Search

In the design of classification models, irrelevant or noisy features are often generated. In some cases, there may even be negative interactions among features. These weaknesses can degrade the performance of the models. Feature selection is a task that searches for a small subset of relevant features from the original set that generate the most efficient models possible. In addition to improving the efficiency of the models, feature selection confers other advantages, such as greater ease in the generation of the necessary data as well as clearer and more interpretable models. In the case of medical applications, feature selection may help to distinguish which characteristics, habits, and factors have the greatest impact on the onset of diseases. However, feature selection is a complex task due to the large number of possible solutions. In the last few years, methods based on different metaheuristic strategies, mainly evolutionary algorithms, have been proposed. The motivation of this work is to develop a method that outperforms previous methods, with the benefits that this implies especially in the medical field. More precisely, the present study proposes a simple method based on tabu search and multistart techniques. The proposed method was analyzed and compared to other methods by testing their performance on several medical databases. Specifically, eight databases belong to the well-known repository of the University of California in Irvine and one of our own design were used. In these computational tests, the proposed method outperformed other recent methods as gauged by various metrics and classifiers. The analyses were accompanied by statistical tests, the results of which showed that the superiority of our method is significant and therefore strengthened these conclusions. In short, the contribution of this work is the development of a method that, on the one hand, is based on different strategies than those used in recent methods, and on the other hand, improves the performance of these methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a psychological disorder involving body manipulation, self-inflicted hunger, and fear of gaining weight.We performed an overview of the existing literature in the field of AN, highlighting the main intrafamilial risk factors for anorexia. We searched the PubMed database by using keywords such as "anorexia" and "risk factors" and "family". After appropriate selection, 16 scientific articles were identified. The main intrafamilial risk factors for AN identified include: increased family food intake, higher parental demands, emotional reactivity, sexual family taboos, low familial involvement, family discord, negative family history for Eating Disorders (ED), family history of psychiatric disorders, alcohol and drug abuse, having a sibling with AN, relational trauma. Some other risk factors identified relate to the mother: lack of maternal caresses, dysfunctional interaction during feeding (for IA), attachment insecurity, dependence. Further studies are needed, to identify better personalized intervention strategies for patients suffering from AN. Highlights: This systematic review aims at identifying the main intrafamilial risk factors for anorexia nervosa, including maternal ones. Intrafamilial risk factors identified mostly regard family environment and relational issues, as well as family history of psychiatric diseases. Family risk factors identified may interact with genetic, environmental, and personal risk factors. These findings may help develop tailored diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to trace the etymologies of the English words bear, lynx and wolf and their Polish equivalents niedźwiedź, ryś and wilk within the context of Indo-European languages in terms of the mechanisms for creating euphemisms to denote animals subject to the phenomenon of linguistic tabooization. The methodology comprises the following stages: selection of cognates (to determine the scope of attestation); examination of the semantic features of the selected vocabulary; and an attempt to outline the problem of the functional features of euphemisms to denote tabooed vocabulary. The results of these considerations can contribute to concretising our ideas about the linguistic constitution of the surrounding world by past language users and linguistic interrelationships, as well as help reveal the peculiarities of euphemistic vocabulary conditioned by the functioning of linguistic taboos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines, analyses and compares the cinematic representation of three female protagonists (on three respective films) within their portrayed incestuous relationships. It also attempts to draw significant conclusions about their dynamic as female participating subjects in these affairs in a more inclusive way, one that takes into consideration their racial, gender, social and family characteristics. As incest itself is one of the strongest human taboos, various questions regarding the female portrait and position in such relationships arise: as incest constitutes the strongest social taboo of human civilization, is it similarly portrayed in cinema? Can incest be a female's act of choice or is it just a male's one? Are there any differences between male and female depictions of incestuous desire and sexual act? In which ways do potential differences, such as social status, class origin, racial and gender stereotypes, influence the protagonists of incestuous relationships? Which female motivations are involved in incestuous relationships? