Search

Anthropogenic activities, such as using fossil fuels for energy production, synthesizing carbon-based products, and employing nitrogen fertilizers to meet the ever-growing food demand, have drastically disrupted the planet's carbon and nitrogen cycles. These activities effectively lead to global warming, eutrophication, and NOx production. Hence, the world is in need of coming up with new sustainable technological advancements to meet the demands of fuel synthesis, carbon-based material manufacturing and food production without impacting the world's natural carbon and nitrogen cycles. One proposed solution is to utilize pyrolysis of sustainable biomass to produce biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas. The bio-oil obtained from this process can be used in a CO2 reforming step, effectively converting it into syngas with a suitable H2/CO ratio for chemical synthesis or fuel production. The produced biochar can, through a CO2 activation step and adsorption of nitrogen, be used as a fertilizer. Lastly, combustion of the produced pyrolysis gas generates energy for the other processes in the system. In this master thesis, the aim was to evaluate the impact of the process on carbon and nitrogen cycles, analyze energy and carbon flows throughout the process, and optimize operational conditions to maximize syngas production. In addition, the study also addressed several research questions. These included investigating whether the process necessitates the introduction of external sustainable energy, and assessing the overall environmental impact of the process. To answer these research questions and overall aim, a model of the process was made in Aspen Plus V.14 in combination with a literature study on the biochars effect on the nitrogen cycle. The results indicate that up to 70% of the carbon going into the process can be successfully sequestered through the optimization of pyrolysis for bio-oil production and subsequently of syngas yield in CO2 reforming. The study also saw t, Biomassa och Teknologi för en Hållbar Framtid Genom pyrolys omvandlas biomassa till biokol, bioolja och biogas, vilket minskar beroendet av fossila bränslen och ger hållbara kemikalier, bränslen och energi. Detta motverkar global uppvärmning samtidigt som biokolet minskar behovet av gödningsmedel, vilket motverkar övergödning av våra sjöar och hav. Sedan den industriella revolutionen har människan använt kol och olja till allt från energi, tillverkning av plaster och läkemedel, samt för att värma våra hem och driva våra bilar. Denna användning har släppt ut stora mängder koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären, vilket i sin tur lett till den globala uppvärmningen. Samtidigt har avverkning av skogar, som annars skulle absorbera CO2 genom fotosyntesen, ytterligare rubbat det naturliga kolkretsloppet. Dessutom har överanvändning av kvävebaserade gödningsmedel rubbat kvävekretsloppet och orsakat övergödning i våra sjöar och hav, vilket har påverkat många ekosystem. För att återställa balansen i dessa kretslopp på vår planet måste vi hitta nya teknologier för att hantera dessa problem. En föreslagen lösning är pyrolys av trä, stjälkar och matavfall. Pyrolys innebär att organiskt material upphettas till temperaturer ofta runt 300 upp till 1300 grader Celsius utan av syre. Detta bryter ner biomassan till biokol, bioolja och biogas istället för koldioxid och vatten som vid förbränning. Dessa produkter har flera användningsområden: biokolet kan modifieras och användas som gödningsmedel, biooljan kan genom CO2-reformering omvandlas till syngas för tillverkning av kemikalier och bränslen, och biogasen kan förbrännas för att ge energi till resten av processen. Processen är inte bara koldioxidneutral utan även kol negativ, vilket innebär att den tar bort koldioxid från atmosfären och binder den i biokol och syngasprodukter. Detta kan hjälpa till att återställa ett naturligt kol- och kvävekretslopp och motverka global uppvärmning och övergödning. Målet med det här exjobbet var att utvärdera

Since the introduction of the municipal planning monopoly in 1947 following the Housing Social Investigation, the planning legislation has been reformed several times. In this thesis, the historical development of both the municipal planning monopoly and its associated planning legislation is studied. The aim of the thesis is to examine how the municipal planning monopoly has evolved and whether reforms have led to it drifting in either a centralizing or decentralizing direction. Additionally, it will be studied whether the current purpose of the monopoly suits the needs of today's society. If not, reforms will be proposed, based on the study results, to help the municipal planning monopoly achieve its purpose. The purpose of the thesis is achieved by answering the following research questions: • Has the municipal planning monopoly over time shifted towards becoming more centralized or decentralized, and how has any such change occurred? • Does the purpose of the municipal planning monopoly align with today's societal needs? • How can the planning legislation and process be streamlined to meet societal needs? The thesis employed a qualitative method, which was divided into a three-step model. The literature review examined the development, current legislation and process, and opinions on the current system of the municipal planning monopoly. The literature review led the authors to the survey study, the questions of which were intended to be answered by municipal officials, politicians, parliamentarians, and property developers. Finally, hypotheses, derived from the literature study and the survey study, were answered in the concluding interview study, where the respondents were researchers, industry experts, interest groups, property developers, politicians, and authorities. The thesis concludes that there are mainly four subjects that have contributed to the centralization of the municipal planning monopoly. The four subjects are: • Increased consideration for env, Sedan införandet av det kommunala planmonopolet 1947 till följd av den bostadssociala utredningen har planlagstiftningen reformerats flertalet gånger. I förevarande examensarbete studeras den historiska utvecklingen av både det kommunala planmonopolet och dess tillhörande planlagstiftning. Examensarbetet syftar till att studera hur det kommunala planmonopolet kommit att utvecklas och om reformer lett till att det glidit i antingen en centraliserande eller decentraliserande riktning. Därtill studeras det om det nuvarande syftet med monopolet passar med dagens samhällsbehov. Om inte, föreslås det reformer, utifrån studieresultatet, som hjälper det kommunala planmonopolet att uppnå sitt syfte. Ifrågavarande examensarbetes syfte uppnås genom att besvara på följande frågeställningar: • Har det kommunala planmonopolet med tiden utvecklats till att bli mer centraliserat eller decentraliserat och hur har den eventuella förändringen uppstått? • Passar det kommunala planmonopolets syfte med dagens samhällsbehov? • Hur kan planlagstiftningen och -processen effektiviseras för att samhällsbehoven ska tillgodoses? Examensarbetet förhåller sig till en kvalitativ metod som delas in i en trestegsmodell. Den historiska studien studerar utvecklingen, dagens lagstiftning och process, samt utlåtanden om dagens system av det kommunala planmonopolet. Den historiska studien ledsagar författarna in på enkätstudien, vars frågor ämnas att besvaras av kommunala tjänstemän, kommunpolitiker, riksdagspolitiker och fastighetsutvecklare. Till slut besvaras hypoteser, som är sprungna ur enkätstudien och den historiska studien, i den avslutande intervjustudien där respondenterna är forskare, branschkunniga, intresseorganisationer, fastighetsutvecklare, politiker och myndigheter. Examensarbetet konstaterar att det huvudsakligen är fyra ämnen som bidragit till en centralisering av det kommunala planmonopolet. De fyra ämnena är: • Ökad hänsyn till miljö- och naturvärden • Nationella intressen och lagsti, Systembolaget är inte det enda monopolet som spelar en stor roll i Sveriges samhällsstruktur. Sedan 1947 har det kommunala planmonopolet gett kommunerna ensamrätt att planera markanvändningen i landet. I examensarbetet Det kommunala planmonopolets syfte – En analys av dess utveckling och effektivitet vid Lunds Tekniska Högskola granskas detta monopol som finner att trots genomgripande förändringar i lagstiftningen över tiden, har monopolet svårt att uppfylla sitt nuvarande syfte. Det föreslås 17 reformer för att effektivisera processen och därmed förbättra bostadsförsörjningen och den ekonomiska tillväxten i Sverige. Det moderna kommunala planmonopolet infördes 1947 efter 14 års arbete med den Bostadssociala utredningen som slog fast att det var behövligt med ett monopol för att sanera den rådande misären i svenska städer och för att hålla borta den i utredningen så kallade hämmande privata sektorn. 77 år senare lever det kommunala planmonopolet vidare och betyder att kommunerna har ensamrätt att planera markanvändningen i Sverige. Med tiden har plan- och bygglagstiftningen förändrats från grunden och knäckfrågan är ifall det kommunala planmonopolet förhåller sig till sitt syfte som kommit att förändrats, samt vilka reformer som behövs för att det bättre skall kunna uppfylla sitt syfte. Det studerar August von Friesendorff och Martin Gersson, civilingenjörer i lantmäteri, i sitt examensarbete vid Lunds Tekniska Högskola. Rapporten förhåller sig till en trestegsmodell som inleddes med en historisk studie som undersökte planprocessens historia från 1874 fram till idag. Den historiska studien kompletterades med både enkät- och intervjustudie där välrenommerade aktörer i branschen fick möjligheten att yttra sig utifrån valda frågeställningar. Sedan införandet har det kommunala planmonopolet genomgått främst centraliserande förändringar, som ett resultat av ökad hänsyn till miljö- och naturvärden samt en ökad frekvens av överklaganden, där allt fler beslut tas i domstol.

Translated title: Navigating in uncertainty Subtitle: A qualitative study on the port's organizational strategies and its relationship with external risks University/programme: Lund university, Logistics Service Management Course: LGMK 65 Authors: Albin Persson, Selin Onay Supervisor: Malin Andersson Number of pages: 48 This study aims to understand how external risks impact ports. We will show how ports, as service organizations, respond to these risks and what measures they take to mitigate their effects. We examine how external factors, such as significant global changes, influence port operations. The focus on external factors is due to a research gap, as most current studies address internal risks in ports. The study specifically looks at how major logistical ports in southern Sweden are affected by these changes. The work aims to enhance understanding of how ports manage external risks, respond to unexpected situations, and develop strategies to prevent and mitigate these risks. Research questions: How does the port respond to external changes, and what strategies does it employ to manage the risks arising from these changes? How can the port work from an organizational perspective to manage external risks that indirectly affect it? Methodology: In this work, we used a qualitative method and conducted semi-structured interviews to collect our empirical data. Conclusion: Our study results indicate that ports are organizations operating in a global context and are therefore inevitably affected by external changes in various ways. The extent of this impact depends on how well-developed the port's risk management strategies are. In some cases, the risks for ports are not related to decreased volumes or supply chain delays, but rather to how they can manage significantly increased volumes. Here, ports can utilize organizational tools to evolve and become more agile and flexible organizations capable of meeting these demands.

In the Formox-process, methanol is converted to formaldehyde via partial oxidation on a heterogeneous iron-molybdate catalyst. To an extent, the formed formaldehyde (FA) is over-oxidized into carbon monoxide (CO) which cannot be recycled into FA. As CO affects the environment negatively and decreases the process economy, internal attempts have previously been made to decrease the CO formation of the process. This project has been conducted with the intent to decrease the CO formation of the process by at least 0.5 percentage points from today’s roughly 4.5%. In this project, CO reduction of the Formox-process has been attempted by investigating two different pathways; with the first being addition of a readily combustible material known as a Pore Former in various amounts to increase the porosity of the catalyst, as well as doping the catalyst with a metal oxide to act as a hardener. Changes to the mixing method of these ingredients has also been investigated. Analysis of the produced catalyst pellets showed that after these changes, the catalyst is either too fragile to be tested at a pilot scale, or exhibit too low porosity to be deemed promising for further study. The other method that was tested involved replicating a washing step of the catalyst that is currently done in large-scale production. A washing liquid with a lower number of ions compared to the one being currently used was tested and compared to commercial references. Three samples with different washing liquids were produced and tested at a pilot scale, and the sample washed with process water showed an increased FA yield and a decreased byproduct yield compared to the commercial reference. However, the samples also exhibited an increased CO yield. These results potentially indicate a shift in the nature of the active sites of the catalyst from acidic to basic, but further testing must be done to determine the exact nature of the changes that have been made. Overall, the results provide a good basis, De flesta associerar förmodligen ordet katalysator med bilkatalysatorer där smutsiga avgaser från fordon renas genom att gasen får reagera med syre och därmed bilda mindre skadliga produkter. Så kallade heterogena katalysatorer är ofta metalloxider och de används i många industrier för att möjliggöra kemiska reaktioner. Ett sådant exempel är Formox-processen, där en katalysator bestående av järnmolybdat används för att förena syre och metanol under bildningen av formaldehyd. Reaktionen sker inne i porer i denna ihåliga, pelletsformade, katalysator, och skulle dessa porer vara för små kan den bildade formaldehyden fångas i porerna och enkelt reagera med mer syre under bildning av kolmonoxid och koldioxid. Då dessa ämnen är välkända växthusgaser, och ämnena inte kan återcirkuleras och reagera till formaldehyd igen, finns det en stor drivkraft att försöka öka storleken på porerna i katalysatorn, vilket har varit syftet med denna studie. Projektet gjordes i samarbete med Johnson Mattheys R&D-avdelning i Perstorp under första hälften av 2024. Två olika metoder har testats; dels har ett ämne tillsats katalysatorn som lätt kan brännas bort under hög temperatur i en ugn. Tanken var att när ämnet bränns bort kommer den efterlämna hål i strukturen och därmed ge större porer. Analyser av dessa katalysatorer visade emellertid att strukturen nu blir väldigt bräcklig, vilket skulle leda till problem vid förvaring och transport av katalysatorn. Därmed genomgick inte dessa prover ytterligare tester. Utöver detta testades det även att tvätta katalysatorerna med avjoniserat vatten i stället för vatten med högre koncentration av joner, vilket motsvarar den nuvarande tvättningen i produktionen. Här var tanken att tvättning med det avjoniserade vattnet skulle leda till en mindre mängd joner som sätter sig i porerna och utgör ett fysiskt hinder för formaldehyden på dess väg ut ur porerna. Pilotförsök av de tvättade katalysatorpartiklarna visade emellertid att mängden CO som bildades ökad

