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The history of Great Britain Special Forces establishment and development is analyzed. The main stages of the organization as well as the main tasks assigned to the SF units and the peculiarities of their combat employment are discovered. The origins of Great Britain Special Forces which can be noticed in small mobile cavalry group employment during the first Anglo-Boer War have been specified. Chronological order has been used since the creation of special units during the initial period of the Second World War until 1987 – the time of British army SF groups’ creation. The effectiveness of British SF units’ combat actions during Second World War and postwar local armed conflicts has been estimated. The United Kingdom operatives’ armaments and military equipment have been examined. Ways of foreign experience applying to improve Special Operations Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine management and official business are outlined. It has been done for the successful tasks performance during the militant actions against Russian aggression and illegally created armed units in the east part of Ukraine.

As a military Malian airborne officer, my involvement in the fight against violent extremism harkens back to the year 2009 when the American Special Forces trained with my regiment, the 33rd Airbor...

Research’s background in this study was to investigate Indonesia’s Special Forces formation and military operation conducted by Indonesia Special Forces. After the Proclamation of Independence. Indonesia had no official military forces. At that time, military forces were derived from former independence fighters with a non-formal organization. Indonesia absolutely needed the military forces since the country encountered an attempts of disintegration namely rebellion in many provinces. After military forces established, Indonesia apparently could not overcome the domestic issue, therefore it was very essential to form Special Forces that could conduct military operation more effectively and efficiently. Problem formulation in this research is “how was the role of Sandhi Yudha Forces Command in conducting a military operation in Indonesia from 1971 to 1985?”. The study used the historical method, with four research procedure that are heuristic, critic, interpretation, and historiography. Moreover, literature study by analysed relevant sources was applied. The study research revealed, Firstly, Indonesia’s Special Forces was formed owing to the needs of a military operation in coping rebellions after Indonesia’s independence. Secondly, after the formation, Indonesia’s Special Forces has undergone numbers of re-organization that aim to improve the needs and system organization. These act as an effect from the development of forces and country ability in funding Special Forces' institution. Thirdly, after re-organization process between 1971 to 1985, Indonesia’s Special Forces has conducted numbers of combat and non-combat military operations, such as Valey X Expedition in West Irian, the quell of Communist Group in West Kalimantan and Hostages' Rescuing Operation of Garuda Airline DC-9-WOYLA in Don Muang Airport, Thailand

Impartiality is a core legitimating norm for United Nations peace operations. Yet beliefs about what that norm requires of UN personnel have shifted dramatically. In 2013, for example, the Security Council created an intervention brigade – composed of infantry battalions, special forces, and an artillery company – to ‘neutralize’ non-state armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). According to critics, these activities violate core peacekeeping norms, including impartiality. This criticism elicits a puzzling response from many UN officials. They downplay the novelty of new practices, insisting that they are still ‘impartial’. Where does this discursive pattern come from, and what does it tell us about the relationship between day-to-day practices and the norms that ostensibly guide UN peace operations? Drawing on evidence from the DRC, I argue that norms like impartiality may endure – and remain rhetorically powerful – without telling us much about how practices on the ground hav...

Since the release of the 2015 United Nations Peacekeeping Missions Military Special Forces Manual, there has been surprisingly little scholarly attention devoted to it. Indeed, much of the recent literature on the topic of special operations forces (SOF) is descriptive, sensationalized, or simply boosting the image of SOF as the proverbial “easy button” for decision-makers. This article seeks to critically engage with the 2015 United Nations manual on SOF through the framework of specialized generalists, boundary spanning, and military autonomy. 1 This paper will then continue the argument that SOF has a role in peace operations, albeit a limited one. Finally, it will conclude with some recommendations for how these findings can inform Canada’s employment of SOF in the future. Indeed, given that Canada is a relative newcomer to the “global SOF network,” 2 such critical inquiry is warranted.