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence against children and adolescents in educational institutions is a widespread and still taboo phenomenon. It is difficult for the victims to speak about the acts they have suffered and to communicate with other people about them, usually for decades. The meanings of speaking and silence are discussed and the conditions that can lead to overcome silence are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mooncalf is a biological art project that employs the seemingly progenitive properties of menstrual fluid, hearkening back to matrilineal cultural beliefs that human embryos were created from or nurtured by menstrual blood. The generative properties of menstrual fluid are not in its haemoglobin content; rather, in still-viable cells and tissues shed with blood, vaginal secretions, and unique proteins. The concept of blood-generated progeny, historian Melissa L. Meyer explained, underlies many menstrual taboos, some of which continue to impact biocultural notions of menstruation. These taboos may shape biotechnological development, which Mooncalf addresses through TechnoFeminism. Use of my body materials in biotech processes is imperative to a TechnoFeminist ethos of creating new, embodied knowledge and wielding technology towards autonomy in hegemonic technoscientific spaces. Meyer suggested that menstrual taboos may have emerged not only to symbolically protect non-menstruators, but also to practically manage or control human reproduction. This economic function is a topic I expand upon within the context of reproductive labour and applications thereof in a technocratic world. With Mooncalf, I manipulate menstrual taboo to my advantage, towards self-determination through experimentation in a tissue culture lab, and further towards developing critique of technoscientific industry and its gendered sociocultural and economic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Elementary Education in Theory & Practice is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Suicidal hanging is defined as a form of asphyxial death produced by the body being self-suspended by a ligature material around the neck, with the body's weight serving as the compression force around the neck. The most common method of self-suspension involves attaching the suspending material to a high point and the lower end may be formed into a fixed loop or running knot and is placed around the neck. Materials and Methods: Data of postmortem examination during period of 3 years were analysed retrospectively. Out of these total 3325 autopsies, 204 cases were found to be of hanging-suicidal cases. Cases were classified according to their age groups, gender, marital status, type of ligature material used and reason for committing suicide etc. Results: Out of total 204 deaths, 71% deaths due to hanging were seen in males. Nearly half of deaths (48.0%) belong to age group of 30-39 years. Majority (61.3%) deceased persons were married. About 46.6% had used the dupatta for committing the event which was followed by saari, nylon wire, ropes, lungi and others as a tool. Half of suicide (50.0%) was carried out due to the social issues. Pattern found of having bruises in 25.5% deaths. Conclusion: This study reported 6.1% prevalence of suicidal hanging. Suicidal hanging was more common in the male population and among married young adults. Dupatta was a common ligature material. One of the leading reasons of suicide is social issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes Inga Iwasiów's Chronicles of Resistance and Love and Wioletta Grzegorzewska's Wolf River through the prism of polyphony, pointing to the two writers' strategies of breaking taboo topics and interrogating the habits of reading. Through images of chaos, both Iwasiów and Grzegorzewska show the disintegration of identity and the consequences of the loss of stability. By addressing difficult topics (such as among others: the loss of a loved one, widespread hatred, chauvinism, COVID-19 pandemic, toxic marriage, domestic violence or hardships of emigration) they present successful efforts to overcome a crisis and to build one's life anew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, innovation and transformation appear as leading ideas in nearly all societal fields. Against the background of rapid technological development, globalisation, ecological challenges, and social change, perspectives of desired futures have to be developed, and how these perspectives should be realised has to be negotiated. With the latter, questions of organisation arise. This paper contributes to the examination of organisational aspects of transformation in the field of education. The research on the development process of the inter-organisational initiative Educational Lab reveals that awareness of organisational aspects is not a matter of course. The lab's participants share a vague vision of innovative education and a commitment to the idea of intervening in the educational system. Apart from that, heterogeneity, conflicting institutional logics, and a lack of awareness of the "organisational self "are setting the scene. Organisational aspects seem to be taboo. The explorative qualitative case study research, conducted in a transdisciplinary research setting, leads to seven hypotheses on dynamics concerning organisational aspects of the establishment process. The theoretical conclusions drawn are twofold: First, avoiding the "organisation" issue increases uncertainty in complex constellations. It hinders an initiative, and at the same time, it is a kind of self-protection in a situation where roles and responsibilities and the consequences of organisational determinations are unclear. Secondly, in little-established inter-organisational transformation initiatives, new organisational designs that take tension areas into account and facilitate organisational agreements are needed. Thus, it seems promising to understand inter-organisational constellations as hybrid organisations and to further elaborate adequate concepts that are able to grasp real-world complexity and give orientation to organisational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women imbibe many myths, taboos, and practices about food during menstruation. The sociocultural milieu of Indian society can explain the notions of menstrual restrictions. Aim: To know the traditional dietary practices and related taboos during menstruation among women of rural households in Sonepat, Haryana. Material and Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 households in village Juan, Haryana selected by systematic random sampling from July 2021 to June 2022. Data regarding traditional dietary practices and related taboos during menstruation among women at the household level were collected using an open-ended questionnaire from a woman from each selected household after written informed consent. