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An outbreak of a lethal morbillivirus infection of long-finned pilot whales occurred in the Mediterranean Sea from the end of October 2006 through April 2007. Sequence analysis of a 426-bp conserved fragment of the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene indicates that the virus is more closely related to dolphin morbillivirus than to pilot whale morbillivirus.

BackgroundWe aimed to describe the patterns of nutritional status and sleep duration in children from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam; to assess the association between short sleep duration and overweight and obesity, and if this was similar among boys and girls in Peru.Methods and findingsAnalysis of the Young Lives Study, younger cohort, third round. In Ethiopia there were 1,999 observations, 2,011, 2,052 and 2,000 in India, Peru and Vietnam, respectively. Analyses included participants with complete data for sleep duration, BMI, sex and age; missing data: 5.9% (Ethiopia), 4.1% (India), 6.0% (Peru) and 4.5% (Vietnam). Exposure was sleep duration per day: short (ConclusionsChildhood overweight and obesity have different profiles across developing settings. In a sample of children living in resource-limited settings in Peru there is no association between short sleep duration and obesity; the crude association was slightly attenuated by children-related variables but strongly diminished by family-related variables.

We aimed to estimate the morbidity rate and associated factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in a low-middle income country setting.Cross-sectional study, data was gathered at Peru's Ministry of Health national specialized hospital for endocrinological conditions through standardized interviews, anthropometric measurements and blood tests for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). DPN was evaluated using two techniques: the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test and the diabetic neuropathy symptom score. Overall prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Potential factors related to DPN explored included body mass index, years with disease (

Polμ is an error-prone PolX polymerase that contributes to classical NHEJ DNA repair. Mice lacking Polμ (Polμ(-/-)) show altered hematopoiesis homeostasis and DSB repair and a more pronounced nucleolytic resection of some V(D)J junctions. We previously showed that Polμ(-/-) mice have increased learning capacity at old ages, suggesting delayed brain aging. Here we investigated the effect of Polμ(-/-) deficiency on liver aging. We found that old Polμ(-/-) mice (>20 month) have greater liver regenerative capacity compared with wt animals. Old Polμ(-/-) liver showed reduced genomic instability and increased apoptosis resistance. However, Polμ(-/-) mice did not show an extended life span and other organs (e.g., heart) aged normally. Our results suggest that Polμ deficiency activates transcriptional networks that reduce constitutive apoptosis, leading to enhanced liver repair at old age.

The outcome of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) has clearly improved over the past decades and the proportion of women living with their disease for several years is increasing. However, the usefulness of multiple lines of treatment is still debated and under evaluation. The available data from both randomized trials and large retrospective series are reviewed and discussed in order to analyze management practices, with emphasis on potential prognostic and predictive factors for clinical outcome. At present, evidence-based medicine provides some support for the use of second-line and to a lesser degree and in selected cases, third-line chemotherapy in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative MBC. Beyond third-line treatment, messages from recently reported retrospective studies also suggest a clear potential gain for women receiving further therapies after disease progression, since each line can contribute to a longer survival. In HER2-positive disease, the data from observational and retrospective studies support a clinical benefit from the use of trastuzumab beyond disease progression and emerging evidences from randomized controlled trials are leading to the introduction of newer HER2-targeted therapies in multiple lines. The question ‘How many lines of treatment should we give patients?’ clearly needs further research through prospective, high-quality clinical trials, aiming for a better definition of factors with prognostic and predictive role. In the meantime, the ‘optimal’ treatment strategy should probably be to use as many therapeutic options as possible, either in sequence or combination, to keep the best efficacy/toxicity balance, considering MBC as a chronic disease.

