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National audience; The study of urban housing in the northern provinces of the Empire benefits from the proliferation of developer funded excavations. The amount of data now makes it possible to conduct a study on these housing facilities to try to identify distinctive features. Approximately 300 houses were studied according to several criteria: the materials and construction techniques used, the areas and the purposes of the rooms that could be considered as indicators of social status. These elements made it possible to establish a hierarchy of the dwellings encountered and to identify parallel evolutions in all the studied agglomerations.; L’étude de l’habitat urbain des provinces septentrionales de l’Empire profite de la multiplication des fouilles préventives. La masse des données permet désormais de mener une étude sur ces structures d’habitat pour essayer d’en dégager les particularités. 300 maisons environ ont été étudiées selon plusieurs critères : les matériaux et les techniques de construction mises en œuvre, les espaces et les fonctions des pièces pouvant être considérés comme des indicateurs de statut social. Ces éléments ont permis de dresser une hiérarchisation des habitations rencontrées et de dégager des évolutions parallèles dans l’ensemble des agglomérations étudiées.

This paper explores the incentives for backyarding, an expanding category of urban land-use in developing countries that has proliferated South Africa. The theoretical model exposes the trade-off faced by the homeowner in deciding how much backyard land to rent out: loss of yard space consumption in return for a gain in rental income. Under common forms for preferences, the homeowner's own-consumption of yard space falls as land rent increases, causing more land to be rented to backyarders. With better job access for backyarders raising land rent by increasing their willingness-to-pay, the analysis then predicts that the extent of backyarding will be higher for parcels with good job access. This hypothesis is tested by combining a satellite- based count of backyard dwellings per parcel with job-access data. The empirical results strongly confirm the prediction that better job access increases the extent of backyarding.

China&rsquo, s contemporary urban housing is increasingly developed at mass housing scale. In recent decades, it has transformed into large scale urban design approach rather than individual architectural design. This is generally common across major Chinese cities and is also becoming the case in some township regions. The increase in mass urban housing production firstly initiated in early years after establishment of the People&rsquo, s Republic of China in 1949 and was then increased significantly from the 1970s onwards. Similar to the case of post-war European housing development in the 1950s and 1960s, China experienced a rapid transition and huge demand for new urban housing. The two decades of 1980s and 1990s are known as China&rsquo, s remarkable era for rapid growth and urbanisation, which was unprecedented not only for China but also globally. In this paper, the focus is on urban design controls and their impacts on housing transitions in China by first analysing common housing typologies as well as their challenges and issues and common practices of urban design for housing projects across major cities of China. This paper argues in favour of alternative routes before concluding on the importance of detailed design and new possibilities for revised and re-evaluated urban design controls. This paper offers a set of analytical views on positive and negative impacts of urban design controls on contemporary urban housing in China. It also adds to existing research focused on urban housing transitions in China and directly linked to sectors of urban planning and urban design. This study concludes with possibilities for new directions, focused on: development of low- to midrise urban housing typology, compact urban development, and avoidance of gated community development.

Algunas de las ideas más generalizadas respecto a la cultura urbana en las ciudades modernas son la fragmentación del espacio y la individualización asociada al anonimato. Este artículo pretende mostrar las maneras como se expresan dichas características en las prácticas residenciales de familias e individuos de clases medias en Bogotá. Las prácticas residenciales de estas poblaciones se configuran actualmente en torno a lo que denomino regiones individuales y regiones familiares. Estas formas de regionalización del espacio urbano son el resultado de procesos sociales de largo y mediano plazo que han fortalecido la individualización de la sociedad, reducido el tamaño de las familias y los hogares, y redefinido los significados, formas y usos de la vivienda. Se argumenta que la fragmentación del espacio está relacionada con la dispersión, antes que con la destrucción de la estructura familiar, y que las regiones familiares constituyen una estrategia de adaptación y configuración de la vida urbana en Bogotá. Space fragmentation, anonymity and individualization are some of the most generalized ideas about urban culture in modern cities. This article shows the expression of those characteristics in dwelling practices of middle class families and individuals in Bogotá. Dwelling practices are configured toward individual regions and familiar regions. Both are regionalization ways of urban space, and are produced by a long and middle term social processes that have strengthen individualization of society, reduced family and home size, and redefined meaning, form and use of urban housing. I argue that space fragmentation is associated to dispersion instead of destruction of family structure; in addition, familiar regions are an adaptation strategy that configures urban life in Bogotá. Algumas das idéias generalizadas referidas à cultura urbana nas cidades modernas são: a fragmentação do espaço e a individualização ligada ao anonimato. Este artigo pretende mostrar as maneiras como se expressam ditas características nas práticas residenciais de famílias e indivíduos da classe média em Bogotá. As práticas residenciais destas populações se configuram atualmente em torno do que eu chamo como regiões individuais e regiões familiares. Estas formas de regionalização do espaço urbano surgiram de processos sociais de longo e mediano prazo, que têm fortalecido a individualização da sociedade, reduzido o número de famílias e lares e redefinido os significados, formas e usos da moradia. Argumenta-se que a fragmentação do espaço está mais relacionada com a dispersão do que com a destruição da estrutura familiar e que as regiões familiares constituem uma estratégia de adaptação e configuração da vida urbana em Bogotá.

El proyecto “ARQUITECTURA ANCESTRAL COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA LA PAZ” se forma en diferentes etapas que conjuntas pretenden solucionar o brindar una alternativa eficaz para el desarrollo comunal e individual de cada uno de los habitantes de la vereda Chipa Centro del municipio de Chita Boyacá, donde se propone un eje conector de la economía rural campesina, para que sea implementado en otras comunidades con potencial y problemáticas similares. Para esto se proponen diferentes fases que amarran como una red distintos puntos de desarrollo en la zona: 1. Una investigación profunda de comunidades potencialmente aisladas que forman parte fundamental del desarrollo agropecuario. 2. Propuesta esquemática de una tipología de “acupuntura” rural en los diferentes ámbitos de desarrollo existentes que potencie la actividad. (comercio, educación, vivienda, equipamentos agrícolas) 3. La implantación en el sector predominante de la vereda Chipa Centro y parte de la vereda Chipa Betel que cuentan con un núcleo existente de servicios como un colegio, una iglesia y equipamento comercial, donde se emplea la forma radial para el acople y organización con el entorno, a partir de ahí se propone una escuela taller para la tecnificación y la enseñanza de las técnicas para la construcción vernácula y el trabajo de la tierra para la producción agrícola. 4. Propuesta espacial rural para la productividad colectiva agrícola, amarrada con la propuesta de vivienda que forma parte central del núcleo de economía y hogar de cada de las familias que estarán presentes. The project "ANCHESTRAL ARCHITECTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR PEACE" is formed in different stages that together seek to solve or provide an effective alternative for the communal and individual development of each of the inhabitants of the village Chipa Centro of the municipality of Chita Boyacá, where proposes a connecting axis of the peasant rural economy, so that it can be implemented in other communities with similar potential and problems. For this purpose, different phases are proposed that tie different development points in the area as a network: 1. In-depth research of potentially isolated communities that are a fundamental part of agricultural development. 2. Schematic proposal of a typology of rural "acupuncture" in the different areas of existing development that enhances the activity. (trade, education, housing, agricultural equipment) 3. The implantation in the predominant sector of the Chipa Centro district and part of the Chipa Betel village that have an existing core of services such as a school, a church and commercial equipment, where the radial form is used for the coupling and organization with the surroundings, from there a school workshop is proposed for the technification and the teaching of the techniques for the vernacular construction and the work of the land for the agricultural production. 4. Rural spatial proposal for collective agricultural productivity, tied with the proposal of housing that is a central part of the nucleus of economy and home of each of the families that will be present. Pregrado

Kazakhstan's cities are hubs of economic opportunity and prosperity. But despite the government's ambitious targets, the pace of urbanization remains slow. This study focuses on two key constraints: (i) the very high cost of living in Kazakhstan's cities, and (ii) the near absence of a rental housing market outside the capital, Astana. The findings show that the two urban centers of Almaty and Astana are 190 and 240 percent more expensive to live in than the national average. Housing is the primary driver of the disparity: after adjusting for inflation, housing costs tripled in Astana and quadrupled in Almaty between 2001 and 2015. As a result, housing costs for the local population in these areas are more unaffordable than famously exclusive cities such as San Francisco and Vancouver. Demand elasticities from 2015 imply that in the current environment, rural and low-income households are especially unlikely to relocate to high-priced areas where employment prospects are better and average incomes are higher. Regional convergence in wage rates remains slow, but appears to be proceeding most quickly in Astana, where rental housing is most prevalent. The findings suggest that high rates of home ownership and the high cost of living in cities lead to exclusion of lower-income households and restrain economic growth.

A unique strategic opportunity beckons Bangladesh. Dhaka, the economic powerhouse of the country, stands on the cusp of a dramatic transformation that could make it much more prosperous and livable. Today, Dhaka is prone to flooding, congestion, and messiness, to a point that is clogging its growth. But toward its east, where two major highway corridors will one day intersect, is a vast expanse of largely rural land. And much of it is within 6 kilometers of the most valuable parts of the city. The time to make the most of this eastward opportunity is now. Many parts of East Dhaka are already being developed in a haphazard way at an alarmingly rapid pace. Private developers are buying land and filling it with sand so they can build and sell new houses and apartments. Canals and ponds are disappearing, and the few narrow roads crossing the area are being encroached by construction. This spontaneous development could soon make East Dhaka look like the messy western part of the city, and retrofitting it later will be more difficult and costlier than properly planning and developing it now. Toward Great Dhaka: A New Urban Development Paradigm Eastward seeks to analyze how the opportunity of East Dhaka could be realized. Using state-of-the-art modeling techniques, the study simulates population, housing, economic activity, and commuting times across the 266 unions that constitute Greater Dhaka. It does so under various scenarios for the development of East Dhaka, but always assessing the implications for the entire city. The simulations suggest that pursuing a strategic approach to the development of East Dhaka would make Greater Dhaka a much more productive and livable city than continuing with business as usual. Based on current trends, Greater Dhaka would have a population of 25 million in 2035 and an income per capita of US$8,000 at 2015 prices. However, embracing a strategic approach would add 5 million people to the city. And, it would be a more productive city, with nearly 1.8 million more jobs and an income per capita of more than US$9,200 at 2015 prices, enough to put Dhaka on the map of global cities.

Cities are where economic development really happens and where the risks from natural hazards are growing. Urbanization in Sierra Leone is occurring at USD 410/per capita, at a far lower level than other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa at similar urbanization levels. This study focuses on Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, that dominates the country’s urban landscape. A central premise of policy-making in cities is that the flexibility, practicality, and focus of local governments make them ideal players to understand and respond to the needs of their citizens. Indeed, cities mostly aim their problem-solving at local conditions. Freetown's population has increased roughly 10-fold in the last 50 years; similarly-sized European cities took 150 years to achieve this increase. Freetown's current economic and social infrastructure is dilapidated and basic service delivery has fallen short of population growth. Freetown is, and will likely remain, the most affected by the prevalent disasters in Sierra Leone, given its coastal location. Investments in capital and operational expenditures in the city are very low. Freetown is not an engine of service delivery, but neither is it an engine of growth for the country. Freetown lacks sufficient resources for much-needed investments in infrastructures and services necessary for its development. Policy choices made now will determine whether Freetown becomes an engine or an obstacle for economic transformation in Sierra Leone. Freetown is growing rapidly but is not delivering its potential. Purposeful and bold policy is needed from the incoming government. Similarly, in Sierra Leone changing current attitudes depends on building a credible account of how the future will be decidedly different. This has two parts. 1. Symbolic investments in the capital city can signal a future of productive investment and growth. 2. At the same time, supporting narratives allow citizens to understand that these symbols form part of a wider plan for the city and the country.For decades, Freetown has lacked such focused and purpose policies. The result of this prolonged neglect is visible to all: the city has become locked into low-productivity, is unprepared for natural hazards, and is increasingly a bottleneck to investment in the entire country. The new Government is a pivotal moment: a rare opportunity for smart new policies to transform Freetown into a platform for resilient growth. Freetown can become a city that works.

