendre l'éruption de violence dans la région Bamiléké lors de la décolonisation. -- During the First World War, a Coalition of a Franco-British military expeditionary forces shared the German protectorate in Central Africa: Present-day Cameroon. From the 1920s to the 1950s, Franco-British domination increased the injustices associated with the already hierarchical organization of Bamileke society. These injustices led to the emergence of unions, followed by nationalism. The nationalists demanded the unification and independence of British and French Cameroon. This decolonization process historiography has focused on the role and fate of the pro-French elites (chiefs, notables, and colonial intermediaries) and the leaders of the nationalist party's steering committee. The objective of this thesis is to connect the history of this elite with the history of the African subalterns, notably the Bamileke, who have so far been at the historiographical margins of histories of Cameroon's decolonization, by demonstrating how some of them played determining roles in the creation, implementation and animation of the trade unions and the nationalist party, as well as in the sabotage of these organizations' activities. Using a "history from below" approach, I explore cases of injustice, passive resistance, or accommodation of the subalterns within Bamileke hierarchical societies under French domination. I revisit Police informant and agent provocateur collaboration. I adopt this method to elucidate the transition from passive resistance to insurrection in June 1956 to better understand the eruption of violence in the Bamileke region during decolonization.

Bu tez çalışması dört bölümden oluşmakta olup, bunlar: sivil itaatsizliğin tanımı, direnme hakkının ve pasif direnişin tarihçesi, pasif direnmenin temelleri, pasiflik ve pasif direniş olarak belirlenmiştir. Tezin ana fikri bir aktivizm yöntemi olan sivil itaatsizlik eylemindeki pasif direniş tutumu üzerine kuruludur. Sivil itaatsizlik kavramı kısaca ciddi bir haksızlığa karşı tüm yasal çözümlerin tükendiği bir noktada, ahlaki bir motivasyonla yasadışı ama aleni bir şekilde, şiddetsiz/pasif bir direnişle karşı koyma anlamına gelmektedir. Bireysel bir tutum olabileceği gibi kitlesel bir eyleme de dönüşebilmektedir. Bir pasif direniş biçimi olan sivil itaatsizliğin ana unsurları ise yasaya aykırılık, şiddet dışılık, alenilik, Hukuk Devletine yönelik eğilim ve Hukuki yaptırıma katlanma rızası olarak sıralanabilir. Bir kavram olarak tamamen Yakın Çağ’a özgü olmasına rağmen fikri kökleri Antik Çağ’a kadar uzamaktadır. Bu düşünceler uzun bir süre boyunca direnme hakkı üzerine gelişmiştir. Thoreau’nun kaleme aldığı “Sivil İtaatsizlik Görevine Dair” makalesi sosyal bilimler sözlüğüne yeni bir kavram kazandırmıştır. Düşünceleri ve örnek davranışları başta Tolstoy, Gandhi ve M.L. King olmak üzere nice şiddet karşıtı ve şiddetsiz direnişçilere ilham olmuştur. Sivil itaatsizlik kavramı hem bireysel hem de toplumsal anlamda bir takım psikolojik, felsefi ve ahlaki temellere dayanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak pasif direniş eylemleri kavramsal açıdan düşüncelerine sadık, eylemsel açıdan son derece şiddetsiz olduğundan olumlu sonuçlara en asgari bedelle ulaşabilen bir direnme yöntemidir. This thesis consists of four parts: definition of civil disobedience, the history of the right to resist and nonviolent resistance, the foundations of passive resistance, passivity and nonviolent resistance. The main idea of the thesis is based on the passive resistance attitude in the act of civil disobedience, which is an activism method. The concept of civil disobedience, in short, means a morally motivated, illegal but public, nonviolent/passive resistance to a serious injustice at a point where all legal solutions have been exhausted. It can be an individual attitude or it can turn into a mass action. The main elements of civil disobedience, which is a form of passive resistance, can be listed as illegality, non-violence, publicity, tendency towards the State of Law and consent to endure legal sanction. Although it is completely unique to the Modern Age as a concept, its intellectual roots go back to Antiquity. These considerations developed over a long period of time on the right to resist. Thoreau's article "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience" has brought a new concept to the social sciences dictionary. His thoughts and exemplary actions are primarily those of Tolstoy, Gandhi, and M.L. It has inspired many non-violent and nonviolent resisters, including King. The concept of civil disobedience is based on a number of psychological, philosophical and moral foundations, both individually and socially. As a result, passive resistance acts are a method of resistance that can achieve positive results with the least cost, since it is conceptually faithful to its ideas and is extremely non-violent in action.