Introdução: Os músculos extensores dos dedos da mão estão sujeitos a múltiplas variações, algumas bastante frequentes. Material e Métodos: Foi efectuada a dissecção da região posterior do antebraço e mão de dois cadáveres, documentando-se as variações anatómicas encontradas. Resultados: No Caso 1 o extensor comum dos dedos emitia cinco tendões: um para o 2º dedo, um para o 3º dedo, dois para o 4º dedo e um para o 5º dedo; o extensor próprio do indicador emitia dois tendões: um para o dedo indicador e um para o 3º dedo. No Caso 2 o extensor comum dos dedos emitia quatro tendões: um tendão que se unia ao tendão do longo extensor do polegar, um para o 2º dedo, um para o 3º dedo e um para o 4º dedo que, por sua vez, emitia um tendão que se unia ao tendão do extensor do dedo mínimo; o extensor próprio do indicador emitia dois tendões: um para o dedo indicador e outro para o 3º dedo; o extensor do dedo mínimo emitia dois tendões para o 5º dedo. Discussão/Conclusões: A existência de um tendão duplo do extensor comum dos dedos para o 4º dedo tem sido verificada frequentemente em alguns estudos. É raro existir um tendão do extensor comum dos dedos para o longo extensor do polegar. Um tendão duplo do extensor do dedo mínimo pode ocorrer em 60 a 90% dos casos em alguns estudos. O conhecimento das variações mais frequentes dos tendões dos extensores dos dedos é importante para a prática cirúrgica.

Introdução: Existem várias publicações referindo variantes anatómicas do nervo ciático, algumas associadas a síndromes clínicos (como sendo a síndrome do músculo piriforme). Neste contexto, pretendemos apresentar uma variante anatómica rara do nervo ciático. Casos clínicos: Dois cadáveres leucodérmicos, masculinos, com 74 e 78 anos, falecidos de morte natural, sem patologia do membro inferior. Em ambos os casos, observou-se ausência do nervo ciático direito, tendo os nervos tibial e fibular comum origem e trajecto independentes, desde a sua origem nas raízes lombo-sagradas até à região poplítea. O nervo ciático contralateral apresentava a anatomia habitual. Discussão: Analisando a literatura, na Medline, realçamos que apresentamos dois casos raros de ausência do nervo ciático, com origem e trajecto independentes dos nervos tibial e fibular comum. Esta variante poderá ter implicações clínicas, nomeadamente ser um factor de risco para o insucesso de bloqueios anestésicos poplíteos e para a síndrome do músculo piriforme.

Introdução: É indispensável ter um conhecimento profundo da morfologia da glândula tiróide e das estruturas com ela relacionadas no compartimento anterior do pescoço, para minimizar a morbilidade decorrente da cirurgia da tiróide, nomeadamente a lesão das glândulas paratiróides e dos nervos laríngeos. Este estudo pretendeu identificar glândulas paratiróides em peças de cadáver, confirmando-as histologicamente. Material e Métodos: Foram usadas 20 peças de cadáver para simular tiroidectomias. Durante a dissecção, foram isoladas as glândulas tiróides e eventuais glândulas paratiróides, que foram submetidas a estudo histológico. Discussão: Foram dissecadas 20 peças de cadáver (regiões cervicais anteriores), sendo isolados 48 fragmentos que correspondiam a eventuais glândulas paratiróides, dos quais 35 foram confirmados histologicamente como sendo efectivamente paratiróides. Os 20 casos foram, então, divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o número de paratiróides confirmadas histologicamente. No primeiro grupo, constituído por 11 casos, todas as eventuais paratiróides foram confirmadas. No segundo grupo, constituído por seis casos, apenas algumas paratiróides foram confirmadas. No terceiro grupo, constituído por três casos, nenhuma das eventuais paratiróides isoladas era efectivamente paratiróide. Em sete das 20 glândulas tiróides isoladas, foram identificadas oito paratiróides no estudo histológico: quatro sub-capsulares; três extra-capsulares e uma intra-tiróideia. As dimensões das paratiróides não tinham relação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: O conhecimento da anatomia das estruturas do compartimento central do pescoço e das suas variações mais frequentes diminui, mas não elimina a morbilidade da cirurgia da tiróide, nomeadamente a excisão iatrogénica das paratiróides, cuja dificuldade de identificação foi evidenciada nas peças dissecadas.

A model for the design of glass plates to failure is presented, which, based on the theory of plates with gross deformations for the calculation of the stress state as well as on the empirical flaws statistical distribution in the glass surface, applies fracture Mechanics criteria to establish a probabilistic prediction of failure. The validity of the model has been experimentally proved for plates with different thicknesses and geometric characteristics.