Weather forecasts are of great significance for instance in planning flight routes, military operations, and seafare. Many organizations today openly provide, not only their forecasts, but their raw data as well. Technological development and a greater availability of open data ensures that both weather- and forecast data can be used for both private and commercial purposes. However, customized application programming interfaces (APIs) and domain-specific solutions create friction between applications and can hinder interoperability. Access to geospatial data such as weather- and forecast data can therefore be made easier with uniform standardization. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) specifically develops open geospatial data standards, including standardized APIs. One such standard is the newly introduced OGC API - Environmental Data Retrieval (EDR), which aims to facilitate access to large volumes of data such as weather and forecast data. This thesis project aims to evaluate EDR in comparison with other OGC standards for the sharing of forecast data. Additionally, an EDR solution with the purpose of retrieving subsets of raw data is designed, implemented and evaluated. The report begins with a literature review to establish the necessary background and context for both the comparison and the practical implementation. Two case studies are executed. The first case study compares EDR and seven other OGC standards, which are deemed relevant to the aim of this thesis. The comparison is then carried out by examination of the OGC specifications, as well as using the tool ChatGPT in order to gather information. It can be concluded that EDR best meets the requirements and needs related to a weather application, but that it must be noted that EDR is a new standard and thus currently lacks enough certified implementations and tools. The second case study, the practical implementation, results in a weather application based on EDR for retrieving subsets of raw data. The, Väderprognoser är av stor betydelse för till exempel flygrutter, militära operationer och sjöfart. Flera organisationer tillhandahåller numera inte bara sina väderprognoser öppet, utan delar även med sig av sina prognosdata för nedladdning. Teknisk utveckling och ett större utbud av öppna data möjliggör användning av väder- och prognosdata för både privata och kommersiella ändamål. Egna programmeringsgränssnitt och domänspecifika lösningar medför dock friktion mellan applikationer och försämrar interoperabilitet. Åtkomst till geospatiala data såsom väder- och prognosdata kan därmed underlättas av enhetlig standardisering. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) utvecklar specifikt öppna geospatiala datastandarder inklusive standardiserade programmeringsgränssnitt. En sådan standard är den nytillkomna OGC API - Environmental Data Retrieval (EDR), som ämnar underlätta dataåtkomst för stora volymer data såsom väder- och prognosdata. Denna studie syftar till att utvärdera EDR i jämförelse med likvärdiga OGC-standarder för datadelning av prognosdata. Därtill designas, implementeras och utvärderas en EDR-lösning för hämtning av urval av rådata. Rapporten inleds med en litteraturstudie i syfte att bidra med nödvändig bakgrund och kontext för både jämförelse och praktisk implementering. Därefter genomförs två fallstudier. Den första fallstudien jämför EDR och sju andra OGC-standarder, bedömda som relevanta för studiens syfte. Jämförelsen verkställs genom granskning av OGC-specifikationer och med användning av verktyget ChatGPT i syfte att sammanställa information. Ur jämförelsen kan konstateras att EDR bäst uppfyller krav och behov i relation till en väderapplikation, men att hänsyn måste tas till att EDR är en ny standard och än så länge utan tillräckligt med certifierade implementeringar och verktyg. Praktisk implementering utgör den andra fallstudien och resulterar i en väderapplikation baserad på EDR för hämtning av urval av rådata. Implementering sker med tillämpning av pygeo

Novel circuit design and manufacturing methodologies are emerging into the market. Heterogeneous Integration allows for chiplet technologies of different process nodes to be combined in one large package. To allow for seamless communication between them, a definition of standards is necessary, and so is the construction of interconnects that follow them. In this thesis, we present an offload engine which bridges the popular System-On-Chip (SoC) communications standard, Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), with the evolving Universal Chiplet Interconnect Express (UCIe). We dive into the details of the offload engine design process, the challenges, and the novice methods used to connect the AXI protocol to the UCIe interface. The resulting architecture is meant to be mounted in the Protocol Layer of the UCIe model. Balancing complexity, latency, and size of the design we justify each decision that was taken along the process. In this work, we also present future improvements which can be made to the design. The result is an interface which may be used as part of a Die-to-Die interconnection, fully compatible with the UCIe standard. It may be the start of a commercial product or provide insights into interconnection technologies. This work is relevant for designers and researchers alike who wish to integrate their AXI-based architectures into a heterogeneous package., Novel circuit design and manufacturing methodologies are emerging into the market. Heterogeneous Integration allows for chiplet technologies of different process nodes to be combined in one large package. To allow for seamless communication between them, a definition of standards is necessary, and so is the construction of interconnects that follow them. In this thesis, we present an offload engine which bridges the popular System-On-Chip (SoC) communications standard, Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI), with the evolving Universal Chiplet Interconnect Express (UCIe). We dive into the details of the offload engine design process, the challenges, and the novice methods used to connect the AXI protocol to the UCIe interface. The resulting architecture is meant to be mounted in the Protocol Layer of the UCIe model. Balancing complexity, latency, and size of the design we justify each decision that was taken along the process. In this work, we also present future improvements which can be made to the design. The result is an interface which may be used as part of a Die-to-Die interconnection, fully compatible with the UCIe standard. It may be the start of a commercial product or provide insights into interconnection technologies. This work is relevant for designers and researchers alike who wish to integrate their AXI-based architectures into a heterogeneous package.

As interest in plant-based diets continues to grow, there is rising demand for tasty and nutritious alternatives to dairy products like cooking cream. This master's thesis explored creating a vegan cooking cream high in protein by utilizing faba beans (Vicia faba L.). Faba beans are an excellent source of plant protein, containing 26-33 % protein by weight with a favourable amino acid profile. They are also an environmentally sustainable crop, able to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, reducing the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and associated greenhouse gas emissions. The research first concentrated the proteins from the faba bean base using membrane ultrafiltration. A parameter study determined the optimal crossflow velocity of 0.12 m/s and transmembrane pressure of 0.65 bar. The optimal settings retained 89-91 % of the proteins, increasing the protein content from 3.4 % to 7.6 %. This concentrated faba protein base was then used to formulate vegan cooking cream prototypes. Multiple recipes were developed with varying amounts of the concentrated faba base and rapeseed oil. Proximate analysis revealed protein levels ranging from 3.4-4.8 % in the prototypes, with higher protein and fat content corresponding to increased viscosity. Oil droplet size measurements and stability tests indicated that the vegan cooking cream prototypes formed stable emulsions. Overall, the faba bean-based cooking creams provided a good source of plant protein while avoiding the environmental impacts of dairy production. By harnessing faba beans' nutritional benefits and sustainable cultivation, this vegan alternative offers an appealing option for consumers seeking plant-based, eco-friendly products.

Renewable energy projects are essential for a sustainable energy transition. In addition to the fundamental benefits of renewable power generation, such as climate change mitigation and clean air, renewable power projects with energy storage solutions can provide economic benefits for electricity producers and add value to the operation of the national grid. This thesis investigates the innovative operation of a grid-connected wind and solar power plant coupled with pumped hydro energy storage system based on operability and techno-economic feasibility. A comprehensive model for optimising the hourly management of a grid-connected hybrid power plant coupled with pumped hydro energy storage system was introduced and applied to a case study in Sweden. The energy management model was formulated as a mixed-integer optimisation problem in MatLab with the objective of maximising operating profit. To assess the functionality of the proposed model, another electrical system model in the OpenModelica software was utilised. This thesis analyses generation curtailment of a stand-alone hybrid power plant in relation to generation curtailment of a hybrid power plant coupled with pumped hydro energy storage. The dimension of the pumped hydro energy storage plant was techno-economically optimised through an iterative process of testing different energy storage sizes in the two models and analysing the financial results in investment appraisals. Results revealed that pumped hydro energy storage decreases the lost revenue due to generation curtailment, increases the system operating profit from electricity arbitrage trading on the day-ahead market and opens up the possibility for participation in frequency regulation markets. This thesis concludes that coupling both a solar power plant and a pumped hydro energy storage to a wind power plant can be more financially profitable than coupling only the solar power plant to the wind power plant. The prospect is that this type of co-integr, Det sker en global energiomställning till förnybara energikällor för att minska koldioxidutsläppen och bekämpa klimatförändringar. I Sverige är det tydligt att andelen vind- och solkraft ökat de senaste åren och denna trend förväntas fortsätta parallellt med det ökade elbehovet. En utmaning med vind- och solkraft är dess intermittenta elproduktion med stora effektvariationer som elnätet behöver klara av att hantera. Solkraft kännetecknas av högst elproduktion under sommarmånaderna och mitt på dagen medan det motsatta gäller för vindkraft. Genom att anlägga en vind- och solkraftanläggning i närheten av varandra och koppla samman till en gemensam elnätsanslutning kan det bidra till att få ökad effektbalans i elnätet. Dessutom kan solkraftanläggningar installeras på platser där vindkraftverk redan exiserar och därmed öka utnyttjandet av befintliga elnätsanslutningar. I Sverige är redan många landbaserade vindkraftanläggningar i drift, vilket innebär att potentialen för hybridanläggningar med vind- och solkraft är stor. För att ytterligare öka balanseringsmöjligheterna och tillgängligheten av effekt kan olika former av energilager användas. En enkel form av energilagring är pumpkraft som utnyttjar skillnader i lägesenergi mellan vattenreservoarer på olika höjdnivåer. Genom att i tidpunkter med låga elpriser pumpa vatten från en lågt belägen reservoar till en högt belägen reservoar och vid tidpunkter med höga elpriser istället låta vatten rinna genom en turbin och producera el, kan pumpkraft fungera som ett “mekaniskt batteri”. I Sverige finns endast ett fåtal pumpkraftverk idag och tekniken har av vissa ansetts förlegad. Dock har nu diskussionen kring nyttorna med pumpkraftverk som energilager i Sveriges energisystem blossat upp och modern teknik har gjort det möjligt att anlägga pumpkraftverk i nedlagda gruvor. Genom att utnyttja nedlagda gruvor minimerar man den visuella inverkan av energilager och tar tillvara på gamla gruvområden som inte längre har några funktioner

The jet breakup and the potential occurrence of satellite droplets play a crucial role in the print quality of drop-on-demand (DOD) systems. This thesis focuses on developing a numerical model to simulate droplet formation utilizing the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. A particular focus is on the occurrence of satellite droplets and how different fluid properties influence the jetting behaviour. The research centres on a printhead with a native droplet size of 2-3 pL and limited data availability. Therefore, an inlet boundary approximation method is developed to accurately simulate the droplet formation for different actuation waveforms. The study utilized the software StarCCM+ and experimental results from a JetXpert dropwatcher for the creation of the numerical model. With the developed approximation method, a validated model was created that effectively captures both droplet formation and velocity. Multiple experimental observations were recreated after the calibration process, successfully predicting the tail breakup. Finally, the validated model was used to investigate the effect of viscosity, density, surface tension and contact angle on the droplet formation process.