COVID-19 pandemic affected the increasing frequency and intensity of a husband and wife’s interaction. The pandemic further worsened domestic violence experienced by women, and this has made them resist the violence. This study aims to unravel domestic violence and women’s resistance. The research used a qualitative method on women who experienced domestic violence amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that the resistance was triggered by numerous internal conflicts, such as declining income and increasingly diverse household conflicts during the pandemic. Women spontaneously resist against verbal, physical, and psychological abuse to save themselves from harm and to protect their dignity. The resistances are demonstrated in various ways, including fighting the husband back, verbal abuse, shouting, threatening to divorce, scratching, and punching the husband. Additionally, women also resorted to passive resistance by giving the silent treatment, staying away, stopping communication, not sleeping in the same bed, and refusing to serve the husband. This resistance exhibited women’s awareness to defend their rights. Women did realize that they have the right to fight back as a manner of combating gender inequality.

The history of the Great Patriotic War is of paramount importance for all generations of Russian people. The tens of millions of our compatriots who died in combatting with the Third Reich cannot be forgotten. The remembrance about the heroic feats of the Soviet people in the struggle against Nazism is one of the fundamentals in the historical memory of Russia. However, the recent years have seen growing attempts to cast doubt on the decisive contribution brought by the Soviet Union in the defeat of Nazi Germany. Attempts to revise the course and results of World War II and Great Patriotic War are used primality for political purposes to discredit the past and, as a consequence, the present of our country. On the eve of the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory of Soviet people over fascism, these attempts are scaled up. One of the tragic pages of the Great Patriotic War is the theme of Nazi concentration camps, through which hell millions of Soviet people passed. In the Soviet historiographic space, this topic was silenced for a long time, also due to fear that the system of Nazi concentration camps could be compared to GULAG — the Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps, which operated in the Soviet Union. The investigations that were carried out in the period from the 1960s to the first half of the 1980s were mainly devoted to the struggle of prisoners against the camp system, whereas the matters concerned with setting up and operation of concentration camps and the actions of their administrations were beyond the topics being studied. It is only from the middle 1980s that the Soviet historical science could update the source, theoretical, and methodological bases and start an open dialogue with representatives of foreign historical thought. And it is since the late 1990s — early 2000s that a stable interest has emerged — now in the Russian historiography — to the history of Nazi concentration camps that were set up on the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union as part of the Great Patriotic War history. This was encouraged by the fact that a much wider scope of documental sources from the national and foreign archives became available, and due to the fact that Russian historians joined the European historiographic context. At present, the scope of new research areas being developed (historical anthropology, the history of everyday life, etc.) includes scientific projects aimed at studying the everyday life of concentration camp prisoners, their “survivability strategy”, and setting up of active and passive resistance to violence in camps. The aim of the article is to analyze the main trends in studying Nazi concentration camps in the Soviet and post-Soviet historiography. It is exactly the history of the system of Nazi concentration camps that shows the inhuman nature of Nazi ideology in its entirety. Besides, this topic demonstrates the huge role the Soviet Union played in freeing the prisoners of concentration camps. By addressing this problem, the researchers will get a broader vision of the Great Patriotic War, and students will gain new knowledge about this tragic but at the same time heroic page of our history.

The psychological characteristics of professionally maladapted cadets are considered. For signs of maladjustment were taken: performance - 3,5 points and below; physical fitness - 3 points and below; high incidence: the number of days of work loss from the beginning of the school year - 11 days or more; low discipline; poor relationship with the command and with colleagues, low psychological stability. Psychological personality traits can both contribute to the military-professional adaptation, and hinder it. Well-adapted cadets for training in a military college are characterized by a high level of stress tolerance, they are curious, have flexible thinking, they have hyperthymic characterological features. Professionally maladjusted cadets are characterized by stereotyped thinking, the prevalence of anxious and exalted character traits, the use of physical force against another person, readiness for the manifestation of negative feelings with the slightest excitement (hot temper), suspicion of relations with others, the expression of negative feelings as through form (cry , screeching), and through the content of verbal responses (curses, threats), the oppositional manner in behavior from passive resistance to active struggle From established customs and laws, they are more aggressive. Based on discriminant modeling, a highly informative forecast model of military professional maladjustment of cadets was developed as part of medical and psychological support measures (Wilks lambda: 0,29207 approx. F (4,58)=35,146; p