Cities are key to reducing poverty and promoting shared prosperity in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Cities generally are sites for cultivating and fostering the accumulation of multiple forms of capital. In urban areas, these different kinds of capital can bring economic, social, and political benefits to national development. Nurturing all of these forms of capital and turning them into development outcomes require security and regulation. The social and economic regulation of informal urban settlements in PNG needs to be expressed territorially and spatially in residential neighborhoods, public spaces and amenities, and transport nodes and routes. Regulatory failure, on the other hand, can lead to communal disputes and escalating violence at all levels that pervert and destroy capital and threaten national stability. This report will describe, the chief institutions of local regulation that have taken distinctive forms: local committees and flexibly institutionalized leadership roles, all enacted through mediation and the spatial regulation of settlements and markets. This report focuses on the everyday institutional arrangements that regulate the safety and security of PNG’s urban settlements in relation to people and places where the reach of formal authorities is limited, dysfunctional, and or lacks legitimacy.

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the form of continuous spaces and the thermal environment in warm urban areas by examining the room temperature change by the difference in outlines, partitions, and the insulation performance of the internal space as well as inÀuence on air conditioning load, simulating continuous spaces. The present study has demonstrated the relationship between the room form and the indoor thermal environment on continuous spaces in warm urban areas.

Existing buildings are the most readily available, cheapest, quickest and most sustainable source of housing supply in the short term. In addition to 183,000 vacant dwellings recorded in Census 20161, there were more than 28,000 vacant commercial addresses in mid 2017, a national vacancy rate of 13.5%; parts of Dublin city have very high vacancy rates with over 18% in Dublin 2 and 13% in Dublin.

İç mekân hava kalitesi, yerleşim birimlerinin iç mimari tasarımında, özellikle de kişilerin zamanlarının çoğunu geçirdiği için en önemli unsurlardan biri olarak düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, iç mekan hava kalitesinin, mekan kullanıcılarına doğrudan ve dolaylı etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, iç mekan tasarımı kriterlerinin ve Ankara, Çankaya'daki yerleşim birimlerinde yaşayan Arap asıllı ev sakinlerinin yaşam biçimlerinin iç mekan hava kalitesine olan etkisini ve kullanıcıların tercih ve memnuniyetlerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Nesnel ölçümler (toplam VOC, CO ve CO2), MultiRAE Lite ve ToxiRAE Pro PID kullanılarak 20 farklı ailenin evlerine yapılan ziyaretler yoluyla yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, ziyaret edilen evlerde çapraz havalandırma ve bitirme malzemeleri de dahil olmak üzere mimari tasarım konularında da gözlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yaşam tarzı alışkanlıklarının (pişirme, temizlik ve sigara içilmesi) bilgileri anket yoluyla toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, çapraz havalandırmanın, daha az toplam VOC ölçümleri ile ilişkilendirilmesinin yanı sıra, ev sakinlerinin daha az hastalanma ve alerjik rahatsızlık geçirmeleri ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, doğal havalandırma yönteminin kullanılması ve ağır kimyasal içeriği olmayan temizlik maddelerinin kullanılması, düşük kirletici konsantrasyonuyla ilişkilendirilmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: iç mekân hava kalitesi, çapraz-havalandırma, iç mekan hava kirleticileri, yaşam tarzı Indoor air quality (IAQ) is considered as one of the most important aspects in the design of interior spaces regarding residential units, especially for the reason that people spend the majority of their time in these spaces. Therefore, the indoor environment and air quality have direct and indirect impacts on the health of the occupants. This study aims to investigate the impact of interior design criteria and occupants' lifestyle on the indoor air quality, and the preference and satisfaction from IAQ, within residential units in Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey. Objective measurements (total VOC, CO and CO2) are recorded in the living room space through visits to the houses of 20 people using measuring devices (MultiRAE Lite for TVOC and ToxiRAE Pro PID for CO and CO2), while the researcher performed an investigation on architectural design aspects, including cross-ventilation and finishing materials. Information of the lifestyle habits (cooking, cleaning and smoking) are collected through a questionnaire methodology. The results show that cross-ventilation is correlated to less total VOC readings, as well as less sickness frequency and allergies within the members of the household. Moreover, using open windows as a ventilation method in the kitchen and using non-chemical cleaning agents are found to be correlated to less pollutants' concentration in the indoor environment. Keywords: indoor air quality, cross-ventilation, indoor pollutants, household lifestyle 82

The term slum has reappeared in recent years in France in political and media discourse. Although originally used to designate the places of residence of populations identified as Roma, this word is now used to refer both to a phenomenon linked to very high poverty and to processes of relegation and exclusion. However, many studies in sociology and anthropology have shown the slum's integrative capacity, particularly when it facilitates the connection of migrants with their social environment. The object is therefore complex and a permanent internal tension structures the social function it plays: it is both a trap and an airlock.The changes in the social, economic and political context of recent decades therefore require a reinterpretation of the knowledge acquired during the period 1960-1970, at a time when France had counted up to 70.000 inhabitants in the slums. While the reasons for the presence and maintenance of slums in the territory have changed, the forms of integration associated with them have also changed. Indeed, the "French integration" model, which is very homogeneous and mechanical, was until recently based on employment and normative assimilation; however, new forms of poverty and the weakening of regulatory institutions such as the family, school or the State have led to increasing difficulties in welcoming new arrivals. It was then increasingly the welfare state that took charge of these mechanisms, but there are many failures and they partly explain the relegation and marginalization of some individuals present on French territory.The objective of this work is therefore to understand whether slums still play an integrating role, and if so, what the different modalities are. To answer this question, the thesis is based on a two-year ethnography conducted in northeastern France with a dozen families living in a slum. Based on an analysis of everyday issues, we will describe how their access to French society is managed and how their living conditions can act as obstacles or facilitators in this process. It will also be a question of understanding how the inhabitants stabilize and give coherence to their trajectories, particularly in the face of a changing urban world that is changing and weakening the ways in which the sense of belonging of citizens is constructed, Le terme de bidonville est réapparu ces dernières années en France dans les discours politiques et médiatiques. Bien qu’utilisé à l'origine pour désigner les lieux d'habitations des populations identifiées comme Roms, ce mot est mobilisé aujourd'hui pour évoquer aussi bien un phénomène lié à la très grande pauvreté que des processus de relégation et d'exclusion. Pourtant, de nombreux travaux en sociologie et en anthropologie ont montré la capacité intégratrice du bidonville, en particulier lorsqu'il facilite la mise en relation des migrants avec leur environnement social. L'objet est donc complexe et une tension interne permanente structure la fonction sociale qu'il joue : il est à la fois piège et à la fois sas.L'évolution du contexte social, économique et politique des dernières décennies demande donc de réinterroger les connaissances acquises durant la période des années 1960-1970, à un moment où la France avait compté jusqu'à 70 000 habitants au sein des bidonvilles. Alors que les raisons expliquant la présence et le maintien des bidonvilles sur le territoire ont évolué, les formes d'intégration qui y sont associées se sont elles aussi transformées. En effet, le modèle « français d'intégration », très homogène et mécanique, s'appuyait jusqu'à récemment sur l'emploi et une assimilation normative ; toutefois, les nouvelles formes de pauvreté et l'affaiblissement des institutions régulatrices telles que la famille, l'école ou l'État ont conduit à des difficultés croissantes pour accueillir les nouveaux arrivants. C'est alors de plus en plus l'État-providence qui a pris en charge ces mécanismes, mais les défaillances sont multiples et elles expliquent en partie la relégation et la marginalisation de certains individus présents sur le territoire français.Dès lors, l'objectif de ce travail est de saisir si les bidonvilles jouent toujours un rôle intégrateur, et si cela est le cas, quelles en sont les différentes modalités. Pour répondre à cette question, la thèse s'appuie sur une ethnographie de deux années menée dans le nord-est de la France auprès d'une douzaine de familles vivant dans un bidonville. À partir de l'analyse des problématiques du quotidien, nous décrirons de quelle manière se mène leur accès à la société française et en quoi leurs conditions de vie peuvent constituer des freins ou des facilitateurs dans ce parcours. Il s'agira en outre de comprendre de la façon dont les habitants stabilisent et donnent une cohérence à leurs trajectoires, en particulier face à un monde urbain mouvant, changeant et fragilisant les modalités de construction du sentiment d'appartenance citoyen