The electricity demand in Sweden is expected to double between 2022 and 2035 and the majority of the new electricity is expected to come from wind energy. As intermittent energy increases, so does the need for energy storage that can balance the supply and demand for energy. Batteries can offer short-term energy storage and their fast response time enables them to offer ancillary services on short notice. Hydrogen storage is another promising type of energy storage that is suitable for long-term storage. By combining hydrogen and batteries, a durable storage with high flexibility is achieved. In this thesis, a techno-economic analysis of a combined hydrogen and battery system that participates with ancillary services in SE4 is made. This is done through making two models in Excel: a base model that operates based on the spot price and a frequency reserve model based on ancillary service prices. The models are divided into three system sizes, influenced by the planned hydrogen systems in Trelleborg. The results show that the component costs follows economy of scale, with the large system being the most cost-effective. It is found that participating with ancillary drastically increases the profit of the systems, especially when offering the service FCR. When participating with ancillary services, the battery stands for a large share of the income for the system. It is also seen that utilizing the hydrogen is more beneficial than using a fuel cell. Utilizing bi-products from the hydrogen system was found to further increase profit. Figure 1 shows a summary of the results achieved in the thesis., To offer capacity to remove or add electricity on the grid generates an income which makes an investment go from unprofitable to profitable. It also generates a more stable electricity supply to the grid. The electricity demand in Sweden is expected to double within a ten-year period, and the expansion of the supply is predicted to be mostly through wind power. This leads to Sweden’s electricity grid being weather dependent and an electricity demand that might not correlate with the electricity being produced. Batteries and hydrogen are two types of energy storage that can help stabilize the electricity grid. Batteries can charge during high electricity production and low demand, and then vice versa. When storing energy in the form of hydrogen the electrical energy is converted into chemical energy. Hydrogen can be produced using water and energy. The energy is used to split the water into oxygen and hydrogen, a process called electrolysis. Similar to a battery, hydrogen is produced when there is a low demand and high production. The process of producing hydrogen can be reversed, and then water and energy are the products. When producing hydrogen not all the electrical energy becomes chemical energy, some of it is released as heat. It is the same for the reversed process, some of the chemical energy becomes heat. This heat can be utilized and added to a district heating network. Offering capacity, either to remove or add electricity on the grid, can generate income and this is a part of what the thesis is investigating. The thesis analyses how a combination of a hydrogen system and a battery can be a part of stabilizing the grid, the technology needed and an economic analysis. This is done by making two models, one that does not offer capacity and the components only operate from/until a set electricity price. The other model is based on offering capacity to the grid. The models are divided into three systems with different purposes and sizes. Two smaller systems, w

The kraft pulp bleaching process presents significant operational challenges due to its inherent non-linear reactions and unpredictable delays, complicating effective control and optimization. This thesis aims to improve the efficiency of the process through modeling it, and lays the groundwork for a new and improved automatic model-based control system. It explores a way of handling the varying delay by tracking the pulp throughout the process. This enables modeling of the chemical reactions using parameterized static models, fitted to existing production data. The models are used to create a decision support system to predict the future pulp quality from the bleaching process. The system showcases the possibilities of using modelbased control to increase the efficiency of the plant. The pulp tracking also enables an evaluation of the current process, since it links input data to output data for the process.

This thesis focuses on the optimization of a dual-motor powertrain for an electric vehicle known as the LEVKART, a lightweight four-wheeled vehicle developed for both indoor and outdoor usage. The study examined the effect of different battery voltages, specifically 36 V, 39.6 V, and 43.2 V, on the vehicle’s performance. The main focus lies on reducing the energy consumption and increasing the range while adhering to some specific vehicle constraints. To simulate the vehicle’s behavior, a dynamic MATLAB/Simulink simulation model was used. This model was based on an existing one that was modified to better suit the characteristics of the LEVKART. The model incorporated real-world data obtained from motor testing to ensure that the simulations were as realistic as possible. The model was used to simulate various drive cycles and assess the vehicle’s behavior during different operational scenarios. The results from this study provided an initial suggestion for optimizing the powertrain, specifically regarding the most suitable battery voltage for the current electric machine and power electronic components under the specified operating conditions. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, as the simulation model would benefit from further work before being fully reliable.

Titel: Hållbart Bevarande och Restaurering av Byggnader med Kulturell och Historisk Betydelse: En Fallstudie av Varvsstaden och Lunds Domkyrka -Författare: Maya Kisanieh & Seba Dabbah -Handledare: Carlos Martinez, Biträdande universitetslektor, avdelning för byggproduktion, Forskare, BECC. Francesca Vergani, Doktorand, avdelning för byggproduktion. -Examinator: Rikard Sundling, Biträdande universitetslektor, avdelning för byggproduktion, Profilområdesmedlem, Lunds Tekniska Högskola profilområde: Cirkulär byggindustri. -Syfte och mål: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få en djupare förståelse för hur både historiska kyrkor och industriområden kan bevaras och restaureras utan att förlora dess kulturhistoriska värde. Vi tror att detta kan uppnås genom att anpassa dagens tekniker och metoder samt material och verktyg för att bevara och restaurera dessa byggnader. En viktig del av detta arbete är att identifiera och förstå de unika utmaningar och möjligheter som finns i bevarandet av kulturarvsbyggnader. Målet med examensarbetet är att undersöka Varvsstaden utvecklingsprocessen i Malmö, ett område med rik industrihistoria, och de senaste restaureringarna av Lunds Domkyrka, för att bedöma hur dessa platser har anpassats för att vara hållbara och relevanta i nutiden. -Problemställning: 1- Hur kan svenska kulturarvsbyggnader anpassas till moderna behov utan att förlora sitt kulturhistoriska värde? 2- Vilka specifika utmaningar och möjligheter finns i bevarandet av Sveriges kulturarvsbyggnader? -Metod: För att kunna besvara de ovanstående frågorna krävs det en djupgående teoretisk förståelse som bygger på litteraturstudier och dokumentanalys, samt insamling av data från vetenskapliga artiklar och tidigare studier/projekt som behandlar ämnet. Dessutom kommer intervjuer att genomföras med flera relevanta personer inom ämnet. Insamling av information från respondenterna kommer att bidra genom deras expertis och erfarenhet inom detta område. -Resultat: Resultaten av studien

How can our water consumption become more sustainable? How can our consumption of drinking water decrease? With increasing temperatures, climate changes, and population growth the questions becomes more important. To address this, a suggestion of reducing our drinking water consumption by utilizing rainwater is proposed. Rainwater can be used to flush our toilets, to wash clothes, and for irrigation. How do we harvest rainwater? A gravity driven pilot-scale membrane facility has been installed at Kemicentrum in Lund consisting of two collection/storage tanks, one membrane tank and a permeate tank. Rooftop runoff from approximately 300 m2 was collected through the gutter system, redirected to the facility. The facility has a capacity of storing 5 m3 raw rainwater and 1 m3 filtered rainwater. The membrane is a ceramic silicon carbide membrane, consisting of 42 flat sheets with 0.1 µm pore size and a total 6.9 m2 membrane area, submerged in a tank with rainwater. The facility is entirely driven from the hydrostatic pressure from the water level above the membrane making the process uncomplicated and energy cheap. No pumps are required except an automatic pump which supplies two toilets with filtered rainwater by demand. During the study no cleaning of the membrane have been needed and hence no chemicals have been added to the system. In this study, the membrane performance with tap water and rainwater have been compared in terms of hydraulics and an analysis of the physico-chemical properties of the water before and after filtration have been conducted. The results from the physico-chemical analysis of unfiltered and filtered rainwater showed that the raw rainwater contained suspended particles, low pH, turbid appearance, and bad odor. The filtered rainwater was transparent and had a neutral pH and no odor. The hydraulic analysis showed that flux and permeability increased with increased water head. The ceramic membrane operated with hydrostatic pressure successfully f, Hur kan vår vattenanvändning bli mer hållbar? Hur kan vi minska vår förbrukning av dricksvatten? Med stigande temperaturer, klimatförändringar och ökande befolkning blir dessa frågor allt viktigare. Ett förslag är att dra ner på vår dricksvattenkonsumption genom att använda regnvatten. Regnvatten kan användas till att spola i våra toalettstolar, till tvättmaskiner och till bevattning. Men hur kan regnvatten samlas in? En membrananläggning i pilotskala driven av gravitationskraft har installerats på Kemicentrum i Lund, bestående av två insamlings-/lagringstankar, en membrantank och en permeat tank. Regnvattnet är takavrinning från ca 300 m2 takyta som samlades in via stuprören som letts in till anläggningen. Anläggningen har en volymskapacitet på 5 m3 för lagring av ofiltrerat regnvatten samt 1 m3 för filtrerat regnvatten. Membranet är ett keramiskt plattmembran av kiselkarbid med en porstorlek på 0,1 µm. Membranmodulen består av 42 plattor med en total membranarea på 6,9 m2 och är nedsänkt i membrantanken. Anläggningen drivs helt av det hydrostatiska trycket som uppstår från höjdskillnaden mellan vattennivån ovanför membranet och vattennivån i permeattanken, vilket gör processen okomplicerad och energibesparande. Den enda elektriciteten som används är en automatisk pump som försörjer två toaletter med filtrerat regnvatten efter behov. Under studien har ingen rengöring av membranet behövts och därmed har inga kemikalier tillsatts i systemet. I denna studie har membranets prestanda med rent vatten och regnvatten jämförts och en analys av vattnets fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper före och efter filtrering har utförts. Resultaten från den fysikalisk-kemiska analysen av ofiltrerat och filtrerat regnvatten visade att regnvattnet innehöll partiklar, vilket gjorde att regnvattnet hade ett något surt pH-värde, grumligt utseende och dålig lukt. Det filtrerade vattnet var å andra sidan transparent och hade ett neutralt pH-värde och ingen lukt. Prestandatesterna visade att vatten, Gravitationsdrivna keramiska filter möjliggör användning av regnvatten i toalettstolar och tvättmaskiner Genom att använda regnvatten kan den dagliga dricksvattenanvändningen minska med ca 30%. Regnvatten kan samlas in i vattentankar och filtreras genom nedsänkta mikrofilter membran. Membranen som drivs av det gravitationsskapade vattenpelartryck i vattentanken ger redan vid 15 cm vattenpelare 9 L/min vilket möjliggör en toalettspolning varje minut. Varje dag förbrukar vi i genomsnitt 140 L livsmedelsklassat dricksvatten per person i Sverige. Av dessa 140 L står toalettspolning för 30 L och klädtvätt för 15 L. Med fler torra somrar och brist på vatten både i Sverige och i övriga världen ökar trycket på att säkra dricksvattentillgången. Samtidigt drabbas vi av allt mer intensiva skyfall som ger översvämningar som riskerar att förorena våra vattenreservoarer och förstöra egendomar. En lösning på ovannämnda problem är att dra nytta av regnet. Genom att samla in regnvatten ges avloppen mer tid att ta hand om vattnet samtidigt som det insamlade regnet kan användas i våra hushåll även när tillgången till dricksvatten är sämre. Vattnet i våra toalettstolar och det till våra tvättmaskiner kräver inte samma hög kvalitét som vattnet vi dricker och istället kan regnvatten användas. På så vis tas ett steg mot en mer hållbar vattenanvändning. På Kemicentrum i Lund installerades en anläggning för insamlande av takavrinning för att ersätta dricksvattnet i två toalettstolar. För varje millimeter regn som faller på takets yta kan ca 270 L takavrinning samlas in. Regnvattnet som samlades in från taket och ner via stuprännor in till anläggningen var grumligt och illaluktande. Det renades upp genom att tryckas igenom ett keramiskt plattmembran med hjälp av trycket från vattenpelaren över membranet, skapat av gravitionskraften. Membranet fungerar som ett mycket fint kaffefilter. Vatten passerar igenom membranet medan de oönskade partiklarna stannar kvar. Det renade vattnet samlades i en