Clark Davis, “Very, Garrison, Thoreau: Variations on the Antebellum Passive” (pp. 332–359) This essay contends that the poetry of Jones Very, often considered predominately “mystical,” was deeply engaged in political debates of the era. Not only did Very often write poems with an avowedly public purpose, but his seemingly otherworldly, spiritual sonnets sometimes participated in antebellum political debates. The sonnet “The Hand and Foot” (1839), for instance, describes a mode of Christian passivity and quietism that echoes the contemporaneous call for passive “non-resistance” to slavery found in William Lloyd Garrison’s 1838 “Declaration of Sentiments,” the foundational statement of the New England Non-Resistance Society. Very’s poem also describes a mode of Christian behavior that is radically disruptive of social conformity, a kind of embodied “prayer” that may have influenced Henry David Thoreau’s more famous manifesto of passive resistance, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849). Thoreau witnessed Very’s passive but disruptive behavior on more than one occasion in Concord, Massachusetts, well before his own unique dramatization of nonconformity in the mid 1840s. Comparing Very’s erasure of individual will to Thoreau’s more canny deployment of passivity can help us clarify antebellum modes of passive engagement as they evolved toward the eventual violence of John Brown’s raid and the American Civil War.

Background Supporting patients to engage in (Web-based) self-management tools is increasingly gaining importance, but the engagement of health care professionals is lagging behind. This can partly be explained by resistance among health care professionals. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate drivers of resistance among oncology nurses toward Web-based self-management tools in cancer care. Methods Drawing from previous research, combining clinical and marketing perspectives, and several variables and instruments, we developed the Resistance to Innovation model (RTI-model). The RTI-model distinguishes between passive and active resistance, which can be enhanced or reduced by functional drivers (incompatibility, complexity, lack of value, and risk) and psychological drivers (role ambiguity, social pressure from the institute, peers, and patients). Both types of drivers can be moderated by staff-, organization-, patient-, and environment-related factors. We executed a survey covering all components of the RTI-model on a cross-sectional sample of nurses working in oncology in the Netherlands. Structural equation modeling was used to test the full model, using a hierarchical approach. In total, 2500 nurses were approached, out of which 285 (11.40%) nurses responded. Results The goodness of fit statistic of the uncorrected base model of the RTI-model (n=239) was acceptable (χ21=9.2; Comparative Fit Index=0.95; Tucker Lewis index=0.21; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.19; Standardized Root Mean Square=0.016). In line with the RTI-model, we found that both passive and active resistance among oncology nurses toward (Web-based) self-management tools were driven by both functional and psychological drivers. Passive resistance toward Web-based self-management tools was enhanced by complexity, lack of value, and role ambiguity, and it was reduced by institutional social pressure. Active resistance was enhanced by complexity, lack of value, and social pressure from peers, and it was reduced by social pressure from the institute and patients. In contrast to what we expected, incompatibility with current routines was not a significant driver of either passive or active resistance. This study further showed that these drivers of resistance were moderated by expertise (P=.03), managerial support (P=.004), and influence from external stakeholders (government; P=.04). Conclusions Both passive and active resistance in oncology nurses toward Web-based self-management tools for patients with cancer are driven by functional and psychological drivers, which may be more or less strong, depending on expertise, managerial support, and governmental influence.

‘Third World Feminism’ investigates into the resistance and portrayal of women in literature in the oppressive and marginalizing territories. Postcolonial feminism highlights a tendency towards universalizing women by focusing on the involvement of women in the Western lifestyle in the war-stricken lands where they have been, on the one hand, segregated as inferior; yet, on the other hand, upheld as the instigators of resistance towards the betterment of societies in which the full impact of a misguided patriarchal rule breaks the women down emotionally, who are abused, deceived and controlled. Thus, this paper aims at displaying the observations considering local culture, gender discrimination and female passive resistance as far as collected from Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The novel depicts the conflicts of identification of the women which pave the way for the degradation applied on the characters. Subsequently, from a postcolonial feministic perspective, the paper attempts to investigate the plights of women, which are enforced on them through the patriarchal components and standards of culture.