Beykoz İlçesi; İstanbul Metropoliten Alanı'nın, Boğaziçi bölgesinin Asya yakasında ve kuzeyinde yer alan, İstanbul Boğazı'na ve İstanbul Boğazı'nın Karadeniz'e açılan kısmında Karadeniz'e kıyısı olan stratejik öneme sahip ilçesidir. Beykoz ilçesinin yüzölçümü 313 km²'dir. 2017 yılı nüfusu ise 251.087 kişidir. İlçedeki konut sayısı 42844, işyeri sayısı 2303, konut+ işyeri sayısı 3456 ve toplam bina sayısı 48603' tür. Toplam bina sayısının %7 si ruhsatlı durumdadır, ruhsatlı binalarında yarısı iskânlı durumdadır. İlçe genelinde planlanabilir alan ise yüzölçümünün yaklaşık %20'sidir.2012 yılında yürürlüğe giren 6360 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile ilçe sınırları dahilindeki 20 köy (229.74 km²) mahalle statüsüne kavuşmuştur. Bu mahallelerin toplam yüzölçümü ise ilçe yüzölçümünün yaklaşık %74.02 sidir.Cumhuriyet Dönemi Sanayi hamleleri ile bölgede faaliyete geçen Deri Kundura, Cam Fabrikaları ve Tekel Fabrikaları ile başlayan gelişim sürecinde, özellikle 1970'li yıllardaki göç dalgası ile İstanbul ortalamasının üzerinde bir nüfus artışı yaşanmıştır. Göç hareketinin yoğunlukla devam ettiği 1980'li yılların sonuna kadar Türkiye'nin birçok bölgesinden insan Beykoz'a yerleşmiştir. Göç nüfusunun %70'i Karadeniz Bölgesindendir.Yoğun göç planlama ile karşılanamayınca ilçede özellikle sosyal donatı alanları eksikliğine sebep olmuş bölgesel iş imkânları harekete geçirilememiş, eğitim seviyesi düşmüş, işsizlik artmış, göç nüfusu gecekondulaşma ile barınma ihtiyaçlarının çözümüne yönelmiştir.F.S.M. Köprüsü ve 2. Çevre yolunun Kavacık'a bağlanması ile yapılaşma baskısı en üst seviyeye çıkmış plansızlık sebebi ile yerel yönetim bu baskıyı karşılayamamış, kaçak yapılaşmanın önüne geçememiştir.Beykoz ilçesinin tamamı 1995 yılında Orman Bakanlığı tarafından doğal sit alanı olarak ilan edilmiştir. Bu karar ile sadece alansal koruma hedeflenmiş, kararın sosyal ve ekonomik olası sonuçları bu güne kadar değerlendirilmemiş, hesaplanmamıştır. 1995 Sit alanı ilanından sonra 2000'li yıllarda başlayan plan süreçleri de ilçenin gerçeklerinden uzak kararları sebebiyle sadece kâğıt üstünde kalmıştır.Kentsel Dönüşüme yönelik kanun ve yönetmeliklerin çıkması ve yerel yönetimin planların tamamının, dönüşüme olanak sağlayacak şekilde yeniden hazırlanması yönündeki kararlılığı, 6292 ve 6306 sayılı yasalar ile desteklenince ilçedeki dönüşüm projelerinin önü açılmıştır. Yerel yönetimin dönüşüm uygulamalarındaki kararları bu çalışmayı destekler niteliktedir.Bu tez çalışmasında kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarının yerinde dönüşüm yöntemiyle yapılmaması bir eksiklik olarak tespit edilmiş, bu eksikliğin kullanıcı odaklı kentsel dönüşümle giderilmesi tez çalışmasının temel amacını oluşturmuştur.Bu çalışmada hızlı bir şekilde kentsel refah ve yaşam kalitesini arttırıcı başarılı bir sosyal kalkınma modeli ortaya koyarak kullanıcıların doğup-büyüdükleri ve aidiyet duydukları bölgeden ayrılmak zorunda kalmadan profesyonel ekiplerle yerinde dönüşüm uygulanmasını amaçlayan bir saha çalışması yapılmış ve sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.Çalışma, dört ana bölümden oluşmaktadır.Birinci bölümde; literatür taraması özeti, tezin amacı ve önemi, hipotezler, araştırmanın sınırlılıkları ve tezin yöntemi irdelenmiştir.İkinci bölümde; kentsel dönüşüm kavramının tanımı yapılmıştır. Kentsel dönüşümün amacı, tarihsel gelişimi, kentsel dönüşüm türleri ve sınıflandırmaları ile kentsel dönüşüm örneklerine yer verilmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde; proje alanının tanımlanmasına yönelik bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Kentsel dönüşüm alanının fiziksel çevre verileri, tarihsel gelişimi, mevcut yerleşim dokusu, dönüşüm alanında karşılaşılan riskler ve alandaki imar koşulları açıklanmıştır. Saha çalışmasına altlık teşkil edecek kullanıcı profili belirlenmiştir. Demografik, kültürel ve sosyo-ekonomik yapı hakkında veriler toplanmıştır. Kentsel dönüşüm alanındaki kullanıcıların tercih ve beklentilerinin belirlenmesine yönelik kriterler belirlenmiş ve anket çalışması haline getirilmiştir. Yaklaşık iki senedir yerel yönetimin yapmış olduğu fiili durum ve saha tespit çalışmalarını önemli derecede destekleyici anket çalışması, alanda yaşayan mevcut 53 kadın ve 47 erkek toplam 100 kullanıcının katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.Son bölümde ise; Beykoz Tokatköy Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesinin gelişimi ile özelliklerine yer verilmiştir. Projede kullanıcı tercih ve beklentilerine göre çevre düzenlemesine ve yapı üretimine yönelik kararlar önerilmiştir. Böylelikle, proje alanındaki kullanıcılara; mülkiyet hakkını hızla nitelikli konut üreterek edindirmek, bölgedeki demografik yapıyı koruyarak yerel kültürün devamlılığını sağlamak, deprem, heyelan vb. olası afetlerden önce modern teknik özelliklere sahip, güvenli yaşam alanlarını kullanıcılara sunmak amaçlanmıştır.Ayrıca, kentsel dönüşüm öncesi mevcut kullanıcıların dönüşüm sonrası aynı yerde ikamet etmeye devam edecekleri çevrelerin oluşması ve bu amaçla Türkiye'de ilk kez uygulanacak bir model olan kullanıcı odaklı `Yerinde Dönüşüm` ilkesinin yaygınlaşması hedeflenmiştir.Bu çalışmanın, dönüşümün fikir aşamasından uygulamaya kadar olan sürecini irdeleyen ve uygulama sonrası kullanıcı tercihlerini belirleyen, yeni yapılacak mevzuat çalışmalarına yön verecek, tüm bu konularda başvuru niteliği taşıyacak bir kaynak oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir. Beykoz; is a strategically significant district which is located in the Istanbul Metropolitian Area, the north Asia part of the Bosphorus Region and it has a coastline at both the Bosphorus and the Black Sea where the Bosphorus opens to the Black Sea. The surface area of the district of Beykoz is 313 km². The population of 2017 is 251,087 people. The number of residential buildings in the district is 42844, the number of establishments is 2303, the number of residential + office buildings is 3456 and the total number of buildings is 48603. 7% of the total number of buildings is licensed, half of the licensed buildings are settlement. About 20% of the area in the district can be planned.With the Decree No. 6360 entered into force in 2012, 20 villages (229.74 km²) within the boundaries of the districts have attained the neighborhood status. The total surface area of these neighborhoods is about 74.02% of the district's surface area.During the development process that started with Leather Kundura, Cam Fabrics and Tekel Factories, which started activity in the region with the Republican Period Industrial Acts, there has been a population increase above the average of Istanbul with the immigration wave especially in the 1970s. The continued migration of intensity until the end of the 1980s, many people from Turkey's regions located to Beykoz. 70% of the immigration population is from Black Sea Region.When intense immigration could not be met with the planning, employment opportunities that have caused lack of social support areas have not been activated, education level has decreased, unemployment has increased and immigration population has tended to resolve the need for accommodation by squatting in the region.With the connection of F.S.M. Bridge and the 2nd ring road to Kavacık, the pressure of the settlement reached the highest level and the local government could not meet this pressure due to unplanning and could not prevent illegal housing.The entire Beykoz district was declared a natural site in 1995 by the Ministry of Forestry. With this decision, only spatial protection was targeted and the social and economic probable outcomes of the decision were not assessed and calculated until today. The planning processes that began in the year 2000 after the declaration of the natural site in 1995 have remained solely on paper due to far-reaching decisions of the district.With the enactment of laws and regulations for Urban Transformation and the determination of the local government to revise the plans in a way that allows for transformation, with the support of Laws 6292 and 6306, the transformation projects in the district are lead up. Decisions of local governments on transformation practices support this work.In this thesis study, urban transformation applications are not done by in situ transformation method has been identified as deficiency, eliminating this deficiency has been the main aim of the thesis study by user-centered urban transformation.In this study, a field study was carried out with the aim of implementing on-site transformation of professional teams without users have to leave region where they were born, grown up and its results were evaluated.The study consists of four main chapter.In the first chapter; literature review summary, thesis purpose and importance, hypothesis, limitations of research and thesis method have been examined.In the second chapter; the concept of urban transformation has been defined. The aim of urban transformation, historical development, types of urban transformation and classification and examples of urban transformation are included.In the third chapter; a study has been carried out to identify the project area. The physical environment data of the urban transformation area, its historical development, the existing settlement texture, the risks encountered in the transformation area and the zoning conditions in the area are explained. A user profile has been identified that will serve as a base for field work. Data on demographic, cultural and socio-economic structure have been collected. The criteria for determining the preferences and expectations of users in the urban transformation area have been determined and turned into questionnaire studies. The questionnaire was conducted which supports the actual situation and field surveys, which were conducted by the local government for about two years, with a total of 100 users, 53 men and 47 men, living in the area.In the last section; The development and characteristics of the Beykoz Tokatköy Urban Transformation Project are included. Decisions about environmental regulation and building production have been proposed in the project according to the user preferences and expectations. In this way, it is aimed to provide the right of ownership rapidly by producing qualified housing, to ensure the continuity of local cultures by protecting the demographic structure in the region and to present safe living areas with modern technical features before possible disasters to the users.Also, it is aimed to create environments where existing users can live in the same place after the transformation and for this purpose it is aimed to spread `Local Transition` principal which is a user-centric model to be applied for the first time in Turkey.It is thought that this study will lead to the new legislation studies, which will examine the transformation stages from the beginning to the application and determine the user preferences after the transformation and will form a resource to carry the application qualification in all these matters. 147

In the period from 1948 to 1970 urban housing architecture in Yugoslavia had a distinctly experimental character as it strived intensively towards research and establishment of new architectural patterns and values that would mark the period of economic growth of the country. In conditions of mass housing construction, initiated by the devastated urban housing fund after the Second World War, significant influx of population to towns and the state directed its socialist aspirations at alloting every family acceptable living space. The period of the so-called “directed housing construction“, whose imperative was to establish the limits of existential minimum in collective housing, maximal space “packing“ and optimal functionality of flats, at the same time represents the most significant period in the development of housing architecture in Yugoslavia. The architects focused their interests in housing in mainly three directions: a) the creation and application of new prefabrication systems, b) innovative application of modernistic patterns in aestheticization of architecture and c) experimenting with space units which will enable a higher level of privacy in high-density housing conditions. The first direction of research emerged in the context of post-war housing construction of a wide scope, which encouraged the advance of technological research in areas of prefabrication and practical application of achieved results on the whole territory of Yugoslavia. The second direction dealt with architectural planning which was strictly subordinated to social and ideological sphere with domineering socialist monumentalism and artistic and sculptural approach to architecture. The third was related to experimental tendency with new urban housing patterns which aimed to search and find more pragmatic, humane solutions within mass high-density housing constructions which were the first to utilize and show examples of “double-tract” buildings. These were primarily realized in Serbia, as continuation of tendencies first expressed in activities of “Belgrade School of Housing”.

Reshaping Urbanization in Rwanda: Economic and Spatial Trends and Proposals is an Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), jointly provided by the Poverty and Equity Global Practice and the Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice at the World Bank. The objective of this report is to inform the Government’s policies and strategies on urbanization as a driver of economic development, job creation, and poverty reduction, through the following four stand‐alone but closely related notes. Stimulating urban economic development, particularly outside the capital city of Kigali, is critical to helping Rwanda to achieve its strategic objective of a 35 percent urban population share by 2020. This note looks at the current growth rates and characteristics of secondary cities1 and other fast‐growing towns outside of Kigali, and assesses the opportunities and prospects for, as well as constraints upon, future economic growth and development. It also sets out key actions required from the Government of Rwanda (GoR) tohelp stimulate growth in these cities and towns. There are multiple population estimates for secondary cities and fast‐growing towns due to the inconsistencies in defining which areas are urban and in defining city boundaries, and thus which sectors to include in estimates of city populations. According to the 2002 and 2012 censuses, the six secondary cities grew at an average rate of 3.3 percent over this period, slower than the national rate of urban growth of 4.1 percent and the rate for Kigali of 4.2 percent. In comparison, the three fast‐growing towns are estimated to have grown at a rate of 5.3 percent, albeit from a lower starting base, between 2002 and 2012. Of the secondary cities, Musanze, Rubavu and Nyagatare are growing most rapidly. The Musanze to Rubavu corridor benefits from (i) the rich agricultural resources along this corridor, and (ii) Rubavu’s proximity to the large market of Goma in DRC. Nyagatare has absorbed significant investment in recent years, and has also benefitted from the high levels of migration to the East of the country witnessed by the most recent inter‐censual period. This is reflected in the findings of Note 2 which identifies internal migration toward the Eastern Province.