This master's thesis, in collaboration with Comsys AB, examines the optimal size of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for two services - energy shifting and constant power delivery across the four price areas SE1, SE2, SE3, and SE4 in Sweden. For energy shifting applications, the optimal storage capacities were found to be 20 MWh (2 MWh/MW) in SE1, SE2, and SE4. However, a 0.5 MWh/MW storage to power ratio in SE3 was optimal. The energy shifting scenario has a possible market size of 116 40-foot containers, amounting to a market size of $58 million. Under high solar energy penetration scenarios, profitability improved in northern regions. An optimal capacity of 40 MWh (4 MWh/MW) was found for constant power supply, necessitating 397 containers and translating to a market size of $244 million. The study concludes that a 2 MWh/MW ratio for energy shifting and 4 MWh/MW for constant power supply are optimal, suggesting increased solar energy penetration could enhance BESS's financial viability in northern Sweden., This master’s thesis project was carried out in cooperation with Comsys AB to investigate the optimum size of a battery energy storage system (BESS) coupled with a 10 MW solar farm in Sweden. The current transition to renewable energy sources, such as solar, poses new challenges to the power grid. For example, how do we meet the morning and evening high energy demand when the sun shines during the day? This set of opposite patterns creates an imbalance that could have a negative effect on power quality and availability to customers. Battery energy storage system is regarded as one of the best solutions to this problem due to its ability to provide a range of critical services (Stecca et al., 2020). Two of these services were studied in this work, namely energy shifting and constant power supply. The BESS used for energy shifting allows for storing solar energy during low prices and discharging the energy during high price periods (Asian Development Bank, 2018). The low-price periods typically occur at night and around noon when people are at work (low-demand periods). On the other hand, high price periods occur at times when people get ready for work in the morning and when they come home in the evening (Nord Pool | Day-ahead prices). These spot price fluctuations allow shifting energy to the hours when it is the most financially profitable, thus making the system more attractive for investors. At the same time, it allows energy to be stored when there is not as much need for it and discharged when we need it. This helps the system to meet the peak demand and avoid the employment of fossil fuel technologies (Borkowski, Oramus and Brzezinka, 2023). The second studied service - constant power supply- is highly relevant for the future with high solar energy penetration and limited “firm power” supply (e.g., nuclear and fossil fuels). The purpose of BESS in this case is to provide this secure power by storing and discharging the energy in the battery to keep injecting p

In complex product development, effective integration between design and pro- duction is crucial to minimizing time and costs. This project focuses on SAAB Kockums (SK), a global player in submarine manufacturing, aiming to identify and propose improvements for the development opportunities related to the de- sign and production guidelines (KPA) for piping systems. The purpose is to explore the development opportunities SK has in terms of colla- boration between design and production. By analyzing the existing piping system KPA, several improvement opportunities have been identified that can lead to time efficiency and economic benefits for the company. The focus has been on finding solutions that facilitate the manufacturing and assembly of piping systems, as well as simplifying the work for constructors. The analysis shows that by further developing the identified opportunities, SK can improve the transition from design to production. This is particularly important for piping systems, where the complexity and need for precision are high. The final recommendations include continued improvement of communication between departments, implementation of new materials, continuous evaluations and im- provements, new designs, and optimized delivery and handling of multiclamps. Additionally, improved sorting of extension nuts and efficient warehouse manage- ment are suggested to reduce assembly workers’ search time and minimize the risk of incorrect use of components. In summary, improving the piping system KPA and increasing integration between product development and production can lead to significant benefits for SK in terms of both time efficiency and economic gains. By implementing the proposed measures, SK can ensure a more efficient and cost-effective production process.

This thesis investigates the integration of machine learning (ML)-based compression on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to enhance bandwidth compression of data, a crucial aspect in scientific research where large amounts of data are produced in real-time. The compression tool Baler, utilizing autoencoders for ML-based compression, is designed to handle scientific data efficiently. By combining the adaptability of ML models with the computational efficiency of FPGAs, this thesis aims to evaluate the performance of Baler's bandwidth compression. The thesis work reveals that smaller models can effectively fit onto the FPGA, resulting in a throughput increase of 16.9 times compared to a CPU in a desktop computer. This significant improvement demonstrates the potential of FPGA-accelerated ML solutions. Key factors influencing optimal FPGA performance, including model size, precision levels, and clock period, were identified. This thesis lays a foundation for further developing hardware implementation of the Baler algorithm, suggesting that the convergence of ML and FPGA technology holds significant potential for enabling more efficient hardware-accelerated ML solutions., Machine learning is a well-known concept that you probably have heard a lot about. Have you ever wondered how scientists are harnessing the power of machine learning to revolutionize data compression? This thesis explores integrating machine learning-based compression with Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to enhance bandwidth compression, which is crucial for scientific research where vast amounts of data are generated rapidly in real-time.

Scania has always been susceptible to damages caused by storms along its coasts which also holds true for the east coast in Scania where there is a great need of coastal protection for households and infrastructure alike. One example is the Kivik waste water treatment plant (WWTP) which is a newly built establishment with glass windows situated 30 meters from the east coast and provides its services to 7500 people. However there are new challenges for coastal protection with climate change causing the sea to creep closer and extreme storms occurring more frequently . This was made painfully clear on the 20:th of October when the storm Babet that hit Kivik with waves that reached height of 3.6 meters and water levels reaching 116 cm above the mean sea level. Damages were abundant along the coast and even though Kivik WWTP came out unscathed there were rocks and pebbles along the glass facade that warned of the possibility of failure. The protecting rock revetment had also been undermined during the storm which leads to the need of new protection. The possibility to use vegetation as coastal protection is fairly unexplored but can be a viable solution in many parts of the world. A model in the modeling software XBeach was created to simulated the dampening effect three different types of vegetation had. The plants that were decided to be simulated were willow trees, low reeds in form of a salt marsh and bushes. The model showed that the reduction in wave height could reach around 50\% through the 13 meter long vegetation field, a number that was similar regardless of which plant that was simulated. It was therefore concluded that vegetation is a viable option as coastal protection. It was not clear however which type of plant that would be best suited for the local conditions at Kivik WWTP. To determine this, it is recommended to do throughout experimentation with the vegetation that is planed to be used for every case that wants to utilize vegetation as coastal prote, Kiviks reningsverk som ligger på Skånes östkust drabbades av en storm 20:e oktober 2023 som nästan skadade reningsverket. Stormen visade på behovet att förstärka det befintliga kustskyddet för framtida stormar. I denna studie undersöks ifall vegetation kan användas för att skydda reningsverket. Växter som planteras vid kustlinjen kommer att dämpa våghöjden genom den friktionskraft som uppstår mellan vattnet och växterna. Vågdämpningsförmågan beror på många faktorer såsom våghöjd och vilken typ av växt man använder. Därför undersöktes flera typer av växter för att få en bättre förståelse av vad som passar bäst. Eftersom det finns så många faktorer som påverkar dämpningen så har modelleringspogram används som simulerar det scenario man vill designa för. Växter väljs baserat på hur stabila dem kommer vara under stormförhållanden, hur väl de fungerar i det lokala ekosystemet samt dess vågdämpande förmåga. Man kan identifiera vilka typer av växter som trivs i närområdet genom att se hur vanligt det är att dem växer där. Tillslut valdes tre typer av växter som skulle undersökas, vass, buskar och pilträd. Det finns andra fallstudier som har undersökt egenskaperna hos de växterna som ska användas vid Kiviks reningsverk vilket kan användas för att jämföra resultat. Genom att studera topografi och vågförhållanden kan optimal placering av vegetationen uppskattas. Området som valdes ut för att simulera växterna låg precis vid stranden strax innan reningsverket och hade en längd på 13 meter. Förhållandena för de olika växterna var de samma för varje undersökt scenario så att en rättvis jämförelse skulle kunna göras. Det valda scenariot hade inkommande vågor på cirka en meters höjd som sänktes när vågen färdades genom den planterade vegetationen. Den vågdämpande förmågan varierade något mellan växterna. Vågor kunde dämpas med 50% vilket innebär att vågorna är 0,5 meter höga istället för en meter efter de färdats igenom den planterade vegetationen, detta gällde för samtliga typer

Examensarbetet undersöker hur passagerare med större föremål påverkar på- och avstigningstider på Öresundståg vid Lund C. Resultaten visar att tiden blir längre om det finns minst en belastad passagerare i flödet som stiger på eller av tåget. Påstigningen blir då i genomsnitt 1,43 sekunder och för avstigning 1,40 sekunder. Om man jämför detta med tiderna det tar för obelastade passagerare, som har i genomsnitt en påstigning på 1,25 sekunder och avstigning 1,29 sekunder, ökar påstigningen med cirka 14 % och avstigningen med cirka åtta procent om det finns en belastad passagerare i flödet som stiger på eller av tåget. Undersökningen visar att alla typer av hjälpmedel påverkar tiderna, men på grund av få observationer av vissa kategorier, som rullstolar och barnvagnar, är resultaten för dessa inte statistiskt signifikanta. Av resultatet fick man fram att rullstol är det kategori som påverkar tiden för på- och avstigning mest, men eftersom resultatet inte blev statistiskt signifikant finns det en stor risk att detta resultat skedde på grund av slumpen. Litteraturstudien och platsbesök visade hur ett Öresundståg är tillgänglighetsanpassad, och resultatet från dataanalysen visade att anpassningarna på tåget fungerar. Majoriteten av passagerare med större föremål använder de tillgänglighetsanpassade dörrarna två, tre och sex, där golvet är i nivå med plattformskanten, vilket resulterar i kortare på- och avstigningstider. Detta bekräftar tidigare studier om att dörrarnas utformning påverkar tiderna. Metodvalet inkluderade dataanalys med data från en observationsstudie med drönarfilmning, och en litteraturstudie för att besvara hur på- och avstigningstiden påverkas av passagerare med större föremål. Trots begränsningar i dataomfattning och kvalitet gav studien användbara insikter om tillgängligheten på Öresundståg och hur tiderna påverkas av dessa passagerare., The thesis investigates how passengers with larger items affect boarding and alighting times on Öresundståg at Lund C. The results show that the time increases when there is at least one loaded passenger in the flow boarding or alighting the train. The average boarding time is then 1.43 seconds, and the average alighting time is 1.40 seconds. Compared to the times for unloaded passengers, who take an average of 1.25 seconds to board and 1.29 seconds to alight, the boarding time increases by approximately 14% and the alighting time by approximately eight percent when there is a loaded passenger in the flow. The study shows that all types of assistive devices affect the times, but due to few observations of certain categories, such as wheelchairs and strollers, the results for these are not statistically significant. The results indicated that wheelchairs have the greatest impact on boarding and alighting times, but since the results were not statistically significant, there is a high risk that this result occurred by chance. The literature review and site visits demonstrated how an Öresundståg is accessibility-adapted, and the data analysis results showed that the train's adaptations are effective. The majority of passengers with larger items use the accessibility-adapted doors two, three, and six, where the floor is level with the platform edge, resulting in shorter boarding and alighting times. This confirms previous studies that the design of the doors affects the times. The chosen methodology included data analysis from an observational study using drone filming and a literature review to answer how boarding and alighting times are affected by passengers with larger items. Despite limitations in data scope and quality, the study provided useful insights into the accessibility of Öresundståg and how these passengers affect the times.

This project is an exploration of what product longevity is, the role of the user and how to design for a desired behaviour. This project is conducted through two parts. The first part aims to learn from professionals in the field through a study trip to Stockholm and Östersund, whereas the second part presents a chance to portray these findings through the development of a physical object in co-operation with Trangia. The factors found in the first part, that is believed to affect how we care for products, are many. For this realisation, three of the factors were selected to be reflected on and implemented in a physical object. Sharing, creating memories and telling stories. This project illustrates the importance of reflecting on user behaviour as a designer to understand the implications of a relationship to a product and how this affects product longevity. The result is a concept for a large-scale alcohol stove, providing the opportunity to cook for more people, having something to gather around to tell stories and a platform for creating memories.

