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The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of spacing and mulch on biomass production, chemical composition and production of essential oil of tropical black sage. A randomized block design was used in a 2×2 factorial scheme: two spacings (1.6 × 0.5m and 1.0 × 0.5m), with and without mulch, using five replications. In the end, the combination of spacing and presence and absence of mulch did not influence the height and diameter of the stem. However, it has influenced fresh matter: 8765.00kgha-1(1.0 × 0.5m, with mulch) and 6112.50kgha-1(1.6 × 0.5m, without mulch). The spacing 1.0 x 0.5m was what provided higher dry matter (3052.14kgha-1). For the production of essential oil, the combination of spacing of 1.0 × 0.5m, with mulch provided greater production (484.50kgha-1). Twenty-seven compounds were detected, of which 23 were identified, most of which were sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. The α-pinene and the β-caryophyllene showed higher abundances in all samples, regardless of the treatment. The contents of α-humulene was sufficient to meet the requirements of the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, the alteration in soil spacing and mulch influences the production of essential oil and biomass, but it does not influence the relatives amount of the α-humulene and of the β-caryophyllene., O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do espaçamento e da cobertura morta sobre a produção da biomassa, composição química e produção do óleo essencial de erva-baleeira. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2×2: dois espaçamentos (1.6 × 0.5m e 1.0 × 0.5m), com e sem cobertura morta, sendo utilizadas cinco repetições. Ao final, a combinação entre espaçamento e presença e ausência de cobertura não influenciaram na altura e diâmetro do caule. No entanto, influenciou na matéria fresca: 8765.00kgha-1(1.0 × 0.5m, com cobertura) e 6112.50kgha-1(1.6 × 0.5m, sem cobertura). O espaçamento 1.0 × 0.5m foi o que proporcionou maior matéria seca (3052.14kgha-1). Para a produção de óleo essencial, a combinação do espaçamento de 1.0 × 0.5m, com cobertura proporcionou maior produção (484.50kgha-1). Foram detectados 27 compostos dos quais 23 foram identificados, sendo a maior parte sesquiterpenos e monoterpenos. O α-pineno e o β-cariofileno apresentaram maiores abundâncias em todas as amostras, independente do tratamento. Os teores de α-humuleno e β-cariofileno, que são os dois marcadores químicos da espécie, não diferiram estatisticamente. Em todos os tratamentos, o teor de α-humuleno foi suficiente para atender às exigências da indústria farmacêutica. Assim a alteração no espaçamento e na cobertura do solo influencia na produção do óleo essencial, e da biomassa, porém não influencia nos teores do α-humuleno e do β-cariofileno.

York gum (Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth) is widely planted in semi-arid regions of Australia for the production of Eucalyptus oil, a mixture of terpenes dominated by the monoterpene 1,8-cineole. Increasing oil yield in this species would improve the profitability of this crop and enhance its use in sustainable land management systems in Australia. To this end, we sequenced ten structural genes in the terpene biosynthetic pathway of ~400 individuals of E. loxophleba. Of the 4353 allelic variants identified, 1347 had a minor allele frequency >0.01. These were associated with three key traits of essential oil yield (concentration of 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and total terpenes). Three variants associated with α-pinene, two with 1,8-cineole and eight with total terpenes (13 total). The variants were mostly located in introns of the final three biosynthetic steps of the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway (mcs, hds and hdr). Effect size varied from 2.7 to 6.8%, comparable to similar studies in forest trees. The cumulative effect size of the unlinked variants was 34.8% for total terpenes, although this is likely to be a high estimate. These results provide the basis for the development of molecular breeding methods for improving essential oil yield in this industrially important species.

The composition of the main constituents from different plant parts (rhizome, stems, leaves and flowers) of cultivated Hedychium coronarium Koenig, and the enantiomeric ratio of some of these, were determined by gas chromatography, chiral gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The number of components identified in the essential oils of rhizome, stems and leaves was twenty-three, fifteen and twenty-three, respectively, representing 98.8%, 97.7% and 98.9% of each corresponding oil. The major constituents in rhizome, stems and leaves oils included α-pinene (9.6%, 10.0% and 23.0%), β-pinene (39.1%, 38.8% and 44.1%), 1,8-cineole (32.2%, 5.6% and 5.1%) and α-terpineol (4.9%, 12.2% and 0.2%), while (E)-β-ocimene, linalool and 1,8-cineole were identified in the flower aroma when exposed to solid-phase microextraction fibers. In addition, the chiral examination showed a high enantiomeric excess (ca. 99%) for (3R)-(−)-linalool in rhizome and flowers, (4S)-(−)-α-terpineol in leaves and (1S)-(−...

In this research, phytochemical variation among seven populations of Satureja rechingeri was assessed based on essential oil composition and rosmarinic acid content. There was a wide variability for rosmarinic acid content among the studied populations, but the essential oil composition was homogeneous. The main chemical component in oils of all the studied populations was carvacrol (89.20–96.20%). Rosmarinic acid content of methanolic extracts had considerable variation varying from 0.54 to 7.29% (w/w) of the dry matters based on qualitative and quantitative TLC analysis. Carvacrol was negatively correlated with α-pinene, p-cymene, limonene and thymol. Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) grouped the studied seven populations into two main clusters based on phytochemical compositions which all the studied populations were known as carvacrol chemotypes. Thus, S. rechingeri can be introduced as a rich carvacrol source in full flowering stage.

