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The goal of every dental treatment should be a sustainable and functional care which is adapted to the individual movement patterns. In this context, a structured and anatomically accurate functional analysis can contribute to the correct muscular and skeletal adjustment of patients in order to develop the correct treatment strategy, which then guarantees a permanently stable reconstruction. The individual and whole-body analysis as well as the dental history of the patient and the correct transfer into the articulator play an important role. How accurately can the dental technician judge the actual situation of the patient? How realistic are planes, chewing patterns, jaw joint movements and closing angles represented in the articulator compared to the oral situation? Innovative aspects such as the reference to the natural head position (NHP), the exact determination of the anatomical centre and the correct three-dimensional transfer into the articulator are decisive factors which influence the success of the treatment. This article focuses on the realistic, correctly positioned transfer of the casts and other anatomical parameters into the analogue or virtual articulator. The development of the function-analytical method is presented using the PlaneSystem®. The detection of patient-specific details using the analogue method (e.g. head posture, facial proportions, physiognomic landmark, cast analysis, cast orientation, movement recording, joint mechanics, lower jaw position in physiological, unmanipulated centric) as well as the digital procedure (e.g. facial scan, three-dimensional analysis, photo documentation) and their transfer into the articulator form the basis. The occlusal plane and asymmetries are measured individually for each patient and transferred into the articulator in the same way as the vertical dimension of the occlusion (VDO) and the alignment of the lower jaw. All collected information can finally be integrated into a digital workflow so that reference can be made to purely virtual solutions. In the following, the necessity out of which the systematics developed as well as the individual development stages are described. Furthermore, the potential is illustrated in that the use of this method offers to the prosthetic working team.

Purpose Although studies have shown the relevance of building information modeling (BIM) in cost estimating process, efforts at investigating BIM based detailed cost estimating among professional quantity surveyors through quantitative approach are scanty. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the usage of BIM-based detailed cost estimating software and assesses the drivers to BIM adoption within the Nigerian quantity surveying consulting firms. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive literature review, pilot study and questionnaire survey were adopted. The survey targeted both the BIM users and non- BIM users’ quantity surveying consulting firms in Lagos, Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, Mann–Whitney test and factor analysis. Findings The study found that 46.58 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are aware of BIM and have adopted it for detailed cost estimating, while 49.32 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are aware but have not adopted BIM-based detailed cost estimating, and 4.10 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are not aware at all. Also, the study identified various BIM-based detailed cost estimating software used in quantity surveying practices and found that Microsoft Excel is often used alongside 3D software, Autodesk QTO, Navisworks, Innovaya Composer and CostX are prevalent BIM software used for detailed cost estimating. In addition, the study identified 21 drivers to the adoption of BIM in quantity surveying practices. The result of factor analysis grouped the 21 identified drivers into five principal factors: improved whole lifecycle/design quality, enhanced decision and visualization, cost and time saving, marketing and support for quantity surveyor tasks and government and client pressure. Practical implications This study provides significant insight into the application of BIM to quantity surveying consulting practices, thereby enabling consultant quantity surveyors to make informed decisions to select BIM cost estimating software to suit their practices. Further, the study findings can be useful for individuals’, clients’ and contractors’ quantity surveyors to be fully aware of the opportunities BIM could bring in relation to their service delivery. Originality/value Accurate cost estimating, effective cost monitoring and control are essential elements to a construction project success. This study further emphasized the importance of BIM to quantity surveying practices, particularly in the area of the detailed cost estimating.

I set out a model of third-party intervention in which parties to a conflict can have supreme values. An attacker can decide to use own-population civilians as human shields against a defender. A third-party adjudicator can find fault with the defender for measures that harm the human shields. The criticism is an incentive for the attacker to use the own-population human shields. The supreme values relate to the value placed on the lives of the human shields. I describe the possible equilibrium outcomes.

The popularity of online shopping is growing rapidly in modern virtual market. Generally, customers take decision to purchase goods based on their basic need and relative need. Shopkeepers play an important role to influence the customers in real market. Recommendation engine is nothing but a good automated shopkeeper. In this paper, we propose a model of dynamic recommendation system (DRS) for online market. Our proposed technique provides an intelligent solution model to overcome the problems of customers’ rating and their feedback by integrating market basket analysis, frequent item mining, bestselling items and customer personalization.

Purpose The paper is prompted by the US–China trade war and its implications for the sustenance of the multilateral trading system. The two rivals resorted to “self-help” without recourse to the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system, flouting the WTO as an adjudicator in trade disputes. This paper aims to analyze the drawbacks in the settlement system and examines the urgent need for a retroactive remedy. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts desk-review and jurisprudential analysis of the relevant rulings of the WTO dispute settlement body. Using desk-review, primary sources such as the relevant domestic legislations invoked by the USA and China to trigger the trade war were discussed and critically analyzed. Findings This paper finds that the unilateral and protectionist actions that characterize the trade war can be linked to the loss of confidence in WTO remedies to redress members’ retroactive economic losses. This finding is useful in arguing for the incorporation of a retrospective monetary remedy to forestall the reoccurrence of a similar trade war and save the WTO from being dysfunctional. Originality/value Although, whether there should be retroactive remedies in the settlement system has been long debated, this paper makes a significant contribution by highlighting why the drawbacks in the settlement system have become so prominent in the context of this trade war. This paper strengthens the urgent need for WTO dispute settlement reform to prevent a reoccurrence of another global distortion of trade.