Behovet av förnybar energi är stort och förväntas öka i framtiden. I Sverige står vattenkraft för en betydande andel av elproduktionen, där anläggningarna ofta innebär fysiska hinder för vandringsberoende fiskarter. För att bibehålla elproduktionen och samtidigt säkerställa god konnektivitet i vattendragen krävs väl fungerande migrationslösningar förbi kraftverken, både för uppströmsvandrande och nedströmsvandrande fisk. En typisk migrationslösning för nedströmsvandrande fisk består av ett avledargaller och en flyktränna. Avledargallret hindrar fisk från att simma in i turbinintaget och leder fisken till flyktrännan. Flyktrännan är tänkt att leda fiskarna förbi kraftverket och ner i vattendraget i en sektion nedströms. I detta arbete ligger fokus på utvärdering av optimal utformning av flyktrännor samt framtagning av beräkningsmetoder som på ett effektivt sätt möjliggör god återgivning av strömningsvärden i rännorna. Specifikt utvärderas 1D-modellering i programvaran HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System) för detta ändamål. Beräkningarna i detta examensarbete utgår från fyra flyktrännor som inmätts i fält. Med utgångspunkt i den inmätta geometrin och randvillkoren beräknades flöde, vattenhastighet och ytvattenprofil för rännorna. Beräkningsresultatet validerades mot inmätta värden av flöde, vattenhastighetsvärden och en ytvattenprofil från samma flyktrännor som beräkningarna utgick ifrån. En enklare litteraturanalys genomfördes även för att undersöka vilka designkriterier som bedöms vara viktiga att uppfylla, för att sedan jämföra hur väl de besökta anläggningarna lever upp till dessa kriterier. Resultaten från modellen i HEC-RAS och övriga beräkningsmetoder var varierande; de gav bra representation på vissa sträckor och kraftverk men sämre på andra. Modellering i HEC-RAS som metod visar på god potential och gav överlag bättre resultat än övriga beräkningsmetoder. Sämre överensstämmelse kunde dock noteras vid sektioner med abrupt förändring av, The need for renewable energy is substantial and is expected to increase in the future. In Sweden, hydropower accounts for a significant portion of the energy production, with facilities often presenting physical barriers to migratory fish species. To maintain electricity production while ensuring good connectivity in watercourses, effective migration solutions past the power plants are required for both upstream and downstream migrating fish. A migration solution for downstream migrating fish generally consists of a fish protection screen and a bypass channel. The fish protection screen prevents fish from swimming into the turbine intake and leads them to the bypass channel. The bypass channel is intended to guide the fish past the power plant and back into a downstream section of the watercourse. This work focuses on evaluating the optimal design of fish bypass channels and the development of calculation methods that facilitate accurate representation of flow values in the channel. Specifically, 1D modeling in the HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System) software is evaluated for this purpose. Calculations are based on four field-surveyed bypass channels. By using the measured geometry and boundary conditions, flow, water velocity values, and a water surface profile for the channels were calculated. These results were then validated against measured values of flow, water velocity, and the water surface profile from the same bypass channels. A brief literature review was also conducted to examine which design criteria are important to meet, and then to compare how well the visited facilities meet these criteria. The results from the HEC-RAS model and other calculation methods varied; while they provided accurate representations on some stretches and at certain power plants, they were less accurate on others. Modeling in HEC-RAS as a method shows good potential and overall yielded better results than other calculation methods. However, less accu, Tusentals fiskar dör eller skadas varje år när de tvingas passera vattenkraftverkens turbiner på sin väg mot havet. Samtidigt spelar vattenkraft en viktig roll för Sveriges elproduktion. Ett sätt att bibehålla elproduktionen och samtidigt möjliggöra fiskvandring nedströms är att anlägga passager som leder fisken förbi kraftverken. Många har säkert hört talas om fisktrappor och omlöp. Båda dessa begrepp beskriver olika typer av fiskvandringsvägar. Gemensamt är dock att de främst är utformade för uppströmsvandrande fisk. Vandringsvägar för nedströmsvandrande fisk, ofta kallade nedströmspassager, är betydligt mer sällsynta. Saknas vandringsvägar för nedströmsvandrande fisk blir fiskarna tvungna att passera turbinerna i vattenkraftverken, vilket ofta leder till hög dödlighet. En nedströmspassage består vanligtvis av ett galler som hindrar fisk från att simma in i turbinintaget och en ränna, en så kallad flyktränna, som transporterar fisken förbi kraftverket till en nedströms sektion av vattendraget. Vattnet som passerar i flyktrännan genererar ingen el och minskar intäkterna för vattenkraftbolagen. Av den anledningen är det fördelaktigt om ett så litet flöde som möjligt rinner i rännan. Samtidigt måste fiskarna som vandrar i vattendraget hitta rännan, våga simma in i rännan och samtidigt inte skadas under passagen. Här finns det potential för utveckling, och det är detta som undersökts i detta arbete. Genom att gå igenom olika studier och vägledningsdokument kunde det konstateras att olika flödesparametrar har stor betydelse för hur väl flyktrännorna fungerar. Det rör sig om parametrar som vattenhastighet, vattendjup, bredd och acceleration. För att dessa parametrar ska uppnå lämpliga värden är det viktigt att de beräknas på ett korrekt och exakt sätt. I detta arbete undersöktes olika beräkningsmetoder genom att jämföra beräknade värden av de nämnda parametrarna med uppmätta värden från flyktrännor inmätta i fält. Resultatet visade att modelleringsprogramvaran HEC-RAS g

This study analyses walking in three different city districts to see if there is any difference in walking that can be related to the structure of the district. The three districts analysed vary in structure, with one of them being historical, while the others being built in the 1970’s. With the help of travel data, walking in the three districts are analysed regarding trip distance, distribution of errands and transport mode. In addition, a graphic analysis of the trips is made to find a correlation to the built environment. The result gives some insight to travel distance and characteristics of a district that correlate to an increased use of walking

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) is a method to stimulate the body's muscles using bursts of electricity on the skin that can strengthen the muscles, increase coordination, and simulate human muscle movement to prevent the formation of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DTV). Electrically sensitive skin areas, called Motor Points (MP), must be stimulated to achieve a robust muscular response and decrease perceived discomfort. Conventionally, locating MPs is done using a search pen, which is a slow and time-consuming process. This study investigates using a baseline automatic search algorithm to locate the motor points by utilizing flex sensors to measure plantar flexion (PF) response when electrically stimulating the muscles in the calf. Furthermore, signal processing is utilized to enhance accuracy and attempt to reduce search time. A total of 120 searches using the baseline algorithm and signal processing were conducted on three individuals to evaluate the accuracy of locating the MPs. This study demonstrates that performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) on the sensor data enhances the detection of PF and, thus, the location of MP's at low current amplitude. Further research is warranted to enhance accuracy and search time by utilizing multi-electrode stimulation and machine learning in decision-making., Reducing the risk of blood clot formation using electrical stimulation, a comfortable substitute for movement-impaired people In today's society, where one out of four people succumbs to blood clot-related conditions, with 60% of these cases occurring during or after hospitalization, the need for a solution is pressing. The primary cause of these clots is a lack of muscle movement in the legs. Prolonged blood flow interruption can cause blood to pool and form clots. This thesis delves into the potential of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) to emulate muscular movement in a comfortable manner, thereby significantly reducing the risk of blood clot formation and potentially saving lives. The use of electricity to stimulate muscles has its roots in the late 18th century when Luigi Galvani demonstrated that electrical impulses could create muscle movement in frog legs. Since these discoveries, electrical stimulation has been widely used, from strengthening the muscles through post-surgical procedures to relieving muscle pain. However, as the method uses electrical pulses directly on the skin, it is often perceived as rather uncomfortable when the strength of the electrical pulse is high. Through discoveries made from previous research, it is known that areas on the skin are extra sensitive to electrical stimulations, resulting in muscle movement at low intensity, making it more comfortable; these areas are called muscular Motor Points (MPs). This study evaluates different methods of automatically locating these motor points by utilizing several electrodes and measuring the muscle response upon stimulation. The results demonstrate promising results but highlight the importance of further research to enhance the performance. Using signal processing on the data gathered from the muscle response, the number of times the correct motor points were found increased by 45\% compared to simply analyzing the raw response. It is essential to locate and isolate the actual m

We study opinion dynamics in social networks using a version of the concatenated Friedkin-Johnsen model, where the opinion evolution of the participating agents is allowed to continue over sequences of related issues. These agents have a certain associated stubbornness that anchors them to their initial opinion, which we allow them to update between issues. The central purpose of the present work is to investigate the dynamics of this update, or in other words how different stubbornnessupdating functions affect the behaviour of the model. For two convex and concave families of updating functions, we numerically explore which conditions guarantee that the agents will reach consensus, and conclude that the chosen functions can be well-approximated by linear ones with regard to consensus convergence criteria. We also study how dynamic stubbornness affects the depolarizing properties of the model, and show that agents becoming more stubborn does not always lead to more polarized opinion distributions. Lastly, we introduce a version of the model where dissatisfied agents entirely refuse to change their opinion until other agents approach their position enough. For this model, we provide some sufficient conditions for consensus, and give numerical examples that illustrate its oscillatory behaviour.

Amine transaminases are valuable biocatalysts in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of chiral amines. Their high regioselectivity and inherent regeneration of cofactor pose them as a greener alternative to the chemical synthesis. However, their application is hampered by their limited stability and narrow substrate scope and product inhibition. Recently, a stable tetrameric amine transaminase from Burkholderia multivorans CGD1, ATA-10, was identified and characterised. ATA-10 bears many characteristics attractive for industrial application. However, expression of ATA-10 by our group initially showed only poor recombinant expression in Escherichia coli. In this work, the improvement of stability of the ATA-10 is examined. Firstly, supplementation of the co-factor, pyridoxal 5’–phosphate, was employed. Cultures with PLP supplementation at the beginning of the growth phase and before the induction phase at concentrations 0.01-1 mM were tested. Supplementation of the cofactor during cultivation didn’t alter the target protein yield in the soluble protein fraction, which remained around 60% across all conditions. The effect of the cofactor was evident for the folding stability of the enzyme, as the activity was elevated when PLP was supplemented in the growth medium. This activity was linearly increased to the increase of PLP concentration, and the effect was more pronounced when PLP was added in the beginning of the culture. A potential inhibitory effect of high PLP concentrations was observed only during the induction phase, where 10 mM PLP resulted to halved growth. Highest activity was observed for ATA-10 produced in the presence of 1 mM PLP supplemented from the beginning of cultivation. Purification of ATA-10 was achieved but complicated because of interference of PLP with the UV signal. To improve the stability of the ATA-10 for production processes, immobilization on hydrophilic carriers was carried out. Among the carriers, polyacrylic beads demonstra, Enzymes are nature’s most versatile biocatalysts. These biomolecules act like tiny, specialized machines, each designed to perform a specific task with incredible precision and speed. In industrial processes, enzymes are important because they make chemical reactions happen faster and under milder conditions, saving energy and reducing the need for harsh chemicals. This makes the process like making medicines, cleaning products or even biofuels more effective, environmentally friendly and cost-effective. In drug development, the high specificity of the enzymes is used to produce the right structure of molecules that delivers the desired effect, as the mirror-image of that molecule can be harmful. One such enzyme important in the pharmaceutical industry is transaminase. Transaminases facilitate the transfer of amino groups between molecules. This simple reaction is particularly valuable to produce chiral amines, that can be found in more than 40% of pharmaceuticals. However, like all machines, enzymes can sometimes be finicky, struggling with efficiency and durability, which has been the main obstacle so far to ditching harmful chemical processes. Particularly, transaminases struggle with stability and solubility. In simple terms, an enzyme needs to dissolve well in a solution (solubility) and maintain its structure and activity over time (stability) to be effective. If an enzyme precipitates out of solution or loses its function quickly, it becomes less useful, driving up costs and reducing efficiency in industrial processes. For that reason, a lot of research is devoted in improving the enzymes produced in model microorganisms. Here, we tried to improve the stability of a transaminase isolated from the bacterium Burkholderia multivorans CDG1. This transaminase is particularly interesting for industrial use as it can maintain activity at very high temperatures and can be applied for a wide range of molecules. Firstly, we tried to improve stability by the addition of

Today’s security systems generate system logs that contain information about important events such as intrusion attempts and hardware failures. However, the large volume of data makes manual analysis impractical. Instead, this thesis proposes a method of using AI for classification. Building on previous research, a transformer model has been integrated with a hyperspherical loss function and a Large Language Model (LLM). This combination handles the context of new logs and enhances the detection of anomalies. In collaboration with Advenica, the work contributes to the cybersecurity field by integrating a transformer model with a previously proposed embedding approach to create a model with better accuracy than previous approaches. The model demonstrated an overall improvement in performance on both benchmark datasets (HDFS and BGL) when concept drift was not considered, with F1- scores of 0.931 compared to 0.766 for HDFS, and 0.952 compared to 0.694 for BGL. When concept drift was taken into account, the F1-scores were 0.831 compared to 0.807 for HDFS, and 0.871 compared to 0.721 for BGL.