The patterns and characteristics of everyday life have been changing according to changes in social structure. However, South Korean apartment complexes as a representative urban housing type are still based on the Western tradition of modern working-class housing, and have been commodified in the context of consumer capitalism. Therefore, this research explores the contemporary lifestyles that should be supported in urban housing by analyzing the articles of lifestyle magazines. Based on this analysis, we derived the changed patterns of contemporary lifestyles in terms of residents’ characteristics, the relationship between individuals and family, the relationship between house and workplace, and the pursuing direction of residential space planning. These results can contribute to discover the contemporary characteristics of everyday life and its lifestyle; define the changed meaning of urban housing; and reduce the gap between living space and their lives for urban and social sustainability.

The paper delves into the implications of a failure to account for rental regulation in the measurement of households' welfare, poverty, and inequality when using household surveys. Exploiting previously unavailable data for the Egyptian case, the paper illustrates the long-lasting distortions in the rental market that the 1977 rental law has created. The paper finds evidence that earlier studies may have substantially underestimated households’ welfare in urban areas and overestimated urban poverty. National poverty rates show smaller corrections, as poverty is mainly a rural phenomenon in the Arab Republic of Egypt. An appropriate measure of welfare also led to downward corrections in inequality in urban Egypt, while increasing the inequality across regions. These effects counterbalance each other and nationwide inequality estimates are affected only slightly.

The overall objective of the Maputo Urban Poverty and Inclusive Growth Study is to inform the municipal governments of Maputo and Matola in the Greater Maputo Area (GMA) on how to better target and finance urban poverty reduction programs by building critical knowledge on urban poverty and land-based municipal revenue enhancement. The study carried out an in-depth poverty and vulnerability mapping and analysis in order to better understand the spatial distribution of poverty in the GMA. It showed that poverty has significantly reduced in most of the neighborhoods in GMA from 1997 to 2007. The study also showed a strong correlation between poverty reduction and access to basic services and urban infrastructure, though it was not possible to identify a correlation between poverty incidence of natural hazards based on availability data. The study also carried out for the first time in the GMA a comprehensive housing market assessment in order to collect primary data on real estate market value, which was used as basis for estimating the net present value of different policy options to increase property tax. It suggested that municipal revenue for property taxation could significantly increase if municipalities would improve tax compliance, increase tax rate from actual 0.4 to 1.0 percentage, and use market value to assess property tax. In this case, Maputo City Council would generate Mt 44 billion and Matola Mt 29 billion in NPV terms. Finally, study provided specific policy and institutional development recommendations at national and municipal levels with the ultimate objective to increased urban infrastructure finance, and better target pro-poor interventions not only in GMA, but also benefiting other cities in Mozambique.

Over the years, Malawi has implemented a number of programmes aimed at cushioning the urban poor in the wake of rapid urbanization, growth of the informal sector and mushrooming squatter settlements. However, poverty is still wide-spread in the country's urban areas. To ensure effective measures to eradicate urban poverty, there is need to understand its causes, factors that are sustaining it and best ways of containing and eradicating it. This paper, therefore, aimed at analysing interventions to fight urban poverty in Malawi by specifically identifying factors sustaining it and gaps in the intervention processes. The paper used a desk research method to analyse the interventions versus the five theoretical causes of poverty. It established that some initiatives are politically driven hence they are not implemented in a sustainable manner but rather with the aim of persuading voters for reelection. There is also less effort on adjusting the values of the poor to think progressively on top of the less effort that the government put to cushion the urban poor from macro-economic factors such as inflation. Key to success therefore, lies in addressing the causes and being focused.Keywords: Urban poverty; Malawi; Urban housing

In less than 20 years the housing system in China has been transformed from one based predominantly on the public provision of housing to a market-based system, to the extent that more than 80% of households in urban China are homeowners. The sheer scale of this change, compressed into such a short time, is impressive. However, the move to a commodified system has not been problem free. Indeed, the twin issues of displacement and, more generally, affordability are coming increasingly to the fore, resulting in significant policy shifts since 2010 toward the promotion of low-end housing for lower middle- and low-income groups. This article examines these issues through a detailed analysis of the implementation of the indemnificatory housing policy in Nanjing, and highlights the complex and often contradictory nature of this policy in practice. China Scholarship Council 2017-07-14 JG: tables in separate PDFs merged into main PDF

Konut sorunu temel görünümü ve boyutu itibariyle farklılık göstermesine rağmen her ülke bakımından önemli bir mesele niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle ülkeler açısından konut sorununa ilişkin kamu konut politikaları geliştirilmesi ve aktif bir vaziyette bunların uygulanması kaçınılmaz bir durum olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Konut sorununa ilişkin olarak uygulanan politikaların sorunun mahiyeti, ülkelerin içinde bulundukları koşullar, sahip oldukları imkânlar ve mevcut siyasi otoritenin yaklaşımı gibi etkenler çerçevesinde şekillendiği görülmektedir. Konut sorununa ilişkin olarak Türkiye'de bugüne kadar izlenmiş olan kamu konut politikalarına bakıldığında kendi içinde gerek tarihsel gerekse de kurumsal anlamda bir belirlilik, bütünlük, kararlılık ve tutarlılıktan tam anlamıyla bahsedilememektedir. Bu durum konut sorununun giderilmesine yönelik etkili bir çözüm geliştirilmesi konusunda halen önemli bir engel niteliği taşımaktadır.Bu nedenle etkili çözüm önerileri ortaya konulabilmesi adına öncelikle Türkiye'de yaşanan konut sorununun önemi ve temel sebepleri irdelenmiş, sonrasında ise bugüne kadar izlenmiş olan politikaların sonuçlarına göre eksiklikler ve aksamalar ortaya konulmuştur. Bir diğer mesele de OECD ülkelerinden bazılarında konut sorununa ilişkin olarak ön plana çıkan politika uygulamalarının içeriği ve etkileri olmuştur. Bu çalışmayla, birçok ülkede uygulanarak başarılı sonuçlar alınmış olan bazı politikaların Türkiye'de uygulanabilirliği üzerinde durulması amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye'deki konut sorununa yönelik öneri oluşturulmasında izlenen temel yöntem ise konuyla ilgili SWOT analizi yapılmak suretiyle konut sorununun net olarak kavranarak, bunun üzerinden mevcut kamu kurum ve kuruluşları çerçevesinde uzmanlaşma ve işbirliği odaklı bir model ortaya konulması olmuştur. Although the housing problem differs in terms of its basic appearance and size, it is an important issue for each country. For this reason, the development of public housing policies related to the housing problem and the application of them in an active situation are emerging as an inevitable situation. The politics applied to the housing problem seem to be shaped by factors such as the nature of the problem, the conditions they are in, the possibilities they have and the approach of the current political authority.With regard to the public housing policies that have been followed up in Turkey for the housing problem, it is impossible to talk about the certainty, integrity, stability and consistency in itself, both historically and institutionally. This is still a major obstacle to the development of an effective solution to the housing problem.For this reason, in order to be able to put forward an effective solution proposals, the importance and basic causes of the housing problem in Turkey had been investigated and after that, deficits and obstacles were revealed according to the results of the policies which have been followed up to now. The other issue, which has been taken into consideration was the content and the effects of the implementation of the housing policies in some of the OECD countries regarding to the housing problem. This study aims to emphasize the applicability of some successful policies, which have been applied in many countries, to the housing problem in Turkey. The basic method that is followed to form a proposal for the housing problem in Turkey is to understand the housing problem with a clear SWOT analysis and put forward a model focused on specialization and cooperation within the framework of existing public institutions and organizations. 307

Urban informality is typically ascribed to the urban poor in cities of the Global South. Drawing on Judith Butler's concept of performativity and taking the case of Rio de Janeiro in the context of the 2016 Olympic Games, this article conceptualizes informality as a signifier and a procedural, relational category. Specifically, it shows how different class actors have employed the signifier informality (1) to legitimize the confinement of marginalized populations; (2) to justify the organized efforts of the upper middle class to protect their 'self-enclosed' gated communities; and (3) to warrant the formation of opposition and alliances between inhabitants, activists, and researchers on the edges of the urban order. This article offers new perspectives to better understand the relationship between informality and confinement by examining the active role that inhabitants of marginalized settlements assume in the Olympic City.L’informalité urbaine est traditionnellement associée aux populations pauvres des villes du Sud global. À partir du concept de performativité de Judith Butler et du cas particulier de Rio de Janeiro dans le contexte des jeux Olympiques de 2016, nous nous attachons dans cet article à conceptualiser l’informalité comme un signifiant et une catégorie relationnelle procédurale. Plus précisément, nous montrons comment des acteurs de différentes classes sociales ont pu employer le signifiant « informalité » pour (1) légitimer le confinement des populations marginalisées ; (2) justifier les efforts concertés de la classe moyenne supérieure pour protéger leurs résidences sécurisées refermées sur elles-mêmes ; et (3) justifier la formation de conflits et d’alliances entre habitants, activistes et chercheurs autour de l’ordre urbain. Cet article offre de nouveaux éclairages pour mieux comprendre le rapport entre informalité et confinement en examinant le rôle actif que les habitants des quartiers marginalisés ont joué dans la ville olympique.La informalidad urbana suele atribuirse a los individuos pobres que residen en las ciudades del Sur global. Basándose en el concepto de performatividad de Judith Butler y tomando el caso de Río de Janeiro en el contexto de los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016, este artículo conceptualiza la informalidad como un significante y una categoría procedimental y relacional. Específicamente, muestra cómo actores de diferentes clases sociales han empleado el significante de informalidad para (1) legitimar el confinamiento de las poblaciones marginadas; (2) justificar los esfuerzos organizados de la clase media alta para proteger sus comunidades “cerradas” en urbanizaciones; y (3) justificar la formación de conflictos y alianzas entre habitantes, activistas e investigadores en torno al orden urbano. Este artículo ofrece nuevas perspectivas para entender mejor la relación entre informalidad y confinamiento examinando el papel activo que asumen los habitantes de asentamientos marginados en la Ciudad Olímpica.

International audience; Buildings are responsible for 40% of total final energy consumptions in Europe. Numerous bottom-up models were recently developed to support local authorities in assessing the energy consumption of large building stocks and reduction potentials. However, current models rarely consider uncertainty associated to building usage and characteristics within the stock, resulting in potentially biased results. This study presents a generic model simplification approach using uncertainty propagation and stochastic sensitivity analysis to derive fast simplified (surrogate) models to estimate the current building stock energy use for improved urban planning. The methodology includes an engineering-based energy model as input to global sensitivity analysis (GSA) using the elementary effects (EE) screening and Sobol’ method for key parameters identification and regression analysis to derive simplified models for entire building stocks. The application to the housing stock of Esch-sur-Alzette (Luxembourg) showed that the parameters explaining most of the variability in final energy use for heating and domestic hot water are floor area, set-point temperature, external walls U-values, windows and heating system type. Results of the simplified models were validated against measured data and confirmed the validity of the approach for a simple yet robust assessment of the building stock energy use considering uncertainty and variability.

Central America is undergoing an important transition, with urban populations increasingat accelerated speeds, bringing pressing challenges as well as opportunities to boost sustained,inclusive and resilient growth. Today, 59 percent of Central America's population lives in urban areas, but it is expected that within the next generation 7 out of 10 people will live in cities, equivalent to adding 700,000 new urban residents every year. At current rates of urbanization, the region’s urban population will double in size by 2050, welcoming over 25 million new urban dwellers, calling for better infrastructure, higher coverage and quality of urban services and greater employment opportunities. As larger numbers of people concentrate in urban areas, Central American governments at the national and local levels face both opportunities and challenges to ensure the prosperity of their country's present and future generations.