Asymmetric wars require the search for new forms and ways to achieve goals in contemporary military conflicts. One of these forms is to support the capabilities of the security and defense sector (SFA) of NATO partner countries.The official materials of the last three NATO summits, the concept, doctrine and leadership of NATO define the principles of the SFA. This article is devoted to the implementation of SFA.The article is to analysis of SFA implementation measures.In line with the Strategic Concept of the North Atlantic Alliance, NATO is focused on addressing three key challenges, such as collective defense, crisis management, and security-based co-operation, in the interests of defense and security of its members.The NATO Summit in theUKidentified anotherAllianceactivity aimed at strengthening the capabilities of the security and defense sectors of the partner countries, called Security Force Assistance (SFA).According to the NATO guidelines, the SFA refers to the ability to "train and develop national forces in crisis zones" in order to "achieve the ability of the national authorities of partner countries to effectively support security without international assistance". SFA refers to "all NATO actions that develop, improve, or directly support the development of national security and defense forces and their associated institutes." Thus, in the general context, the SFA covers all measures aimed at the development and preparation of the national security and defense sector and is carried out at the tactical, operational, strategic, military-political levels, involves providing advisory assistance from a separate platoon to the ministry. In a wider context, the SFA, though having military orientation, includes such mechanisms for preventing contemporary military conflicts as political, economic, information, legal, and others.In order to implement the SFA, the leadership of theAllianceand individual NATO member states held a series of practical measures. So, at the end of2015, inconnection withRussia's aggression againstUkraine, NATO initiated the creation of a joint multinational group for the training of units for the Armed Forces and the Joint Multinational Training Group (Ukraine).TheUnited Statesbegan the formation of six security assistance brigades (SFABs) whose primary objective was to provide training, counseling, assistance, support and support for operations with coalition forces and partner countries. According to US military experts, the SFABs will achieve the following strategic goals: development of the capabilities of the security forces and defense of the partner countries, the release of regular military brigades from their unrelated functions, provision of, if necessary, the preparation of the infrastructure of the partner countries for the Allied Rapid Reaction Force.The Italian government decided in May 2017 to organize theNATOSecurityForceExcellenceCenterand its location in the capital of the country. It is anticipated that theCenterofExcellencewill be certified and will complete its tasks at the end of 2018.At the tactical level, in line with theAlliance's standards, the following tasks are addressed within the framework of the SFA:organization and conducting of targeted instructor-methodical exercises in accordance with the norms adopted by NATO with the units of the joint and airborne assault brigades, as well as the special forces special forces;familiarization of servicemen of partner countries with new models of weapons, military equipment, means of communication and navigation, and other special equipment;determine the level of readiness of formations for combat operations, taking into account the standards adopted by theAlliance.Along with this, the issue of improving the regulatory and legislative framework, according to which the number of foreign military advisers may, if necessary, be substantially increased to several thousand persons for the entire duration of the SFA operation is relevant.Conclusions. The North Atlantic Alliance is implementing an effective concept of support and development of the capabilities of the security and defense sector and its practical implementation mechanisms that address a wide range of security and defense issues of non-NATO countries. At the same time, implementation of such a concept requires from the partner countries changes in the regulatory framework and appropriate infrastructure preparation.In the following, an analysis of the individual mechanisms for implementing the concept of supporting the security forces at operational and strategic levels will be conducted.

The research aims to analyze the tasks and structure as well as identify the specifics of training and learn tactical employment of Special Activities Center units of the US CIA - the elite of the American Special Operations Forces. The interest in the study stems from the necessity to learn approaches to tasks, forms of and techniques for employment of Special Operations Forces of ground troops in different countries of the world. The Center history is traced from the Operations and Combat Unit of the CIA, which was set up in the first years of the 'cold war' to support the political opposition in the camp of the enemy states, to a polyfunctional unit for overall support to changing the political reality by force in the interests of Washington (including coups). A range of functions and tasks of a special CIA unit is analyzed, which includes political and military political intelligence, training and operation control of the political opposition (including the armed one), allied irregular military formations, actions aimed at changing a domestic political situation in a country that is an assault objective, raiding and terrorist sabotage (with a focus on elimination of enemy leaders), long-range reconnaissance backed by local allied forces and in the interests of conducting both special operations of armed forces and large-scale combined operations, involvement in a cyberwar, information and psychological operations etc. The priority of the operations and combat function of the Special Activities Center is proved, which, in its turn, naturally results in a closer integration of the Special Activities Center with the Special Operations Forces of the US armed services, employment of 'combat field investigators' of the CIA as an advance guard of army special ops troopers in local wars and military conflicts of a new conceptual type. It is indicated that there is clear operational task sharing between US unconventional units and elements and pointed out that the above tasks are virtually identical to those of the Army Special Forces, though have certain specifics. For example, Special Activities Center groups fulfil tasks by covert means preventing their identification and take operational actions at the initial stage of a future military operation or armed conflict. The author draws attention to requirements for strict selection of people for the Special Activities Center and the specifics of all-around training of field investigators, which is based on careful selection of the best servicemen of the Army Special Operations Forces and graduates of elite universities of the USA.

