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An emergency in radiotherapy is a case calling for such urgent treatment that the usual stages of planning are abbreviated and radiation is started within a few hours. After a short summary of the biological effects of radiotherapy, we will discuss the emergency situations one has to deal with. Most frequent are those in the course of malignant disease. Yet, in the context of increasingly practised transfusion- and transplantation-techniques, the number of other emergencies is rising.

Maximal dynamic exercise results in a postexercise hyperglycemia in healthy young subjects. We investigated the influence of maximal exercise on glucoregulation in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects (NIDDM). Seven NIDDM and seven healthy control males bicycled 7 min at 60% of their maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), 3 min at 100% VO2max, and 2 min at 110% VO2max. In both groups, glucose production (Ra) increased more with exercise than did glucose uptake (Rd) and, accordingly, plasma glucose increased. However, in NIDDM subjects the increase in Ra was hastened and Rd inhibited compared with controls, so the increase in glucose occurred earlier and was greater [147 +/- 21 to 169 +/- 19 (30 min postexercise) vs. 90 +/- 4 to 100 +/- 5 (SE) mg/dl (10 min postexercise), P less than 0.05]. Glucose levels remained elevated for greater than 60 min postexercise in both groups. Glucose clearance increased during exercise but decreased postexercise to or below (NIDDM, P less than 0.05) basal levels, despite increased insulin levels (P less than 0.05). Plasma epinephrine and glucagon responses to exercise were higher in NIDDM than in control subjects (P less than 0.05). By use of the insulin clamp technique at 40 microU.m-2.min-1 of insulin with plasma glucose maintained at basal levels, glucose disposal in NIDDM subjects, but not in controls, was enhanced 24 h after exercise. It is concluded that, because of exaggerated counter-regulatory hormonal responses, maximal dynamic exercise results in a 60-min period of postexercise hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in NIDDM. However, this event is followed by a period of increased insulin effect on Rd that is present 24 h after exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

While resting metabolic rate (RMR) is known to decline during periods of energy restriction, the effect of exercise training during weight loss on RMR is less clear. We studied separately the effect of energy restriction and exercise training on weight loss and RMR in a one-year randomized, controlled trial. One hundred twenty-one overweight, sedentary men (age 30-59) who were randomly assigned to a control (C), energy restriction only (D), or exercise only (E) group were examined at baseline and after one year for changes in RMR as measured by standard indirect calorimetry. Relative to controls, E increased fitness and jogged an average of 9.97 +/- 5.6 miles/week and did not change energy intake while D significantly reduced energy consumption. Both groups achieved significant weight loss and fat mass loss when compared to the controls at the end of one year. After one year, the D group showed a small yet significant decline in RMR (kcal/h and kcal/FFM/h) when compared to controls and exercisers, while the E group showed no significant changes. Therefore, in moderately overweight men, a one-year program of weight loss by energy restriction produced a significant decline in RMR while weight loss by exercise did not change RMR.

Protein zero (P 0 ), an integral membrane glycoprotein synthesized by Schwann cells, is the major glycoprotein of peripheral nerve myelin. The predicted disposition of P 0 with respect to the membrane bilayer postulates the existence of extracellular and intracellular domains, that mediate compaction of the myelin lamellae. We used in vitro translations programed with sciatic nerve mRNA and cells transfected with a P 0 cDNA construct to study the biosynthesis and topology of P 0 in the bilayer. The behavior of P 0 at the cell surface, when expressed under physiological conditions, was also examined. We have verified the topological predictions of an earlier model, derived from analysis of a P 0 cDNA, and provide evidence that the extracellular domain of P 0 mediates homotypically cell-cell interactions in the transfectants.

Nutrient intakes from 7-d diet records were compared with hydrostatically determined body composition in 155 sedentary obese men aged 30-59 y. Percent body fats ranged from 18.6 to 40.3. The men ate (mean +/- SD) 2570 +/- 514 kcal/d: 15.6 +/- 2.6% from protein, 40.7 +/- 5.7% from fat, 37.5 +/- 6.9% from carbohydrate, and 6.2 +/- 6.0% from alcohol. Percent body fat correlated positively (p less than 0.05) with g/1000 kcal intake of total, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids and negatively with carbohydrates and plant protein. Total calories, number of meals, and distribution of calories were unrelated to percent body fat, total weight, or fat-free mass. The higher proportion of fat and carbohydrate in the diet may contribute to obesity in men. The modest caloric intake of these men and the lack of correlation between percent body fat and total calories suggest that calorie differences are not the major cause of the variations in obesity in these men.

A finite difference Eulerian computer code with some very useful Lagrangian features is employed to study the impact of a projectile on a heavily confined, inert, solid explosive. Temperature rise due to shock compression and plastic deformation in both the explosive and the metal confinement is estimated. It is concluded that in situations where the shock is weak and the explosive does not initiate shortly after the projectile impact, the possibility of it so doing, due to plastic deformation, at a later time cannot be discounted.