Current design regulations most often require use of limit equilibrium methods for the internal stability analyses of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls. However, the limit-equilibrium based approaches generally over-predict reinforcement loads for GRS walls when comparing with measured data from full-scale instrumented walls under working stress conditions. Wall toe resistance has an important influence on the performance of GRS walls but is ignored in limit equilibrium-based methods of design. This paper reports centrifuge modelling of GRS walls which have different toe restraint conditions but are otherwise identical. The GRS wall models prepared in this study isolate the influence of wall toe resistance on the performance of walls. Based on measured data from four centrifuge wall model tests, a reduction in wall toe resistance (by reducing the interface shear resistance at the base of the wall facing or removing the soil passive resistance in front of the wall toe or both) induces larger maximum facing deformation and reinforcement strain and load. The results also demonstrate that the wall models with typical toe restraint conditions are most likely operated under working stress conditions while those with poor toe restraint conditions may experience (or be close to reach) a state of limit equilibrium.

The three-hinge precast arch culvert consists of two segmental precast units and three hinge points. It harnesses the passive resistance of an embankment by permitting deflection, resulting in a mechanically stable structure. However, the design of the three-hinge precast arch culvert differs from that of a conventional culvert, prompting the mechanical behavior of the culvert to become an important issue. In this study, therefore, 1/5 scale model tests were conducted on a three-hinge precast arch culvert to measure the changes in the inside width and earth pressure acting on the culvert at each step in order to investigate the culvert’s mechanical behavior at each construction stage. Moreover, the deflection measurement of the culvert was obtained at the in-situ construction site. The results indicate that the arch members were displaced according to the embankment depth in a similar manner to the design load. Therefore, the horizontal earth pressure, which was larger than the earth pressure at rest, acted on the culvert at the end of its construction. Keywords: Precast arch culvert, Construction process, Coefficient of earth pressure, Inside width

Background Repetitive, flexed lumbar postures are a risk factor associated with low back injuries. Young, novice workers involved in manual handling also appear at increased risk of injury. The evidence for the effectiveness of postural biofeedback as an intervention approach is lacking, particularly for repetitive, fatiguing tasks. Research question How does real-time lumbosacral (LS) postural biofeedback modify the kinematics and kinetics of repetitive lifting and the risk of low back injury? Methods Thirty-four participants were randomly allocated to two groups: biofeedback (BF) and non-biofeedback (NBF). Participants repetitively lifted a 13 kg box at 10 lifts per minute for up to 20 min. Real-time biofeedback of LS posture occurred when flexion exceeded 80% maximum. Three-dimensional motion analysis and ground reaction forces enabled estimates of joint kinematics and kinetics. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured throughout. Results The BF group adopted significantly less peak lumbosacral flexion (LSF) over the 20 min when compared to the NBF group, which resulted in a significant reduction in LS passive resistance forces. This was accompanied by increased peak hip and knee joint angular velocities in the BF group. Lower limb moments did not significantly differ between groups. Feedback provided to participants diminished beyond 10 min and subjective perceptions of physical exertion were lower in the BF group. Significance Biofeedback of lumbosacral posture enabled participants to make changes in LSF that appear beneficial in reducing the risk of low back injury during repetitive lifting. Accompanying behavioural adaptations did not negatively impact on physical exertion or lower limb joint moments. Biofeedback of LS posture offers a potential preventative and treatment adjunct to educate handlers about their lifting posture. This could be particularly important for young, inexperienced workers employed in repetitive manual handling who appear at increased risk of back injury

Background Psychiatric illness can mimic a comatose state. The most common is a conversion reaction resulting in a functional coma, which poses a unique diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Little is known about this condition, and the literature is limited by inconsistent terminology and by a lack of high-quality evidence. Objective To provide a conceptual definition of functional coma, describe case examples, summarize management, and increase recognition of this often underacknowledged entity. Methods We present two cases and provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, workup, and management. Results Functional coma is defined as an involuntary coma-like state that occurs in the absence of structural or metabolic damage to the brain and that is distinct from catatonia. This term should supplant the previous phrase of “psychogenic coma.” Psychiatric disorders are frequently present premorbidly, but are not required for the diagnosis. About half of the cases occur in the perioperative setting. Physical exam can provide helpful clues, including passive resistance to eye opening or avoidance of the face with arm drop. Additional work-up, including laboratory studies, brain imaging, and electroencephalography, should be obtained but are unremarkable in functional coma. Case studies suggest that the episodes last for several hours, with a range of 45 minutes to 4 days. Treatment includes supportive management and careful psychoeducation. Conclusions Functional coma should be conceptualized as a distinct condition from catatonia and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Additional clinical and translation research is needed to further explore the etiology of this condition.