Callistemon lanceolatus (Myrtaceae) plant claimed for the management and control of rice - moth Corcyra cephalonica an insect pest of stored commodities. When freshly laid eggs were exposed to Callistemon lan ceolatus oil volatiles for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h with 20, 40, 80 or 160 µ l of oils, a marked decline in egg hatchability in this pest was seen after exposure period. The oil having insecticidal properties w h ich was extracted by Clevenger apparatus in the laboratory by hydro - distillation process, subjected to Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry technique. The presence of active ingredients of Callistemon lanceolatus oils obtained at 0.001 % yield by hydro - distillation mainly consisted of 1, 8 Cineole*62.25 %; Alpha - terpineol*8.73; D - limonene*8.40 %; Alpha Pinene*7.03 %; Alpha Phellendrene*2.85 %; Linalool*0.67 % etc. The result offers a platform for using Callistemon lanceolatus leaf oils for control and management of rice moth Corcyra cephalonica in godo wns, warehouses around the world.

The essential oil extracted from twenty-one plants of Pistacia lentiscus L. growing wild in southern Italy (Salento, Apulia), were investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty-eight components, representing more than 75% of the total oil constituents, were identified. The main compounds (with >5% on average) were α-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, δ-cadinene and β-caryophyllene. Four chemotypes were identified: terpinen-4-ol/α-pinene, β-caryophyllene/δ-cadinene/α-pinene, β-myrcene/δ-cadinene and α-pinene. Essential oils showed a radical scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DPPH test) ranging between about 21% and 35%.

Fil: Merino, Nora Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico San Luis. Instituto de Investigaciones En Tecnologia Quimica; Argentina

The essential oil composition of the leaves, bark and cones of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus collected from natural habitats in Bursa (Turkey) were determined by hydrodistillation, in 0.7, 0.9 and 0.7% (weight/weight) yields, respectively. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 75 compounds have been identified constituting 99.5% in bark, 89.3% in leaves and 97.7% in cones of the essential oils of the taxon. The predominant compounds were α-pinene (42.9, 72.8 and 20.9%), β-pinene (3.8, 10.7 and 8.9%), β-myrcene (3.9, 5.5 and 21.7%) and limonene (17.8, 1.9 and 3.4%) in the oils from the leaves, bark and cones, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative variations were determined in the essential oil composition of different parts of the studied plant. The high amount of monoterpenes α- and β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene and the sesquiterpene germacrene D make the studied taxon a privileged potential source for pharmaceutical...

The aim of this study was to optimize the antioxidant activity of Piper nigrum L. essential oil extracted using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) technique. Response surface methodology was applied using a three-factor central composite design to evaluate the effects of three independent extraction variables: pressure of 15-30 MPa, temperature of 40-50 °C and dynamic extraction time of 40-80 min. The DPPH radical scavenging method was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity was achieved at 30 MPa, 40 °C and 40 min. The extracts were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The main components extracted using SC-CO₂ extraction in optimum conditions were β-caryophyllene (25.38 ± 0.62%), limonene (15.64 ± 0.15%), sabinene (13.63 ± 0.21%), 3-carene (9.34 ± 0.04%), β-pinene (7.27 ± 0.05%), and α-pinene (4.25 ± 0.06%). The essential oil obtained through this technique was compared with the essential oil obtained using hydro-distillation. For the essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation, the most abundant compounds were β-caryophyllene (18.64 ± 0.84%), limonene (14.95 ± 0.13%), sabinene (13.19 ± 0.17%), 3-carene (8.56 ± 0.11%), β-pinene (9.71 ± 0.12%), and α-pinene (7.96 ± 0.14%). Radical scavenging activity of the extracts obtained by SC-CO₂ and hydro-distillation showed an EC₅₀ of 103.28 and 316.27 µg mL(-1) respectively.

The aim of this study was to establish the kinetics regression models for yield and composition of Ruta graveolens fruit and Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus aboveground biomass essential oil (EO), collected at different time intervals during the hydrodistillation process. The hypothesis was that collecting the EO fractions during specific time frames may result in EOs with dissimilar composition that may have differential use by the industry. Furthermore, we calculated the kinetics regression models for the composition of EO, isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and characterized by GC-MS and GC-FID analyses. The EO yield of R. graveolens fruits was 0.39% (relative area % of GC-FID chromatogram), with major constituents in the Control fraction (0&ndash, 90 min) being 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, and 2-undecanol, representing 65% of the total oil. The highest concentration of 2-nonanone (60%) was found in the 30&ndash, 60 min oil fraction, the concentration of 2-undecanone (35%) was highest in the Control (0&ndash, 90 min) fraction, and the concentration of eucalyptol (19%) was highest in the 5&ndash, 10 min fraction. The EO yield of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus dried biomass was 1.12%. The major constituents in the Control fraction (0&ndash, 90 min) of H. officinalis biomass were eucalyptol, &alpha, pinene, sabinene, &beta, pinene, and cis-3-pinanone, representing 86% of the total. Eucalyptol (58%) was the highest in the 0&ndash, 5 min fraction. The highest &beta, pinene (15%) and cis-3-pinanone (20%) contents were found in the 20&ndash, 40 min fraction. The kinetics regression models that were developed for EO composition of R. graveolens were second-order polynominal, Michaelis&ndash, Menten, and Exponential decay, while for EO composition of H. officinalis subsp. aristatus biomass were Exponential decay and Power. The results from this study could benefit the EO industry.

Cotton gin trash (CGT), a waste product of cotton gins, make up about 10% of each bale of cotton bolls ginned. The current study investigates high value volatile compounds in CGT to add value to this by-product. The volatile compounds in CGT and different parts of the cotton plant were extracted using various methods, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and then quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) against available standards. Terpenoids including monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids were found to be the most abundant, making up 64.66% (area under peak) of total volatiles extracted by hydro-distillation. The major extractable terpenoids in CGT were α-pinene (13.69-23.05 μg/g), β-caryophyllene (3.99-74.32 μg/g), α-humulene (2.00-25.71 μg/g), caryophyllene oxide (41.50-102.08 μg/g) and β-bisabolol (40.05-137.32 μg/g). Recoveries varied between different extraction methods. The terpenoids were found to be more abundant in the calyx (659.12 μg/g) and leaves (627.72 μg/g) than in stalks (112.97 μg/g) and stems (24.24 μg/g) of the cotton plant, indicating the possible biological origin of CGT volatiles. This study is the first to identify and quantify the different terpenoids present in CGT and significantly, β-bisabolol, an abundant compound (sesquiterpene alcohol) which may have valuable biological prospects. These findings therefore contribute to identifying alternative management strategies and uses of CGT.