Native glutathione S-transferases are composed of subunits with apparent molecular weights of 25,000, 23,500, or 22,000 which form either homo- or heterodimers. Glutathione S-transferases A, C, and X which contain two subunits with molecular weights of 23,500 yielded similar but nonidentical proteolytic fragmentation patterns. Fragments unique to the subunits of the homodimers A and X were present in decreased intensities in the patterns of form C. Two-dimensional electrophoresis under denaturing conditions showed single nonoverlapping spots for transferases A and X, while form C yielded two spots corresponding in position to those obtained from forms A and X. Renaturation of dissociated glutathione S-transferase C yielded enzymatically active transferases A, C, and X. These results indicate that form C is a heterodimer composed of one subunit from the homodimeric transferases A and X. This was substantiated by NH2-terminal sequence analysis showing extensive NH2-terminal homology amongst all three forms. However, in the positions where forms A and X yielded different residues, both amino acids were detected in the sequence of form C, indicating that the two subunits of Mr = 23,500 are the products of two different genes. NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the heterodimeric glutathione S-transferase B which is composed of subunits with molecular weights of 22,000 and 25,000 revealed a single unique sequence which bore no resemblance to the sequences of either forms A or X. Despite the identical NH2-terminal sequences, proteolytic fragmentation of the separated subunits showed markedly different fragmentation patterns. This indicates that two different mRNAs code for these two subunits.

The site of synthesis and mechanism of insertion into membranes of several microsomal polypeptides was studied using translation system programmed in vitro with polysomes or with mRNA extracted from free and membrane-bound rat liver polysomes. Primary translation products of cytochrome b5, NADH: cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase, NADPH: cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase and epoxide hydrolase were isolated by specific immunoprecipitation and compared with the mature proteins. The following observations were made: 1 While cytochrome b5 and NADH: cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase are synthesized in free polysomes, NADPH: cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase and epoxide hydrolase are made in membrane-bound polysomes. 2 In all cases the radioactively labelled products synthesized in vitro comigrated with the purified native polypeptides. Since these proteins are not glycoproteins, it can be inferred that in vivo they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage during or after translation. 3 Levels of translatable mRNA coding for NADPH: cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase or epoxide hydrolase were increased by phenobarbital or by various carcinogens respectively. 4 A comparison of amino-terminal segments of the native epoxide hydrolase and that synthesized in vitro showed that this protein retains an amino-terminal polypeptide sequence which resembles the transient insertion signal found in presecretory proteins. 5 The amino-terminal region of NADPH: cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase contains 7 leucine residues in its first 15 amino acids and can, therefore, be presumed to be the hydrophobic portion which anchors this poly- peptide to the membrane. Mechanisms which may account for the spatial disposition of the membrane proteins and for their selective accumulation in endoplasmic reticulum membranes are discussed.

We studied separately the influence of two methods for losing fat weight on the levels of plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight sedentary men--decreasing energy intake without increasing exercise (diet), and increasing energy expenditure without altering energy intake (exercise, primarily running)--in a one-year randomized controlled trial. As compared with controls (n = 42), dieters (n = 42) had significant loss of total body weight (-7.8 +/- 0.9 kg [mean +/- SE]), fat weight (-5.6 +/- 0.8 kg), and lean (non-fat) weight (-2.1 +/- 0.5 kg) (P less than 0.001 for each variable), and exercisers (n = 47) had significant loss of total body weight (-4.6 +/- 0.8 kg) and fat weight (-3.8 +/- 0.7 kg) (P less than 0.001 for both variables) but not lean weight (-0.7 +/- 0.4 kg). Fat-weight loss did not differ significantly between dieters and exercisers. All subjects were discouraged from altering their diet composition; however, dieters and exercisers had slight reductions in the percentage of kilojoules derived from fat. As compared with the control group, both weight-loss groups had significant increases (P less than 0.01) in plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (diet vs. exercise, 0.13 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.12 +/- 0.03 mmol per liter), HDL2 cholesterol (0.07 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.02 mmol per liter), and HDL3 cholesterol (0.07 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.02 mmol per liter) and significant decreases (P less than 0.05) in triglyceride levels (diet vs. exercise, -0.35 +/- 0.14 vs. -0.24 +/- 0.12 mmol per liter). Levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not significantly changed, relative to values in controls. None of these changes were significantly different between dieters and exercisers. Thus, we conclude that fat loss through dieting or exercising produces comparable and favorable changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations.

p53-plus-ras-transformed rat cell lines express a tumor-specific transplantation antigen that is common to a number (85%) of independently derived p53-plus-ras-transformed cell lines. This has been shown by immunizing rats with irradiated p53-plus-ras-transformed cells and demonstrating protection of these animals by subsequent live-cell tumor challenge. Several c-myc-plus-ras-transformed cell lines (54% of the lines tested) and one adenovirus E1a-plus-ras-transformed cell line (9% of those tested) were shown to share a common tumor-specific transplantation antigen by their ability to immunize a rat against a p53-plus-ras cell line challenge. Several experimental approaches have been used to fractionate and identify the antigen common to these cell lines. The experimental results reported here make it clear that the p53 protein common to most of these transformed cell lines is not likely to be the tumor-specific transplantation antigen.