A definitive consequence of the aging process is the progressive deterioration of higher cognitive functions. Defects in DNA repair mechanisms mostly result in accelerated aging and reduced brain function. DNA polymerase µ is a novel accessory partner for the non-homologous end-joining DNA repair pathway for double-strand breaks, and its deficiency causes reduced DNA repair. Using associative learning and long-term potentiation experiments, we demonstrate that Polµ(-/-) mice, however, maintain the ability to learn at ages when wild-type mice do not. Expression and biochemical analyses suggest that brain aging is delayed in Polµ(-/-) mice, being associated with a reduced error-prone DNA oxidative repair activity and a more efficient mitochondrial function. This is the first example in which the genetic ablation of a DNA-repair function results in a substantially better maintenance of learning abilities, together with fewer signs of brain aging, in old mice.

BackgroundBone metastasis represents an increasing clinical problem in advanced gastric cancer (GC) as disease-related survival improves. In literature, few data on the natural history of bone disease in GC are available.Patients and methodsData on clinicopathology, skeletal outcomes, skeletal-related events (SREs), and bone-directed therapies for 208 deceased GC patients with evidence of bone metastasis were statistically analyzed.ResultsMedian time to bone metastasis was 8 months (CI 95%, 6.125-9.875 months) considering all included patients. Median number of SREs/patient was one. Less than half of the patients (31%) experienced at least one and only 4 and 2% experienced at least two and three events, respectively. Median times to first and second SRE were 2 and 4 months, respectively. Median survival was 6 months after bone metastasis diagnosis and 3 months after first SRE. Median survival in patients who did not experience SREs was 5 months. Among patients who received zoledronic acid before the first SRE, the median time to appearance of first SRE was significantly prolonged compared to control (7 months vs 4 months for control; P: 0.0005).ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this retrospective analysis is the largest multicenter study to demonstrate that bone metastases from GC are not so rare, are commonly aggressive and result in relatively early onset of SREs in the majority of patients. Indeed, our large study, which included 90 patients treated with ZOL, showed, for the first time in literature, a significant extension of time to first SRE and increase in the median survival time after diagnosis of bone metastasis. Taken together, these data may support the beneficial effects of ZOL in GC patients.

BackgroundLittle is known about the extent to which Peruvian physicians seek to involve patients in shared decision making, or about the variation in these efforts across different settings.ObjectiveTo measure the extent to which Peruvian clinicians involve their patients in decision making and to explore the differences between clinicians' behavior in private vs. public practice.DesignVideographic analysis.Participants and settingSeven academic physicians who provided care to patients in a public and a private setting participate in this study. All the encounters in both settings were filmed on one random day of February 2012.ApproachTwo raters, working independently and in duplicate used the 12-item OPTION scale to quantify the extent of physician effort to involve patients in shared decision making (with 0 indicating no effort and 100 maximum possible effort) in 58 video recordings of usual clinical encounters in private and public practice.ResultsThe mean OPTION score was 14.3 (SD 7.0). Although the OPTION score in the private setting (mean 16.5, SD 7.3) was higher than in the public setting (mean 12.3 SD 6.1) this difference was not statistically significant (p = .09).ConclusionPeruvian academic physicians in this convenience sample barely sought to involve their patients in shared decision making. Additional studies are required to confirm these results which suggest that patient-centered care remains an unfulfilled promise and a source of inequity within and across the private and the public sectors in Peru.