The large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Linnaeus 1758) is the main pest of coniferous seedlings in Europe and causes substantial damage in areas that have been clear-cut or otherwise disturbed. We compared the efficacy of different attractants for the capture of H. abietis adults in white pitfall traps. The field experiment was performed from mid-April to the end of August 2018 at six plots in Central Europe located in spruce stands that had been clear-cut. At each plot, we compared five attractants: one pine twig with ethanol, Hylodor, alpha-pinene + ethanol, turpentine oil and ethanol (separated), and turpentine oil + ethanol (not separated). Traps without attractant served as a control. Six traps for each attractant or control were distributed at each plot. Of the total number of H. abietis adults trapped, 43.3%, 20.5%, 17.9%, 9.8%, 8.5% and 0.5% were captured in traps with pine twigs with ethanol, alpha-pinene, Hylodor, turpentine, oil + ethanol (separated), turpentine oil + ethanol (combined), and no attractant, respectively. The bottom of each trap contained propylene glycol to kill and preserve beetles. The small number of beetles captured in the control traps confirms that the propylene glycol:water mixture did not influence the trapping of H. abietis. The use of pitfall traps with a suitable attractant (especially pine twigs and ethanol) should be useful for monitoring of H. abietis, because it is simple and cost-effective. The use of such pitfall traps to control H. abietis by mass trapping would require 50 to 100 traps per ha.

This article reports the compounds identified in the leaf oils of five Clauseana species growing in Vietnam. The hydrodistilled oils were analysed for their chemical constituents by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The major compounds identified in Clausena dentata (Willd.) M. Roem. were α-pinene (21.7%), sabinene (18.3%) and β-myrcene (14.3%). Clausena dimidiata Tanaka comprised mainly of safrole (56.9%) and α-terpinolene (22.1%). However, 1-menthone (70.6%) and β-phellandrene (13.0%) were the most abundant compounds of Clausena indica (Dalz.) Oliver. Sesquiterpene compounds represented mainly by β-caryophyllene (16.7%), spathulenol (11.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.5%) were the major constituents of Clausena excavata Burm. f., while those of Clausena engleri Tanaka include bicycloelemene (12.1%), bicyclogermacrene (11.0%) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6%). This is the first report on the chemical analysis of essential oils of C. dimidiata and C. engleri.

This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal variation characteristics of phytoncide in trail of Ulsan Metropolitan. Air samples were collected from May to December 2011. They were collected using Tenax Ta tube and phytoncides were detected and quantified using a Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC/MSD). This study are summarized as follows; The seasonal concentrations of phytoncide are Munsu Mt. 272.3 ㎍ / ㎥ , Samho Mt. 192.4 ㎍ / ㎥ , Shinbul Mt. 50.9 ㎍ / ㎥ , Sibli Bamboo forest 22.4 ㎍ / ㎥ and Joongbu Fire Station 24.4 ㎍ / ㎥ . In Munsu Mt., Samho Mt. and Shinbul Mt. major component ratio is α-Pinene >β-Pinene+Myrcene >Limonene >Camphene >γ-Terpinene >α-Terpinene. Bamboo forest and Joongbu fire station major component ratio is α-Pinene >Limonene >β-Pinene+Myrcene >Camphene >α-Terpinene. The variation of seasonal concentration is summer >spring >fall >winter. The phytoncide concentration of coniferous forest(Munsu Mt., Samho Mt.) is higher than broadleaf forest(Shinbul Mt.).

The terpene compounds, α-pinene and linalool were formulated with silica nanoparticles (SNPs) by a simple immersion method and the antifeedant activity of these formulations was evaluated against two major agricultural pests, the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura F.) and the castor semilooper (Achaea janata L.) in laboratory bioassays. The interaction between terpenes and SNPs, shelf-life, suspension stability as well as the bioactivity of the nanoformulations were also studied. Both these terpenes in their pure form are known to deter feeding in several lepidopterous insects. However, formulating these pure terpene compounds with nano silica enhanced their biological activity up to 25 times to S. litura. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of these nano botanical formulations indicated the presence of hydrogen bonding between terpenes and the surface of SNPs. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the higher aggregation property of the SNPs. Suspension studies validated the improved shelf-life of the nano-biocomposites, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the amorphous nature of formulations and no crystalline impurities. Adsorption of α-pinene and linalool onto SNPs resulted in an effective formulation that enhanced the antifeedant potential of the individual terpenes against insects while producing longer shelf-life for the terpenes.