La presente investigación tiene como propósito contribuir desde el urbanismo, a la respuesta de la pregunta sobre: ¿Cómo medir el derecho a una vivienda adecuada en su aspecto “lugar”? El “lugar” adecuado de la vivienda ha sido una de las preocupaciones más relevantes en los estudios y planteamientos urbanos desde el surgimiento de la disciplina, generando algunas ideas comunes sobre lo que debería ser. En este “trabajo de grado” se presenta la evolución en la historia urbana del concepto del “lugar” que ha sido adoptada en el marco de los “Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales”, cómo estas obligaciones llegaron a la Constitución colombiana y su interpretación, y finalmente se presenta la posibilidad sobre cómo llevar a cabo la medición urbana de este aspecto del derecho humano en sectores específicos de la ciudad de Bogotá. Abstract: This research aims to contribute from an Urban Studies approach to answer the question on: ¿How should the aspect of “location” of the right to adequate housing be measured? The location of adequate housing has been one of the most relevant issues in Urban Studies since the beginning of the discipline, generating some common understandings about the characteristics that it ought to have. This research shows the evolution in urban history of the concept of “location” that has been adopted in the framework of the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as well as how this concept was incorporated in the Colombian Constitution and its interpretation. And, based on these institutional developments, it presents a new proposal on how to apply the urban measure of this aspect in the city of Bogotá. Maestría

This paper examines the spatial organization of jobs in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda, and applies the Lucas and Rossi-Hansberg (2002) model to explain the observed patterns in terms of the agglomeration forces and the commuting costs of workers. The paper suggests that: (i) Economic activities are concentrated in the downtown -- beyond which employment is spatially dispersed. (ii) Geographically weighted regressions identify five potential subcenters in 2011; however, none of these contribute significantly to employment. When explaining the variation in employment density across localities in Kampala, the research highlights that (i) density falls by 23.5 percent per kilometer increase in distance from the nearest potential subcenter; (ii) an increase in local production externalities of 10 percent increases density by 3.7 percent; and (iii) production externalities in Kampala's potential subcenters are extremely weak to have any significant impact even on nearby tracts.

Land rights and the systems that administer them can vary significantly across the world and within countries (World Bank 2003). For a number of reasons, land rights may be unclear or insecure. Securing land rights plays an important role in driving economic growth and poverty reduction. In recent years there has been increasing awareness of the relevance of land tenure issues to food security, climate change, rapid urbanization, informality, and indigenous peoples’ rights. The World Bank Group has a long history of developing and implementing projects aimed at securing land rights through a variety of interventions. This note synthesizes cross-cutting findings from 14 Independent Evaluation Group assessments of land administration projects that the World Bank has supported from 1998 to 2014. The project-level assessments reviewed for this report contain a wealth of information about how the Bank Group approached different problems related to strengthening land administration systems in diverse environments. This information is relevant to both land administration specialists and experts in other fields whose work is impacted by land tenure issues.

A fast-growing global population, increasing urbanization, and an increasing flow of people with different building cultural backgrounds bring material use in the housing sector into focus. The aim of this study is to identify material preferences in the building environment in cities and to determine if the building cultural background impacts those preferences. The data in this study consisted of responses from two groups of dwellers in Norway, including immigrants from countries where wood is an uncommon building material and native Norwegians from a building culture where wood is common. We found that the most preferred materials were often the same as the most common materials currently used in city buildings. Only small differences were found between the two groups of dwellers that were studied. Most differences were related to concerns about material choice in general and where individuals wanted to live. Respondents who preferred city living preferred commonly used city materials, such as concrete and steel. For cladding materials, stone/bricks were the most preferred. However, stained or painted wood was one of the most preferred, even though it is not commonly used in city buildings.

This article demonstrates residents' transformative practices and discusses attendant outcomes to contribute to an understanding of state-built housing estates for people affected by urban transformation projects. It draws upon ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a social housing estate (K-TOKI) in the Northern Ankara Entrance Urban Transformation Project (NAEUTP). It addresses questions on why formalization of informal housing takes place today, under what conditions it is countered by re-informalization practices, and what the outcomes of this process are. As informal housing became formalized by NAEUTP, gecekondu dwellers were forced into formalized spaces and lives within K-TOKI, which was based on a middle-class lifestyle in its design and its legally required central management. Informality re-emerged in K-TOKI when the state's housing institution, in response to the estate's poor marketability, moved out, allowing residents to reappropriate spaces to meet their needs and form their own management system. When cultural norms that are inscribed in the built environment and financial norms that treat residents as clients conflict with everyday practices and financial capabilities, the urban poor increasingly engage in acts of informality. I argue that the outcome of this informality in a formal context is a site of multiple discrepancies. © 2016 Urban Research Publications Limited