We examined the effects of a stressful training course exercise on soldiers stress hormone (cortisol levels), subjective workload and grammatical reasoning. Saliva samples, Baddeley 3-minute reasoning test and NASA-TLX workload assessment were collected 10 minutes before the course (PRE measurement), immediately after the course (POST measurement) and 12 and 20 minutes after the course (Recovery 1 and Recovery 2 measurements). Workload was lowest in PPE-measurement, highest in POST-measurement immediately after the course and declined near to the PRE level during the recovery measurements. The levels of cortisol concentrations and grammatical reasoning test scores followed the same trend.

With the spread of the threat of the deployment of paramilitary armed forces by international terrorism forces and facilitate of asymmetric armed conflicts, there is a need for the joint engagement of various types of military and special forces in the state to build interagency united forces of law and order, able to successfully eliminate the terrorist threat and normalize the situation. As the analysis shows, the main disadvantage of the use of forces of protection law and order in fighting with illegal armed groups is the disparity of their actions, moreover desire to focus the forces that allocated in operational subordination under a single management often constrained by their inconsistency not only in the administrative, but also in informational aspects. Last problematic situation can be solved by implementing the concept of net-centric wars (conflicts) in the practice of forces of protection law and order and creation of the combined group of forces based on implementation of the net-principle of their construction. When applied of joint interdepartmental operative group forces of protection law and order appear relationship management and interaction between networks (components) of group, which means: – operational group (as a network system) of the forces of protection law and order receives a function in higher order systems, i.e. the state security system; – operational group (as a network system) of the forces of protection law and order plays a major role in deterring (suppressed) aggressive actions by illegal armed formation.

James Stejskal tells the important story of a U.S. Army unit formed in Berlin in 1956 that became a model for the Special Forces that are so prevalent in twenty-first century military strategy and ...

The United States’ intervention in the Salvadoran Civil War, 1979–92, represented the largest nation-building effort launched by Washington between the end of Vietnam and the second war with Iraq. Washington deployed US Special Forces advisers to El Salvador to prevent further human rights abuses, emphasise the importance of winning the affection of civilians, and professionalise and reform the Salvadoran military. Overall, the intervention produced mixed results, including a negotiated settlement. Despite reservations about the efficacy of US policy, lessons from El Salvador have been reapplied elsewhere, including most recently in Iraq.

The militarization of Canadian society since 9/11 has attracted considerable academic attention. What has largely escaped notice is the simultaneous process of remilitarization undergone by the Can...

Purpose. The purpose of the research was to determine the adaptive capacity of the Special Forces servicemen, to develop effective correction and development programs. The task of the research was to substantiate a long-term forecast of the dynamics of the adaptation potential of the Special Forces servicemen. Methods. The dominant individually specific features of the adaptive potential of the Special Forces servicemen that affect the efficiency of service tasks performance under extreme conditions are examined. The phenomenological method was used (E. Husserl, M. Merlo-Ponty, P. Ricoeur, M. Heideger, etc.) as a way of researching and understanding the direct experience of self-realization of a specialist in his professional activities. Findings. The study of the phenomenon of individually specific features of the Special Forces servicemen adaptive capacity is of exceptional importance both for the development of the «Self-concept professional» and for the solution of a number of applied problems. Application field of research. The obtained data testify that the effectiveness of the Special Forces servicemen activities in extreme conditions is determined not by any one factor but by their ratio having individual character in each specific case. And the mobility of the tension boundaries in extreme situations gives not only the possibility but also the necessary use of a set of measures aimed at expanding this range. Сonclusions. While training the Special Forces servicemen, it is advisable to use a set of modern technologies that promote the expansion of the servicemen adaptive capacity range that provide effective performance of service tasks in ordinary, special, extreme conditions while maintaining their (mental and physical) health.

In the post-9/11 era the United States’ (US) Special Operations Forces have become an increasingly prominent feature amongst the country’s vast military options. This article is the first to examin...