Direct aqueous photolysis of cis-pinonic acid (PA; 2-(3-acetyl-2,2-dimethylcyclobutyl)acetic acid; CAS Registry No. 473-72-3) by 280-400 nm radiation was investigated. The photolysis resulted in Norrish type II isomerization of PA leading to 3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid (CAS Registry No. 4436-82-2), also known as limononic acid, as the major product, confirmed by (1)H and (13)C NMR analysis, chemical ionization mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Several minor products resulting from Norrish type I splitting of PA were also detected. The molar extinction coefficients of aqueous PA were measured and used to calculate the photolysis quantum yield of aqueous PA as 0.5 ± 0.3 (effective average value over the 280-400 nm range). The gas-phase photolysis quantum yield of 0.53 ± 0.06 for PA methyl ester (PAMe; CAS Registry No. 16978-11-3) was also measured for comparison. These results indicate that photolysis of PA is not significantly suppressed by the presence of water. This fact was confirmed by photodissociation dynamics simulations of bare PA and of PAMe hydrated with one or five water molecules using on-the-fly dynamics simulations on a semiempirical potential energy surface. The calculations correctly predicted the occurrence of both Norrish type I and Norrish type II photolysis pathways, both driven by the dynamics on the lowest triplet excited state of PA and PAMe. The rate of removal of PA by direct aqueous photolysis in cloudwater and in aerosol water was calculated for a range of solar zenith angles and compared with rates of other removal processes such as gas-phase oxidation by OH, aqueous-phase oxidation by OH, and gas-phase photolysis. Although the direct photolysis mechanism was not the most significant sink for PA in cloud and fog droplets, direct photolysis can be expected to contribute to removal of PA and more soluble/less volatile biogenic oxidation products in wet particulate matter.

The removal of α-pinene from polluted air was examined under thermophilic conditions (50 °C) in one- and two-liquid phase continuous stirred tank bioreactors (CSTBs). Steady-state experiments were performed at different gas residence times, and α-pinene concentrations, corresponding to inlet loading rates between 0.5 and 38 g m−3 h−1 in the one-liquid phase CSTB, and between 2.9 and 176 g m−3 h−1 in the two-liquid phase CSTB. The presence of a second liquid-phase (5% v/v silicone oil) increased the maximum elimination capacity (85.7 g m−3 h−1) by ∼6-fold compared to the one-liquid phase CSTB. During transient-state experiments, the CSTB with silicone oil could withstand a higher α-pinene shock load (110 g m−3 h−1) than the CSTB operated without silicone oil (70 g m−3 h−1). Besides, the thermophilic specific substrate utilization rates were estimated from batch assays, reaching 89 and 340 μ g α -pinene mg biomass - 1 d - 1 , in the absence of or presence of silicone oil, respectively.

The essential oils of composition obtained from the leaves of Cryptomeria fortunei, collected at different seasons in Wuhan (China), were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Fifty constituents were identified, constituting 92.3–97.7% of the essential oils. Our results showed that seasonal differences did not have an effect on the composition of oils but on the amount of oil components. The main components of the oil were kaur-16-ene (30.9–42.4%), elemol (16.8–18.9%), α-eudesmol (7.4–13.6%), α-pinene (1.9–8.0%) and γ-eudesmol (4.0–7.5%). On the basis of the results obtained, some suggestions are made concerning the optimal season for the C. fortunei oils.

The essential oil obtained by hydro distillation of flowers of Bauhinia variegata were analyzed by GC and GC-MS analysis. Fifty one compounds have been identified in the flowers oil, representing 87.3 % of total oil. The major components were identified as α-pinene (5.1 %), β-pinene (2.2 %), β-elemene (2.6 %), γ-elemene (19.0 %), δ-cadinene (3.6 %), occidentalol (2.3 %), cis-murrol-5-en-4-α-ol (24.4 %) and α-cadinol (4.4 %). This is the first report on chemical composition of B. variegata flowers essential oil of north Indian origin.

The alarming resistance of many bacterial pathogens to most available antibiotics has increased interest in natural plant products as alternative antibacterial agents. In this research, the antibacterial activity of Teucrium polium essential oil was determined against urinary isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The aerial parts of T. polium were collected at full flowering stage in Tehran, Iran. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by a combination of capillary gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC–MS) Antibacterial activity was measured against fifteen clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae by disc diffusion. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations were also determined using broth microdilution. Twenty constituents were detected in T. polium essential oil of which the major components were β-caryophyllene (29%), farnesene (13%), β-pinene (11%) followed by germacrene D (6.5%) and α-pinene (5.5%). All K. pneumoniae clinical test isolates were ...

The essential oils from male and female branchlets and from female cones of Cupressus torulosa D. Don were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their compositions were compared. The analysis of essential oils revealed fifty-five constituents comprising 89.65–99.05% of the essential oil composition. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (51.09–58.06%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (28.61–39.48%) were found to be the major group of the constituents. Predominant constituents were umbellulone (16.26–26.66%), terpinen-4-ol (0.10–19.64%), α-pinene (9.62–17.76%), limonene (13.27–14.56%), sabinene (5.87–14.33%), γ-terpinene (1.97–6.89%) and α-terpinene (1.95–5.31%).

This study aimed to explore the potential of an invasive alien species, Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, that grows in foothill region of northern India. The volatile oil from the aerial parts of S. trilobata was isolated by hydrodistillation method and analysed using capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) during different seasons. Volatile oil yield varied from 0.18 to 0.25% in different seasons, with the maximum in winter season. Altogether, 43 constituents, representing 96.1–97.3% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oils were α-pinene (78.6–83.3%), α-phellandrene (1.3–4.1%), sabinene (1.4–1.9%), limonene (1.2–1.9%), β-pinene (1.0–1.6%), camphene (0.7–2.0%), 10-nor-calamenen-10-one (

The weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.) is considered the most important pest of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., stored in tropical and subtropical countries. Secondary compounds extracted from plants can be used in its control, as a potential alternative to synthetic insecticides. Therefore, the present study aimed to: (a) make the chromatographic and mass spectrometry analyses of the essential oils of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, Eucalyptus staigeriana F., Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Foeniculum vulgare Mill; (b) to evaluate the contact and fumigant toxicity; (c) test the repellent effect. The oils' main compounds were: E. citriodora (citronellal 89.59%; citronellyl acetate 3.34%; 1,8-cineole 2.87%), E. staigeriana (limonene 28.75%; geranial 15.20%; neral 12.16%), C. winterianus (geranial 21.83%; citronellal 10.94%) and F. vulgare (limonene 41.82%; (E)-anethole 17.91%; α-pinene 11.13%). The LC50s of F. vulgare, E. citriodora, C. winterianus and E. staigeriana in contact tests were estimated at 178.13, 298.17, 328.42 and 345.57 ppm cowpea grains, respectively. According to regression analyses, the higher the oil concentration, the lower the number of laid eggs and emerged insects. In fumigation tests with adults, LC50s ranged from 2.58 to 7.85 μL/L of air, while the toxicity ratios ranged from 1.25 to 3.04. In all concentrations tested, the E. citriodora and C. winterianus oils were repellent to adult C. maculatus; F. vulgare was classified as neutral, while E. staigeriana was neutral at lower than 558 ppm concentrations and repellent at higher concentrations. Regarding the essential oils tested, the percentage of oviposition reduction varied from 6.3 to 100%, while emergence percentages varied from 0.9 to 100%.

Salvia officinalis, known also as sage, is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that spreads all over the word in several countries. The demand for the raw material and extracts of this plant is increasing due to its numerous applications in pharmacy, food and herbal tea production. The present study investigated for the first time the effect of 15, 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing (plant density) on the main constituents of sage essential oils and rosmarinic acid content. The highest content of essential oils (2.7%) and rosmarinic acid (2.0%) were obtained in plants grown using 15 cm planting space. Likewise, close spacing resulted also in a substantial content of 1,8-cineole (47-50%, GC/FID; 55-60%, GC/MS). This work indicated that 1,8-cineole chemotype was a dominant character of cultivated S. officinalis in south of Jordan. In general, the percent of α-thujone in essential oil was not affected by intra-row spacing. However, the percent of β-thujone decreased from (2-3%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 15 cm intra-row spacing to (1-2%, GC/MS) in plants grown using 30 and 45 cm intra-row spacing. The highest content of α-and β-pinene was recorded in plants grown using 45 cm planting space (8-10%, GC/FID; 5-6% GC/MS). Based on GC/MS, camphor compound was enriched (9-10%) in sage plants grown under 15 cm spacing and greater than in plants grown under 30 (6-7%) or 45 cm (5-6%) spacing. The results make the potential use of sage extracts in the treatment of some human disorders or illness an area of further research.

The present study describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth., which is endemic for Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and components of the essential oil were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of S. potentillifolia essential oil were 1.8-cineole (19.33%), b-pinene (11.97%) and a-pinene (8.99%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was investigated against standard control and resistant strains, using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The essential oil of S. potentillifolia showed relatively low levels of antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested. However, the oil was as effective as the antibiotic tested againstStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 [methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)], Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 [vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE)], Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. The most bactericidal activity was obtained against Haemophilus species (4 μg/ml). Key words: Salvia, lamiaceae, essential oil, GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial effect, MRSA,VRE

Recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks in western North America killed millions of lodgepole pine trees, leaving few survivors. However, the mechanism underlying the ability of trees to survive bark beetle outbreaks is unknown, but likely involve phytochemicals such as monoterpenes and fatty acids that can drive beetle aggregation and colonization on their hosts. Thus, we conducted a field survey of beetle-resistant lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) trees to retrospectively deduce whether these phytochemicals underlie their survival by comparing their chemistry to that of non-attacked trees in the same stands. We also compared beetle attack characteristics between resistant and beetle-killed trees. Beetle-killed trees had more beetle attacks and longer ovipositional galleries than resistant trees, which also lacked the larval establishment found in beetle-killed trees. Resistant trees contained high amounts of toxic and attraction-inhibitive compounds and low amounts of pheromone-precursor and synergist compounds. During beetle host aggregation and colonization, these compounds likely served three critical roles in tree survival. First, low amounts of pheromone-precursor (α-pinene) and synergist (mycrene, terpinolene) compounds reduced or prevented beetles from attracting conspecifics to residual trees. Second, high amounts of 4-allyanisole further inhibited beetle attraction to its pheromone. Finally, high amounts of toxic limonene, 3-carene, 4-allyanisole, α-linolenic acid, and linoleic acid inhibited beetle gallery establishment and oviposition. We conclude that the variation of chemotypic expression of local plant populations can have profound ecological consequences including survival during insect outbreaks.

Although frankincense essential oil (FREO) has become increasingly popular in skin care, research on its biological activities in human skin cells is scarce, if not completely absent. In the current study, we explored the biological activities of FREO in pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblasts by analyzing the levels of 17 important protein biomarkers pertinent to inflammation and tissue remodeling. FREO exhibited robust anti-proliferative activity in these skin cells. It also significantly inhibited collagen III, interferon gamma-induced protein 10, and intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1. We also studied its effect in regulating genome-wide gene expression. FREO robustly modulated global gene expression. Furthermore, Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis showed that FREO affected many important signaling pathways that are closely related to inflammation, immune response, and tissue remodeling. This study provides the first evidence of the biological activities of FREO in human dermal fibroblasts. Consistent with existing studies in other models, the current study suggests that FREO possesses promising potential to modulate the biological processes of inflammation and tissue remodeling in human skin. Further research into the biological mechanisms of action of FREO and its major active components is recommended., Highlights • Frankincense essential oil (FREO) was anti-proliferative to human dermal fibroblasts. • FREO significantly inhibited the production of collagen III, IP-10, and ICAM-1. • FREO robustly modulated genome-wide gene expression. • FREO affected signaling pathways related to inflammation and tissue remodeling.