The objective of the research is to identify key factors that can reduce resistance towards a change in club identity. The results of our quantitative approach conducted with 229 fans of football clubs show that it is extremely important to inform supporters about the reasons and the benefits of the brand identity change, for the club and for themselves. Furthermore, the fans’ tradition consciousness amplifies their resistance to brand identity change. Our results also indicate that after the brand identity change, fans limit the positive word of mouth towards the club (a form of passive resistance) and then exit (a form of active resistance)., L’objectif de la recherche est d’analyser quels sont les facteurs pouvant limiter la résistance des fans à un changement d’identité d’un club. Les résultats de notre approche quantitative menée auprès de 229 fans de club de football soulignent l’importance d’informer les supporters concernant les raisons et les bénéfices du changement pour le club et pour les supporters. De plus, la sensibilité à la tradition du club renforce la résistance au changement de marque. Nos résultats indiquent également qu’après un changement d’identité de marque, les fans limitent le bouche à oreille positif envers le club (forme de résistance passive) et peuvent abandonner le club (forme de résistance active)., El objeto de la investigación es analizar cuáles son los factores que influyen en la limitación de la resistencia de los aficionados a un cambio de identidad. Los resultados de nuestra investigación cuantitativa llevada a cabo con 229 aficionados de los clubes de fútbol resaltan la importancia de informar a los aficionados sobre los motivos y los beneficios del cambio para el club y los aficionados. Además, la sensibilidad a la tradición del club fortalece la resistencia al cambio de marca. Nuestros resultados también indican que después de un cambio de identidad de marca, los aficionados limitan el boca a boca positivo hacia el club (forma de resistencia pasiva) y pueden abandonar el club (forma de resistencia activa).

EnglishThis article discusses how french director Jean Pierre-Melville worked with the concept of resistance in his film career through three different perspectives, breaking with the model of heroic celebration adopted by the film industry. From the analysis of the films le Silence de la mer (1949), leon Morin, pretre (1961) and l’armee des ombres (1969), the aim is to discuss the concepts of passive resistance, non-resistance and active resistance during World War II in France from the narrative and aesthetic review of these feature films. portuguesEste artigo discute como o diretor frances Jean-Pierre Melville trabalhou com o conceito de resistencia em sua carreira no cinema a partir de tres diferentes perspectivas, rompendo com o modelo de celebracao heroica adotado pela industria. Atraves da analise dos filmes Le silence de la mer (1949), Leon Morin, pretre (1961) e L’armee des ombres (1969), o objetivo e tratar sobre os conceitos de resistencia passiva, naoresistencia e a resistencia ativa durante a Segunda guerra Mundial na franca a partir da revisao narrativa e estetica destes longas-metragens.

In this paper, U-shape polymeric strap (UPS) reinforcement, which can develop passive resistance in the soil, is investigated. The curved (looped) part of the strap at the free end of the reinforcement generates a passive resistance in the soil and increases the pullout resistance beyond what is available due to friction of the horizontal portions of the strap. In this paper, UPS pullout resistance is first compared with that of the typical double polymeric strap (DPS) through large-scale pullout experiments. The experimental results in compacted granular soil show that the curved strap part of the DPS configuration is capable of increasing the pullout resistance by about 130–194%. To improve understanding of pullout behavior, 3D finite element modeling was used to model the pullout behavior of the DPS and UPS configurations. In addition, the bearing resistance factor (Nq) was calculated using three equations for general shear failure, punching shear failure and ‘hybrid’ failure. The equation for general shear failure gave the best agreement with measured values of Nq from the laboratory pullout tests.

‘Honesty and dissent’ explores strategies of political resistance in Tudor Norwich through an analysis of the city's prestigious Company of St George. Nearly a quarter of those nominated for membership during the second half of the sixteenth century failed to appear when summoned and declined to take up the livery; most eventually complied, but only after fines, threats of imprisonment and delays that could last a year or more. They pursued a strategy of passive resistance that allowed them to register objections while conforming to expectations of ‘honest’ behaviour. That underappreciated approach enabled citizens to push back against urban authorities without compromising their standing in the community.