The King Abdullah II Special Operations Training Center (KASOTC) was financed and established by the US Department of Defense, is operated by a US private business, and is owned by the Jordanian army. It not only offers a base for the training of international Special Forces and Jordanian border guards, but also for military adventure holidays, corporate leadership programs, and stunt training for actors. This article provides an analysis of the processes and technologies involved in US–Jordanian military collaboration by investigating some of the ways in which war is simulated, marketed, and played at KASOTC. Particular focus is paid to the stark biopolitical judgments about the different worth of human subjects and their role in intersecting processes of militarization and commercialization. The article argues that US–Jordanian military collaboration at KASOTC is marked by the simultaneous blurring and reinforcement of boundaries, as commercial security is moralized and imagined moral hierarchies marketized. While war at KASOTC is an interactive and consumable event for some, it engenders deadly realities for others. The article is an empirically-grounded contribution to critical security studies based on interviews and observations made during a visit to KASOTC in early 2013.

Safety performance in military special forces is of paramount importance in avoiding fatal accidents and assuring operational effectiveness. The current study analyzes how overall active transactional leadership and its dimensions (contingent reward and active management by exception) affect safety performance behaviors (safety compliance, safety participation, and risky behaviors) in a sample of 161 parachutists from the Hellenic armed forces. A structural equation model revealed that overall active transactional leadership has a significant impact on paratroopers’ performance through safety climate. In particular, safety climate was a full mediator between contingent reward and the three performance behaviors, whereas it partially mediated the relationship between active management by exception and these behaviors. Both practical and theoretical implications of these results for safety research are outlined.

Assumed in the long-standing debate over which agency, CIA or the Department of Defense, should conduct US paramilitary operations is the idea that these organizations’ paramilitary programs are fundamentally the same kinds of things. This article questions that assumption by investigating the organizational forms underlying these agencies’ paramilitary programs in four empirical cases drawn from South Vietnam and post-9/11 Afghanistan. A typology is constructed around two identified organizational forms: “franchising” for CIA vs. “company ownership” for the US Army Special Forces. Different paramilitary organizational forms are found to have significant operational implications that should inform the paramilitary transfer debate.

This article attempts to locate the Special Forces in the light of dynamic changes in the environment of national security caused by the situation in Ukraine. The author focuses attention on the issues related to the outline of the essence of activities referred to as “hybrid”, and the possibility of using the Special Forces’ potential in terms of identification and elimination of threats, being a tool of these activities. The analysis of the potential has been performed at two levels: reducing risks and countering threats.

Tatiana Markovskaia, ethnic Roma, was born probably in 1927. She joined the Lelchitsky Partisan Brigade at the end of 1942. The interview describes the atrocities of the Soviet "forect soldiers" - torture and murder of prisoners of war, the shooting of a woman whose fault was that she infected the commander of the detachment with an STD, and extrajudicial killings of former policemen (already in the territories occupied by the Red Army) - as well as drunkenness and debauchery, reigning in the ranks of those whom the neo-Soviet propaganda still calls "people's avengers" and participants of resistance - in fact - a kind of special forces, an advanced detachment of Stalinism at war.