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016, Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2016, Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki mevcut modern dönem konut yerleşmelerinin, kültürel, sosyal ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik bağlamında mekânsal kalitesinin arttırılmasına yönelik yaklaşımlar geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Cumhuriyet’in ilanından sonra özellikle 1930-70 yılları arasında modern mimari ve şehircilik anlayışı ile tasarlanmış, dönemin ve kullanıcılarının yaşam biçimini yansıtan, bulunduğu kent parçasında önemli değişimlerin yaşanmasıyla beraber çeşitli ölçeklerde müdahalelere maruz kalan ve kültürel bellekte yer etmiş konut toplulukları üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Gelecek nesillere aktarılabilecek ve model oluşturabilecek konumda olan bu yapı topluluklarının sürdürülebilir bir anlayışla kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik ve politik bir tabanda kurulmuş, koruma ve iyileştirmeyi de içine alan, mekânsal kaliteyi arttırmaya yönelik yaklaşımlara ihtiyacı vardır. Bu yaklaşımlar, konut kullanıcılarından, merkezi ve yerel yönetimler, finansör kurumlar, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına kadar birçok aktörün katılımıyla oluşturulacak bir organizasyon olarak, katılım süreçlerine ve biçimlerine dair alternatifler getirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Sürdürülebilirliğin önem kazandığı günümüzde, hem ekonomik hem sosyal ve kültürel sürdürülebilirlik, mevcut stokun yeniden ele alınmasında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Mevcut stokta mekân kalitesinin arttırılması üzerine başlatılan bu araştırma Türkiye ve dünya genelinde yapılan literatür çalışmasının ardından, örneklem üzerinden anket ve görüşmeler ile verilerini elde edecek şekilde kurgulanmıştır. Tez kapsamında, mevcut stok üzerinde oluşan mekânsal, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik değer kayıplarının azaltılması, kalitenin iyileştirilmesi ve yenileştirme çalışmalarının kurgulanması için çeşitli yaklaşımlar ele alınmış ve incelenmiştir. Mekânsal kalitenin iyileştirilerek kültürel sürdürülebilirliğe katkı sağlanması amaçlanan çalışmada, alan çalışması olarak ülkemizde modern mimari ve şehircilik anlayışının önemli temsilcilerinden Prof. Dr. Kemal Ahmet Arû’nun tasarımını gerçekleştirdiği ve Türkiye’de modern mimari konut uygulamalarının en önemli örneklerinden 4. Levent Emlak Bankası Konutları ele alınmıştır. Bölge, kent belleğinde modern mimarinin ülkemizdeki yansımalarını ve gelişimini aktaracak önemli bir belge niteliğindedir. Bu yerleşmelerin kendilerine özgü nitelikleri korunarak, günümüz kullanıcısına daha sağlıklı ve kaliteli konut mekânları sunulması bir yandan toplum belleğine, diğer yandan doğrudan kullanıcıya yarar sağlayacaktır. Çalışma, mekânsal, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik ile kalite kavramları arasındaki ilişkinin kurulması, modern dönem konut mimari olgusunun gelişimi, kent belleğindeki yeri ve önemi, mevcut mekânsal kalite problemleri bağlamında aktarılacak, alan çalışması, analiz ve öneriler şeklinde sürdürülecektir. Alan çalışması, 4. Levent Evleri tarihçesi, arşiv taraması, literatür çalışmaları, gözlemler, ilgili aktörlerle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmeler ve bölge konut kullanıcıları ile yapılan anket çalışması ile tamamlanacaktır. Anket ve derinlemesine görüşme çalışmaları, kullanıcıların ve diğer aktörlerin bölgenin mekânsal kalitesinin sürdürülebilirliği yönünden fikirlerini araştırıp, analiz etmeyi sağlayacak, mekânsal kalitenin arttırılmasına yönelik hizmetlerde kendilerini nerede konumlandırdıkları hakkında bilgi sağlayacaktır. Yapılan analiz ve değerlendirmelerde hem kullanıcılar hem de diğer aktörlerin mevcut modern mimari konut yerleşmelerinde mekân kalitesinin sürdürülebilirliğine bakışı irdelenerek, ihtiyaç duyulan organizasyonun geliştirilmesine yönelik yaklaşımlar ve fikirler sunulacaktır., Dwellings are one of the most important basic needs of human life. Throughout history, all societies have shaped their houses in terms of their particular social, cultural, economic and geographical assets. The results of a dwelling research provide all of the dimensions of human life in a country with regard to the past. Today, the world has a huge housing heritage in the form of different settlements. Housing settlements are not only affected by economic, geographic properties, but also by society’s political and cultural vision. The architectural characteristics of the settlements in a country reflect all such ideas. They give hints about the regions’ memories/past. While houses satisfy people’s dwelling needs, at the same time they are a big part of the memory of the city. The buildings we see around us today make strong connections with the past. That is why the existing housing stock in a country is important in terms of understanding the past and the future. Recent existing housing stock can be listed in two groups such as preserved cultural heritage housing and non-preserved housing stock; the first examples relate to the modernism idea of the 1920s, the post-World War II social housing stock, the Soviet Union Commieblocks, and the 60s-70s modern architecture apartments and mass housing projects. This research focuses on the existing housing stock’s spatial quality problems and the solutions to such issues in a systematic way. The main aim of the study is to create a housing regeneration approach for Turkey’s existing housing stock in order to improve spatial quality. By solving such spatial quality problems, the aim is to provide for the social, cultural and economic sustainability of the stock. Housing stock goes through different stages during its life period; design, construction, occupancy, modification, maintenance, and, after this progress is generally complete, with ‘demolition’. Today, after many years in construction terms, the existing stock has struggled with problems of spatial quality. There are several solutions for improving the spatial quality of the existing stock. The preserved stock (listed buildings) is generally made up of buildings in need of restoration or renovation projects and has been provided with protection from national or international laws and policies. On the other hand, non-listed buildings have two alternative outcomes: demolition or regeneration. The most problematic preservation subject relates to modern housing settlements as part of the existing housing stock. A small number are listed as heritage sites. In recent years in particular, many low quality modern housing settlements have been demolished. In this context, modern housing stock that is from the 20s and 30s should be dealt with in terms of spatial quality. The main aim of the study is to criticize the new formation and to develop a strategic approach with regard to design-redesign criteria for the existing housing stock in order to provide sustainability. Developing a new approach for the existing housing stock will provide economic, social, cultural and ecological sustainability that are defined in the Brundtland Report as ‘…development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (WCED, 1987). Modern housing stock is not only an economic resource. They are also valuable social and cultural resources. The spatial quality problems of the 1930-1970 period modern housing settlements in Turkey are the main issue of this research. By the 1920s, a new design revolution had occurred, with all the products from industrial design to urban design being affected by it. Modern architecture is a term for the movement in the 20th Century in which new technology and materials were begun to be used for art and architecture. It is characterized by the use of simple geometric forms and the subtraction of ornamentation from the product, thus emphasizing the aesthetic of simplicity and functionality. Modern movement is not only a result of technological developments and innovations, but also a result of social and political revolutions. During the 20th Century, world wars, revolutions, and regime changes affected urban settlements enormously (Heynen, 2011). Today, due to the modern movement in terms of its housing heritage, the European countries especially have a huge stock. This stock is handled in two ways: conservation and regeneration or demolition. While the heritage that was built before the 20th Century is perceived as having to be preserved and conserved, modern architectural buildings that were built in the recent past cannot be considered as being part of a country’s architectural heritage by the people in general. Now it can be said that the modern movement architectural heritage needs new regeneration approaches. Conservation and regeneration of the 20th Century built environment provides us with an understanding of the way of life from the past, connecting us to the past and strengthening our emotions and memories. Besides this, the modern movement heritage carries an art philosophy. Twentieth Century architecture is important because of the use of form, materials and colors, the organization of social relationships and neighborhoods, and social concepts. The term was formed with regard to social, technological and aesthetic intentions that represent our recent social past, so it can be said to be an important and vital subject (Henket, 1996). After the declaration of the Republic of Turkey, and especially in the period between 1930-1970, many residential buildings were built according to modern architecture and urban design principles. Those buildings reflect the people and the lifestyle of those days. The cities changed following the recurring lifestyles of its residents. As Bozdoğan (1998) pointed out, the modern movement claimed to transcend ideology. During the World War II period, many new regimes, and political and economic systems embraced the ideals of the modern movement. The capital city of Turkey, Ankara, and Istanbul have included the most important modernist buildings from the first experiments. With the establishment of the republic, a need occurred to create a new ‘modern’ society. The new style with a Turkish vision began to be implemented for the cities and their buildings. With the economic strategies and politics, urbanization and urban policies have increased in importance. When we look at the history of housing in Turkey, during the early period of the Republic in the 1920s and the 1930s, the government focused on housing shortages and the residential needs of the growing population. In the 1940s-1950s, industrialization caused migration from rural areas to urban centers, leading to a rapid population increase. Until the 1950s, with increasingly rapid migration, the housing shortage was an important problem for the government. In practice, there were different housing production systems for different income groups. During that period, while high and middle-income groups were living in built-sell apartment blocks or cooperative settlements, low-income groups created new lifestyles when it came to obtaining shelter, becoming squatters (Tekeli, 2012). Since the 1960s, the main approaches in terms of housing and settlement policies generally have been determined and described in 5-year development plans that are prepared by Ministry of Development and as the part of government programs. The issues, which are always dealt with, are squatter settlements, earthquakes and sustainable development. It can be said that not enough importance has been placed on housing maintenance, reinvestment and regeneration and on the 20th Century architectural heritage. The government’s approach generally relates to policies dealing with urban regeneration and renewal projects. We can talk about certain regulations, rules and some forecasts related to housing regeneration policies and economies, but we cannot see any implementation with regard to the existing housing stock that needs representation to improve the quality of the existing housing stock. Today, it can be seen that there are many housings examples from modern period and they have spatial quality problems. The modern movement in terms of housing settlements in Turkey generally is not recognized as being part of Turkey’s heritage whereas ancient buildings can be listed easily as part of this cultural heritage. This study concentrates on those residential buildings that have a place in cultural memory, and puts into place arguments about ways to increase the quality of space in those buildings by considering the social, cultural and economic sustainability aspects. This approach model aims to constitute a consortium of government, residents, financial institutions and free foundations. It is very important to consider cultural, social and economic sustainability in order to reconsider the situation with regard to the current housing stock. This approach is an alternative to popular urban transformation, and in this way, it will be easier to preserve and sustain cultural memories. The main idea with regards to this stock is generally to concentrate on demolition and rebuilding. Nobody talks about regeneration because of the lack of strategies. Housing regeneration is based on reinvestment and renovation. It provides both good economic results and well-organized, high quality living spaces. We need firstly reinvestment policies and supplements for the regeneration of modern movement housing settlements. Regeneration and reinvestment implementations need the support of all economic, social, cultural and architectural organizations. In particular, the architectural (design) aspect is the base of this big organization. The design stage associated with implementation is particularly important for directing the other subjects. There are many elements and actors involved in creating a regeneration process related to reinvestment, in the form of urban, architectural, landscape and interior design. Regeneration and reinvestment requires a special strategy that needs to consider several actors, abilities and implementations. Strategic approaches provide a sustainable economy, an aesthetic view and a healthy human life. Consciousness and awareness, economic support and well-organized design methods from unit to urban scale are the most important aspects. Householders (users), governmental and non-governmental organizations and professionals (architects, city planners and designers, etc.) and financers are the most powerful actors when it comes to creating housing regeneration strategies in Turkey. This study aims to understand and create solutions for the spatial quality of the existing housing stock. So, at the beginning of the study, existing housing stock and space quality relationships and space quality theories were examined in terms of the case study examples. While studying quality, sustainability theories were researched in terms of the existing stock and its advantages. National and international approaches and policies were examined. To understand the regeneration process and the relevant organizations, European countries and their implementations were analyzed in terms of the design process, participation, laws, financial sources, etc. Post-occupancy researches into these examples from European countries were examined, and some important points were identified before researching the situation in Turkey. With the help of these examples, the methods and details of the site interviews are defined. The research study is based on questionnaires and interviews that can be used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. ‘4. Levent Emlak Bankası Konutları’ is selected as the case study area for this research. The settlement was designed by Professor Kemal Ahmet Arû who is one of the most important architects in the field of modern architecture in Turkey. Literature and historical research was undertaken to understand the evaluation of the area. Spatial quality problems in the area are examined based on on-site observations. This area faced many big changes and it is located on the Büyükdere Avenue that is still one of the most popular areas in Istanbul. The research continues with an attempt to build a relationship between cultural sustainability and the quality of the space, and working on analyzing the development of the concept of modern housing architecture, and its place in the memory of the city. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews are conducted in this part of the city, in accordance with the chosen focus. The results of these questionnaires and interviews are used to analyze the ideas of people living in this place with regard to space and housing quality. When the results of the questionnaires and in-depth interviews are examined, it can be seen that the main aspects of the spatial problems are related to a lack of regular maintenance regulated by laws or to a lack of consciousness about Turkey’s modern housing heritage. As a result of analyzing the needs and ideas of residents, along with developing an understanding of the approaches of the actors, this study has tried to build an approach for Turkey. At the end of the study, a strategic model that can be used for regeneration studies on existing stock has been developed, based on the literature research and findings of the field study. While building this approach, regeneration process, potential actors who can contribute to the process and actors’ abilities have been determined. Then process and network of relations have been defined. As the proposal of the study, a well-organized regeneration model has been created with a participatory approach for increasing spatial quality in existing housing stock., Doktora, PhD

Günümüzdeki üretim ve paylaşım düzeninde konut sadece insanların temel barınma ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaya yarayan fiziksel bir varlık değildir. Konut, aynı zamanda piyasalarda ticareti yapılmak üzere üretilen bir meta ve yatırım amacıyla satın alınan iktisadi bir varlıktır. Konutların yanlış fiyatlandırılmasının bireyler, firmalar, endüstriler, ulusal ekonomiler ve nihayet küresel ekonomi için ciddi olumsuz sonuçları olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı bu karmaşık varlığın fiyat dinamiklerini analitik bir çerçeve içinde araştırmaktır. Çalışma, son yıllarda yapılmış olan benzer araştırmalardan yola çıkarak, henüz gelişmekte olan davranışsal iktisadi kuramlarının bu amaca katkı sunabileceği tezini öne sürmektedir.Bu tezi desteklemek amacıyla, çalışma önce konut fiyatlarına dair farklı bakış açılarını, neoklasik ve davranışsal iktisatçılar arasında son yıllarda süregelen bir tartışma bağlamında kuramsal bir çerçeveye yerleştirmektedir. Sonrasında ise, Dört Kadranlı Model olarak bilinen bir modeli geliştirerek analitik olarak izlenebilen çok etmenli bir benzetim modeli sunmaktadır. Söz konusu geliştirilmiş model, bilhassa davranışsal çoktürelliğin ve dinamik davranış değişikliklerinin mevcut modeli ne ölçüde geliştirdiğini araştırmaktadır. Çalışma, önerdiği modeli İstanbul konut piyasasından Ocak 2010 ve Eylül 2015 tarihleri arasında elde edilen veriler ile sınamaktadır. Sonuçlar hem davranışsal çoktürelliğin hem de dinamik davranış değişikliklerinin konut fiyatlarının araştırılmasında önem arz ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, çizdiği kuramsal çerçeveye ve önerdiği benzetim modelinden edilen bulgulara dayanarak konut piyasalarıyla ilgilenen karar alıcıları, araştırmacıları ve sivil toplum örgütlerini eş-güdüm dahilinde harekete geçmeye davet etmektedir. In contemporary capitalist economies, housing is not only a shelter that satisfies a basic human need. It is also a commodity produced for exchange in markets and an asset for storing and enhancing wealth. As such, its mispricing can have repercussions for individuals, firms, industries, nationwide economies, and for the global economy. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the price dynamics of this complex entity in an analytically tractable framework. In agreement with a recent but growing body of literature, the study shares the view that incorporating insights from behavioral economics can be valuable in such an undertaking.To support this statement, the dissertation first presents a theoretical framework that situates differing views on house prices in a wider split between neoclassical and behavioral economists. Then, the study proposes an agent-based simulation by extending a prominent real estate market model known as the Four Quadrant Model. Specifically, the extended model seeks to explore the extent to which behavioral heterogeneity and dynamic market behavior enhance the existing explanations of house price dynamics. The dissertation validates the proposed model by running a set of experiments with empirical data obtained from Istanbul's housing market between January 2010 and September 2015. The results suggest that both the inclusion of behavioral heterogeneity and dynamic behavior are relevant in the exploration of house price dynamics. Based on the theoretical framework and the simulation results, the dissertation calls for action on the part of policy makers, researchers, and members of civic and professional organizations. 124