Computer-aided design (CAD) softwares minimize human designing errors, reduce time and cost, and serve as more powerful diagnostic and designing tools for treatment planning in restorative dentistry when compared with conventional diagnostic waxing techniques. The goal of this article was to review the features of the available dental and open-source CAD softwares for a facially driven digital diagnostic waxing elaboration. The literature review demonstrated that when digital technologies are selected, the fundamental concepts remain, but the protocol differs. When fabricating a facially driven diagnostic waxing, the digitized dentition obtained from either an intraoral scanner or digitized conventional stone cast can be merged with either two-dimensional (2D) photographs or three-dimensional (3D) extraoral facial scans of the patient at different positions. This superimposition procedure has been described in dental and open-source CAD softwares. Indeed, dental CAD softwares offer intuitive tools for dental professionals; however, the flexibility in creating virtual designs is more limited compared with open-source softwares. Digital technologies serve as a more powerful diagnostic and design tool when compared with conventional procedures. The integration of different digital technologies has promoted the development of a 3D virtual patient, allowing clinicians and dental technicians to superimpose data on patients’ facial skeletons, extraoral soft tissue, and dentition. Both dental and open-source CAD softwares greatly improve the facially driven diagnostic waxing predictability because they incorporate the patient’s facial references.

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder that is further divided into four subtypes with distinguishing clinical manifestations, categorized by phenotypic variations based on activation or deactivation of six specific gene types. The criteria for clinical diagnosis are established based on these phenotypic variants. While key clinical features may cause suspicion of WS, genetic testing confirms the diagnosis. Pigmentary defects are one of the hallmark features of WS while some individuals may exhibit sensorineural hearing loss, which can be progressive. Audiological treatment is essential to mitigate hearing loss and to minimize speech and language deficits as well as behavior and socioemotional development. Associated complications include musculoskeletal abnormalities and Hirschsprung disease. This article aims to discuss the role of the pediatric nurse practitioner in the early identification, diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of affected children in the primary care setting.

Under the Hindu nationalist Narendra Modi government, the largest state-run and supported network of skills training schools, the Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), are slated to be the most important sites for transforming subaltern youth into appropriate global workers for the IT-ITES sectors. Based on historical, archival research and sustained, ethnographic work in industrial schools in New Delhi, I trace parallels between the colonial, skilled craftsman, or the “maistry,” in the nineteenth century to the contemporary computer operator in the twenty-first century through inextricable linkages between forms of governmentality, communication technologies, and labor formations. Colonial and contemporary industrial students are constructed as uncivilized and trained for subordinate positions despite the leveling promise of industrial schools. However, both groups critically interpret development messages in the context of their everyday lives in demanding an “education” versus “training,” and in holding the state responsible for their welfare. Historical and ethnographic research is vital to critically examine the promise of “Skilling India” for marginalized communities.

The modern banking sector shows growing competition. In order to stay afloat, it is necessary to use new methods that increase the level of customer centricity and help to retain old customers and attract new ones. In the presented paper, the problem of qualitative and fast customer service of the commercial bank UKRSIBBANK, which can be achieved through optimization of business processes of servicing customers (private individuals), is considered. The main tool is the Business Process Reengineering method, which involves the automation of cash operations, namely: providing banking services with the help of cash terminals. The essence of the improvement is to carry out transactions using special cash terminals, which can replace the cashier and bank teller positions in a bank. As a result of the business processes reengineering, the main tasks set at the beginning of the paper were solved. Those were cuts in staff involved in cash management business processes and a reduction in customers’ time for performing simple cash operations, which have been shown using specific business processes in the presented paper. In addition, BPR influenced the following criteria:transactions between clients' accounts, transactions between different banks' accounts, the level of quality of financial monitoring, quantity of paper documents that confirm transactions, quantity of cash operations that are done by cashiers, the level of control of business-processes, time of cash operations, the level of staff turnover, a reduction of quantity of cashier staff, the level of client orientation, the level of time waiting in lines, quality of clients' service, quantity of clients that are satisfied with service, quantity of clients that are ready to recommend the bank to others. Moreover, the impact of reengineering on the organizational structure and document circulation of the bank is considered in the work.

Fellowship training for physicians has historically been a training model for physicians to specialize their practice and develop research skills following medical school and residency. Advanced practice registered nurses, specifically nurse practitioners (NPs) practice in primary care, acute care, and specialty settings across the lifespan. Fellowship programs have emerged as a way for NPs to specialize their practice and meet the needs of an expanding health care system. This article describes the design, implementation, and outcomes of two similar yet distinct specialty NP fellowship programs: one in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics and one in Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND Many dental and facial components affect smile esthetics, and dental professionals' opinions regarding dental esthetics may not always coincide with the perceptions and expectations of the patients. OBJECTIVES This work is designed to determine the dimensions of the interproximal contact areas that are considered the most or least attractive according to a group of laypersons, dentists and technicians. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two photographs of female and male smiles showing a full smile were taken with a Nikon® camera and digitally altered using Adobe® Photoshop. The length of the interproximal contact areas was altered to generate 2 sets of images (3 images of the female and 3 images of the male smile in each set). A group of 40 laypersons, 40 dentists and 40 dental technicians were asked to select the most and the least attractive image in each set. RESULTS An interproximal contact ratio of 50:40:30 [%] was the most attractive arrangement (40.00% and 38.33% for the female and male smiles, respectively). The 'reversed' ratio of 30:40:50 [%] was the least attractive to the participants (57.50% and 44.17% for the female and male smiles, respectively). There were differences in the rankings of the most and the least attractive smiles among the 3 groups of evaluators. CONCLUSIONS The 'ideal' interproximal contact ratio of 50:40:30 [%] is perceived to be the most attractive. However, the smile esthetics perception among dental professionals is not always in agreement with the perception of laypersons.