Although juniper (Juniperus communis) berry essential oil (JEO) has been used in skin care products, research on its biological activity in human skin cells is scarce. In the current study, we explored the biological activity of JEO (with alpha-pinene as the major active component) in pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblasts, which were designed to mimic the disease biology of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. We analyzed the levels of 17 important protein biomarkers pertinent to inflammation and tissue remodeling. JEO exhibited robust antiproliferative activity and significantly inhibited the increased production of the proinflammatory chemokines interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC). Additionally, JEO significantly inhibited tissue remodeling biomarkers, namely collagen I, collagen III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-I). Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), an immunomodulatory protein molecule, was also significantly downregulated by JEO. Moreover, we found that JEO robustly modulated global gene expression. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis also showed that JEO affected many important signaling pathways that are closely related to metabolism, inflammation, immune response, wound healing, and cancer biology. This study provides the first evidence of the biological activity of JEO in human dermal fibroblasts. Thus, JEO is a promising therapeutic candidate for inflammatory conditions in the skin.

Solvent-free catalytic hydrogenation of pinene over Pd on carbon, alumina, and silica supports were compared. Despite the absence of solvent, Pd catalyst on all three supports yields to a quantitative conversion of pinene to pinanes and a higher selectivity for the cis isomer (72-89%). The temperature affected similarly the selectivity of the reaction for all three catalysts in favor of the cis-pinane isomer. However, recycling of the Pd on the three tested supports varied greatly. If Pd/C and Pd/alumina were successfully recycled 13 and 14 times, respectively, Pd/silica could be used only once to convert pinenes into pinanes. Remaining very effective during all 13 cycles, Pd/C was the best catalyst/support of the three tested ones for the solvent-free hydrogenation of pinene. The influence of H-2 pressure on pinene conversion rates were investigated for Pd/C catalyst. An extremely low leaching rate of palladium in pinenes and pinanes determined by ICP/MS confirmed the heterogeneous nature of this catalytic solvent-free reaction. The hydrogenation reaction presented in this paper is an alternate environmentally friendly pathway for pinane synthesis.

The chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from the aerial parts of Anthemis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis, Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis (Brullo) Giardina & Raimondo and from flowers and leaves of Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae (Ten.) Frezén were determinated by GC–FID and GC–MS analyses. Torreyol (85.4%) was recognised as the main constituent of the Anthemis arvensis subsp. arvensis essential oil, while in the essential oils of Anthemis cretica subsp. messanensis, collected on the rock and cultivated in Hortus Botanicus Panormitanus, (E)-chrysanthenyl acetate (28.8 and 24.2% resp.), 14-hydroxy-α-humulene (8.1 and 5.3% resp.), santolina triene (8 and 5.8% resp.) and α-pinene (6.7 and 5.4% resp.) prevailed. 18-cineole (13.3 and 12.2% resp.), was the main component of both flower and leaf oils of Anthemis cretica subsp. columnae together with δ-cadinene (9.0 and 8.2% resp.) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.3 and 5.6% resp.).

WOS: 000398611100005, The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts of Daucus aristidis Coss. (syn. Ammiopsis aristidis Batt.) (Apiaceae) from two locations (Ghoufi and Bousaada) in East of Algeria, was investigated for the first time by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, the enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease, by a spectrophotometric method of Ellman using ELISA microplate reader at 100 mu g/mL. The main components of D. aristidis oils from Ghoufi and Bousaada were a-pinene (74.1%-49%) and beta-pinene (11.9% - 19.2%). This suggests that beta-pinene was the main component from Bousaada. The oils exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity (over 50%) against both of the enzymes., National Fund for Scientific Research; CNEPRU projects; Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria [F01220140021], This project is supported by the National Fund for Scientific Research, CNEPRU projects, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria. Code No: F01220140021

Using computational methods, we investigate the formation of atmospheric clusters consisting of sulfuric acid (SA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid (MBTCA), identified from a-pinene oxidation. The molecular structure of the clusters is obtained using three different DFT functionals (PW91, M06-2X and oB97X-D) with the 6-31++ G(d, p) basis set and the binding energies are calculated using a high level DLPNO-CCSD(T)/ Def2-QZVPP method. The stability of the clusters is evaluated based on the calculated formation free energies. The interaction between MBTCA and sulfuric acid is found to be thermodynamically favourable and clusters consisting of 2-3 MBTCA and 2-3 SA molecules are found to be particularly stable. There is a large stabilization of the cluster when the amount of sulfuric acid-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonded interactions is maximized. The reaction free energies for forming the (MBTCA) 2-3(SA) 2-3 clusters are found to be similar in magnitude to those of the formation of the sulfuric acid-dimethylamine cluster. Using cluster kinetics calculations we identify that the growth of the clusters is essentially limited by a weak formation of the largest clusters studied, implying that other stabilizing vapours are required for stable cluster formation and growth.

In this paper, a simple method based on gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following microwave-assisted headspace single-drop microextraction (MA-HS-SDME) was developed for the determination of essential oil composition of Prangos uloptera. The MA-HS-SDME parameters including the nature of extracting solvent, microwave power, extraction time, sample weight and microdrop volume were optimized. The method was compared with traditional hydrodistillation (HD). Sixty components were extracted and identified. The main constituents, extracted by SDME and HD, respectively, included δ-3-carene (32.1% vs. 26.3%), α-pinene (16.8% vs. 15.4%) and camphene (4.1% vs. 2.7%). The relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 10% show that the proposed method has good repeatability and it is fast.

