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Entre las ediciones surgidas de la imprenta áurea encontramos muestras evidentes de textos que trataron de saltarse la legislación existente en la Monarquía Hispánica. Así aparecen impresos falsificados fingiendo haber sido editados en Pamplona, lo que se comprueba no solo por los pies de imprenta y los colofones, sino también gracias a su análisis material. Se estudian estos casos para comprobar el grado de incidencia que tuvieron las ediciones falsas vinculadas al reino de Navarra y así actualizar el panorama bibliográfico local.= Among the editions that emerged from the golden press we found evident samples of texts that tried to bypass the existing legislation in the Hispanic Monarchy. This is how falsified forms appear, pretending to have been published in Pamplona, which is verified not only by the imprints and colophons, but also thanks to their material analysis. These cases are studied to check the degree of incidence of false editions linked to the kingdom of Navarre and thus update the local bibliographic panorama.

Na początku XVII w. w Madrycie mamy do czynienia ze specyficznie funkcjonującą infosferą, która wpływa na kształtowanie się pierwszej opinii publicznej. Autorka opisuje zjawiska związane ze zdobywaniem, rozpowszechnianiem i komentowaniem informacji w przestrzeni miasta. Czyni to na podstawie dzieł literackich, słowników i ówcześnie spisanych kronik, a także zachowanych dokumentów życia społecznego. Artykuł w sposób przekrojowy pokazuje charakter zmian zachodzących w społeczeństwie madryckim między rokiem 1598 – wstąpieniem na tron Filipa III, a rokiem 1627, kiedy Filip IV wydał rozporządzenie zakazujące swobodnego obrotu drukami informacyjnymi, takimi jak relacje z wydarzeń, listy, kazania, etc.

In 15th–16th centuries, Krakow University developed fundamental elements of its memory culture and historical awareness. In the first half of the 17th century, the Krakow academic community strengthened its message concerning its past. Occasional literature, in particular panegyrics, was a particularly important medium of this message. Numerous academic prints were dedicated to Krakow bishops, since they were the University’s chancellors, and frequently its alumni and supporters, while the University itself was one of the key institutions in the diocese, closely related to the Church. The panegyrics were created mostly to celebrate the award of bishopric, a ceremonial entrance of a bishop to the city, an ingress to the Wawel Cathedral or were written in the event of death and the funeral. Seven bishops ruled the diocese in the analyzed period. In that time, university professors and students dedicated a total of 65 panegyrics to them, of which 43 contained references to the University’s past. Panegyrics were a medium of the University’s institutionalized memory culture. Key facts and persons mentioned in the works include: the foundation of 1400, founder King Władysław Jagiełło, Houseof Jagiellon as the dynasty of founders and representatives of the golden age in the University’s history, Jan Kanty – a revered professor of theology (deceased in 1473) as an exemplary lecturer and patron of the University, as well as catalogues of renowned professors and alumni of the University. The catalogues were in fact lists of surnames, and they were supplied as an evidence of the University’s long history and service to the society, the country, and the Church.