ObjectivesInternet can accelerate information exchange. Social networks are the most accessed especially Facebook. This kind of networks might create dependency with several negative consequences in people's life. The aim of this study was to assess potential association between Facebook dependence and poor sleep quality.Methodology/principal findingsA cross sectional study was performed enrolling undergraduate students of the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. The Internet Addiction Questionnaire, adapted to the Facebook case, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, were used. A global score of 6 or greater was defined as the cutoff to determine poor sleep quality. Generalized linear model were used to determine prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A total of 418 students were analyzed; of them, 322 (77.0%) were women, with a mean age of 20.1 (SD: 2.5) years. Facebook dependence was found in 8.6% (95% CI: 5.9%-11.3%), whereas poor sleep quality was present in 55.0% (95% CI: 50.2%-59.8%). A significant association between Facebook dependence and poor sleep quality mainly explained by daytime dysfunction was found (PR = 1.31; IC95%: 1.04-1.67) after adjusting for age, sex and years in the faculty.ConclusionsThere is a relationship between Facebook dependence and poor quality of sleep. More than half of students reported poor sleep quality. Strategies to moderate the use of this social network and to improve sleep quality in this population are needed.

Tuberculosis (TB) destroys lung tissues and this immunopathology is mediated in part by Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). There are no data on the relationship between local tissue MMPs concentrations, anti-tuberculosis therapy and sputum conversion.Induced sputum was collected from 68 TB patients and 69 controls in a cross-sectional study. MMPs concentrations were measured by Luminex array, TIMP concentrations by ELISA and were correlated with a disease severity score (TBscore). 46 TB patients were then studied longitudinally at the 2nd, 8th week and end of treatment.Sputum MMP-1,-2,-3,-8,-9 and TIMP-1 and -2 concentrations are increased in TB. Elevated MMP-1 and -3 concentrations are independently associated with higher TB severity scores (p

Remaining useful life (RUL) estimation is considered as one of the most central points in the prognostics and health management (PHM). The present paper describes a nonlinear hybrid ABC–MARS-based model for the prediction of the remaining useful life of aircraft engines. Indeed, it is well-known that an accurate RUL estimation allows failure prevention in a more controllable way so that the effective maintenance can be carried out in appropriate time to correct impending faults. The proposed hybrid model combines multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), which have been successfully adopted for regression problems, with the artificial bee colony (ABC) technique. This optimization technique involves parameter setting in the MARS training procedure, which significantly influences the regression accuracy. However, its use in reliability applications has not yet been widely explored. Bearing this in mind, remaining useful life values have been predicted here by using the hybrid ABC–MARS-based model from the remaining measured parameters (input variables) for aircraft engines with success. A correlation coefficient equal to 0.92 was obtained when this hybrid ABC–MARS-based model was applied to experimental data. The agreement of this model with experimental data confirmed its good performance. The main advantage of this predictive model is that it does not require information about the previous operation states of the aircraft engine.

Although men and women have similar risk factors for cardiovascular disease, many social behaviors in developing countries differ by sex. Rural-to-urban migrants have different cardiovascular risk profiles than rural or urban dwellers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sex differences with specific cardiovascular risk factors in rural-to-urban migrants.We used the rural-to-urban migrant group of the PERU MIGRANT cross-sectional study to investigate the sex differences in specific cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, as well as exposures of socioeconomic status, acculturation surrogates and behavioral characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was used to characterize strength of association between sex and our outcomes adjusting for potential confounders. The sample of migrants was 589 (mean age 46.5 years) and 52.4% were female. In the adjusted models, women were more likely to be obese (OR=5.97; 95%CI: 3.21-11) and have metabolic syndrome (OR=2.22; 95%CI: 1.39-3.55) than men, explaining the greatest variability for obesity and metabolic syndrome but not for hypertension.Our results suggest that interventions for CVD in Peru should be sex-specific and address the unique health needs of migrant populations living in urban shantytowns since the risk factors for obesity and metabolic syndrome differ between males and females.

Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is responsible for 2–10% of the cases of digestive bleeding. Angiodysplasia is the most common cause. The authors report a case of a 70-year-old female patient admitted to our Gastrointestinal Intensive Care Unit with a significant digestive bleeding. Standard upper and lower endoscopy showed no abnormalities, and we decided to perform a capsule enteroscopy that revealed a submucosal nodule with active bleeding in the jejunum. An intraoperative enteroscopy confirmed the presence of a small submucosal lesion with a central ulceration, and subsequently a segmental enterectomy was performed. Surprisingly, the histopathological diagnosis was angiodysplasia. The patient remains well after a two-year period of follow-up. We present this case of obscure/overt gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the role of capsule and intraoperative enteroscopy in the evaluation of these situations, and because of the unusual endoscopic appearance of the angiodysplasia responsible for the hemorrhage.

To determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in three groups of Peruvian adults, using fasting glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C).This study included adults from the PERU MIGRANT Study who had fasted ≥ 8 h. Fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and A1C ≥ 6.5% were used, separately, to define diabetes. Subjects with a current diagnosis of diabetes were excluded. 964 of 988 subjects were included in this analysis. Overall, 0.9% (95%CI 0.3-1.5) and 3.5% (95%CI 2.4-4.7) had diabetes using fasting glucose and A1C criteria, respectively. Compared to those classified as having diabetes using fasting glucose, newly classified subjects with diabetes using A1C (n = 25), were older, poorer, thinner and more likely to come from rural areas. Of these, 40% (10/25) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG).This study shows that the use of A1C as diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes mellitus identifies people of different characteristics than fasting glucose. In the PERU MIGRANT population using A1C to define diabetes tripled the prevalence; the increase was more marked among poorer and rural populations. More than half the newly diagnosed people with diabetes using A1C had normal fasting glucose.

Data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence are limited in developing countries. There is also limited information of consistent condom use efficacy for reducing HBV transmission at the population level. The study goal was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with HBV infection in Peru, and the relationship between anti-HBc positivity and consistent condom use.Data from two different surveys performed in 28 mid-sized Peruvian cities were analyzed. Participants aged 18-29 years were selected using a multistage cluster sampling. Information was collected through a validated two-part questionnaire. The first part (face-to-face) concerned demographic data, while the second part (self-administered using handheld computers) concerned sexual behavior. Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) was tested in 7,000 blood samples. Prevalences and associations were adjusted for sample strata, primary sampling units and population weights. Anti-HBc prevalence was 5.0% (95%CI 4.1%-5.9%), with the highest prevalence among jungle cities: 16.3% (95%CI 13.8%-19.1%). In the multivariable analysis, Anti-HBc positivity was directly associated with geographic region (highlands OR = 2.05; 95%CI 1.28-3.27, and jungle OR = 4.86; 95%CI 3.05-7.74; compared to coastal region); and inversely associated with age at sexual debut (OR = 0.90; 95%CI 0.85-0.97). Consistent condom use, evaluated in about 40% of participants, was associated with reduced prevalence (OR = 0.34; 95%CI 0.15-0.79) after adjusting for gender, geographic region, education level, lifetime number of sex partners, age at sexual debut and year of survey.Residence in highlands or jungle cities is associated with higher anti-HBc prevalences, whereas increasing age at sexual debut were associated with lower prevalences. Consistent condom use was associated with decreased risk of anti-HBc. Findings from this study emphasize the need of primary prevention programs (vaccination) especially in the jungle population, and imply that condom use promotion might be a potential strategy to prevent HBV infection.

OBJECTIVE: Weight variation during therapy has been described as a useful marker to predict TB treatment outcome. No previous study has used longitudinal analysis to corroborate this finding. The goal of this study was to evaluate change and trends of patients' bodyweight over time depending on TB treatment outcome. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A retrospective cohort study with all TB cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2006 was carried out. Information from 5 public tuberculosis treatment facilities at Pampas de San Juan de Miraflores, Lima, Peru was analyzed. Poor outcome was defined as failure or death during TB therapy, and compared to good outcome defined as cured. Longitudinal analysis with a pre-specified marginal model was fitted using Generalized Estimating Equations to compare weight trends for patients with good and poor outcome adjusting for potential confounders. A total of 460 patients (55.4% males, mean age: 31.6 years) were included in the analysis: 42 (9.1%) had a poor outcome (17 failed and 25 died). Weight at baseline was not different comparing outcome groups (p = 0.17). After adjusting for age, gender, type of TB, scheme of treatment, HIV status and sputum variation during follow-up, after the first month of treatment, patients with good outcome gained, on average, almost 1 kg compared to their baseline weight (p