Auditory attention detection is crucial for understanding speech in noisy environments, a challenge known as the "cocktail party problem." This project investigates the use of electroencephalography (EEG) to identify which speaker a listener attends to. EEG’s portability and real-time recording capabilities make it a promising tool for practical applications. We propose a novel neural network model for auditory attention detection using EEG data. The model reconstructs the attended speech envelope while simultaneously classifying attended vs. unattended speech. It incorporates a contrastive learning loss function (SigLIP), which, to our knowledge, has not been previously applied to EEG-based auditory attention detection. The model architecture combines convolutional, fully connected, and attention layers. Evaluated on an EEG dataset with 31 subjects, the model achieves a mean accuracy of 68% and a mean correlation of 0.105 between the reconstructed and attended envelopes. This surpasses the baseline performance of linear methods (63% accuracy, 0.084 correlation). These results suggest the potential of contrastive learning for improving auditory attention detection accuracy, warranting further investigation.

Bärighetsmätningar är avgörande för att bedöma vägars kapacitet att hantera ökande trafikbelastningar. Enligt Trafikverket förväntas en ökning av personbilar med 27%, bussar med 17% och godstransporter med 46% fram till år 2040. Denna prognostiserade tillväxt leder till ökat vägslitage vilket i sin tur kräver mer omfattande underhåll och komplexare åtgärder i högtrafikerade områden. Traditionellt används fallviktsmätning för att bedöma vägars bärighet men denna metod kräver trafikledning och ger endast punktvis information om vägens tillstånd. Forskning visar att asfaltens egenskaper påverkas av belastningstid och temperatur vilket gör rullande bärighetsmätningar mer effektiva. Dessa mätningar ger dessutom kontinuerlig data längs hela vägsträckan och minimerar trafikstörningar. Huvudsakligen används två metoder för rullande bärighetsmätningar: Raptor (Rapid Pavement Tester) och TSD (Traffic Speed Deflectometer). TSD mäter hastigheten på deflektioner med dopplerlasrar medan Raptor mäter avståndet till vägytan med linjelasrar. Studien syftar till att undersöka relationen mellan vägmaterialens styvhet och deras respons på belastningar med fokus på teoretiskt beräknade Raptor-mätvärden. Målet är att direkt kunna använda mätdatan för att få en översiktlig bild av vägens tillstånd och identifiera lager med nedsatt bärighet. Det finns tolv lasrar monterade på Raptor fordonet som inte mäter deflektioner utan i stället genererar så kallade RDI:er (Raptor deflection indicies). Mätningar från tre lasrar på en balk kan kombineras för att beräkna en RDI. För att sedan särskilja mellan olika RDI-värden som beräknas från olika kombinationer av lasrar, används index som representera laserpositionerna i förhållande till lasthjulets placering. Totalt genereras 22 olika RDI-värden som delas in i tre grupper: symmetriska, osymmetriska och stora RDI:er. Genom Harr’s algoritm kan dessa RDI-värden beräknas med deflektioner. I detta arbete undersöktes möjligheten att upprätta relationer me

The rapid climate changes that are now occurring are linked by most climate scientists to increased levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, something the construction industry is a strong contributor to. The construction industry also generates a lot of waste. A simple way to quickly reduce the climate impact from the construction industry can be to reduce the amount of waste. The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate what opportunities a structural engineer has to prevent waste in a construction project. The study shows that it is possible to minimize the amount of waste generated and that the building's climate impact can be reduced through waste minimisation. The study also shows that it is theoretically possible to reuse or recycle a large part of the waste that arises from common building materials., De snabba klimatförändringar som nu sker kopplas av de flesta klimatforskare ihop med ökad halt av växthusgaser i atmosfären, något byggbranschen är starkt bidragande till. Byggbranschen ger också upphov till mycket avfall, år 2020 uppgick bygg- och rivningsavfallet till 14, 2 miljoner ton vilket motsvarar 40 procent av allt genererat avfall i Sverige. Enligt Boverkets miljöindikatorer verkar mängden bygg- och rivningsavfall dessutom ha ökat med 60 procent under perioden 2014-2020. Ett enkelt sätt att snabbt minska klimatpåverkan från byggbranschen kan vara att minska på avfallsmängderna. Att som byggkonstruktör uppfylla det tekniska egenskapskrav om bärförmåga, stadga och beständighet som formuleras i Plan- och bygglagen liksom att bidra till att flera andra egenskapskrav uppfylls är självklart. Numera är det heller inte ovanligt att byggkonstruktören måste ta ställning till byggnadens klimatpåverkan under projekteringen. Men kan konstruktören också genom medvetna val minimera det avfall om byggnaden ger upphov till? Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vilka möjligheter en konstruktör har att redan på ritbordet minska byggprojektets avfallsmängder. I brist på representativ avfallsstatistik i Sverige har spillfaktorn i Boverkets klimatdatabas använts för att beräkna och jämföra genererade avfallsmängder. Dessutom har avfallets klimatpåverkan bestämts. Studien visar att det är möjligt att minimera uppkomna avfallsmängder och att byggnadsdelens klimatpåverkan kan sänkas genom avfallsminimering. Men att det kan vara svårt att värdera vilket alternativ som har minst miljö- och klimatpåverkan. Studien visar också att det är teoretiskt möjligt att återbruka eller materialåtervinna en stor del av det avfall som uppkommer från vanliga byggnadsmaterial.

Impacts of disasters are felt acutely at community level, as a consequence communities in the Philippines are among the most affected by the increase in disaster risks. This realization led to an increase of community-based approaches, such as community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM). However, literature acknowledges a recurring failure of projects to be sustainable long-term, attributed to a lack of trust in implementers, lowering the motivation of communities to commit. Therefore, this research explores the role of trust in achieving sustainable CBDRM for the case of four communities in Pangasinan, Philippines. Based on the literature, a conceptual framework was created and adapted according to findings through two focus group discussions and 15 key informant interviews with community members, CBDRM implementers, and duty-bearers. The role of trust was identified by analyzing the data following Creswell (2013) and relating it to other relevant factors for the CBDRM sustainability in terms of horizontal trust and vertical trust. Interviewees identified the importance of awareness, linked to knowledge on vulnerabilities and disasters, which they also related to perceived source trustworthiness. Furthermore, an interactive relationship with trust and meaningful, inclusive, and accessible participation was highlighted and considered to significantly contribute to CBDRM sustainability. Political complexities that impact trust levels show the need for an enabling environment and a stricter policy implementation to enhance sustainability. While the role of trust in achieving sustainable CBDRM in this research is considered substantial, more research on different aspects of trust and especially within other contexts is needed., Because of disasters, rural communities in the Philippines experience a lot of losses. Since the communities know best about their own needs and resources, approaches like ‘community-based disaster risk management’ (CBDRM) aim to include the communities in all steps of developing disaster risk management plans. You can imagine it like this: a CBDRM implementing organization visits a community to analyze the risks and resources with them and write a disaster risk management plan together. This sounds nice – but even though projects often work well while the organization is in the community they often fail once organizations leave. Experts believe that this is due to a lack of trust in the implementing organization, leading to a lack of commitment. This research asked community members, people working in CBDRM organizations, and local government officials in four rural communities in the Philippines about their perspectives on what role trust plays in the outcome of CBDRM projects through interviews and focus group discussions. Trust is a critical factor in influencing the sustainability of CBDRM projects, but more factors that influence the CBDRM sustainability and connections between all of these were found. Overall, this research found that the sustainability of CBDRM is related to: 1) Information, knowledge, and awareness of the disasters 2) Meaningful participation in terms of it being accessible and contextually adapted 3) Frameworks, and policies to create an enabling environment for CBDRM 4) Trust in terms of inter-community trust and vice versa trust between implementers and the community. A close connection between information, knowledge, and awareness of the risks and how this influences both participation and trust was found since if community members do not know about the activities or risks, they would not participate. It became obvious that the inclusiveness, accessibility, and contextual adaptation of activities were crucial for the participation since

An increasing usage of ammonium through societal and industrial development is threatening the water bodies around the world. To protect the aquatic ecosystem and drinking water resources, ammonium can be removed with biological treatment at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The development of WWTPs in the last century is aiming to implement solutions, which are cost and energy efficient, have a small footprint and combine a high removal rate of as many substances as possible. A majority of those requirements can be achieved by implementing biofilm-based biological processes, where the microorganisms grow as biofilms on installed supporting material inside the reactors. One example of a biofilm process is the Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), in which the supporting material comes in the form of carriers with a large protected surface area for biofilm to grow on. The fact that the growing area for the biofilm is limited to the inner surface of the carriers is a potential drawback for MBBRs. A recent development in biofilm process technologies is the AnoxKaldnes CellaTM technology (by Veolia Water Technologies). Cella is a biofilm process similar to the MBBR, in which biofilm is retained on suspended material in the reactors. However, in Cella the support material are irregular particles based on stabilized, recycled biomass. In Cella, the biofilm will grow on the outside of the support material. This results in a more exposed biofilm area, which will increase with increasing biofilm thickness, in contrast to conventional MBBR carriers. To better understand how this new biofilm process behaves and differs from the MBBR, the Cella technology is compared to the conventional MBBR technology, by studying the effect of various operation parameters on nitrification performance in a bench-scale lab system. The overall reactor performance showed earlier biofilm development in the MBBR but a larger nitrification potential of the Cella reactors, independently of their initi, En ökande användning av ammonium genom samhälls- och industriell utveckling hotar utvatten runt om i världen. För att skydda det akvatiska ekosystemet och dricksvattenresurserna kan ammonium avlägsnas med biologisk behandling vid avloppsreningsverk. Utvecklingen av avloppsreningsverk under det senaste århundradet syftar till att implementera lösningar som är kostnads- och energieffektiva, har en liten fotavtryck och kombinerar en hög avlägsnande grad av så många ämnen som möjligt. En majoritet av dessa krav kan uppnås genom att implementera biofilmsbaserade biologiska processer, där mikroorganismer växer som biofilmer på installerat stödmateriel inuti reaktorer. Ett exempel på en biofilmprocess är Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), där stödmaterialet kommer i form av bärare med en stor skyddad yta för biofilm att växa på. Det faktum att växande området för biofilmen är begränsat till den inre ytan av bärarna är en potentiell nackdel för MBBR. En nyare utveckling inom teknik för biofilmprocesser är AnoxKaldnes CellaTM-teknologin (av Veolia Water Technologies). Cella är en biofilmprocess liknande MBBR, där biofilmen behålls på suspenderat material i reaktorerna. Men i Cella är stödmaterialet oregelbundna partiklar baserade på stabiliserat, återvunnet biomassa. I Cella kommer biofilmen att växa på utsidan av stödmaterialet. Detta resulterar i en mer exponerad biofilmområde, vilket ökar med ökad biofilmens tjocklek, till skillnad från konventionella MBBR-bärare. För att bättre förstå hur denna nya biofilmprocess beter sig och skiljer sig från MBBR, jämförs Cella-teknologin med den konventionella MBBR-teknologin genom att studera effekten av olika driftsparametrar på nitrifieringsprestanda i ett bänkskala laboratorie system. Den övergripande reaktorprestandan visade tidigare biofilmutveckling i MBBR men en större nitrifieringspotential för Cella-reaktorerna, oberoende av deras initiala fyllnadsgrad på 3%, 6% och 9%. De utförda cykelstudierna visade en ökning av nitrifier, Refining wastewater treatment: Unveiling the power of external biofilm growth. Refining the biofilm process in wastewater treatment, showed that external growth of the biofilm gave a distinct nitrification advantage, independent of changes in temperature, oxygen dynamics and loads. In the field of environmental sustainability, wastewater treatment stands as a crucial frontier, safeguarding our aquatic ecosystems from the threats of pollution. As urban spaces expand, the demand for efficient wastewater treatment solutions intensifies. In wastewater treatment, microbes are used to remove pollutants from the wastewater. They are growing as slime in the water and feed on the remains from faeces and other things transporter in the wastewater. This slime is called biofilm. Biofilm processes in wastewater treatment are using pipe bits to increase the surface for biofilm growth on. The biofilm only grows on the inside, where it does not get rubbed off. Hence, implementing biofilm processes, offering compact and effective treatment options with the possibility to treat large loads of water, but at the same time their space for biofilm growth is limited. Resent developments allowed external biofilm growth in a novel biofilm technology using pebbles to increase the surface for biofilm to grow on. Allowing biofilm to grow to an unlimited extent, building up on its own previous built structure. In this study, we investigated the microbial activity comparing the novel biofilm technology to a conventional biofilm technology. Over 421 days of experimentation, it was shown that the microbial activity of the novel biofilm technology was constantly higher than in the conventional biofilm technology. Revealing a remarkable increase of microbial activity with up to 40%. The higher activity also led to lower values of pollutants in the effluent water, independent of the pollutant load put onto the system. Despite fluctuations in biofilm thickness, the novel biofilm system demonstrated ro