In the context of the operation of the Joint Forces in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, one of the priority and urgent issues in the development of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the development Special Forces Navy.Experience of fighting of the anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions demonstrated widespread use Special Forces Navy of the Naval Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in particular special purpose marine center and of separate special anty sabatage team of the Ukrainian Navy.The relevance of this topic is necessitated by the need to study the experience of applying units special purpose marine center and of separate special anty sabat- age team of the Ukrainian Navy of the anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions which, in our opinion, is the basis for further action is the development special purpose military units.The author proposes to cover the experience of using units on the basis of open sources special purpose marine center and of separate special anty sabatage team of the Ukrainian Navy of the anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions and provide guidance on how to apply them in today's context.The tasks assigned to the aforementioned units are analyzed. It was established which personnel of the special purpose units of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were awarded state awards for the accomplishment of combat and special tasks. The combat losses of the personnel of the Special Forces of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are covered.Recommendations are given on the use of units of special purpose units of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the current conditions. The combat experience of the Special Forces Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the anti-terrorist operation on the territory of Donetsk and Luhansk regions will allow to avoid shortcomings and miscalculations during the reform of the respective units of the fleet., В умовах проведення операції Об’єднаних сил на території Донецької та Луганської областей, одним із пріоритетних і актуальних завдань у справі розбудови Військово-Морських Сил Збройних Сил України (далі – ВМС ЗС України) є розвиток військових частин спеціального призначення.Досвід бойових дій під час антитерористичної операції на території Донецької та Луганської областей продемонстрував широке застосовування частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України, зокрема, морського центру спеціального призначення та окремого загону боротьби з підводними диверсійними силами та засобами.Актуальність даної теми зумовлюється необхідністю вивчення досвіду застосування підрозділів морського центру спеціального призначення та окремого загону боротьби з підводними диверсійними силами та засобами ВМС ЗС України під час антитерористичної операції на території Донецької та Луганської областей, що, на нашу думку, є підґрунтям для подальшого розвитку частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України.На підставі відкритих джерел запропоновано висвітлити досвід застосування підрозділів морського центру спеціального призначення та окремого загону боротьби з підводними диверсійними силами та засобами ВМС ЗС України у ході антитерористичної операції на території Донецької та Луганської областей та надати рекомендації щодо застосування їх у сучасних умовах.Проведено аналіз завдань, які були покладені на вищеозначені підрозділи. Встановлено, що особовий склад частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України був нагороджений державними нагородами за виконання бойових та спеціальних завдань. Висвітлено бойові втрати особового складу частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України. Надані рекомендації щодо застосування підрозділів частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України в сучасних умовах.Бойовий досвід частин спеціального призначення ВМС ЗС України в антитерористичній операції на території Донецької та Луганської областей дозволить уникнути недоліків і прорахунків під час реформування відповід- них частин флоту.

Currently, Bulgarian Special Operations Forces (BUSOF) has no effective practice in the process of Special Forces Assessment and Selection (SFAS) of its personnel. Additionally, no investigation has been performed to assess the link between the admission process and the quality of the BUSOF operators. This thesis confirms the urgent need for a custom-tailored SFAS for Bulgarian Joint Special Operations Command (BJSOCOM) by describing the Special Forces missions and the history of SFAS, and analyzing the current admission process for the BUSOF. The study first examines the experience of the United States and other NATO SOF in developing and conducting their respective SFAS processes, to help in defining the profile of prospective Special Forces personnel and developing a new SFAS process for the BJSOCOM. In addition to the literature review, the study includes results from responses to a questionnaire, provided in advance of interviews with senior U.S. and other NATO SOF representatives at the United States Special Operational Command (USSOCOM). The study concludes that there are significant differences in the admission processes—including screening and selection standards—of Bulgarian SOF and the rest of the NATO SOF units. Based on the findings of the research, the study recommends that the BJSOCOM should focus on improving the process of recruitment, screening, and assessment and selection of future SF operators. http://archive.org/details/assessmentandsel1094564090 Captain, Bulgarian Special Operations Forces Brigade Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

ObjectiveU.S. military special operation forces represent the most elite units of the U.S. Armed Forces. Their selection is highly competitive, and over the course of their service careers, they experience intensive operational training and combat deployment cycles. Yet, little is known about the health-care needs of this unique population.MethodProfessional consultations with over 50 special operation forces operators (and many spouses or girlfriends) over the past 6 years created a naturalistic, observational base of knowledge that allowed our team to identify a unique pattern of interrelated medical and behavioral health-care needs.ResultsWe identified a consistent pattern of health-care difficulties within the special operation forces community that we and other special operation forces health-care providers have termed “Operator Syndrome.” This includes interrelated health and functional impairments including traumatic brain injury effects; endocrine dysfunction; sleep disturbance; obstructive sleep apnea; chronic joint/back pain, orthopedic problems, and headaches; substance abuse; depression and suicide; anger; worry, rumination, and stress reactivity; marital, family, and community dysfunction; problems with sexual health and intimacy; being “on guard” or hypervigilant; memory, concentration, and cognitive impairments; vestibular and vision impairments; challenges of the transition from military to civilian life; and common existential issues.Conclusions“Operator Syndrome” may be understood as the natural consequences of an extraordinarily high allostatic load; the accumulation of physiological, neural, and neuroendocrine responses resulting from the prolonged chronic stress; and physical demands of a career with the military special forces. Clinical research and comprehensive, intensive immersion programs are needed to meet the unique needs of this community.