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Mean age (SD) of the study participants was 44.1 (14) years with a range from 18-85 years. Two-thirds (66.7%) of study households reported avoidance of buttermilk/curd and pickles due to the belief of an increase in pain and cramps on consumption. One-third of study households preferred hot beverages such as tea (37.8%) and tea with clarified butter (31.1%) believing that pain and cramps get relieved, and clarified butter provides strength to the body. Conclusion: There are a number of dietary practices and related taboos prevalent among study households that may affect mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subtitling involves constraints about differences between cultures. This requires a set of translation strategies, especially when subtitling from relatively conservative to more liberal cultures. This study explores subtitlers' strategies when translating the Jordanian Arabic vernacular series Jinn into English. Jinn has been selected because it's Netflix's first Arabic-Jordanian series containing explicit scenes and inappropriate language. Further culture-bound expressions were classified according to their connotative functions. The findings demonstrated that subtitlers used various strategies to render culture-bound expressions from Arabic into English. These include translating the source culture taboo to a target culture taboo of the same, higher or lower intensity levels. The findings also revealed that 'unfriendly suggestions' and 'noun supports' were the most frequently targeted connotative functions of the swear words. The research recommends additional studies on subtitling movies and series cross-culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Korean Americans are more likely to seek guidance from church leaders than to use traditional mental health services. Through semistructured key informant interviews with 16 Christian clergy members serving later-generation Korean Americans, the authors explored clergy members' perceptions of the mental health needs of their congregants. Insights from the study suggested that communication and collaboration between mental health professionals and church leaders may be helpful in addressing the Korean American community's emotional and mental health needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to disturbance events that occur during the support operation scheduling process of carrier aircraft, and the original scheduling plan execution plan is broken. In order to obtain new optimized scheduling plans in a timely manner, a dynamic scheduling optimization algorithm for carrier aircraft is designed. Under the framework of the taboo search algorithm, a process-based scheduling and planning method is adopted as the optimization of neighborhood structure, and a mixed encoding crossover strategy of partial mapping crossover and ordinary mapping crossover is used as the encoding crossover strategy. Double taboo methods are used as the content of the taboo table, which ultimately achieve real-time scaling. The proposed algorithm can quickly and effectively update the scheduling plan based on the original scheduling plan for various sudden disturbance events such as the addition of carrier aircraft, carrier aircraft failures, support group addition, support group failures, and the advance or delay of the completion time of a certain support process during the scheduling process. Based on solving the static deck support scheduling mathematical model, a static scheduling optimization scheme is obtained. The disturbance event simulation method is used to obtain a rescheduling scheme using a dynamic scheduling strategy, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of local governments on rural development was examined by considering the developments between 2012-2022 in the example of the village of Büyünlü. It is based on the assumption that the success of the local government triggers the entrepreneurial spirit in Büyünlü Village. The aim of the study is to investigate the cause and justification of the variables observed in the product pattern of Büyünlü village with the monograph technique, based on the inductive method. For the producer, growing a product that he has never known is always more risky. This situation makes adult producers reluctant to grow products other than the current crop pattern (grain farming and sunflower). In the village of Büyünlü, the success of the local government and the organizational understanding of the village are combined with the spirit of entrepreneurship. The finding that the number of agricultural producers in the village of Büyünlü has increased over the years and that the existing taboos in maintaining the traditionally cultivated product pattern have been broken were determined by observation, structured personal face-to-face interviews and survey methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communicating verbally about sexual topics is one aspect of sexual communication, and romantic partners have to choose whether to disclose sexual information. The present study used conversational goals – what one hopes to accomplish in the conversation – to examine how people decide whether or not to engage in sexual self-disclosure. In an online survey, romantically involved participants (n = 428) provided data on four conversational goals (instrumental, impression management, identity, and relational), disclosure efficacy, disclosure anxiety, and likelihood to sexually self-disclose. Mediation model results indicated that the instrumental goal was directly associated with greater likelihood to disclose while the impression management goal was directly associated with less likelihood to disclose. The instrumental, impression management, and relational goals were indirectly connected with the likelihood to sexually self-disclose as mediated by disclosure efficacy and anxiety. The results highlight the importance of considering conversational goals perspectives when studying communication about taboo topics. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menopause can be a difficult and stressful time in a woman's life, and can have a negative effect on work performance – however it is still considered a taboo subject to discuss in the workplace. How can we ensure that our colleagues have access to support and resources when experiencing menopause? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite many surgeons facing the added challenge of dealing with periods, menstruation is still a taboo subject in operating theatres. How can we encourage a more open and accepting environment? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