Till följd av senare tids debatt angående barns försämrade finmotoriska förmågor så har detta arbete som mål att sammankoppla detta med produktdesign och föreslår därmed tre koncept som kan användas för att utveckla barns finmotorik. Detta görs genom att först skapa en underliggande förståelse för finmotorisk förmåga och utveckling genom en explorativ litteraturstudie. Denna del av arbetet klargör varför finmotoriska färdigheter är viktiga, hur de utvecklas samt vilka subkategorier som övergripande finmotorisk förmåga innefattar. En del av litteraturstudien behandlar teknologins påverkan på finmotorisk förmåga vilket belyser varför en fysisk produkt ska utvecklas i motsats till t.ex. en digital applikation. Studien baseras till stor del på fältstudier bedrivna på förskolor i Sverige samt på intervjuer med personal inom arbetsterapi. Dessa intervjuer och fältstudier utgör grunden för fastställandet av användarbehov för leksaker som uppmuntrar till finmotorisk lek. De fastställda användarbehoven samt relevanta implikationer från litteraturstudien används i en omfattande konceptgenereringsprocess då 10 koncept för finmotoriskutveckling presenteras. Tre av dessa koncept utvecklas vidare genom en iterativ prototypframtagningsprocess. Resultatet av detta är 3 slutgiltiga koncept som kan vidareutvecklas till träleksaker som möjliggör övande av finmotorisk färdighet med olika handgrepp i olika åldrar.

The demand for renewable energy is extensive while biodiversity is reclining with unprecedented rates of species and habitat loss. Offshore wind power provides renewable energy while also affecting local marine biodiversity – negatively and positively. The offshore wind power plants contribute to effects such as underwater noise, resuspension and settling of sediment, seabed habitat loss, reef effect caused by introduced hard substrate, indirect effects and cumulative effects. Common measures to minimise the negative effects include for example bubble curtains for noise reduction. To achieve a net positive effect on biodiversity, the reef effect can be enhanced by design of foundation and scour protection as well as through Nature Inclusive Design. Nature Inclusive Design is a collective term that includes structures aimed to contribute with habitat for species and ecosystems. The measures were applied on a case study of a planned offshore wind power project, owned by Eolus. The measures to enhance biodiversity were presented in different layouts. Representatives from the County Administrative Board were interviewed to gather opinions on how Nature Inclusive Design affects the permitting process. A wind power project must be admissible by itself, but the implementation of Nature Inclusive Design in wind power projects could lead to potential advantages in the permitting process if the long-term positive effects are established. It is important to consider the local conditions and the target species in an area in order for the enhancement measures to be effective. By utilising the proposed measures to minimise negative effects and enhance positive effects, a balance regarding renewable energy and enhancement of local biodiversity can be established., Efterfrågan på förnybar energi är stor och samtidigt minskar den biologiska mångfalden i en aldrig tidigare skådad takt, med förlust av arter och livsmiljöer. Havsbaserad vindkraft ger förnybar energi och påverkar samtidigt lokal marin biologisk mångfald – negativt och positivt. Havsbaserade vindkraftsparker bidrar till effekter såsom undervattensbuller, resuspension och pålagring av sediment, förlust av livsmiljöer på havsbotten, reveffekt till följd av införande av hårda substrat, indirekta effekter och kumulativa effekter. Åtgärder för att minimera de negativa effekterna inkluderar bland annat bubbelridåer för bullerreducering. För att uppnå en positiv nettoeffekt på den biologiska mångfalden kan reveffekten förstärkas genom utformning av vindkraftsfundament och erosionsskydd samt med naturinkluderande design (Nature Inclusive Design). Naturinkluderande design är ett samlingsbegrepp som innefattar strukturer som syftar till att bidra med livsmiljöer för arter och ekosystem. Dessa åtgärder tillämpades på en fallstudie av ett planerat havsbaserat vindkraftsprojekt, ägt av Eolus. Åtgärderna för att förbättra den biologiska mångfalden presenterades i olika layouter. Representanter från Länsstyrelsen intervjuades för att samla in synpunkter kring hur naturinkluderande design påverkar tillståndsprocessen. Ett vindkraftsprojekt måste vara tillåtligt i sig, men implementeringen av naturinkluderande design i vindkraftsprojekt kan potentiellt leda till fördelar i tillståndsprocessen om långsiktiga positiva effekter fastställs. Det har också konstaterats att hänsyn till lokala förhållanden och målarterna i ett område är mycket viktigt för att förbättringsåtgärderna ska bli effektiva. Genom att utnyttja de föreslagna åtgärderna för att minimera negativa effekter och förstärka positiva effekter kan en balans uppnås mellan förnybar energi och främjande av lokal biologisk mångfald.

Atomic Layer Etching (ALE) is a self-limiting cyclic dry etching process used in nanofabrication that allows for material etching on the atomic scale in a layer-by-layer regime. In practical applications, such as using commercially available reactive ion etching (RIE) tools, the ion energy in the plasma exceeds the sputtering threshold (typically 20 to 40 eV for Si), leading to a Quasi-ALE (Q-ALE) regime. In this regime, the process steps are not self-limiting, but they are still highly accurate and result in lower damage than RIE. Direct measurements of the ion energy in Q-ALE are thus instrumental in studies of the etching process and the effects of surface damage. In this project, we are trying to achieve damage-free Q-ALE etching that will improve surface roughness by analysing the behaviour of the Si etching process. A damage-free Q-ALE process should be avoided from all sorts of imperfections and altering of the physical, optical, and electronic properties of the material. The project used a commercial Inductively Coupled Plasma RIE tool from Plasma-Therm LLC, USA. The tool operates in a Cl2-molecular activation regime using Ar RF plasma to desorb the etch reaction products in the etch step. Unpatterned silicon-on-insulator (SOI) 10x10 mm2 samples with a 50 nm thick top Si layer were used for the etching experiments and characterised by spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experiments were operated in a 25-cycle mode, which was sufficient to measure the Si thickness difference by ellipsometry using a 4-layer optical model. A retarding field energy analyser (RFEA) from Impedance LLC, Ireland, was installed to measure the Ar+ ion energy distribution function (IEDF) and ion flux at different Q-ALE conditions, such as RF-power and pressure, to understand the behaviour inside of the RIE to achieve damage-free Q-ALE etching. The etched SOI samples' surface composition, surface damage, and surface roughness were characterised by AFM, SEM, Föreställ dig att du försöker skala ett äpple, men i stället för att använda dig utav en kniv för att skala äpplet använder du dig utav ett mer effektivare verktyg, för att undvika att skala bort fruktköttet. För att skala äpplet så tunt som möjligt skulle du behöva ta bort skalet ett litet lager i taget, gärna så tunt som möjlig, så tunt som till fristående atomlager. Detta liknar vad forskare gör med ”Atomic layer etching” inom nanoteknik. ”Atomic layer etching” är en mycket exakt metod för att avlägsna material lager för lager, ner till atomnivån. Det är som att skala ett äpple, men i detta fall består varje lager av atomer. Denna precision är avgörande för att tillverka små enheter som datorkretsar, där varje atom spelar roll när vi kommer ner till nanometerprecision. Men att uppnå denna nivå av precision är inte helt enkelt. Traditionella maskiner tar oftast bort mer material än önskat eftersom systemen som använts inte är gjorda för borttagning av enskilda atomlager och tillför alldeles för mycket energi än vad som behövs och skadar ytan på materialet. Tänk dig att försöka skala ett äpple försiktigt med en motorsåg i stället för en kniv – du kommer förmodligen att ta bort mer än bara skalet, men samtidigt kommer det gå mycket snabbare att ta bort skalet. Det är här ”Quasi-Atomic layer etching” kommer in. Det är en modifierad version av ”Atomic layer etching” som försöker hitta en balans: det är inte perfekt exakt, men mycket bättre än traditionella metoder och orsakar mindre skada. I detta projekt arbetar vi för att göra ”Atomic layer etching” ännu bättre. Genom att använda klassiska halvledarmaterial som kisel arbetar vi för att ta bort atomlager med minimal skada för att förbättra ytkvaliteten. Kisel är ett nyckelmaterial i elektronik, så att göra dess yta så slät som möjligt är viktigt för att tillverka bättre och snabbare enheter. Efter ”Atomic layer etching” undersökte vi kiselns ytor med avancerade tekniker som atomkraftmikroskop och svepelektronmikrosko

The aim of this thesis was to investigate, develop and implement an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) feature for an ultra-light electric vehicle, focusing specifically on an Automatic Emergency Brake (AEB). The fundamental requirements, for an ultra-light electric vehicle, were found and investigated through experiments. A person detection algorithm with camera and LiDAR was developed with the ability to measure distance to the detected person and the brake algorithm was designed and implemented with three alternative control strategies. The AEB was tested through experiments and the three control strategies were evaluated as well as the real-time properties and the overall performance. All three control strategies functioned, however the PI controller with a velocity strategy performed the best in regards to comfort. The AEB showed great promise in increasing the safety for ultra-light electric vehicles.

The expected increase in both consumption and production of electricity strains the Swedish electricity grid, necessitating both reinforcement and expansion. Concurrently, the need to decarbonise heavy industry is becoming more urgent to achieve the EU Climate neutrality goal by 2050, with hydrogen anticipated as a key player. Hybrid energy systems that combine the generation of renewable electricity with green hydrogen production can be an asset when the grid capacity is limited. Its demand in Sweden is driven by the green transition of the steel industry in the north, where RWE, a multinational energy company, is looking at opportunities in offshore wind power. The case study aims to evaluate the business case of a hybrid energy system projected for 2030, that combines the generation of electricity from an offshore wind power plant off the coast of Piteå, with the onshore production of green hydrogen using a PEM electrolyser in Luleå. The effects of varying the available grid capacity are studied in a scenario analysis using the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) as the decisive parameter. The study also aims to determine the effects of integrating a waste heat recovery system, repurposing excess heat into a district heating network. In addition, it also aims to identify the most influential model variables through a cost breakdown and sensitivity analysis. Finally, by accounting for the results and insights gathered from a literature review and through discussions with industry professionals, conclusions concerning the applicability of the results and the competitiveness of the green hydrogen produced is assessed. The scenario analysis investigates four electrolyser system sizes, based on different available grid capacities. The results suggest that the production of green hydrogen is an economy of scale, with the LCOH ranging from 58 to 68 SEK/kg H2, for electrolyser peak capacities of 1 060 MW and 560 MW respectively. Each of the four system sizes investigated b, Den svenska elkonsumtionen och elproduktionen förväntas öka drastiskt de närmsta åren. Detta ställer krav på elnätet som därmed behöver stärkas och byggas ut för att tillvarata den el som förväntas. Parallellt med detta behöver den gröna omställningen av industrisektorn påskydas om EU ska lyckas uppnå klimatmålen till 2050. För att dekarbonisera industriella processer kan grön vätgas användas. Genom att etablera hybridsystem som kombinerar produktion av förnybar elektricitet med grön vätgas kan flera nödvändiga systemnyttor uppnås;elnätet avlastas och el samt vätgas produceras. RWE är ett multinationellt energiföretag, med särskilt fokus på vindkraft, som har insett möjligheterna för hybridsystem i norra Sverige. De undersöker möjligheterna för en havsbaserad vindkraftspark som skulle kunna kombineras med vätgasproduktion. Denna studie syftar till att utvärdera affärsmodellen för ett sådant hybridsystem. Hybrisystemet i studien planeras till 2030 med en vindkraftspark utanför Piteås kust och en landbaserad vätgasproduktion med PEM-elektrolys i Luleå. I en scenarioanalys undersöks effekterna av att variera den tillgängliga elnätkapaciteten genom att beräkna och använda LCOH som jämförande parameter. Studien syftar också till att fastställa effekterna av att tillvarata restvärme från elektrolysören för användning i ett fjärrvärmenät. Dessutom identifieras de mest betydelsefulla parametrarna genom en kostnadsuppdelning och känslighetsanalys. Slutligen utvärderas resultatets applicerbarhet och konkurrenskraft med stöd från tidigare forskning samt diskussioner med branschkunniga. Baserat på olika storlekar på elnätsuppkoppling undersöktes i scenarioanalysen fyra storlekar på elektrolyssystem. Det resulterande värdet på LCOH varierarde mellan 58-68 SEK/kg H2 och visade på skalfördelar, med ökad elektrolysörstorlek minskade värdet på LCOH. Samtliga system nyttjade restvärmeåtervinning som sänkte värdet på LCOH med 3-4%. Utifrån kostnadsuppdelningen identifierades elektrici