Führungskräfte werden in jedem sozialen Gebilde benötigt. Demzufolge kommen täglich Millionen von Menschen direkt oder indirekt mit unterschiedlichen Führungsverhalten in Kontakt. Diese unmittelbare Betroffenheit für viele in unserer Gesellschaft führt zu unterschiedlichen Auffassungen zu dieser Thematik. Aus diesem Grund widmet sich diese Arbeit den unterschiedlichen Führungsverhalten und den damit verbunden Leistungen. Zur Generierung eines einheitlichen Verständnisses in diesem Zusammenhang beschäftigt sich das Kapitel 2.1. mit den unterschiedlichen Begriffsbestimmungen. Dies ist maßgeblich für ein übereinstimmendes Verständnis aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Assoziationen der Begrifflichkeiten. Die abweichenden Gedankengänge aufgrund unserer gesellschaftlichen Werte und Strukturen können bei Ausleiben einer gezielten Definition zu unterschiedlichen Interpretationen führen. In der wissenschaftlichen Literatur wird darauf hingewiesen, dass drei von vier MitarbeiterInnen unter ihrer derzeitigen Führungskraft leiden. Diese Tatsache lässt darauf schließen, dass nicht jeder für eine Führungsfunktion geeignet ist. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil in diesem Zusammenhang ist die subjektive und situative Wahrnehmung des Einzelnen. Unterschiedliche Analysen legen nahe, dass die Führungskompetenz und die richtige Anwendung von handwerklichem Können, im Bereich der sozialen Interaktion und Problemlösekompetenz, voneinander abhängig sind (vgl. Hintz, 2011, S.13, S.5ƒ). Die nachstehende Arbeit befasst sich daher mit den unterschiedlichen Führungsmodellen und Führungstheorien sowie deren Einflussfaktoren zur Generierung von außergewöhnlichen Leistungen. Zielsetzung der gegenständlichen Bachelorarbeit ist es die Zusammenhänge zwischen den unterschiedlichen Führungsverhalten herauszuarbeiten, die für außergewöhnliche Leistungen verantwortlich sind. Zur Erfassung der unterschiedlichen Zugangsweisen im Bereich der Führungsverhalten wurde eine Befragung von drei Führungskräften und drei Untergebenen durchgeführt. Um eine aussagekräftige und qualitative Analyse zu erreichen wurde im Rahmen der Befragung auf ein ausgeglichenes Geschlechterverhältnis der ExpertInnen geachtet. Zur spezifischen Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage, wurde zusätzlich zu den Experteninterviews eine wissenschaftliche Fallanalyse (Case Study) nach Yin durchgeführt. Den Schwerpunkt der Case Study bildet die Analyse der „Operation Neptune Spear“, im deutschsprachigen Raum ist der durchgeführte Spezialeinsatz (SpezE) auch als „Unternehmen Neptuns Speer“ bekannt. Es handelt sich im konkreten Fall um einen vom damaligen US-Präsidenten Barack Obama befohlenen Militäreinsatz, der von der Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) geleitet und von den NAVY SEALs, eine amerikanische Spezialeinsatzkraft (SEK), durchgeführt wurde und zum Tod von Osama bin Laden, den Gründer und ersten Anführer des Terrornetzwerks al-Qaida, führte. Leaders are needed in every social structure. Millions of people come into direct or indirect contact with different leadership behaviors every day. This direct impact on many in our society leads to different views on this issue. For this reason, this work is dedicated to the different leadership behaviors and the associated performance. To generate a uniform understanding in this context, chapter 2.1. deals with the different definitions in this context. This is essential for a consistent understanding due to the different associations of the terms. The different ways of thinking due to our social values and structures can lead to different interpretations if no specific definition is given. The scientific literature points out that three out of four employees suffer from their current leadership behavior. This fact suggests that not everyone is suitable for a leadership function. An essential component in this context is the subjective and situational perception of the individual. Different analyses suggest that leadership competence and the correct application of manual skills, in the area of social interaction and problem-solving competence, are interdependent (see Hintz, 2011, p.13, p.5). The following paper therefore deals with the different leadership models and leadership theories and their influencing factors for generating exceptional performance. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to identify the interrelations between the different leadership behaviors that are responsible for exceptional performance. In order to identify the different approaches in the area of leadership behavior, a survey of three managers and three subordinates was conducted. In order to achieve a meaningful and qualitative analysis, a balanced gender ratio of the experts was taken into account during the survey. In order to answer the research questions, a scientific case study according to Yin was conducted in addition to the expert interviews. The main focus of the case study is the analysis of the operation code named Operation Neptune Spear. In the German-speaking area, the conducted operation is also known as ‘Unternehmen Neptuns Speer’. The operation was a military operation ordered by the then US President Barack Obama, which was directed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and carried out by the NAVY SEALs, an United States special operations force (SOF), and which led to the death of Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the terrorist network al-Qaeda.