But after a few days, I began tuning into sex as an ambient potentiality outside of the space of screens, a sensitivity I had first cultivated in graduate school while researching public sex on the University of Texas at Austin campus. I've said "yes", but it's a laden "yes" - hemmed and hawed - because the struggle has been really real: health stuff, family stuff, addiction stuff, institutional stuff, plus the dystopian ordinary of a racial uprising and a global pandemic. While I conducted the research into the online spaces where porn refuseniks share resources and stories, I simultaneously undertook my own fast with some male-identified members of my Tantrik spiritual community, as well as a former student and then-nascent yogi. It looked to "fapstainers" - those who'd given up pornography and even masturbation in an attempt to reset their brains to a porn-free default and get it up again, or just to learn some new relating skills. [Extracted from the article]

"Cannibalism" is widely regarded as an absolute taboo for cultivated humanity. Not only does the bare citation of the word" cannibalism" and encountering images about this subject make utmost people extremely uncomfortable. Nonetheless, the "cannibal motif" exists in humanities folk literature, and why is it being repeated in modern literature, media, and culture? If humanity can achieve a sense of spiritual satisfaction or there's a universal idea that desperately wishes to partake through such a horrifying motif, what kind of content can it be? When trying to address this curiosity, there's an interesting text which is worth noting. It's "the myth of Seolmundae-halmang (Grandma Seolmundae)", which is being passed down on South Korea's Jeju Island. Seolmundae-halmang was worshipped as the creator goddess of Jeju Island, yet in the stories about her death, she's eaten by her own sons. Why did this goddess have to experience such a terrible death? Also, if "myth" contains motifs of universal human life, what was the content that Jeju Island's mythology group wanted to share through the death and devouring of the goddess? To find answers to these questions, several former studies on the conception of cannibalism were examined, thereby the aspects of cannibalism that was in human life was verified. As a result, the cannibalistic motif of this myth confirmed that the endo-cannibalism concept of the primordial mythology enthusiasts group was the result of the divine succession process from Seolmundae-halmang to her sons. Furthermore, when interpreted in the context of symbolism for human reality, it is also revealed that children who have grown up at the expense of their parents have embodied the universal and realworld principle of human life in which they realized their parent's sacrifices and inherited their lives. The significance of such research results can be recognized for investigating the mythological meaning and value of cannibalistic elements of the Seolmundae-halmang myth. This allowed us to reveal the meaning and value of one of Korea's major mythological materials more fully, as well as confirm the universal value of Korea's mythological materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cebuano term palihi denotes a range of rituals to induce desired outcomes through analogical causation. It is predicated on the understanding that at inceptions - including the New Year, building, planting, and pregnancy - qualities may be transmitted from an entity or process to another that is in genesis or renewal. A type of sympathetic magic, palihi is intended to direct these forces to bring luck, such as prosperity, intelligence or vigorous growth. Drawing on ethnographic research on Siquijor Island and interviews with Filipino diaspora this article explicates key patterns and principles underlying palihi, situates these within an international scholarship on associative magic, and considers what palihi and related taboos illuminate about Visayan concepts of personhood, particularly the development, boundaries, connections and malleability of people. The article advances a case for anthropological conceptualizations of personhood whereby bodily boundaries/permeability are not necessarily fixed, but subject to sometimes dramatic temporal flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Claims made during mass protests in Hong Kong in 2019 and Thailand in 2020 became increasingly transgressive. Localist demands and calls for the reform of the monarchy, respectively, violated conventional political norms in these two hybrid regimes. This paper examines the dynamics of opposition discursive radicalization during ongoing autocratization. Observational data and protest event analysis are employed to assess the scaling up of claims-making and its relationship to protest size and group solidarity. The paper argues that radicalization can best be understood relationally, between a hybrid regime, on the one hand, and moderates and radicals in the opposition, on the other. It identifies the following three points of convergence that lead to similar protest trajectories in both cases: the marginalization of moderates along with their gatekeeping role of transgressive discourses; the creation of digitally enabled protest networks that facilitated mass mobilization and claims diffusion; and the intensification of protest policing that provoked a departure from reformist to revolutionary claims. The argument offered here shows similarities to but also nuanced differences from the repression literature and casts doubt on the assumptions about the demobilizing impact of autocratization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logistics problems represent an important class of real-world problems where even small improvements in solution quality can lead to significant decreases in operational costs. However, these problems are usually NP-hard; thus, they are mostly solved using metaheuristic methods. To improve their performance, there is substantial research on crafting new and refined metaheuristics to derive superior solutions. This paper considers a truck routing problem within a naval port, where the objective is to minimize the total distance traveled by all the vehicles to distribute a given set of containers. Due to the large volume of goods that are being transferred through ports, it is imperative to improve the operation times at such ports to improve the throughput. To achieve this goal, a novel variable neighborhood search method that integrates a tabu list, an iterative local search procedure, and parallelization of neighborhood generation is proposed and evaluated. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves similar results to the state of the art, but in a smaller amount of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacific Sexual and reproductive health is influenced by cultural taboos and sensitivities. Although Pacific values are integral to family planning, open communication in the home is often difficult in the face of changing socio-cultural norms. This study explores the experiences of iTaukei Pacific women living in Fiji and Aotearoa New Zealand, and their discussion of family planning within the family setting. The study utilises talanoa methodology to understand women's realities and their navigation through shifting sexual and reproductive norms in both countries. The study found that although family may be seen as a place of 'truth' in which appropriate, culturally sensitive family planning communication should be available, this was challenged by cultural taboos or tabu which were persistent in family planning discussions. The study calls for greater reliance on holistic approaches to Pacific family planning perspectives and a greater examination of vā or the spaces within which Pacific women's experiences are negotiated and informed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In spite of the fact that taboos change over time, death is still a delicate and sensitive subject in today's Western societies. Our unwillingness to talk openly about death and dying makes people resort to euphemism as a safe way to talk about human mortality and related matters. Following Steen's Deliberate Metaphor Theory, this study discusses the role that euphemistic metaphors play on a sample of 174 gravestone inscriptions from the English Cemetery of Malaga, the oldest Protestant cemetery in Spain, and, at the same time, examines the social and cognitive aspects of metaphor in epitaph writing. The analysis carried out reveals that most of the 96 metaphorical items observed in the gravestone inscriptions present positive connotations. Indeed, the source domains of rest, peace, new life and journey offer an optimistic and comforting approach to death and dying, whereas the domains of loss and separation refer to the target domain of death in negative terms. All in all, the metaphors encountered in the epitaphs are deliberately used both to help the bereaved confront the loss of a loved one and pay tribute to the deceased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taboo exploitation examined in this essay is swearing. Swearing intersects in complex ways with the giving and taking of pleasure and concomitantly coping with pain or, conversely, craving to inflict pain. Swearing is normally restricted to colloquial styles because it is commonly perceived to breach the rules of courtesy by offending against standards of good taste and good manners. The breaking of this taboo is an emotional release. Swearing has a special place in our neural anatomy, perhaps accounting for: (a) its effectiveness displaying pleasure and managing pain or the hypoalgesia and other physiological effects in laboratory studies; (b) for the tendency of any disparaging denotation or connotation to dominate the interpretation of the immediate context. I recognize five frequently synchronous functions for swearing from the utterer's as well as the audience point of view: (i) The expletive function, often marking attitude to what is said. (ii) Abuse, insult, banter. (iii) Spicing up the message. (iv) Expression of social solidarity. (v) The discourse function. There is an additional from an audience point of view: (vi) Characterizing an individual's behavior. For every function, the degree of pleasure and/or pain and the kind of taboo exploitation is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Language is the mos t important means of communication in human societies. Language uses for different needs. Sometimes it has a positive and negative meaning. Therefore, in linguis tics, language is considered a double-edged sword that needs using with awareness. Translating taboo phrases and words is one of the mos t difficult types of translations. In translating taboo words, the translator require paying attention to ideology, culture, norms and religion considerations. In the field of taboo translation, there are different views among researchers, linguis ts and theoris t. One group believes that taboo words or expressions are untranslatable, the other has proposed solutions. Iranian women and girls have always respected moral and cultural principles of society. The change of lifes tyle, the development of technology, global communication and their education and awareness have had a significant impact on their life over the pas t years until today. Since these changes and transformations may also affect the s tyle and context of writing and translation, this research has inves tigated two groups of female Sunni translators between the years (1351-1361) and (1371-1381) to Evaluate and compare the methods used when facing taboo words or phrases. Background of the s tudy: The dynamics of language and culture play a significant role in the life of societies. The beauty of literary texts is based on the use of cultural elements that show the values, beliefs, and convic-1. Lecturer at Islamic Azad University of Sari, Mazandaran, Irantions of any culture. In translation s tudies, culture plays a key role, since language originates from it. Culture and cultural elements are among the untranslatable features of the source language. They make a translator in trouble. To unders tand these cultural elements, the translator mus t be aware of the meta-linguis tic knowledge of the target language. Moreover, the cultural gap between the two languages is major problem. During the process of socialization, a person gets to know the norms. According to Toury, "norms are not absolute social and cultural phenomena, they might be abandoned at some point, so other phenomena will replace them. The act of translation is also a social and cultural behavior that is based on norms" (Khazaei and Ghazizadeh, 2014, p 94). Methodology: The s tatis tical population of this research consis ts of two groups of female translators. The firs t group consis ts of 12 female translators between the years (1351-1361) who have graduated from the English language translation course during the pas t years. The second group includes 12 female translators between the years (1371-1381) who have graduated or are s till s tudying in this course. In this research, Khosh saliqeh, Ameri & Mehdizadkhani (2018) classification of taboo translation s trategies used as a theoretical framework. All the participants gave a week to translate the sentences given to