Crime in colonial Australia has attracted considerable scholarly attention, yet comparatively little quantitative analysis. The aggregation of the records of the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction — which operated between 1788 and 1823 as the sole adjudicator of serious crimes in the colony — creates an opportunity for the statistical characterisation of criminal prosecutions during the earliest years after British settlement. Analysis reveals that the frequency of prosecutions as a percentage of population was high during the first decade after British settlement, and then dropped, stabilised, and thereafter, whilst the totality of charges rose, the rate remained proportionate to the growth of population. The distribution of offences prosecuted before the court also changed from more minor to serious crimes over this same period. Deploying both historical and criminological methods, this article argues that changes in the crime before the court was reflective of a profound societal transformation, from a highly scrutinized penal community in the first decade after settlement to a diversified and more complex society thereafter.

ArgumentDuring the second quarter of the nineteenth century, an argument raged about the identity of a small freshwater fish: was the parr a distinct species, or merely the young of the salmon? This “Parr Controversy” concerned both fishermen and ichthyologists. A central protagonist in the controversy was a man of ambiguous social and scientific status: a gamekeeper from Scotland named John Shaw. This paper examines Shaw’s heterogeneous practices and the reception of his claims by naturalists as he struggled to find a footing on the “gradient of attributed competence” (Rudwick 1985). The case demonstrates the context-specific nature of expert-lay boundaries and identities and explores a range of material and linguistic resources available for negotiating them. Arguing for a view of Shaw’s trajectory as simultaneously one of being a “practical man” and of becoming a naturalist, the paper explores both the permeability of social hierarchies in knowledge production and their effective role in the regulation of competency.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face many challenges, including feeding problems due to behavioral issues and food aversions. Therefore, pediatric nurse practitioners need to assess for different mineral deficiencies, including iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The following case study describes a 4-year-old with ASD with persistent IDA despite typical recommendation of oral iron supplementation. Other potential etiologies of IDA are reviewed. Finally, different management approaches for managing IDA in children with ASD are described.

Amaç: Diş teknisyenleri iş yerlerinde işitme kaybına neden olabilecek gürültü ve kimyasal tehlikelere maruz kalmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı dental laboratuvarlarda çalışan diş teknisyenlerinin mesleki işitme kaybı gelişme riskini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya periyodik kontrol için Ankara Meslek Hastalıkları Hastanesi’ne başvuran 105 diş teknisyeni ve 120 kontrol birey dahil edildi. Hem diş teknisyenleri grubunda hem de kontrol grubundaki deneklerin tümü erkekti. Diş teknisyenlerinin odyogramları kontrol grubu bireylerinin odyogramları ile karşılaştırıldı. Verilerin istatistiksel analizi için Mann Whitney U testi ve Spearman korelasyon analizi kullanıldı.Bulgular: Diş teknisyenlerinin her iki kulakta tüm frekanslarda işitme eşik ortalamaları kontrol grubundan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde yüksek bulundu. Diş teknisyenleri grubunda tüm frekanslarda (250 Hz ve 1000 Hz hariç) işitme eşikleri ve yaş arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir korelasyon vardı. Kontrol grubunda yalnızca 4000 Hz ve 8000 Hz frekanslarda işitme eşikleri ve yaş arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon vardı. Diş teknisyenleri grubunda 2, 4 ve 8 kHz frekanslarında maruz kalma süresi ile işitme eşikleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon olduğu saptandı.Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın bulguları işitme kaybının diş teknisyenleri için ciddi bir sağlık sorunu olduğunu göstermektedir. Diş teknisyenleri iş yerlerinde işitme kaybı için risk oluşturabilecek gürültü ve kimyasal tehlikelere maruz kalmaktadırlar. Diş teknisyenleri işitme kaybı açısından çalışma sırasında mutlaka koruyucu önlemler almalıdırlar., Aim: Dental technicians are exposed to noise and chemical hazards that may lead to hearing loss in workplace. The aim of this study is to investigate the hearing loss risk of dental technicians working in dental laboratories.Material and Methods: A hundred and five dental laboratory technicians who applied to Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital for periodic check and 120 control subjects were included in the study. All of the subjects in both the dental technician and control groups were male. Audiograms of dental laboratory technicians was compared with audiograms of control subjects. Mann Whitney-U test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis of data.Results: The hearing threshold values of the dental technicians at all frequency in both ears were found to be significantly higher than the control group. There were statistically significant correlation between age and hearing thresholds at all frequencies (except at 250 Hz and 1000 Hz) in dental technician group. There were statistically significant correlation between age and hearing thresholds at only 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz in control group. It was found that there were statistically significant correlations between exposure time and hearing thresholds at 2, 4 and 8 kHz frequencies in dental technician group.Conclusion: Results of this study indicate that hearing loss is a serious occupational health problem in dental technicians. Dental technicians are exposed to noise and chemical hazards that may constitute a risk for hearing loss. Dental technicians must take preventive measures for hearing loss during working.

Street vending a very ancient and critical occupation found in each and every country with far reaching economic and social impact. Even before the pre independence era, in India, street vending was by far the only recourse to sales activities in an informal space. Even to this day in smaller semi urban localities and pockets of the country we see a congregation of sellers and buyers getting together in vacant spaces for an informal marketing activity. They are called by various names as in sandy bazaars, santhe’s etc which could happen once a week in most places. Not just food, every possible and essential good and in certain cases services are also bought and sold here. While there is a lot of study on formal sales management, marketing mix, product life cycles stages and a plethora of marketing concept, this street vendors business management have been given very little thought and study. In the absence of a shop, any perceivable brand building exercises, advertisements the street vendor is successful in getting very good returns on the minimal capital expenditure invested. This paper is a case study approach to viewing the successful business practices of street vendors. How do these street vendors manage competition amongst them and still continue to attract a growing numbers of customers. Certain sellers have become brands in themselves for certain unique services they offer and able to sustain their product and service through the years successfully. In this paper, we have discussed certain critical practices of street vendors that could be of much use in furthering management theories and practices.