Alpha Pinene is a type of terpene hydrocarbons commonly emitted in substantial amounts by plants such as mango. Using Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) structure, a sensor for detecting Alpha Pinene volatile by using molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) was fabricated. The MIP membrane contained methacrylic acid, which formed specific cavities originated by target molecule. The use of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) as a substrate would allow a “low cost and flexible”sensor implementations. The IDE MIP sensor is capable to detect Alpha Pinene contained gas. The sensor characteristics were strongly influenced by the composition ratio of cross-linker, functional monomer and template molecule. The remained molecule on MIP can be removed by immersing thus the sensor can be used repeatedly. By determining Alpha Pinene volatile released during pre-matured until matured period, one could use this as a data point as potential non destructive solution to discriminate the mango ripeness stage hence improving the quality of harvest.

Background Ducrosia anethifolia (DA) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat a wide spectrum of illnesses. DA contains a series of antioxidant compounds, including alpha-pinene, which give it a sedative and relaxing effect. In spite of these effects of DA, the effects of DA essential oil on anxiety and locomotor activity in open field tests have not yet been studied. In the present study, the effects of DA essential oil and its main component of alpha-pinene on locomotor activity and anxiety were studied using open field tests. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of DA essential oil and its main component, alpha-pinene, on locomotor activity and anxiety behaviors using open field and antioxidant capacity tests in Wistar rats. Methods Sixty-three adult male Wistar rats (weighing 200 - 250 g) were divided into 9 groups: control, positive control (diazepam), essential oil treated groups (25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally, (i.p.)) and alpha-pinene groups (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, i.p.). For precisely 30 minutes after each injection in all groups, open field tests were used to assess behaviors such as rearing, line crossing, walling, grooming, and stretched attend posturing. In addition, oxidant and antioxidant parameters (malondialdehyde [MDA] and catalase [CAT]) were assessed in the rats’ temporal lobes. Results DA (200 and 500 mg/kg doses) and alpha-pinene (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg doses) significantly reduced locomotor activity, whereas doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg of DA failed to show such an effect. Treatment with DA and alpha-pinene resulted in a significant decrease in MDA levels and a significant increase in CAT activity in comparison to controls. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the main component of DA (alpha-pinene) is responsible for DA’s ability to reduce locomotor activity and anxiety, which is indicative of CNS depressant activity. Moreover, it is possible that some of the motor suppression and sedation effects of the alpha-pinene in DA are due to the antioxidant capacity of this substance. However, further research and clinical evaluations are necessary to isolate and identify the other substances responsible for these activities in DA.

Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are generally considered to be more abundant in summer than in winter. Here, polar organic marker compounds in urban background aerosols from Mumbai were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, we found that concentrations of biogenic SOA tracers at Mumbai were several times lower in summer (8-14 June 2006; wet season; n = 14) than in winter (13-18 February 2007; dry season; n = 10). Although samples from less than 10% of the season are extrapolated to the full season, such seasonality may be explained, by the predominance of the southwest summer monsoon, which brings clean marine air masses to Mumbai. While heavy rains are an important contributor to aerosol removal during the monsoon season, meteorological data (relative humidity and T) suggest no heavy rains occurred during our sampling period. However, in winter, high levels of SOA and their day/night differences suggest significant contributions of continental aerosols through long-range transport together with local sources. The winter/summer pattern of SOA loadings was further supported by results from chemical transport models (NAQPMS and GEOS-Chem). Furthermore, our study suggests that monoterpene- and sesquiterpene-derived secondary organic carbon. (SOC) were more significant than those of isoprene- and toluene-SOC at Mumbai.

This study, by means of GC-MS and HPLC, investiagted the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from fiber dryer in a high density fiberboard (HDF) production line with a production capacity of 100,000 m3/a. The quantity of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), aldehydes and ketones were calculated. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs reached 0.5275 mg/m3. The main components include benzenes series (42.7%), terpenes (11.0% alpha pinene), alkanes (11.2%), anhydrides (4.7%) and aldehydes (3.1%). The concentration of the mixture of aldehydes and ketones was 8.8594 mg/m3. The annual emission of TVOC and the mixture of aldehydes and ketones from HDF fiber dryer were 836 kg/a and 14033 kg/a, respectively.

Due to the biological properties associated to the Baccharis genus and the limited information on its antimicrobial properties, the present work investigates the chemical composition and antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of the essential oils of two species, B. uncinella from Campo Alegre and B. semiserrata from Atalanta, both places located in Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The dry leaf essential oil yield from B. uncinella was 0.65% (m/m), and 0.50% and 0.22% (m/m) for dry leaf and twig from B. semiserrata, respectively. The main components in the oil from B. uncinella were α-pinene (9.0%), β-pinene (9.2%), limonene (11.5%), β-caryophyllene (13.2%) and spathulenol (9.3%). The following major compounds were identified in the leaf essential oil from B. semiserrata: α-pinene (4.3%), β-pinene (11.4%), limonene (6.7%), β-caryophyllen...

The chitosan-gum arabic microcapsules prepared by complex coacervation were chosen as carrier for a model insect semiochemicals, α-pinene, owing non-toxicity of the polymers and mild conditions of the method. The coated colloids were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The release of α-pinene from microspheres was studied in simulated conditions. The results showed that α-pinene-loaded microspheres which were obtained by association had a mean diameter of 5±0.5µm. The encapsulation efficiency and the encapsulation yield of the α-pinene-loaded microspheres were about 51.70±2.5% and 42.11±2.3%, respectively. The release experiments revealed that polyelectrolytes prolonged the release time of the encapsulated α-pinene. The release rate of α-pinene from the microspheres was proportional to the release time.