them carefully. Those participants who did not live in Sari received the selected sentences in WhatsApp, and the participants who lived in Sari received sentences in printed format at the Islamic Azad University of Sari, and translation ins titutes. Conclusion: According to the findings of this s tudy, both groups of translators have been influenced by the culture and norms of Iranian society. The results of this research show that female translators born between the years (1371-1381) were more familiar with the translation solutions of taboo words than female translators between the years (1351-1361). According to the findings of this s tudy, female translators between the years (1371-1381) used the maintenance and subs titution method more and female translators between the years (1351-1361) used deletion method more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women have distinct nutritional requirements, especially before, during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Avoiding certain foods during pregnancy for any reasons devoid of scientific proofs adversely affects maternal nutritional needs. This study explored foods avoidance in pregnancy and related reasons among pregnant women in Ebonyi state. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Population was made up of pregnant mothers attending antenatal clinics in the health care facilities in Ebonyi state. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using percentages, rank order, means and standard deviation. Results include 25 avoided foods by pregnant women in Ebonyi state. Those with the high avoidance percentage scores are squirrels (59.1%), bird gizzard (59.1%), snails (55.50%), frogs (55.2) and others. Other findings are four strongest reasons for avoiding foods, namely, snails in pregnancy because my baby would be sluggish and spit too much saliva (X̅ =2.53), bird gizzard (eke-okuko)/ meat liver (mejiu – anu) during pregnancy because it is against my culture and can prolong labour and delivery difficulties (X̅ = 3.06), okra soup in pregnancy because my baby spit too much saliva after birth (X̅ = 3.01), and snails were avoided in pregnancy becauset it is against my culture (X̅ =3.12). There are also six weak reasons for avoidance of food. These are egg during pregnancy because it will make my baby a thief (X̅ =2.13), male organ of an animal during pregnancy because it is a taboo in my community (X̅ =2.02), vegetables like cabbage and avocado during pregnancy to avoid fatty baby which is difficult to deliver (X̅ =1.67) and others. The study recommended the need for nutritional education programme and sensitization campaign by the relevant stakeholders/health educators to address foods avoidance in pregnancy and its reasons, especially during antenatal care services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anglophone women’s poetry in Manipur in the last decade critiques the norms prevalent in patriarchal societies. This article focuses on six contemporary women poets whose works highlight the woman, her subjectivity, and her truths. Collectively, their works constitute an emerging feminist poetic tradition in Manipur. Despite the multiplicities of location and creative idiom of each poet, their poetry converges upon seminal issues and amplify one another’s voices, giving us an intimate glimpse of women’s trysts with everyday structures of patriarchy. The respective poets attempt to rewrite previously inscribed taboos and cultural practices—some by reimagining tropes that have weighed against fair representation of women such as the body, female desire, and myths; and others by breaking the cycle of abuse and shame through testimonial poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many educators and pedagogues around the world face challenging situations in their everyday work. Being caught off guard when children begin to explore their bodies and show curiosity about body parts and sexual issues is one of the most uncomfortable realities in the work of educating our children and can generate a series of worrying questions, such as, "Is this child* normal? Should I stop him/her from masturbating? What should I tell him/her?. Although talking to children about body changes and sexual matters may seem strange or embarrassing, providing correct and age-appropriate information is one of the most important things kindergarten employees can do to ensure that children grow up protected, healthy and safe in their bodies. The current study is based on empirical evidence from focus group interviews with 18 kindergarten teachers from four different kindergartens. The aim is to provide a real overview regarding kindergarten employees' experiences when it comes to their work with sexual development in small children. The findings show that sexuality is still a taboo even in western societies, as it is usually linked to abuse or pathological behavior. Additionally, key information about lack of focus on these topics in pedagogical educational programs is provided. Furthermore, the informants highlight the importance of knowledge and resources for them to feel in control and in confidence to face these challenges. Future directions and tips are provided to improve the educational field and ensure a healthy and balanced development which is after all part of all children's rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property, which means ownership, generally refers to the rights of individuals over assets. Mankind has created a formation on the axis of property at every stage of his life. These formations also appear in cultural structures whose focal point is human. In this context, it can be stated that property has a cultural aspect as well as economic and legal dimensions. Cultural reflections of property appear especially in rituals performed by individuals to protect their properties and assets. To explain this situation with an example, making that area untouchable by means of taboo and curse in order to protect one's land constitutes the cultural aspect of property. Dede Korkut stories, one of the important works of the Oghuzs, also contain various examples that are subject to property. Dirse Han's desire to kill his son Boğaç Han, Uruz's curse on his mother, Deli Dumrul's taking money from both those who pass the bridge and those who do not, and Kazan's worries about Uruz who could not be given a name are some of the examples that reveal the ownership understanding of the Oghuzs. The examples identified are important