BACKGROUND: Long-term exposure to anti-tuberculosis medication increases risk of adverse drug reactions and toxicity. The objective of this investigation was to determine factors associated with anti-tuberculosis adverse drug reactions in Lima, Peru, with special emphasis on MDR-TB medication, HIV infection, diabetes, age and tobacco use. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: A case-control study was performed using information from Peruvian TB Programme. A case was defined as having reported an anti-TB adverse drug reaction during 2005-2010 with appropriate notification on clinical records. Controls were defined as not having reported a side effect, receiving anti-TB therapy during the same time that the case had appeared. Crude, and age- and sex-adjusted models were calculated using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). A multivariable model was created to look for independent factors associated with side effect from anti-TB therapy. A total of 720 patients (144 cases and 576 controls) were analyzed. In our multivariable model, age, especially those over 40 years (OR = 3.93; 95%CI: 1.65-9.35), overweight/obesity (OR = 2.13; 95%CI: 1.17-3.89), anemia (OR = 2.10; IC95%: 1.13-3.92), MDR-TB medication (OR = 11.1; 95%CI: 6.29-19.6), and smoking (OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.03-3.87) were independently associated with adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Old age, anemia, MDR-TB medication, overweight/obesity status, and smoking history are independent risk factors associated with anti-tuberculosis adverse drug reactions. Patients with these risk factors should be monitored during the anti-TB therapy. A comprehensive clinical history and additional medical exams, including hematocrit and HIV-ELISA, might be useful to identify these patients.

RESUMEN: En este estudio, replanteamos, vinculándolo a su dimensión moral, el problema de la identidad personal. Analizamos los elementos esenciales para la comprensión del fenómeno moral y proponemos el reconocimiento de la identidad en sentido formal, fundamento para el reconocimiento de la identidad de los demás, como alternativa a la tradicional perspectiva sustancializadora y al enfoque posmoderno que propone su disolución. Desde esta fundamentación del constructo identidad personal, se plantea la posibilidad de la construcción de la dimensión moral como parte central de la configuración positiva, humanizadora, de la identidad de la persona. Como componente esencial de un proyecto de educación moral, tratamos de delimitar las competencias generales que configuran la identidad moral del sujeto. Desde un enfoque educativo que asume la complejidad y la incertidumbre de los fenómenos humanos, las competencias propuestas se dirigen a la construcción posible de una persona moralmente autónoma.ABSTRACT: This study approaches the problem of personal identity linked to its moral dimension. We analyse the elements that are essential for understanding the moral phenomenon and we propose the recognition of identity in a formal sense, the basis for the recognition of the identity of others as an alternative to the traditional substantialising focus and to the post-modern focus that proposes its dissolution. From this basis for the personal identity construct, we propose the possibility of constructing the moral dimension as a central element of the positive, humanising configuration of the individual. As an essential component of a moral education project, we try to define the general responsibilities that configure the subject's moral identity. The proposed responsibilities are directed towards the possible construction of a morally autonomous individual from an educational approach that is fully aware of the unpredictable nature of human phenomena.SOMMAIRE: Dans cette étude, nous posons une fois de plus, en le rattachant à sa dimension morale, le problème de l'identité personnelle. Nous analysons les éléments essentiels en vue de la compréhension du phénomène moral et nous proposons la reconnaissance de l'identité dans son sens formel, comme fondement de la reconnaissance de l'identité des autres, comme alternative au point de vue substancialisateur et d'une optique post-moderne qui propose sa dissolution. À partir du fondement de la constructivité de l'identité personnelle, on envisage la possibilité de la construction de la dimension morale comme partie centrale de la configuration positive, humanisatrice, de l'identité de la personne. Comme compétence essentielle d'un projet d'éducation morale, nous essayons de délimiter les compétences générales qui configurent l'identité morale du sujet. D'un point de vue éducatif qui assume la complexité et l'incertitude des phénomèmes humains, les compétences proposées visent à la construction possible d'une personne moralement autonome.