The autos about the Christ’s Birth have received less attention than those known as their “older brothers”: The sacramental autos. As a contribution to filling this gap, this article briefly presents the work Nochebuena. Autos al nacimiento del Hijo de Dios con sus loas, villancicos, bailes y sainetes para cantar al propósito, written by Cosme Gómez de Tejada y de los Reyes at the beginning of the 17th Century, and analyzes two of the four autos that integrate this work. This will allow us to establish that the author, from Toledo, inserts his creations into the Christmas and pastoral theatrical tradition, but that he gives special importance to the allegorical characters and the development on stage of plays and riddles to reach the dual characteristic purpose in the Golden theatre: docere and delectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines comparisons Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made between everyday objects, such as grains of sand, millet seeds, and hairs, and the structures and objects he observed through his single-lens microscopes. These comparisons, their possible origins in commerce, and the variety of Leeuwenhoek's observations have not been appreciated widely for their elegance. His measurements of the microscopic world might have grown out of his time as an apprentice to William Davidson, an international cloth merchant in Amsterdam, Leeuwenhoek's surveying licensure, drapery business, and other commercial experiences in Delft. Leeuwenhoek initiated the use of comparisons in his 28 April 1673 letter to the Royal Society, his first letter describing his observations. He compared animalcules, blood cells, fat globules, veins and arteries, insect, plant, and mineral structures to a range of conventional, although tiny objects such as fine and coarse grains of sand, millet grains, human hairs, and other items. In many of his comparisons, he arrived at size estimates for the objects that are very close to the sizes found using current instruments and techniques. Examples of Leeuwenhoek's comparisons will be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enlistment made in Toledo in 1625 records the presence of about one hundred and fifty people who carry out artistic activities. This document also informs us of their residence in one of its parishes and usually of their approximate age. As men over 18 living in each house are listed, including officers, apprentices, or servants, this provides an approximate idea of the corresponding workshops. The high number of people carrying out artistic activities indicates that, in spite of the economic decline of the city, a great artistic production was still maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hoard was unearthed in 2020 in the woods near the forest road on the left bank of the Krasovský brook on the cadastre of the village Senetářov (distr. Blansko, South Moravian Region). The mass find contained 72 small silver coins mostly from Czech and Austrian lands, there are also some Polish and German coins. The find is dated to the end of the Thirty Years’ War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the collection of the Numismatic Department of the National Ossoliński Institute in Wrocław, there is a modern hoard consist of 36 coins. It was found in 1971 in Brzeg (Opole Voivodeship). It consists of small coins – groeschels and kreutzers – from the 1st third of the 17th century. It is exclusively Silesian and Bohemian Habsburg coins. The terminus post quem of this hoard is set by a Silesian three-kreutzer from 1632 minted in Wrocław and Moravian three-kreutzer minted in Olomouc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the available information on a hypogeum where a Phoenician aristocrat was buried which was discovered by chance in the Granada town of Almuñécar during the year 1604. We consider the data provided by some preserved documents from that century about its constructive characteristics, as well as the different elements that made up the grave goods and the ritual that was used. At the same time we will try to insert this finding within our current knowledge about this colony and in particular within some other burial chambers documented in this site [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Ruthenian Orthodox art in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth century opened itself to the influences of Western European culture. The article is devoted to а description and analysis of this phenomenon. Although for most of the seventeenth century no work emerged that was pure enough in terms of its style that it could be termed а fully Renaissance work, this fact does not mean that there wasn't any Renaissance at all. Here the Renaissance was not а style, an epoch, or а period, but а process that unfolded over two centuries, without а strictly defined beginning and end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Hungarian noblewoman Krisztina Nyáry was an important patron and sponsor of spiritual literature in the Kingdom of Hungary. She supported the publication of Catholic prayer books, particularly those in Hungarian. One of the most remarkable prayer books dedicated to Krisztina Nyáry was the Jesus' Heart book written by the Jesuit and Catholic priest Mátyás Hajnal; with its first edition having probably been funded by Krisztina and its illustrations having been obtained with her help. Hajnal compiled it after Nyáry's conversion from Calvinism to the Catholic faith at the request of her husband, Palatine of Hungary, Nikolaus Esterházy, to strengthen her Catholic faith. The book is a typical example of Jesuit emblematics, it contains heart emblems originating from the engraver Antoine Wierix, whose main starting point is the idea that the heart is a key to spiritual elevation. The heart-based religion is the foundation of Jesuit religious mysticism applied in prayer and meditation literature. The heart emblems symbolise the contemplative human heart meeting the heart of Jesus, and, through their rendering, they influence the reader emotionally, enhancing their mystical experience of the text. Hajnal's heart-embellished book, whose publication was inspired and supported by Nyáry, is a staging post in the development of Hungarian literature, marking the beginning of the literary Baroque era in the Kingdom of Hungary. It is of particular importance in tracing the development of poetry in the Hungarian language while it at the same time documents the development of the emblem as an art form in territorially Slovakist literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In seventeenth-century Scotland textiles were made in most districts and marketed widely at home and overseas. Woollens and linens, yarn, cloth, bonnets and stockings, with clear regional specialisations, were manufactured, but they were all of low cost and quality. Comparative advantage came from low rural wages. The wide distribution and character of textile production in the seventeenth century proved of great importance for post-Union success. Among imports the variety and social spread of luxury widened and deepened, though demand was restricted to the upper classes and the middling orders in Edinburgh and other large burghs. The seventeenth century, especially the second half, was a time of widening consumption of exotic articles such as tobacco, sugar and coffee among consumables, Asian silks and cottons (and their imitations) as articles of dress, and wall-hangings and pictures as décor. The social anxiety and economic stress this engendered gave rise to sumptuary laws like that of 1681. These had limited impact, though imports remained sensitive to tariffs. The letters of Andrew Russell, a merchant resident in Rotterdam between 1668 and 1697, demonstrate how this trade was carried out in both directions, and how the market responded to governmental attempts at control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2001 Wardlaw family descendants gifted to the University of St Andrews a pair of embroidered seventeenth-century gauntlet gloves and an embroidered seventeenth-century Geneva Bible bound with The CL. Psalmes of David in Meeter. Family tradition purports that the bible and gloves were given by Charles I to Sir Henry and Lady Wardlaw. Although it is feasible that the gloves were gifted to the first Sir Henry by Charles I, the bible was published after 1640—its 1599 date of imprint is false—and it, therefore, cannot have been given to Sir Henry, who died in 1637. It is also questionable if Charles I would have gifted a Geneva Bible, rather than the King James Version. Following a detailed description of the binding and the conservation it has undergone, the Wardlaw family legend is re-examined through comparing the embroidered binding to others of the seventeenth century, examining the provenance within the bible, and discussing the Geneva version of the bible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]