Objective Shade matching is a critical procedure in prosthetic dentistry. The correct identification of the shade by the doctor as well as the perception of the shade by the dental technician becomes critical due to the high patient expectations. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of gender and clinical experience on shade perception by dental professionals. Materials and methods A total of 100 dental professionals with normal color vision who were categorized as dental students, dental doctors, and dental specialists were included in the study. Masked A2 and B2 shades tabs were made to match with a complete set of shade guide. The obtained data were entered, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 17 for Windows. Results Total number of participants who identified both shade tabs correctly was 44%. There were no statistically significant differences among the gender or the clinical experience with regard to correct identification of shade tabs. Conclusion Within its limitations of fewer number (two) of shade tabs for comparison, the study concludes that multiple opinions may be taken clinically irrespective of the gender or clinical experience as gender and experience do not have a significant role to play for shade matching in prosthetic and restorative dentistry.

Correlated random walks (CRW) have been explored in many settings, most notably in the motion of individuals in a swarm or flock. But some subcellular systems such as growth or disassembly of bio-polymers can also be described with similar models and understood using related mathematical methods. Here we consider two examples of growing cytoskeletal elements, actin and microtubules. We use CRW or generalized CRW-like PDEs to model their spatial distributions. In each case, the linear models can be reduced to a Telegrapher's equation. A combination of explicit solutions (in one case) and numerical solutions (in the other) demonstrates that the approach to steady state can be accompanied by (decaying) waves.

Purpose The most recent alteration in engineering technology education in South Africa is the establishment of a new degree qualification – Bachelor of Engineering Technology. The new qualification standards alone do not give a clear distinction between knowers in the engineering technician and engineering technologist categories. This lack of clarity about what knower the new programme is intended to produce is a stumbling block to educators who need to plan, develop and implement the new curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise the intended knower dispositions for the new programme by carrying out a comparative analysis with the existing programme, thereby assisting curriculum designers particularly with development of effective scaffolding for engineering technology students. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors conceptualise the intended knower dispositions for the new programme by carrying out a comparative analysis of the current and new exit-level outcomes. Each of the qualifications for the engineering technology programmes are comprehensively interpreted and analysed in this paper. This paper uses Bloom’s taxonomy and Luckett’s knowledge plane as lenses to perform the analysis and draw a distinction between knowers in the engineering technician and engineering technologist categories. Findings The analysis used in this paper suggests that the engineering technologist category exhibits a relative shift towards subjective and theoretical “ways of knowing”. It is found that the shift from practical ways of knowing to theoretical will evoke a shift from contextual to conceptual knowledge. The authors also flesh out how this shift could influence the new curriculum particularly with regard to developing effective scaffolding for engineering technology students. A useful tool for mapping these shifts in knowing is also established in this paper. Originality/value The most recent alteration in engineering technology education in South Africa is the establishment of the new Bachelor of Engineering Technology qualification. This qualification marks a paradigm shift in the nature of engineering technology education itself. In this paper, this paradigm shift is conceptualised. It is expected that the interpretation of the new qualification standards, and the influence of the shift in intended knower and exit-level outcomes on curriculum will be grappled with by engineering technology educators in South Africa in the coming years, as the new programmes are established around the country. This conceptual paper is significant because it marks the first work towards grappling these crucial and forthcoming issues in the country.

Background Interprofessional education (IPE) is an important part of the landscape of modern education. However, there is a significant deficiency of studies that evaluate IPE in dentistry. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of an oral health educational program on the dental knowledge, awareness, attitude, confidence, and behavior of pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP) students and to emphasize the importance of IPE for PNP. Methods First-year pediatric nurse practitioners from Northeastern University participated in an IPE oral health education seminal and practical session as a pilot study. Several tests were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program. The post-test assessed the knowledge, awareness, attitude, confidence, and behavior of the students immediately after attending the lecture; again immediately after hands on experience; and finally at a follow-up approximately a month after attending the training module. The training module consists of prevention and anticipatory guidance; caries process and management; trauma and dental emergencies. Differences in score items were evaluated between 4 time points. Friedman’s, Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar’s tests were used to analyze the results. Results Knowledge score was determined based on the number of correct responses to seven questions, while awareness score was based on the median of eight questions. Fifteen confidence, attitude, and behavior questions were used. The total sample size was 16 students with a mean age 33.31 ± 7.52. The majority were females (87.5%). Significant improvement was seen in all subjects’ overall knowledge of oral health topics. The confidence, attitude, and behavior scores were differed by time of test (P

Learning from human interaction data is a promising approach for developing robot interaction logic, but behaviors learned only from offline data simply represent the most frequent interaction patterns in the training data, without any adaptation for individual differences. We developed a robot that incorporates both data-driven and interactive learning. Our robot first learns high-level dialog and spatial behavior patterns from offline examples of human--human interaction. Then, during live interactions, it chooses among appropriate actions according to its curiosity about the customer's expected behavior, continually updating its predictive model to learn and adapt to each individual. In a user study, we found that participants thought the curious robot was significantly more humanlike with respect to repetitiveness and diversity of behavior, more interesting, and better overall in comparison to a non-curious robot.