Kentteki sıkışık yapı dokusuna bağlı olarak, konut çevresindeki açık alan ihtiyacının planlanmış (kurgulanmış) yarı-özel/yarı-kamusal, yarı-açık/açık alanlar kadar; kendiliğinden oluşmuş (kurgulanmamış) açık mekânlarda da karşılandığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu tezde özel ve kamusal alanlar arasında kalan; kurgulanmış ya da kurgulanmamış mekânlar Gri Madde-GM (Grey Matters) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bir metafor olarak kullanılan bu isim, biyoloji terminolojisinde beyinde bulunan gri madde'ye işaret etmektedir. Beyinde sinir hücreleri, dendritler ve aksonları içeren gri renkli doku; beyin hücreleri arasında elektrik geçişlerine olanak sağlamaktadır. Konut çevresindeki yarı-özel/yarı-kamusal, yarı-açık/açık alanların elektrik geçişlerine benzer şekilde sosyal etkileşime izin verdiği varsayılmaktadır. Kent içinde dönüşen gündelik yaşam kültürü konut çevresindeki etkileşim mekânlarına da yansımaktadır. Bu dönüşüm genç yetişkinlere dair demografik yapı ve gündelik yaşam kültürünün yanında; GM'nin karakteristik özellikleriyle de ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma eğitimli genç yetişkinlerin GM tercihlerini algı, kullanım ve sosyal etkileşimde oynadığı rol bakımından araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Konut çevresindeki bazı yarı-özel/yarı-kamusal, yarı-açık/açık mekânlar genç yetişkinler tarafından konutun devamı olarak görülmektedir. GM alanlarının mimarlık literatüründe yer alan tasarlanmış açık alan tanımlamalarına tam olarak uyması beklenmemelidir. Metodolojik yaklaşım, araştırma sorusunu sahadan toplanan verilerle genişletme esasına dayanan temellendirilmiş kuramdır. Tez 6 adımdan oluşan bir saha çalışmasıyla özgün bulgulara ulaşmayı hedeflemiştir. Anket ve derinlemesine görüşme tipinde 49 kişilik bir örneklem grubuyla yapılan saha çalışması yapılmıştır. Verilerin işaret ettiği örnek olaylarda yapılan gözlemler ve profesyonellerle tasarım sürecine aktarımının tartışılmasıyla son bulmaktadır. Veriler yorumlamacı nicel yöntem ışığında analiz edilmiştir. Özellikle derinlemesine görüşmeler yoluyla elde edilen veriler, her kullanıcının kendi tercih ettiği bir GM'ye işaret etmekte ve onun tekil yapısına odaklanmaktadır. Demografi ve gündelik yaşam kültürü ekseninde, genç yetişkinlerin GM kullanım tercihleri çeşitlenmektedir. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları genç yetişkinlerin en azından `biraz nefes almak için` konut çevresindeki yarı-açık/açık mekânlara ihtiyaç duyduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak; sahada işaret edilen GM örnekleri, mimari açıdan her zaman kitap tanımlarındaki kadar tipik yapılar göstermemektedir. Benzer amaçlarla oluşturulmuş olsalar bile; bazı konut çevresindeki yarı-özel/yarı-kamusal, yarı-açık/açık mekânlar aktivite çeşitliliği ve sosyal etkileşim için tercih edilmemektedir. Diğer örnekler ise kendiliğinden oluşmuş olmalarına karşın benimsenmekte ve kullanılmaktadır. Bu durum; algı, kullanım ve bu mekânların sosyal etkileşimdeki destekleyici rolü üzerinden açıklanmaktadır. GM'nin algılanması, kullanılması ve sosyal etkileşimde destekleyici rol oynaması konusunda belirleyici parametreler bulunmaktadır. Bunlar;xxgenç yetişkinlerin yaş gruplarını ve medeni durumlarını içine alan demografik yapılar; çocuk sahibi olma, aile kökeni, çalışma tipleri, çay/kahve alkol tüketimi, sigara kullanma alışkanlığı ve hayat tarzını içine alan gündelik yaşam kültürü olarak sıralanmaktadır. Ayrıca, ulaşılabilir GM alanının gölge/güneşe dönüklük, yeşil öğeler, sandalye/masa/bank, diğer donatılar, deniz kenarında bulunan konumu ve manzarası ile ilişkisi dikkate alınmıştır. Çay/kahve tüketimi ve sigara kullanma gibi davranışlar da GM eğilimlerinde etkilidir. Dolayısıyla araştırma; 23-37 yaş aralığında en az üniversite derecesi almış, İstanbul Avrupa yakası metro taşıma güzergahı üzerinde ikamet eden genç yetişkinlere odaklanmaktadır. Söz konusu güzergâh; büyük ölçekli bankaların ve yatırım kurumlarının yönetim merkezlerinin konumlandığı küçük metrekareli görece daha pahalı dairelerin bulunduğu Maslak ile başlamaktadır. Eski kent merkezinde üniversitelere, sosyal hayata ve iş imkânlarına yakınlığıyla bilinen Beşiktaş'la devam etmekte ve sosyo-kültürel yapısı, yaşam tarzı ve yoğun konut dokusu ile entellektüel kentli yaşamını temsil eden Şişli-Beyoğlu ile sonlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın İstanbul'da gerçekleştirilmesinin ardındaki sebep; kariyer olasılıkları, sosyal çekim alanları ve kültürel yapısı ile üniversite mezunları için çekici bir kent olmasıdır. Bazı durumlarda bilindik konut yapıları arasında kalan mekânların ya da kamusal merdivenler ile bir mahallenin iki kotunu bağlayan geçiş alanlarının genç yetişkinler için GM haline gelmesi planlanmadan gerçekleşmektedir. Oldukça sıkışık şekilde yapılaşmış bu kentsel aksın içinde yer alan bazı noktalar genç yetişkinler tarafından konutlarının adeta arka bahçesi, ön yeşilliği ya da terası gibi görülmektedir. Genç yetişkinlerin bu alanlarda okuduklarına, çalıştıklarına, egzersiz yaptıklarına, sosyal ilişki kurduklarına, hatta işleriyle bağlantılı toplantılar/görüşmeler gerçekleştirdiklerine, çay/kahve içtiklerine ve sigara kullandıklarına dair kanıtlar bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca bu noktalarda çocuklarıyla, partnerleriyle, eşleri, komşuları ve evcil hayvanlarıyla zaman geçirmektedir. Gri Madde alanları her ne kadar mülkiyet tanımlamaları bakımından kimseye ait olmayan kentsel parçalar olsa da; genç yetişkinler bu alanlar için bir aidiyet ve hatta sahiplenme duygusu geliştirmektedir. Dolayısıyla; demografik yapılar, gündelik yaşam eğilimleri ve fiziksel yapılar açılarından genç yetişkinlerin GM'yi algılama, kullanma ve sosyal etkileşime destek olma durumunun değişimi bu tez çerçevesinde araştırılmıştır.Anahtar kelimeler Gri madde (GM), genç yetişkinler, konut alanları Due to the dense patterns in the Istanbul urban tissue, the need for outdoor usage around residential areas tends to vary from being planned (constructed) of semi-private/semi-public open/semi-open spaces to unconstructed outdoor spaces almost constituted by coincidence. In this study such spaces are named as grey matters-GM referring to the grey matter tissue in the brain which is a greish material maintaining denderites, axons and nerve cells and enables electrial impulses. In the metaphorical senses grey matter takes a similar role with the semi-private/semi-public open/semi-open spaces in the housing circles. Grey matters create venues for social interaction just like electrical impulses in the social life. The changing daily living culture in the city adresses shifts in the spaces for neighbourhood interactions in terms of preferences. This shift is mainly related to demographic characteristics and daily living cultures of young adults; as well as the particular features of the grey matters. The study aims to explore tendencies of the educated young adults for using GM regarding perception, usage and the role of GM in their social interaction. Some semi-private/semi-public open/semi-open spaces are considered and used as the outdoor extensions of their dwellings. So the GM areas do not necessarily have to fit the architectural definitions of planned/designed shared residential open spaces. The reasons are sought for young adults about the understanding of these particular GM. The approach is grounded theory method in which the research question is extended through the data gathered from the field in a systematical order. The data is analysed by the interpretive qualitative method. The in-depth interviews are selected as the core tactic since every GM is unique for a particular residential area. With respect to the demography and daily living culture, the young adults' preferences for GM usage vary. The reseach displays that young adults need outdoor at least for `taking some air`. Nevertheless the GM spaces are not always the text book examples in architectural senses. As some semi-private/semi-public, open/semi-open residential spaces are not considered to be a place for out-door activities and social interaction; some other spaces architecturally considered to be formulated by coincidence are percieved to be the most prominent open-air areas of the dwellings. This can be explained through the perception, usage and supportive social interaction role of GM; regarding demography such as age sub-groups for young adults, marital status, having children, income level and daily living culture such as flexible work patterns, family background, life-style preferences. Moreover, the physical features of the available GM such as shade/sun exposure, the green elements, benches/chairs/tables/other necessary equipments, the connection with the sea-front/the sea-view (specific for Istanbul), possibilities for coffee/tea consumption and smoking drive the tendency to use. The research focuses on 23-37 ages of youngxxiiadults with higher education degrees, specifically living on the metro line route on the European side, Istanbul. The research axe begins with Maslak where the headquarters of large banks and investment companies are located along with housing settlements of small apartments in large blocks, and continues with Beşiktaş with old housing blocks in the old city centre accesible to universities. There exists a wide range of job opportunies and social life ending with Şişli/Beyoğlu where a certain life-style with the city-centre living tendencies in a very dense housing pattern takes place. The study is conducted in Istanbul since it is appealing to university graduates due to career prospects, wide range of social attractions and cultural activities. The shift of the space between buildings or a walking path on the open-air stairs into a GM for young adults is a formulated without designing. In this very densely constructed urban axis, young adults prefer to use some particular spots in their neighbourhoods as if they were their own backyards, lawns or porches. They read study, exercise, connect socially, even make work-oriented small meetings, and drink coffee/tea and smoke. Moreover, they spend time with their children, partners, pets and neighbours in such spaces. They build a sense of belonging and even own GM even if they are no man's lands regarding the urban definitions. Thus; the dwellers' shifting grounds on demographic patterns and life-style tendencies, i.e. housing motivations, career prospects, similar levels of education, status, and their effect on perception, usage and supportive role in social interaction in the GM is explored.Demography in this research adresses the age phases within 23-37 of ages (early phase/ 23-27, middle phase/ 28-32, latter phase/ 33-37), gender and marital status of young adults. In the much earlier stages of young adulthood, the apartments are shared mostly with family members or friends. Thus; their usage of GM is oriented more likely with a certain level of privacy. Since the home is shared with other people, young adults spend the time for their private life around the house. For instance meeting with friends or a private conversation takes place out of the shared living area. In the cases of sharing home with parents or a room-mate leads to GM usage earlier than age of 23 (beginning around the ages 17 or 18). Having children can be considered as a major game changer since young adults use GM areas with respect to children's playground demands. Moreover the levels of income indicate different perceptions, usage and social interaction manners among young adults.Daily living culture notion refers to the individual preferences, life-style tendencies, and urban life patterns as Thorkild states in his study which connects the factor of lifestyle for the residential choice. In this case, the perception of GM is prominent and strongly related to the personal background. The background includes the socio-economic status, being raised in the city or rural areas, and the culture. Moreover, the religious beliefs, conservative tendencies and the professions are also components of the daily living cultures referring to work patterns. Some jobs are undertaken at home-offices and completed in flexible hours. For instance, a freelancer photographer's work pattern is not similar to bank accountants'. The understanding of leisure spaces, types of activities, and seasonal usage changes formulate different daily living cultures.Physical features of GM areas stand for the specific characteristics of that particular GM. It can be assumed that a space that is not designed for sitting, chatting or drinking some coffee would not be used for such activities. On the contrary some GM areas in the unconstructed catogory are used frequently due to their unique features such as sea-front location, sea-view, protective formation from unplesant weather conditions or easy-to-access position. For instance the public stairs connecting two different street levels are used for activities mentioned above.First this paper frames literature, then describes constructed and unconstructed GM notions. Then the analysis of data obtained via quantitative and qualitative research strategies are displayed with respect to grounded theory approach. Descriptive statistics culminated by questionaires make reference to the interpretative qualitative findings of 49 in-depth open-ended interviews.It can be stated that, the young adults give importance to the social life in the city centre. The demography, daily life and living culture of young adults are studied together with physical physical features of GM. The GM formation categories are listed as (1) constructed and (2) unconstructed. They their unique features and locations in the urban context are studied. These are taken as the characteristics that manupulate perception, usage and supportive role in their potential to evoke social interaction possibilities.Keywords Grey matters (GM), young adults, residential areas 382