The underwater noise has a significant negative impact on marine animals. The EU has made efforts to keep noise emission within sustainable limits, but only in regards to boats with Automatic Identification System (AIS). The noise of recreational boats, which are the main noise emitter in coastal areas, is overlooked. Thus, there is a need to quantify the noise emitted by recreational boats and, in the extension, develop models for this noise. This thesis aims to give an overview of how background noise varies at some coastal locations and to quantify the contributions of boat noise based on recordings. In addition, the thesis aims to design an energy detector, evaluate the detector applied to recorded noise, and briefly outline alternative methods to detect boat noise. For background noise and boat noise contribution purposes, a probabilistic power spectral density (PPSD) is used. It is applied to a long window to see the background noise, and to two short windows to be able to see the additional noise that is due to boat passages. The background noise is successfully visualized, and the main contributing factor to similar sound signatures in the PPSDs to visualize background noise in different locations is the geometry of the seabed. A minimum level of boat noise contribution can be found using this method, but it requires the recordings to not include precipitation. The energy detector consisted of a rolling window structure with a short and a long window, to compensate for the shifting background noise. The designed detector could detect about half of the boat passages, but could be improved by only considering a certain frequency range and adapting the threshold to the application. Some alternative methods are to investigate the periodicity in the tones of the boat noise or tonal detection. As a tonal detection algorithm, the Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm is implemented, but found not to be successful as, Studies have shown that the underwater noise undoubtedly has a negative impact on marine animals. The EU have made efforts to keep the noise emission within sustainable limits, but mainly in regards to commercial freight ships. This means that noise from recreational boats, which are the main noise emitter in coastal areas, are overlooked. The noise from recreational boats is also under-investigated, and there are no estimates of the amount of this type of noise. Therefore, it is important to study the noise generated by recreational boats. By doing so, we can develop models to predict this noise and better assess its impact on the environment. This thesis aims to give an overview of how the background noise varies at coastal locations and to quantify the boat noise contributions based on underwater recordings. Further, the thesis aims to construct and evaluate a method to detect boat noise in the recordings and briefly outline alternative methods to detect boat noise. Boat noise consists of broadband noise, for instance caused by propeller cavitation and vibration from the hull, and narrowband tones consisting of a fundamental tone and overtones, with a certain relation between the frequencies of the tones. This leaves three main alternatives when trying to detect boat noise: Utilizing the energy, the tonal components or the frequency relationship between the tones in the boat noise. A commonly used method of the first alternative is the energy detector, which was used in the thesis. Through some modifications the detector would flag events of increased energy relative to the temporary background energy. Though, the method possessed a difficulty of handling precipitation of varying intensity. Overall, the detector identified about half of the boats, with only a few false detections. However, it could be adjusted based on the specific terms of application. As an alternative, a classical tonal detection algorithm called ESPRIT (Estimation of signal parameters via rot

Mycoprotein from the fungi Fusarium Venenatum A3/5 has been used as a meat alternative for a long time but little attention has been paid to the waste it creates. When the fungi is fermenting it uses a lot of water which is sent to the drain after the process is finished. This water contains large quantities of both nutrients and biomass. As circular economy is becoming more important for environmental sustainability, these wastewaters offer great potential for resource recovery. The aim of this report was therefore to evaluate the feasibility of resource recovery from a semi-batch production of mycoprotein. A conceptual design of the process was made using SuperPro Designer to get an idea of the wastewater characteristics. A framework for deciding which resource recovery option to choose, based on techno-economic analysis and sustainability, was also created. This was then used to simulate and evaluate four different resource recovery scenarios in SuperPro Designer. Two of them used membrane filtration. One was only recovering water and the other one was recovering water and creating fertilizer at the same time. Another option was to reuse the water and nutrition using a treatment of membranes, ion exchange, and activated carbon. The last tested resource recovery method was to create fish feed powder using evaporation and spray drying. A modified conceptual design of the downstream production line was also tested where pasteurization of the fermentation broth was done directly after the fermenter, instead of after several dewatering stages. The conceptual design predicted three wastewater streams, the first two with low concentrations of biomass but high amounts of water and nutrients and one stream with low amounts of water but with a lot of biomass. Water (76-82 wt% recovery) and fertilizer with a nutritional value of 20.5:5.5:3.5 (N:P2O5:K2O) were extracted using the first two streams. The operating cost of only water recovery was too high to be compensated by t, Mycoprotein är ett köttalternativ som de flesta svenskar ätit någon gång i sitt liv. Men trots att det är betydligt mer miljövänligt än vanligt kött har det fortfarande stora brister speciellt när det kommer till vattenutsläpp. I en värld där rent vatten är en bristvara finns det mycket att vinna på att kunna återvinna vattnet men kanske går det också att skapa nya värdefulla produkter samtidigt.

More solar power plants are being built than ever, and the number only seems to increase every year. The photovoltaic modules used in these plants are manufactured and installed today with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 25 years; 25 years of constant exposure to various weather conditions, and 25 years of expected power production. As 90 % of all installed PV modules are less than 10 years old, it is impossible to know how today’s technology will perform after 25 years. To ensure that the modules can endure time and field exposure to produce as much energy as possible during their lifetime, it is important to consider reliability and durability when designing PV modules. The aim of this thesis was to compile knowledge about and analyse how different technologies used in PV modules affect their reliability. Additionally has a prequalification process that assesses the reliability and durability early in a project been evaluated. This was through a literature review where scientific articles, test results, and field reports were compiled, and the combined information was analysed. The module properties of back cover, cell technology, frame, interconnections, module and wafer size, and encapsulant were concluded to affect the module reliability. All properties have different design alternatives that can be used, which all have advantages and disadvantages concerning reliability that can be further assessed through tests. Additionally, some technologies are more compatible with each other and perform better in certain conditions. To be aware of and minimise reliability problems with PV modules, reliability and durability should be a factor when deciding on PV module type for a PV power plant, and this could be evaluated through tests and a technology assessment., Det byggs fler solenergianläggningar än någonsin, och det är en utveckling som bara ser ut att fortsätta under de kommande åren. Solcellsmodulerna som används i dessa så kallade solparker produceras och installeras idag med en beräknad livstid på minst 25 år; 25 år där de förväntas producera elektricitet och samtidigt konstant exponeras för olika väderförhållanden. Av alla installerade solcellsmoduler är idag 90 % mindre än 10 år gamla, vilket gör det omöjligt att veta hur dagens teknik kommer att prestera om 25 år. För att solcellsmoduler ska producera så mycket elektricitet som möjligt under sin livstid är det viktigt att de kan stå emot slitage; ett sätt att arbeta för detta är att designa solcellsmoduler med hänsyn till tillförlitlighet och beständighet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att sammanställa kunskap om och analysera hur olika tekniker som används i solcellsmoduler påverkar modulernas tillförlitlighet och livslängd. Dessutom utreder arbetet hur en kvalificeringsprocess som undersöker framtida tillförlitlighet och beständighet kan se ut i ett tidigt skede av ett solparksprojekt. Detta genom att sammanställa information från vetenskapliga artiklar, resultat från tester av solcellsmoduler och rapporter från solparker som är i drift. Den sammanlagda informationen har sedan analyserats och olika tekniker jämförts. Följande delar hos en solcellsmodul fastställdes påverka modulens tillförlitlighet; baksida, solcellsteknik, typ av ram, sammankoppling av solceller, storlek på modul och solcell, och inkapslingsmaterial. För alla delar används olika teknikalternativ i industrin idag, exempelvis olika material, storlekar eller metoder för sammanfogning. Dessa har alla olika för-och nackdelar som kan undersökas ytterligare genom olika test. Dessutom är vissa tekniker mer kompatibla med varandra och några fungerar bättre i vissa förhållanden. För att vara medveten om och minimera problem med tillförlitligheten hos solcellsmoduler borde tillförlitlighet och beständ

In the field of mechanical engineering, the optimization of machining processes, such as milling, is a critical factor for industrial efficiency and product quality. To this end, accurate tool life models allow for the identification of machining parameters that minimize wear and extend tool life, leading to significant improvements in process efficiency, which can lead to lowered costs, higher product quality, and more sustainable manufacturing processes. Additionally, the use of newer materials, such as compacted graphite iron (CGI), a cast iron with superior mechanical properties, opens new possibilities for the manufacturing industry. This thesis therefore investigates the possibility of using the Colding tool model as a tool in predicting the tool life of cemented carbide cutting tools during the milling of compacted graphite iron (CGI). The methodology involves a series of controlled milling experiments, observing tool wear over time and the application of the Colding model to predict tool life under these conditions. The results of the study confirm that the Colding model of tool life prediction can be successfully adapted to the unique geometries found in milling, and that it can be used to predict tool life during the machining of compacted graphite iron. The findings of this research also provide valuable insights into the behaviour of cemented carbide tools in the milling of compacted graphite iron, highlighting the importance of understanding the specific cutting process, and selecting appropriate machining parameters and tool materials.

Evacuation models can be reliably used if they are sufficiently validated for the application in question (e.g. Fire Safety Engineering). To be useful, an evacuation model should therefore be an accurate enough representation of the real-world behaviour of evacuees. The scope of this work was to determine how accurately the model crowd:it (making use of the Optimal Steps Model) provides a representation of the real-world behaviour in building fire evacuation. Validation tests were conducted in accordance with the methodology of verification and validation protocol for building fire evacuation models presented in ISO 20414. Suggested tests for assessing parts of the model representing pre-evacuation time, effect on walking speed at different densities, movement on stairwells and in flight of stairs, counter-flow, route/exit choice, and movement in bottlenecks at openings were conducted. Two global tests of full evacuations of an auditorium and a school were performed as well. There were a few tests where behaviours differed to a greater extent. In counterflow conditions, agents tended to get stuck, and agents tended to zigzag between lanes in a flow rather than following the person in front (e.g. lane formation phenomena) as experiments showed. Ascending or descending a stairwell does not alter the movement speed of agents when stairs are modelled explicitly. They can however also be implicitly modelled similar other evacuation models. Distributions available for representing evacuees’ characteristics and behaviour in crowd:it was recommended to be expanded and the log-normal distribution was added due to findings in this report. In summary, validation test results were generally in line with the experimental results and verification tests highlighted a set of model features that could be improved.

Inland port expansion requires immense investment costs often resulting in dredging and creating a new physical space for production and especially when handling Ultra Large Container Vessels (ULCVs). A floating container terminal (FCT) is an innovation that sets out to change the landscape within what is required to handle ULCV’s. The structure can be placed out at sea where no dredging is required and comes equipped with automated cranes to handle the discharging of ULCV’s and loading of feeder vessels to bring cargo inland. The innovation acts in other words as a transhipment hub. The study sets out to understand if the floating container terminal is commercially viable from the viewpoint of the maritime logistics sector. This is best understood using grounded theory as a qualitative method. 19 semi-structured interviews with different actors of the maritime logistics sector in their field of work are utilized to collect data from which the research question is answered. The data from the interviews is then studied with the help of line by line, axial and selective coding and further analyzed through the lens of Rogers (2003) Diffusions of Innovations - Decision Model. The results show that the FCT is not commercially viable from the viewpoint of the maritime logistics sector, but that there is potential for the innovation to become commercially viable. The analysis takes the answer to the research question one step further by finding an understanding as to what can make the FCT commercially viable from the viewpoint of the maritime logistics sector with the help from the data gathered during the interviews. There are different viewpoints amongst actors given their role in a theoretical concept when handling the FCT. This ultimately changes the perception of value of the actors since they would have different roles in a reality where the FCT exists either as customers or operators. The key findings indicate that economic feasibility and efficient handling is abov