RESUMEN: En este artículo, procurando superar las tensiones dialécticas entre las ideas modernas y posmodernas, se analiza la identidad como construcción de significado en interacción y desde la narrativa personal. En este sentido, enfatizamos, dentro de la condición esencialmente dinámica de la identidad, su carácter proyectivo como «personalidad escogida». La identidad personal es una parte de la personalidad, esa parte que podemos imaginar, inventar, crear y escoger, con nuestras posibilidades y limitaciones individuales y situacionales, por nosotros mismos. Nuestra capacidad de elegir, de decidir, es ciertamente limitada. No obstante, en este ámbito se define la libertad humana, la cual concebimos aquí como nuestra capacidad de autodeterminación posible. Consecuentemente, refiriéndonos al propio sujeto, delimitamos los principales dominios formativos para la autodeterminación posible, desde la que cabe desplegar el descubrimiento de las estrategias educativas pertinentes para la construcción autónoma de la identidad.ABSTRACT: While attempting to overcome the dialectic tensions existing between modern and post-modern ideas, this article analyses identity as the construction of meaning in interaction and from the personal narrative. In this regard, we stress, within the essentially dynamic condition of personality, its projective character as the «chosen personality». Personal identity is one part of personality; this is the part that we ourselves, within our individual and situational possibilities and limitations, can imagine, invent, create and choose. Our capacity to choose, to decide is evidently limited yet within this restricted ambit human liberty, something that we regard here as being our possible capacity for self-determination, is defined. As a result, and referring to the subject him or herself, we define the principle formative ambits for this possible self-determination and thence proceed to discover the educational strategies relevant to the autonomous construction of the identity.SOMMAIRE: Dans cet article, en essayant de dépasser les tensions dialectiques entre les idées modernes et postmodernes, est analysée l'identité comme construction de signifié en interaction et depuis la narration personnelle. Dans ce sens, nous insistons, dans la condition essentiellement dynamique de l'identité, sur son caractère projectif comme «personnalité choisie». L'identité personnelle est une partie de la personnalité, cette partie que nous pouvons imaginer, inventer, créer et choisir, avec nos possibilités et limitations individuelles et situationnelles, pour nous-mêmes. Notre capacité de choix, de décision, est certes limitée. Cependant, dans ce cadre se définit la liberté de l'homme, que nous concevons ici comme notre capacité d'autodétermination possible. En conséquence, en nous rapportant au propre sujet, nous délimitons les principaux cadres formateurs pour l'autodétermination possible, depuis laquelle il y a lieu de déployer la découverte des stratégies éducatives pertinentes pour la construction autonome de l'identité.

RESUMEN: La expansión de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación está favoreciendo el origen de una sociedad globalizada, caracterizada por las redes. Eeste avance tecnológico y sus formas de intercambios, que afectan a la vida privada y a la cotidianeidad, van provocando una profunda transformación social ajustada a nuestro tiempo. La cultura del ciberespacio forma parte de nuestra cultura y, a su vez, la remodela. Eel mundo en que vivimos se caracteriza por un complejo entramado de sistemas sociales y técnicos que reclaman una nueva concepción del aprendizaje. Precisamos desarrollar criterios de pensamiento y de organización críticos, emanados prospectivamente de la existencia actual y vinculados a las nuevas realidades culturales. La ciencia y la técnica que constituyen el ciberespacio han de aceptarse como mecanismos de organización social en un mundo crecientemente tecnificado.ABSTRACT: The growth of information and communication technologies is favouring the origin of a global society, characterised by social nets. This technological step forward and its different ways of interchange, which affect private life and daily life as well, are producing a deep social change adjusted to our time. The culture of cyberspace is part of our general culture, and it is reshaping it at the same time. The world in which we live is characterised by a complex net of social and technical systems requiring new ways of learning. Wwe need to develop critical criteria for the way we think and organise society, which emanate in a prospective way from the current life and linked to new cultural realities. Science and technique, which together form the cyberspace, have to be accepted as mechanisms of social organisation in a world with more and more technology. Key words: cyberspace, virtual reality, complex systems, identity, learning, postmodernism, theory of education.SOMMAIRE: L’expansion des technologies de l’information et de la communication est en train de favoriser l’apparition d’une société mondialisée, caractérisée par les réseaux. Ce progrès technologique et ses formes d’échange, qui affectent la vie privée et le quotidien, provoquent un processus de profonde transformation sociale adaptée à notre temps. La culture du cyberespace fait partie de notre culture, tout en la remodelant. Le monde où nous vivons se caractérise par un tissu complexe de systèmes sociaux et techniques qui réclament une nouvelle conception de l’apprentissage. Il nous faut développer des critères de pensée et d’organisation critiques, émanant prospectivement de ce qui existe actuellement, et liés aux nouvelles réalités culturelles. La science et la technique qui constituent le cyberespace doivent être acceptées comme des mécanismes d’organisation sociale dans un monde de plus en plus technifié.