Das Wiener Terrassenhaus - Entwicklungsphasen und Aktualit��t eines historischen Wohntypus mit Fokus auf den lokalspezifischen architektonischen Diskurs Diese Studie behandelt das Terrassenhaus als st��dtische Wohnform mit besonderem Fokus auf seine Pr��senz im Wiener Wohnbaudiskurs. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die spezifische Bezeichnung Wiener Terrassenhaus vorgeschlagen. Es handelt sich um einen Geb��udetypus, der als abstraktes und nutzungsbezogenes Konzept und gleichzeitig auch als konkrete Formgestalt mit entsprechendem Ausdruck als Doppelbegriff zu sehen ist. ��ber das 20. Jahrhundert hinweg hat der Geb��udetypus wiederholt im lokalen Wohnbaudiskurs seine Pr��senz gezeigt und ��ber diese Zeitspange betrachtet wird eine Entwicklung des Konzepts erkennbar, die im Gegensatz zu bisherigen Auffassungen ein differenziertes Bild von Entwurfsl��sungen darstellt. Die Urspr��nge des Wiener Terrassenhauses gehen auf nicht realisierte Entw��rfe von Adolf Loos zur��ck, die als Gegenvorschl��ge zum offiziellen Gemeindehof entwickelt wurden. Vor allem das Terrassenhaus f��r die Inzersdorfer Stra��e (1923) hat einen nachweisbaren Einfluss auf sp��tere Projekte ausge��bt. Dieses Projekt ist eng mit dem Siedlungskonzept verwandt, das Adolf Loos in den Jahren nach dem ersten Weltkrieg entwickelte. Gleichzeitig folgt es auch seiner pers��nlichen Entwurfssprache und Bestrebung das Allt��gliche und das Monumentale zu vereinigen. Die sp��tere Entwicklung des Wiener Terrassenhauses l��sst sich in Bezug zum Gegensatzpaar Stadterweiterung und Stadterneuerung, einer der Hauptthemen des Wohnbaudiskurses der Nachkriegsjahre, verstehen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird mit der vorliegenden Arbeit das Dreischrittschema These, Antithese und Synthese als interpretativer Rahmen f��r die Entfaltung des Geb��udeprinzips vorgeschlagen. Somit wird angenommen, dass das Terrassenhaus zuerst Mitte der 1960er Jahre mit dem von der Arbeitsgruppe 4 erstellten Konzept Wohnberge (1964) am Stadtrand als 'These' auftritt. Die Bl��tezeit des Terrassenhauses als Grundelement f��r Stadterweiterung wurde von der wegweisenden generations��bergreifenden Ausstellung Neue st��dtische Wohnformen (1967) markiert. Hier l��sst sich feststellen, dass einerseits pragmatische kleine Terrassenh��user und andererseits utopisch anmutende Gro��wohnkomplexe dadurch ein gegenseitiges Verh��ltnis von Legitimierung bildeten, dass die kleinen Bauten wie Modelle f��r die gro��en Bebauungen gesehen wurden. Als 'Antithese' zu diesen Entw��rfen f��r die Stadtperipherie werden Entw��rfe f��r innerst��dtische Terrassenh��user angef��hrt, die als gr��ne T��ler bezeichnet werden: Das wenig bekannte Projekt Stadterneuerung Schottenfeld (1966-1971) von Hermann Czech, das fr��h den Fokus zur��ck zur Stadt lenkte, und die international anerkannte Wohnanlage Wohnen Morgen von Wilhelm Holzbauer (1974-1980) werden als wichtigste Beispiele diskutiert. Es wird in diesem Zusammenhang argumentiert, dass das realisierte Projekt von Holzbauer weitgehend st��dtebauliche Aspekte umsetzte, die bereits im fr��heren Projekt von Czech formuliert waren. In der Mehrzahl der Terrassenhausprojekte aus dieser Zeit flie��en internationale Impulse gemeinsam mit dem lokalhistorischen Erbe von vor allem dem Loos-schen Terrassenhaus zusammen. Ab Anfang der 1970er Jahre entwickelte Harry Gl��ck, der im bisherigen Diskurs ��ber das Terrassenhaus nicht teilgenommen hatte, ein stringentes, konstruktiv und bauwirtschaftlich optimiertes und gleichzeitig ma��stabsunabh��ngiges Geb��udeprinzip. Diese Version des Terrassenhauses lie�� sich gleichgut am Stadtrand sowie in innerst��dtischer Lage anwenden und bildete eine 'Synthese' der fr��heren entgegengestellten Konzepte (Wohnberge und gr��ne T��ler), die Harry Gl��ck als gestapelte Einfamilienh��user bezeichnete. Diese Wohnbauten, die eine auffallend hohe Akzeptanz der Bewohner aufweisen und in der Zwischenzeit beinahe Synonym f��r das Wiener Terrassenhaus geworden sind, wurden unter besonderen politischen und finanziellen Rahmenbedingungen erstellt, die es schwierig macht, sie mit andere Bauten dieser Art zu vergleichen. Heute, nach mehreren Jahrzehnten geringer Beachtung erlebt das Terrassenhaus international, wie auch in Wien, ein neues Interesse als Element f��r st��dtisches Wohnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich abschlie��end mit zwei gegenw��rtigen Terrassenhausprojekten, nach 2010 gebaut, die jeweils eine der zwei Hauptkategorien Wohnberge und gr��ne T��ler weiterentwickeln. Als Schlussfolgerung wird auf die Wichtigkeit der st��dtebaulichen Eigenschaften des Terrassenhauses aufmerksam gemacht, die beachtet werden m��ssen, um es zu einem wirksamen Mittel f��r st��dtisches Wohnen zu machen. Gleichzeitig wird argumentiert, dass darin die Qualit��t des Bautyps liegt - einerseits seine Kapazit��t zwischen unterschiedlichen Ma��st��ben zu vermitteln (Wohnberge als urbaner 'Zement') und anderseits das Vereinen von verschiedenen r��umlichen Situationen zu einer zusammengesetzten Struktur (gr��ne T��ler als 'Januskopf'). Weiters wird auf wenig verwendete Elemente aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wiener Terrassenhauses, wie u.a. die Loos'schen Hochstra��en, hingewiesen, die das Potential aufweisen, einen graduierteren r��umlichen Zusammenhang zwischen Wohnung und Stadt entstehen zu lassen. Begriffe: Terrassenhaus, Stufenbau, st��dtischer Wohnbau, Typologie, Bauform, Wohnkonzept, Bebauungsform, St��dtebau Ausstellungen: Wien der Zukunft (1964), neue st��dtische Wohnformen (1967), integrierter St��dtebau (1971), Alternativen im sozialer Wohnbau (1975) Protagonisten: Adolf Loos, Oskar Strnad, Arbeitsgruppe 4, Viktor Hufnagl, Hermann Czech, Wilhelm Holzbauer, Harry Gl��ck, PPAG (Anna Popelka und Georg Poduschka) und ARTEC (Bettina G��tz und Richard Manahl), The Viennese Terrassenhaus: Development phases and context of a historical housing type with a focus on a locally specific architectural discourse This study deals with the Terrassenhaus (stepped section building) as a building form for urban housing with a particular focus on its role in the discourse on housing in Vienna. The concept Viennese Terrassenhaus is put forward as a specific term. Defined on the one hand as an abstract housing concept, and on the other hand as a specific form, it is argued that this building type can be best understood as a binary concept. Throughout the twentieth century, the Terrassenhaus has surfaced in the Viennese discourse on housing with varying intensity. During this period, the concept has developed and, contrary to common preconceptions, offers a highly differentiated range of design solutions and ideas. The origins of the Viennese Terrassenhaus can be traced back to unrealised projects by Adolf Loos who explored buildings with stepped section as an alternative to the predominant late nineteenth century courtyard type (Gemeindehof). The design for a Terrassenhaus on Inzersdorferstra��e (1923) has had a noticeable influence on later stepped section housing projects. This original concept is related to the low rise garden city developments that Adolf Loos designed shortly after the First World War. In addition, it is argued that the stepped section motif is intimately linked to the personal design language of Loos and his aim to fuse the everyday and the monumental. The later development of the Terrassenhaus can be understood in relation to the difference between Stadterweiterung and Stadterneuerung i.e. urban development on the periphery versus intra-urban renewal, which dominated the discourse on urban housing in Vienna in the decades following the Second World War. This study adopts a dialectic approach of 'thesis', 'anti-thesis' and 'synthesis' as an interpretative framework for the development of the Viennese Terrassenhaus. In the early 1960s, the Terrassenhaus appears as a strategy for the urbanisation of the city periphery in the form of the so-called Wohnberge (housing mountains) as proposed by the Arbeitsgruppe 4 (1964). The apogee of this building type was marked by a seminal exhibition, neue st��dtische Wohnformen (new urban forms of dwelling), organised by ��GfA in 1967. At this point, small-scale, pragmatic Terrassenh��user and large-scale complexes with utopian ambitions formed a reciprocal relationship of legitimization. In opposition to this thesis, two intra-urban Terrassenhaus projects, called gr��ne T��ler (green valleys), are put forward as the anti-thesis of the Wohnberge on the urban periphery. The little-known project Stadterneuerung Schottenfeld (1966-1971) by Hermann Czech, as well as the internationally renowned housing development Wohnen Morgen (1974-1980) by Wilhelm Holzbauer, are seen as primary examples. It is argued that Holzbauer-s project was largely based on original ideas that had been developed by Czech in his earlier project. In all these proposals (Wohnberge as well as gr��ne T��ler) the significant influence of prominent international projects is coupled with the legacy of the Viennese (particularly Loosian) Terrassenhaus. From the early 1970s, the architect Harry Gl��ck, who had not participated in the discourse on the Terrassenhaus during the 1960s, developed an efficient building principle independent of scale. This version of the Terrassenhaus worked well in both urban conditions combining the Wohnberge and gr��ne T��ler into a synthesis that he called gestapelte Einfamilienh��user (stacked single family houses). These buildings by Gl��ck, that are consistently rated highly by their inhabitants, and have since become almost synonymous with the Viennese Terrassenhaus, were realised within a uniquely favourable politico-economic framework. These particular circumstances make it difficult to compare Gl��ck's designs with other building developments from that time. Today, after a hiatus of several decades, the Terrassenhaus concept has resurfaced internationally as well as in Vienna. This study analyses two recently-completed Terrassenhaus projects that can also be related to the key concepts of Wohnberg and gr��ne T��ler. It concludes that in future uses of the Terrassenhaus a particular attention must be given to its contextual qualities. At the same time, it is argued that herein lies its future potential as an urban housing form: a building type which can both act as a joint between dissimilar building scales (Wohnberg as -urban cement-) and combine a wide range of different spatial conditions within a composite structure (gr��ne T��ler as 'Janus-face'). Furthermore, some under-described aspects of the Terrassenhaus, e.g. the Loosian Hochstra��e (street-in-the-sky), could inform this development by means of shifting the abrupt clash of the private and the collective realms, that characterise the Terrassenhaus in its present form, towards a more gradual relationship between the public and private domains of the city.