in terms of showing how the concept of property in Turkish culture is reflected in the narratives. In this article, in which Dede Korkut stories were chosen as examples, the property phenomenon was examined under two main headings as property elements and property symbols. Items that are subject to property are evaluated under the title of property elements, and items that indicate that an object is property are evaluated under the title of property symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honorifics are grammaticalized reflexes of politeness, often recruiting existing featural values (e.g. French recruits plural vous for polite address, and German, third person plural Sie). This paper aims to derive their cross-linguistic distribution and interpretation without [hon], an analytical feature present since Corbett (2000). The striking generalization that emerges from a cross-linguistic survey of 120 languages is that only certain featural values are ever recruited for honorification: plural, third person, and indefinite. I show that these values are precisely those which are semantically unmarked, or presuppositionless, allowing the speaker to consider an interlocutor's negative face (Brown and Levinson 1978). I propose an alternative analysis based on the interaction between semantic markedness, an avoidance-based pragmatic maxim called the Taboo of Directness, and Maximize Presupposition! (Heim 1991) to derive honorific meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides an affective norm collected from older adults for 1,050 Chinese words that are closely related to the typical life scenes commonly encountered by older adults. Data were collected for key affective dimensions of valence and arousal using the method of adapted Self-Assessment Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) in a paper-and-pencil procedure. The results showed that the current database (ANCO) was of high reliability and validity. Valence and arousal were in an asymmetrically quadratic relationship in the valence-by-arousal space; i.e., older adults rated negative words as the highest arousing, followed by positive and neutral words. In addition, by comparing affective ratings of the shared words between the present norm collected from older Chinese adults and previous norms collected from young Chinese adults (Wang et al., 2008; Yao et al., 2017; Yu et al., 2016), we found that compared with young adults, older ones perceived negative words as more negative and more arousing, and perceived positive words as more positive and less arousing. ANCO can serve as a valuable source of information for age-related affective research and help explicate the effects of emotion on linguistic and cognitive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Governments pass conservation laws, adopt policies, and make plans yet frequently fail to implement them. Implementation of conservation, however, often requires costly sacrifice: people foregoing benefit for the benefit of biodiversity. Decisions involve trade-offs with outcomes that depend on the values at stake and people's perceptions of those values. Psychology, ethics, and behavioral science have each addressed the challenge of making difficult, often tragic, trade-off decisions. Based on these literatures, values can be classified as secular or sacred, where sacred values are those for which compensation may be unthinkable (e.g., freedom). Taboo trade-offs emerge when secular values are pitted against sacred ones. These are difficult to discuss, much less negotiate. Confronting taboo trade-offs in conservation may require discursive approaches to better understand particular attributes of decisions that place sacred human values at risk. Tragic trade-offs emerge when sacred values are pitted against one another. The trolley problem-a forced choice between 2 unthinkable outcomes-is a simple heuristic illustrating ethical challenges of tragic trade-offs. Behavior studies illustrate that people have a strong aversion to losses where an active choice was made, resulting in a bias toward status quo decisions. Faced with tragic, trolley-problem-like choices, people tend to avoid taking responsibility for action, defer decisions, evade opinions on painful choices, and regret unfortunate outcomes of actions. To help close the implementation gap, conservation actors may need to directly address the psychological, ethical, and behavioral barriers created by the remorse, regret, and moral residue of implementing conservation choices that have tragic outcomes. Recognition of these predictable features of the human psyche may foster better administrative structures to support action with durable outcomes as well as new research directions.

Abstract There is growing recognition of the important role menstrual health plays in achieving health, education, and gender equity. Yet, stigmatisation and taboo remain present and negative emotions like fear and shame dominate the narrative when speaking about periods. This paper analyses how formal and informal menstrual education is received in Spain, to understand the role of menstrual health literacy in the way menstruation is experienced, and to identify what information would be useful to integrate into formal menstrual education. An online survey with more than 4000 participants (aged between 14 and 80, both people who will/do/have previously menstruate/d and those who do not menstruate) was conducted. Data was gathered using the digital platform Typeform, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software and qualitative data was thematically analysed using Nvivo. Many participants declared not having received sufficient information on menstruation prior to menarche, particularly about how to physically manage it. Furthermore, negative emotions like shame, worry, and fear were recurrently reported to describe menarche; this has not changed between generations. Interestingly, we saw an increase in stress and sadness with an increase in perceived knowledge of the reproductive role of menstruation. We did observe a reduction in negative emotions when people who menstruate perceived they had sufficient information on how to manage their first bleeding. It is recommended that menstrual education beyond reproductive biology, particularly including how to physically manage periods, is integrated into school curricula. Menstrual education of everyone – including those who do not menstruate—can improve how periods are experienced in Spain.