Polymerase micro (Polmicro) is an error-prone, DNA-directed DNA polymerase that participates in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair. In vivo, Polmicro deficiency results in impaired Vkappa-Jkappa recombination and altered somatic hypermutation and centroblast development. In Polmicro(-/-) mice, hematopoietic development was defective in several peripheral and bone marrow (BM) cell populations, with about a 40% decrease in BM cell number that affected several hematopoietic lineages. Hematopoietic progenitors were reduced both in number and in expansion potential. The observed phenotype correlates with a reduced efficiency in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in hematopoietic tissue. Whole-body gamma-irradiation revealed that Polmicro also plays a role in DSB repair in non-hematopoietic tissues. Our results show that Polmicro function is required for physiological hematopoietic development with an important role in maintaining early progenitor cell homeostasis and genetic stability in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported the in vitro spontaneous transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) generating a population with tumorigenic potential, that we termed transformed mesenchymal cells (TMC). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we have characterized the molecular changes associated with TMC generation. Using microarrays techniques we identified a set of altered pathways and a greater number of downregulated than upregulated genes during MSC transformation, in part due to the expression of many untranslated RNAs in MSC. Microarray results were validated by qRT-PCR and protein detection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In our model, the transformation process takes place through two sequential steps; first MSC bypass senescence by upregulating c-myc and repressing p16 levels. The cells then bypass cell crisis with acquisition of telomerase activity, Ink4a/Arf locus deletion and Rb hyperphosphorylation. Other transformation-associated changes include modulation of mitochondrial metabolism, DNA damage-repair proteins and cell cycle regulators. In this work we have characterized the molecular mechanisms implicated in TMC generation and we propose a two-stage model by which a human MSC becomes a tumor cell.

Os novos recursos da sociedade da informação, juntamente com os novos conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento humano e sobre o funcionamento do cérebro, oferecem uma nova perspectiva sobre os processos de construção da identidade e abrem novas possibilidades ao sujeito no seu processo de autoformação e autodeterminação. A construção narrativa da identidade e a plasticidade neuronal remetem para uma antropologia da complexidade que deve ter em consideração tanto as condições de risco, de incerteza e de racionalidade incompleta através das quais se vai configurando a identidade do sujeito, como as novas possibilidades de realização pessoal que estas representam. Por isso, apresentamos algumas propostas pedagógicas que poderão coadjuvar a realização das promessas da plasticidade e da narratividade.

Desde su nacimiento, derivado directamente de determinadas prácticas editoriales, el libro de emblemas entra en estrecha comunicación con otros impresos ilustrados. Uno de ellos es el libro de fábulas. Este estudio rastrea los presupuestos teóricos de la relación entre la fábula y la imagen simbólica para entender mejor las causas de su progresiva aproximación a la serie emblemática. En un segundo paso se centra en la teorización específicamente barroca sobre la imagen simbólica, atendiendo de manera privilegiada a los textos jesuíticos, tan centrales en este conjunto de ideas. La investigación concluye observando un ejemplo concreto de interinfluencias entre una fábula (la del águila y el escarabajo) y algunas de sus representaciones emblemáticas.

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación entre frecuencia de ver televisión, sobrepeso y obesidad en una muestra representativa de mujeres peruanas a nivel nacional. MÉTODOS: Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar incluyendo mujeres de 15 a 49 años. Las variables resultados fueron obesidad (índice de masa corporal >30 kg/m²) y sobrepeso (>25 peso