This research discusses the actualization of the role of pawnshops in business development according to the Islamic business perspective. This research is conducted to measure how much the role of pawnshops in developing street vendors in Watampone is used by sellers in trading. Looking at the work of the majority of street vendors, the majority of entrants, therefore researchers are interested in discussing the budget costs incurred in developing the business. This study aims to determine the role of pawnshops in developing street vendors in Watampone. Based on the objectives of the above research, the type of research used is field research using a qualitative approach. This study uses the method of observation, interviews, and documentation in collecting the required data. The collected data is then processed using Descriptive Analysis techniques and interactive analysis models. The results of the analysis show that the role of pawnshops has a significant effect in developing a street vendor business in Watampone. The magnitude of the influence of the role of pawnshops on street vendors continues to increase for 10 years. The result can be used as a reference to find out the influence of the role of pawnshops on street vendors in Watampone.

Work-related musculoskeletal (MS) disorders are considered one of the most frequent occupational diseases among dental workers. Dental work consists of static, demanding tasks that involve repeated gripping of small-sized instruments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MS pain, the areas of pain, and the risk factors for MS pain in dental workers. A self-administrated questionnaire was used as a data collection instrument for dental workers who voluntarily responded to the invitation. To determine the prevalence and severity location of MS pain, the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire was administered among 87 dental workers, with a total of 79.8%, who reported at least one MS complaint. MS pain occurred in 82.6% of general dentists, 75.0% of dental specialists, 66.7% of dental assistants, and 33.3% of dental technicians. Pain most frequently occurred in the neck (60.7%), upper back (52.4%), right shoulder (44.0%), lower back (41.7%), hips/buttocks (29.8%), and the right wrist (23.8%). The prevalence of pain among dental workers could be reduced by ergonomic working environment, regular breaks, maintenance of health, and performing specific exercises designed to dental workers.

Background: Ceramic restorations is divided into two kindsnamelyPorcelain Fused to Metal (PFM) and all-ceramic restorations. In ceram spinell is one of the materials needed for manufacturing anterior coping of all ceramic which has better aesthetic than in other in ceram. Methods which have been done are Conventional Slip Cast by application of spinell paste on refractory die manually and CAD/CAM computer-based technique. The difference of mentioned previously methods is few step-in slips cast methods can be performed only by one step CAD/CAM methods. Objective: To discover the differences between Conventional Slip Cast methods and CAD/ CAM methods. Review: Application of CAD/CAM methods has few advantages compared to conventional methods. Since few step-in conventional methods can be performed only one step in CAD/CAM methods. Conclusion: In order to shorten the time in manufacturing spinell all-ceramic, the dental technician may use CAD/CAM methods. Few advantages of CAD/CAM methods compare to slip cast methods are not necessary to do die to block out, die duplication, wetting agent spraying, vitasonic and ultrasonic usage, giving border by ink pen for determining application border, preparing spinell paste for coping application. Those steps all can be performed only by scanning, design, and milling by CAD/CAM methods. Besides that, coping result produced by CAD/ CAM methods has good accuracy due to spinell block utilization which has better homogenous composition.

The problems raised here include: the first is the procedure for binding collateral to PT Pegadaian (Persero) which object does not belong to the pawner. The second is about how the auction will be carried out at the execution of a pawn to PT Pegadaian (Persero) against a collateral object that does not belong to the pawner. The third is about how the legal protection against the owner of pawn collateral object in the implementation of an auction of pawn execution. This study applies an empirical juridical method with the nature of descriptive analysis. It utilizes primary data and secondary data. The results of the study showed that the provisions of Article 1152 of the Civil Code provide the possibility that the object pawned for collateral for debt do not have to be movable property of private property, but can also be movable property belonging to others. The procedure for binding collateral object that does not belong to the pawner is the same as binding the collateral object legally as evidenced by a Loan Proof Letter. Thus, everyone who comes to PT Pegadaian with the aim of borrowing money must carry collateral items by attaching a Personal Identity Card. The auction will continue when the pawner defaults on the agreement in accordance with the provisions in the Loan Proof Letter. Legal protection, for the auction of a pawn object, for the owner of a pawn collateral object is actually given by law; i.e. if it is proven that the pawnbroker receives a pawn in bad intention, the pawnbroker party is obliged to return the pawned obejct to the real owner. In the settlement of this case, the claim from the owner of the actual collateral object to PT Pegadaian was not granted because the real owner did not receive legal protection.

Ağız ve diş sağlığı merkezleri diş hekimi, hemşire ve diş teknisyeni/klinik yardımcının beraber bir ekip halinde çalıştığı multidisipliner bir birimdir. Çalışmanın amacı, bir ağız ve diş sağlığı merkezinde çalışan personelin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin ve etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Anket olarak, ‘Sosyodemografik Özellikler Formu’ ve ‘Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği’ uygulanmıştır. Araştrımaya katılanların % 77,8’i kadın, % 22,2’si erkek, yaş ortalaması 33,44, çalışma yılı ortalaması 9,56, aynı işte işte çalışma yılı ortalaması 5,56’dır. Araştırmaya katılanların meslek, gelir durumu, çalışma süresi ve gürültü değişkenlerinde tükenmişlik düzeyleri bakımından anlamlı fark elde edilirken; cinsiyet, yaş, çalışma yılı, medeni durum ve tek ünitli ya da çok ünitli odada çalışma değişkenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, meslek, gelir durumu, çalışma süresi ve gürültü ağız ve diş sağlığı merkezinde çalışan personelin tükenmişlik düzeylerini anlamlı bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Ağız ve diş sağlığı merkezinde gerek çalışan personel gerekse de kurum olarak alınan bir takım önlemlerle tükenmişlik düzeylerini azaltmak mümkün olabilir., Oral and dental health centers are multidisciplinary units where the dentist, nurse and dental technician / clinic assistant work together as a team. The purpose of study is to determine the burnout levels and the factors that affect the staff working at a dental and oral health center. As a questionnaire, 'Sociodemographic Characteristics Form' and 'Maslach Burnout Scale' were applied. 77.8% of participants in the study were female, 22.2% were male. The average age was 33.44, the average year of work was 9.56 and the average year of work was 5.56. Burnout levels were affected by occupation, income status, working duration and noise levels statistically whereas there was no statistically significant difference between the variables of gender, age, years of employment, marital status and working condition as single unit or multi-unit room (p> 0.05). According to the results of this study, occupation, income status, working duration and noise significantly affect the burnout levels of personnel working in the oral and dental health center. In the oral and dental health centers, it may be possible to reduce the levels of burnout by means of a number of precautions taken by the working staff as well as the institution.

© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Classical telegrapher’s equation is generalized in order to account for the hereditary nature of polarization and magnetization phenomena of the medium by postulating fractional order constitutive relations for capacitive and inductive elements in the elementary circuit, as well as by the two topological modifications of Heaviside’s elementary circuit, referred as series and parallel, differing in the manner in which the effect of charge accumulation effect along the line is taken into consideration. Frequency analysis of generalized telegrapher’s equations is performed, with a particular emphasis on the asymptotic behavior for low and high frequencies. It is found that, like Heaviside’s elementary circuit, parallel topology leads to low-pass frequency characteristics, while the series topology leads to band-pass characteristics. It is also demonstrated that the logarithmic phase characteristics are linear functions of frequency, being suitable for determining some of the fractional differentiation orders in generalized telegrapher’s equations.

This article critically analyses the Draft Rules to the Public Protector Act 23 of 1994 and examines the efficacy of the Public Protector’s decision-making procedural powers. Several procedural lacunae are identified. In particular the article evaluates the procedural distinction between an investigation and a hearing as defined in the Draft Rules and the Act. It is unclear from a reading of the Draft Rules whether a hearing is simply part of the Public Protector’s investigatory process or whether it functions as a separate quasi-judicial decision-making process in its own right. A significant lacuna is the failure to specify the procedural protections available to an implicated person or a witness in an investigation or a hearing. A primary problem with the Draft Rules is the very broad procedural powers awarded to the Public Protector which are open to procedural abuse. The article suggests a number of amendments to the Draft Rules which should be modelled on the procedural methodology applied in the Special Investigating Units and Special Tribunals Act 74 of 1996. Moreover, the article suggests that the decision-making powers of the Public Protector should be divided between the Public Protector and an independent and temporarily appointed adjudicator.

OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to assess the feasibility of performing acupuncture on multiple adolescent athletes in a warm weather, high-intensity training environment and to measure perceived effects of acupuncture on delayed-onset muscle soreness and sense of well-being. DESIGN This is a prospective feasibility study (registered clinical trial NCT03478800). Forty-two healthy male participants, aged 13-18 yrs, were involved in at least 1 of 5 treatment days for a total of 147 individual treatment sessions. Fifteen-minute treatments of traditional needle acupuncture were administered at the football field. Time, cost, adverse effects, and participant/provider ratio were observed. Effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness and sense of well-being were measured via pretreatment and posttreatment visual analog scale (0-10) rating analyses. RESULTS The results are as follows: time required by research staff on treatment days, 75 mins; total cost, US $700; temperature range, 21°C-28°C; and largest participant to acupuncturist ratio, 7-10:1. No major adverse effects occurred; 55% reported minimal adverse effects, such as mild focal numbness or tingling. Overall pretreatment to posttreatment effect on delayed-onset muscle soreness (average over 5 days) demonstrated significantly improved posttreatment scores (pre 4.6 ± 2.0; post 2.9 ± 2.2, P < 0.001). There was no significant effect on sense of well-being (P = 0.12). CONCLUSIONS Effectively providing acupuncture to multiple adolescent football players in their training environment is feasible with appropriate staff and resources. Despite mild adverse effects, treatment was well tolerated. This study provides guidance on acupuncture delivery to other athletes in their training environments.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of quantity surveying firms (QSFs) using the balanced scorecard (BSC) technique. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey of 37 QSFs in Lagos State, Nigeria, the paper empirically assessed the performance of QSFs using the BSC technique. The targeted respondents were principal partners and quantity surveyor employees in the selected QSFs and relevant construction stakeholders, including clients, architects, builders and structural engineers, who usually have business relation with QSFs. Findings The findings of this paper revealed high levels of performance in non-financial measures of the BSC dimensions while low level performance is recorded in financial measure. Practical implications The exemplified performance measures allow QSFs’ managers to set their own priorities and to seek out improvements along the BSC dimensions of performance measure. The high performance recorded in non-financial perspectives needs to be sustained while a lot of efforts need to be put in place in order to improve the financial performance, thereby sustaining their viability. Originality/value This paper contributes methodologically through the application of a balance and all-encompassing principles in assessing performance. The use of this measure enables QSFs to structure a balance assessment of their operation, to identify their strengths and weakness, and to target areas for improvement in order to reach their desired business goals.