Invectivity is an ambiguous but integral feature of modern cinema. The author used a complex linguistic approach to describe the obscene vocabulary of foreign movie discourse. The article attempts to answer the following questions: Why do films need invectives? Who they are addressed to? How many invectives fit in one movie line? How emotionally colored are invectives? How do they fit into the idiomatic composition of the language? What kind of shock power do they carry? What sacred values do they attack? Who swear more, male or female characters? Are invectives perceived literally or figuratively? How can they be avoided? The scientific novelty of the taboo studies is in tracking and maintaining the balance between two conflicting trends: the oversaturation of mass media with obscenities vs. the current purist movement. The theoretical significance lies in the comprehension of the ongoing cultural interaction. The author believes that the choice of invectives depends on the filmmaker, their sense of humor, and the style of character imagery. The method of continuous sampling from modern film scripts provided extensive exemplary material, which was subjected to cognitive-semantic, stylistic, pragmatic, and quantitative analyses. Western cinema often uses invectivity to make a line catchy. In addition, obscene vocabulary designates subgroup affiliation, encourages immediate interaction, and demonstrates a dominant social position. In a cultural society, invective vocabulary refers to criticized signs of verbal aggression, and the negative connotations of invectiveness can be eliminated in euphemisms. However, foreign cinema demonstrates and facilitates the degradation of the cultural background.

Introduction. The article reviews peculiarities of functioning of taboo lexis, which is a manysided and indispensable aspect of modern filmmaking. The study aims at the analysis of taboo functioning in the linguistic field in order to improve foreign content application in compliance with censorship requirements. The implementation presupposes analysis of taboo lexical units, revealing their functioning features as regards to acceptable implementation of the taboo and to depict the possible ways of optimization of its use in modern cinema.Methodology and sources. The article presents results of the analysis of the taboo lexis in Western filmmaking, the former being based on a complex semantic-discursive and pragmatic approach. Specific linguistic methods of observation, description and quantitative measurement are used in the article together with the general linguistic methods of comparison. Informative basis of the study is comprised of more than 300 examples selected by the method of continuous sampling from 19 Western films and y means of the internet-resource scripts.com, as well as slang and jargon dictionaries.Results and discussion. Taking into account many-sided study of the taboo lexis, the article reveals more than 60 units representing gender, and social features of taboo in the English language carrying an imprint of directive connotation. These taboo units are ubiquitously used in the Western filmmaking degrading the speech value of film characters and the general cultural level of film industry. The analysis demonstrates that taboo lexis is able to create veritable images of film characters and their scenic behaviour in spite of the unacceptability of taboo usage in mass media.Conclusion. As was shown by the study of the taboo lexis its application by English-language speakers in film is conditioned by considerations of magnified emotional and evaluating expressivity of the speech. It is particularly noticeable that marginalized strata and theme scope of communication on topics of crime of illegal income with the help of taboo is defined by directivity of the discourse and language play.

In this paper, we consider the censorship of public swear word usage as a function of, and continued maintenance of, taboo with a focus on L1 and LX swearing and its management. In research with multilingual speakers, first-language swear words are consistently perceived as more taboo, and thus more emotional/powerful than equivalent words from a second or third language. While the public use of English-language swear words may be subject to censorship in Anglophone contexts, it is not censored to the same extent in LX contexts. On the other hand, L1 swear words are censored. Such perceptions of differences in strength between one’s L1 and LX languages also seem to affect the work of language professionals: translators’ tendency to self-censor may at least in part be explained by this bias. The existence of a two-tier system of swearing and censorship serves to reinvigorate L1 swear words, while diminishing the power of English swear words. We thus examine how censorship works as a means of maintaining and/or attenuating taboo, potentially moderating the power of swearing itself in cross-linguistic and multilingual contexts.

The contemporary culture of harm avoidance sanctifies the role of the victim, which creates a suite of challenges for managers and researchers attempting to address impartially allegations of harmdoing. We contend that victimhood sanctification compromises our understanding of mistreatment largely due to three forces: 1) a shift toward hypersensitivity, which expands the definition of mistreatment, 2) cognitive shortcuts that cast actors as either victims or perpetrators, and 3) victims' role in experiencing or perceiving mistreatment. Of interest are allegations of nonphysical harms that may manifest as individual-level mistreatment or as systemic-level mistreatment based on identity group membership (e.g., women). We argue that victimhood sanctification and prioritizing employees' subjective experiences are incompatible with the impartial study of mistreatment and with fostering organizational harmony. We suggest solutions, including accepting a level of human imperfection and mutual culpability, addressing fears of accusations, de-escalating competitive victimhood, and promoting workplace harmony as a shared responsibility of all parties. We maintain that empirical investigations, open discourse, and data-driven understanding of these challenges, even if unpalatable, are necessary to inform the best practices that generate long-term peace, not just short-term safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is the editors' introduction to Volume 21 of the journal Young Scholars in Writing. The editors discuss the theme of "boxes" and how they can limit and inspire us. The articles in this volume explore the limitations of various constructs, such as rhetoric, genre, identity, and writing education. The articles cover topics such as mental health narratives of South Asian individuals, query letters for writers, the relationship between writing studies and literature, metacognitive reflection in peer review, and the role of undergraduate students as researchers. The editors also mention the cover image, which is a colorful, geometric design that represents the theme of boxes and constraints. [Extracted from the article]