Celem analizy jest wskazanie głównych kierunków rozwoju JW GROM w trzeciej dekadzie XXI w. Punkt wyjścia stanowi określenie czynników wpływających współcześnie na rozwój sił specjalnych w Polsce i na świecie. Wskazano konsekwencje zmian międzynarodowego środowiska bezpieczeństwa, postęp technologiczny oraz kwestie społeczne, następnie odniesiono je do JW GROM, uwzględniając jej specyfikę pośród wszystkich polskich jednostek specjalnych. Wyciągnięto wniosek, że rekrutacja, nadążanie za postępem technologicznym oraz określenie miejsca Jednostki w systemie bezpieczeństwa państwa będą determinowały jej rozwój w najbliższych latach. Z tego powinny wynikać priorytety jej rozwoju, w tym nacisk kładziony na szkolenie do wykonywania określonych typów działań. Jako właściwy przykład podać można działania niekonwencjonalne. Analiza oparta została na materiałach źródłowych, literaturze przedmiotu oraz wieloletniej obserwacji przedmiotu badań. This study aims to indicate the main direction of development of the SMU GROM in the third decade of the 21st century. The starting position is to determine the factors that currently affect the development of special forces in Poland and in the world. The paper highlights the consequences of the changes taking place in the international security environment, technological progress, and social issues They are subsequently referred to the SMU GROM, taking into account its specificity among all Polish special forces. It has been concluded that the recruitment, the keeping up with technological progress and determining SMU GROM’s place in the national security system will determine its development in the coming years. This should be discernible in its priorities, including the emphasis placed on training to perform specific types of activities, a case in point being unconventional warfare. The study has been based on a variety of references, subject literature, and several years of in-depth analysis. Die Analyse wurde durchgeführt um auf die Schwerpunkte in der weiteren Entwicklung der Militäreinheit GROM in der dritten Dekade des 21. Jahrhunderts hinzuweisen. Es wurden die Konsequenzen der Veränderungen des internationalen Sicherheitsumfelds, technologischer Fortschritt und soziale Fragen betont. Anschließend wurde das auf die Militäreinheit GROM mit Berücksichtigung ihrer Spezifik unter allen polnischen Spezialeinheiten bezogen. Es wurde die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass die Anwerbung, Schritthaltung mit dem technologischen Fortschritt und die Bestimmung der Stellung von Militäreinheit GROM im Sicherheitssystem des Staates in den nächsten Jahren die Entwicklung der Einheit bestimmen wird. Daraus sollen sich die Prioritäten für die Entwicklung ergeben, darin der auf die Schulung für die Umsetzung bestimmter Aufgaben ausgeübte Druck. Als ein gutes Beispiel sind die nicht konventionellen Aufgaben zu nennen. Die Analyse stützt sich auf das Quellenmaterial, Fachliteratur und Beobachtung des Forschungsgegenstands. В статье приведены основные направления развития Воинской части GROM в третьем десятилетии XXI в. Отправной точкой проведенного анализ является определение факторов, влияющих на развитие формирований специального на- значения в Польше и в мире. Были указаны последствия изменений междуна- родной среды безопасности, технологического прогресса и социальных проблем и влияние этих факторов на Воинскую часть GROM, с учетом ее специфики среди всех польских спецподразделений. Был сделан вывод, что система отбора слу- жащих, внедрение новинок технического прогресса и определение места подраз- деления в системе государственной безопасности будут определять развитие этой воинской части в ближайшие годы. Приоритеты ее развития должны также учи- тывать действия направленные на подготовку к выполнению конкретных видов задач. Примером чего могут быть нетрадиционные боевые действия. Анализ про- веден на основе документов, доступной литературы и многолетних личных на- блюдений автора.

Emergency surgeons have a crucial role in bridging the gap of skills resulting from the well-known general surgery fragmentation. The multi-specialist general surgery approach is still necessary to define proper diagnosis and therapy priorities in an emergency. Governments have to find effective organizational solutions to maintain emergency general surgery standards of care and to improve them further.