This article is motivated by the fact that the existence of the Street Vendor (PKL) profession is a manifestation of the difficulty of work and the lack of jobs. The scarcity of employment due to the consideration of the number of jobs with unbalanced workforce, economically this has an impact on the number of street vendors (PKL) exploding ... The purpose of being a street vendor is, as a livelihood, making a living, looking for a bite of rice for family, because of the lack of employment, this caused the number of traders to increase. The scarcity of jobs, causes informal sector migration job seekers to create an independent spirit, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, with capital, managed by traders who are true populist economic actors. The problems in street vendors are: (1) how to organize, regulate, empower street vendors in the cities (2) how to foster, educate street vendors, and (3) how to help, find capital for street vendors (4) ) how to describe grief as a Five-Foot Trader. This paper aims to find a solution to the problem of street vendors, so that cases of conflict, cases of disputes, clashes of street vendors with Satpol PP can be avoided. For this reason, the following solutions must be sought: (1) understanding the causes of the explosions of street vendors (2) understanding the problems of street vendors. (3) what is the solution to solving street vendors in big cities. (4) describe Street Vendors as actors of the people's economy. This article is qualitative research, the social paradigm is the definition of social, the method of retrieving observational data, in-depth interviews, documentation. Data analysis uses Interactive Miles and Huberman theory, with stages, Collection Data, Display Data, Data Reduction and Vervying or conclusions.

Background: Dental impressions are a common source for transmission of infection between dental clinics and dental labs. Dental impressions can be cross-contaminated by patient's saliva and blood, which then cross-infect the dental casts poured from the impressions. Objective: To evaluate the current practices of disinfection of dental impressions and their protocols and to assess the knowledge of cross-infection control among dental technicians in Jordan. Method: Dental technicians (n=85) completed a self-administered questionnaire about their practices of disinfection for dental impressions. Results: The distribution of dental technicians was 63.8% fixed prosthodontics, 23.5% removable prosthodontics, 7.8% orthodontics, and 4.8% maxillofacial prosthodontics. The majority of the laboratories did not have instructions related to disinfection of impressions. About 50% of technicians were vaccinated against HBV. About 44.7%, and 42.9% of labs reported that they never disinfect alginate or silicon impressions, respectively. In addition, the majority of lab owners (53%) believed that the dentist should disinfect the impressions before shipping them to dental laboratories, while (45%) believed that disinfecting the impressions is the responsibility of the dental assistant. Moreover, about 38% of this study population reported not using gloves in their labs. In those labs were disinfection was used, 51% used spray disinfection whereas 32.6% used immersion disinfection. The cost of disinfectant was ranked as the most important factor (51.3% of the cases) for the dental technician to choose the disinfectant followed by its effectiveness. Conclusion: Dental technician practices in impression disinfection was not satisfactory, therefore, education programs about impression disinfection are needed.

IntroductionHealth professionals working in the dental environment are potentially at risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) due to the use of clinical and laboratory equipment. Workplaces engaging in the practice of dentistry within the UK are subject to legislation from the Control of Noise at Work (CNW) regulations 2005. Clinicians working in the military are at further increased risk of NIHL due to exposure from additional risk factors such as rifles or aircraft engines. To our knowledge, no authors have previously studied the noise levels experienced in a military dental setting or compared noise levels in a typical dental practice with current UK legislation.MethodMeasurements of noise levels experienced by a dentist, dental nurse and dental hygienist during a standard conservation procedure were assessed using wearable noise dose-badges. Furthermore, noise levels within a dental technician’s work space were also assessed. Noise levels produced by representative clinical and laboratory equipment were assessed and compared with CNW legislation.ResultsThe highest level for clinical equipment was produced by the suction apparatus while aspirating up a cup of water at 76 dB. For laboratory equipment, the lower exposure action value (LEAV) of 80 dB would be exceeded in 2.1 hours’ use of the trimmer, 3.6 hours’ use of the vibrating table and 9 min use of the airline.ConclusionsNoise levels experienced by clinicians within the dental surgery were well below the legislative LEAV thresholds for both peak and continuous noise. However, noise levels produced by laboratory equipment were far higher and there is clearly the potential for excessive noise exposure for dental professional in the everyday setting. Dental professionals responsible for dental laboratory settings must be familiar with the CNW regulations and measures put in place that control the inadvertent breach of legislation. Hearing protection must be mandated when using equipment that exceeds the LEAV and an educational programme is required to explain both their correct use and the rationale behind it. Methods of mitigating that risk further require exploration such as alternative methods of completing the tasks performed by the airline or reducing the noise generated by it, such as by reducing the supply pressure or using an alternative nozzle design.

This article examines three popular renditions of female flight attendants in Canada and the United States in teen fiction, film, and advertising, with attention to representational shifts ...

This study examines passengers’ level of trust after a failure in a member of the flight crew. This study seeks to establish the possible presence of a reverse contagion effect wherein passenger trust in automated system components is affected by an error in a human system element. Trust was measured in five human entities and five automated aids with participants from both India and the United States. The human entities include the pilot, the co-pilot, the flight attendant, the maintenance manager, and the CEO of the airline. The automated aids were the oxygen masks, the auto-pilot system, the airplane’s flaps, the landing gear, and the video screens on the backs of the seats. This study was conducted in three stages, including two three-way ANOVAs to determine to effect, and meditation analyses to determine if affect mediates the effect. Participants were posed with two hypothetical scenarios, a control condition and a failure condition. The participants rated their levels of trust in the five different human entities and the five different automated aids. Trust was measured on a 7-point Likert type scale from –3 to +3. Questions relating to the participants’ feelings were also asked to measure affect. The results showed a decrease in trust in the automated aid after the human failure, as well as a country effect, and a mediating effect of affect.