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of ornamental palm species in urban areas of Mediterranean countries. Aiming to discover inhibitory semiochemicals for RPW population management in urban environments, we conducted electroantennographic (EAG) screenings of 17 commercially available synthetic compounds, representing three groups of plant volatiles (isoprenoids, phenyl propanoid derivatives and fatty acid derivatives) known for their repellent effects toward insects. These tests were followed by trap-based screenings of EAG-active menthone, alpha-pinene and methyl salicylate, singly and in combination, under urban conditions. In EAG bioassays, RPW antennae of both sexes showed positive dose-dependent responses to 13 of the 17 synthetic chemicals with significant differences among them. In field trapping experiments, conducted in the city of Palermo, Italy, from weeks 31 to 38 in 2010 and 2011, alpha-pinene, tested singly or in combination with methyl salicylate (2010) or menthone (2011), reduced trap catches by about 30% to 40%. Methyl salicylate and menthone alone were inactive. In conclusion, RPW is significantly affected by alpha-pinene. This isoprenoid is a promising disruptant for semiochemical-based management of this pest. In addition, identification of a large number of EAG-active chemicals could serve as a database for future design of active repellents or attractants of RPW adults.

Essential oil of Eucalyptus oleosa, cultivated in Iran, was obtained by hydrodistillation and supercritical (carbon dioxide) extraction methods. The effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters such as pressure, temperature, dynamic extraction time and modifier volume on the extraction efficiency were investigated by the three-level orthogonal array design. Regarding the percentages of α-pinene and 1,8- cineole, the optimum supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) results were obtained at the following experimental conditions: pressure = 100 atm, T = 45°C, dynamic time = 25 min, and Vmodifier = 2 mL. The composition of the extracts obtained from E. oleosa using supercritical fluid extraction was compared with the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation. The composition of the SFE products was markedly different from the corresponding hydrodistillated oil.

Piper is a genus of high botanical, chemical, and pharmacological complexity. In this study, 15 species were collected and identified from two areas of the country, eight from the northern region (P. donnell-smithii, P. fallens, P. geniculatum, P. phytolaccifolium, P. psilorhachis, P. schippianum, P. sempervirens and P. variabile), and seven from the southern region (Piper amalago, P. jaquemontianum, P. oradendron, P. patulum, P. retalhuleuense, P. hispidum and P. umbellatum). From the sample, 10 species are native to Mesoamerica and the others are common to most of Latin America. Essential oils (EO) were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Very high chemical diversity was demonstrated among the 15 EOs. The number of detected peaks varied from 58 (P. oradendron) to 11 (P. retahuleuense). β-caryophyllene was common to 15 oils (16.8-0.2%), β-pinene to 13 (20.5-0.2%), α-pinene to 12 (9.3-0.2%), germacrene D to 11 (18.4-0.7%), and 10 to caryophyllene oxide (27.0-1.2%), α-copaene (2.7-0.5%), β-elemene (8.0-0.2%) and γ-cadinene (8.5-0.1%). In some instances, the EO contained an abundant metabolite, being the only one with this component, such as P. jacquemontianum (linalool 70.8%), P. amalago (nerolidol, 48.7%), P. patulum (1,3,5-trimethoxy-2-propenylbenzene, 33.7%, methyl eugenol, 24.6%), P. variabile (camphor, 29.7%), P. sempervirens (bicyclogermacrene, 28.5%), P. retalhuleuense (nerolidol, 28.2%), and P. schippianum (dihydroaromadendrene, 22.1%). The high diversity of EO composition from genus Piper was confirmed, as well as the possibility for agronomical development of some of the species due to the commercial potential of some of their components, such as linalool and nerolidol.

International audience; The composition of fifteen leaf oil samples from individual plants of Cleistopholis glauca Pierre ex Engler & Diels growing wild in Côte d'Ivoire was investigated by gas chromatography (in combination with retention indices) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Thirty-three compounds accounting for 88.8% to 95.4% of the oil have been indentified. Cleistopholis glauca produces a sesquiterpene-rich oil, germacrene D (16.4-46.5%) and (E)-B-caryophyllene (8.0-26.2%) being the main components. In a few samples, monoterpene hydrocarbons were present as appreciable contents: myrcene (up to 39.7%), B-pinene (up to 24.8%) and a-pinene (up to 16.4%).

Essential oils are known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. In the present work the composition and the antifungal activity of the oils of Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Celak were evaluated. Moreover, the skin cytotoxicity, at concentrations showing significant antifungal activity, was also evaluated. The oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oil against dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T. verrucosum), yeasts (Candida albicans, C. guillermondii, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus neoformans) and Aspergillus species (Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger). Cytotoxicity was tested in HaCaT keratinocytes through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Essential oil of J. communis subsp. alpina needles was predominantly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.4%), with the main compounds being sabinene (26.2%), α-pinene (12-9%) and limonene (10.4%). Results concerning the antifungal activity demonstrated the potential of needle oil against dermatophytes, particularly for Microsporum canis and Trichophyton rubrum with MIC and MLC of 0.32 μL/mL. Furthermore, evaluation of cell viability showed no significant cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes at concentrations between 0.32 and 0.64 μL/mL. These results show that it is possible to find appropriate doses of J. communis subsp. alpina oil with both antifungal activity and a very low detrimental effect on keratinocytes.

The overall goal of the project was to test the hypothesis that Lamium amplexicaule and Lamium purpureum, weedy invasive species to North America, use phytotoxic allelochemicals in interplant competition. The chemical compositions of the essential oils from the aerial parts of L. amplexicaule and L. purpureum have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oils and several essential oil components have been screened for phytotoxic activity on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as well as nematocidal activity against Caenorhabditis elegans, brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality, and insecticidal activity against the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta × richteri). L. amplexicaule essential oil was composed largely of α-pinene, β- pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-caryophyllene, and germacrene D, while L. purpureum oil was dominated by α-pinene, β-pinene, 1-octen-3-ol, β-elemene, and germacrene D. Neither essential oil exhibited notable phytotoxicity or lethality against nema-todes, brine shrimp, or fire ants. It is unlikely, therefore, that the allelopathy observed in these Lamium species is due to volatile phytochemical constituents.