It is difficult for the historian to imagine how the scraps of paper encountered in the archive, filled with printed words and images, served as the first newspapers that were created, distributed, and read throughout early modern Europe. Taking an empathetic approach to history, the process could look something like this: In a village outside of Augsburg in late spring of 1595, a small crowd gathers around a well-worn tavern table, staring intently at a sheet of paper. Some focus their eyes on the brightly colored image filling the top half of the page: a bird's-eye view of a citadel in a heavily fortified countryside with throngs of armored figures mercilessly slaying their turbaned enemies. Others let their eyes wander through the two columns of text below, perhaps quietly sounding out the letters they recognize as they search for familiar words and phrases. One man, possibly the local notary, darts his eyes more rapidly across the lines, reading portions out loud to those still waiting to digest the contents of the sheet of paper. Everyone present knows the key points from the headline running along the top, having heard it called out by the street vendor who sold it in the square, a raspy voice crying: “The City and Fortress of Simbalt in Moldavia on the Danube, and other locations”; “2000 Turks slain with poleaxes”; “The army spared no one, men or women, young or old”; and “Lots of booty.” The peddler, who carried the sheet along with a variety of small wares as he moved around the countryside, had picked it up earlier that week from the courtyard establishment of Leonard Schweiger, in the Augsburg suburb of St. James. That morning, it had arrived in a stack of 100 to 500 identical sheets in the hands of the entrepreneuring publisher and Briefmaler, Georg Kress. Earlier, Kress had hurriedly added the finishing touches of paint to the image, the last of the white pigment still drying as he ran his latest batch of newssheets over to the shop. Time was of the essence. Kress needed to get his print out before his rival, Bartholomäus Käppler, overheard his source boasting about the events and created his own newssheet. This fresh news, of Christian forces defeating the Muslim Turks, sold quickly. Kress was ready to provide it, just in time for our hawker to pick up a stack of copies, one of which would eventually make its way into the hands of the villagers sitting around the tavern table.

Statement of the problem The increased thickness of ceramic laminate veneer with butt joint design at the incisal edge reduce the amount of light reaching the cement layer and therefore compromise photo-activation of the luting material However, an adequate cure of the resin-based cement is an important prerequisite for the stability and biocompatibility of the restoration.57Dual-cure resin-based cements have been recommended for luting ceramic laminate veneers to compensate for the attenuation of the curing light effected by the thickness of restoration and to allow complete polymerization of the luting material even at the incisal area of laminate veneers where access for the curing light is limited, but the yellowish discoloration due to ageing of conventional dual-cure resin based cement was the problem.Purpose : The aim of this study was to evaluate color stability of e-max CAD veneers cemented with light cure and dual cure amine free adhesive resin cement (Base line), (After 2 months), (After 4 months), (After 6 months),(After 8 m )Materials and methods: A total of 22 ceramic laminate veneers restorations(11 e.max cad cemented with light cure adhesive resin cement and 11 e.maxcad cemented with dual cure adhesive resin cement ) were included in the study and completed by one operator (the researcher) who followed a meticulous clinical procedure and the ceramic laminate veneers were fabricated by one experienced dental technician. The operator followed the five phases of laminate veneers fabrication: diagnosis, preparation design, provisionalization , construction of the material and bonding ,Follow up sessions were done every two month for each patient using operator vision to evaluated change in color and then confirmed with easyshade in the baseline, 24 hours post cementation and in the postoperative follow-up according to the modified USPHS (United States Public Health Service) criteria. This was performed by an experienced, blinded investigator. Data were recorded, tabulated, and statistically analyzed using the Chi-square test and the significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between (Group I) and (Group II) where (p=1) as both groups showed (100%) Alpha in all time periods.Conclusion: Both E.max CAD laminate veneers cemented with light cure and E.max CAD laminate veneers cemented with dual cure amine free adhesive resin cement revealed high successful survival rate in terms of the stability of the color.

The purpose of study was to recognize and analyze the awareness and practice of infection control by dental technicians in Jeju Province. The data were acquired from on-line and off-line questionnaires filled out by 102 dental technicians. A statistical analysis was conducted by utilizing a frequency analysis, chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA by SPSS 22.0. Fifty-two of the 102 respondents (51.0%) acquired their dental technician license in Jeju Province. The subjects who had been educated on infection control during college or had supplementary education after graduation were 33 (32.4%) and 19 (18.6%), respectively. These results showed that the awareness and practice of the infection control during dental prosthesis fabrication were 2.41±1.10 and 2.12±1.31 on a Likert 5-point scale. The main reasons for the lack of awareness and practice of infection control were due to excessive amount of work, lack of infection control guideline, sense of necessity and concerns about deformation. Higher awareness and practice of infection control during prosthesis fabrication were associated with male gender and seniority of position at work. The statistically significant differences in awareness and practice of infection control were associated with type of laboratory, working time and training after college education. The practice scores were ranked higher in dental technicians with smaller sized laboratory, shorter working hour and more breaks during works. Dental technician’s education level on infection control was insufficient and they had tended to practice less than their level of awareness. Therefore, an ongoing and systematic infection control training and surveillance would deem necessary.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of low cost carrier (LCC) flight attendants’ job competency on the job satisfaction and customer orientation. This study identifies four constructs of LCC flight attendant’s job competency: personal trait, self-regulation, interpersonal relationship, handing situations. The results of this study are as follows: first, personal trait and self-regulation had positive effects on job satisfaction. Second, personal trait and handling situations positively affected voluntary customer orientation. Third, self-regulation and handling situations positively influenced business customer orientation. Finally, job satisfaction had positive effects on both voluntary and business customer orientation. This study has contributions, but there are also limitations as this is the first study on LCC flight attendants’ job competency, job satisfaction, and customer orientation.