The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone after i.p. and/or i.v. administration were studied in 12 CAPD patients. After i.v. injection, the plasma half-life was 2.65 +/- 0.4 h, the total clearance amounting to 70.1 +/- 19.2 ml/min. Peritoneal clearance was calculated to be 6.9 +/- 1 ml/min. After peritoneal instillation, the bioavailability was 63.9 +/- 5%. After repeated i.p. administration, no accumulation of the drug in the body was observed. Thus, cefoperazone can be safely administered for the treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients.

Fifteen peptides, ranging in length from 6 to 31 amino acids and corresponding in sequence to portions of the major phenobarbital-inducible form of rat liver cytochrome P-450 (P-450 PB-4), were previously synthesized chemically and used to prepare site-specific rabbit antibodies (Frey, A. B., D.J. Waxman, and G. Kreibich, 1985, J. Biol. Chem., 260:15253-15265). The antipeptide antibodies were affinity purified using Sepharose resins derivatized with the respective peptides and 14 preparations were obtained that in an ELISA assay showed affinities to immobilized P-450 judged to be adequate for binding studies on intact rat liver microsomes. The binding of these antibodies to rough microsomes from the livers of phenobarbital treated rats was assessed using 125I-labeled IgG and by immunoelectron microscopy employing protein A-gold as a marker. It was found that many of the antibodies bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane but none bound to the luminal face of ruptured or inverted microsomal vesicles or to contaminating membranes of other organelles present in the preparations. These observations eliminate previously proposed models for the transmembrane disposition of P-450 that postulate the existence of multiple transmembrane domains and the exposure of several polar segments of the polypeptide on the luminal side of the membrane. The fact that an antibody raised to the first 31 residues of P-450 bound well to the purified P-450 but very poorly to rough microsomes, whereas an antibody to a peptide comprising residues 24-38 showed relatively strong binding to intact microsomes, is consistent with the proposal that the amino terminal segment of P-450 extending approximately to residue 20 is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer and the immediately following segment is exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. All these results favor a model in which the cytochrome P-450 molecule is largely exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to which it is anchored by its short amino terminal hydrophobic segment.

The overtone bands in the vibrational specturm of methane can be accounted for on the same footing as the fundamentals by use of a simple vibrational Hamiltonian and the application of conventional symmetry considerations and radiative selection rules. This approach gives a rough map of all stretch vibrational states up to ∼24 000 cm−1, by fitting the states of the appropriate symmetry to the observed overtone spectrum. All vibrational states are described in terms of anharmonic symmetrized internal coordinate (SIC) states which are very close to the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. The one‐quantum SIC states are identical to the normal modes while some multiquantum SICs present features analogous to the ’’local modes’’ conventionally used in the interpretation of overtone spectra. The discrete structure of the vibrational state–space obtained from this treatment is in conflict with the symmetryless quasicontinuous structure of state–space postulated to explain IR multiphoton absorption in polyatomic molecules. At the same time, it suggests that this process might take place mainly through an equidistant ladder of states, as is found in molecules with several identical bonds.

Hepatic microsomes isolated from untreated male rats or from rats pretreated with phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) were labeled with the hydrophobic, photoactivated reagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-(/sup 125/I)iodophenyl)diazirine ((/sup 125/I)TID). (/sup 125/I)TID incorporation into 3-MC- and PB-induced liver microsomal protein was enhanced 5- and 8-fold, respectively, relative to the incorporation of (/sup 125/I)TID into uninduced liver microsomes. The major hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 forms inducible by PB and 3-MC, respectively designated P-450s PB-4 and BNF-B, were shown to be the principal polypeptides labeled by (/sup 125/I)TID in the correspondingly induced microsomes. Trypsin cleavage of (/sup 125/I)TID-labeled microsomal P-450 PB-4 yielded several radiolabeled fragments, with a single labeled peptide of Mr approximately 4000 resistant to extensive proteolytic digestion. The following experiments suggested that TID binds to the substrate-binding site of P-450 PB-4. (/sup 125/I)TID incorporation into microsomal P-450 PB-4 was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the P-450 PB-4 substrate benzphetamine. In the absence of photoactivation, TID inhibited competitively about 80% of the cytochrome P-450-dependent 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation catalyzed by PB-induced microsomes with a Ki of 10 microM; TID was a markedly less effective inhibitor of the corresponding activity catalyzed by microsomes isolated from uninduced or beta-naphthoflavone-induced livers.

The relation of alcohol use to calorie intake and adiposity was studied in 155 non-smoking, overweight men. Alcohol use and calorie intake were assessed by 7-day dietary record, and body composition was determined by hydrostatic weighing. Increased intake of food calories (i.e., non-ethanol calories only) on alcohol-drinking days was compensated for by decreased food consumption on non-drinking days of the week. Added alcohol calories were not offset during the week and resulted in a surplus intake of over 4,000 kcal/wk for men in the highest drinking group. Although alcohol calories were "added" to food intake, alcohol use was unrelated to level of adiposity. This finding was not accounted for by concomitant differences in exercise status. Basal metabolic rate, however, was elevated in men imbibing one or more "drinks" per day (as compared to abstainers and light-drinkers). Increased basal energy expenditure may have partially offset the alcohol calories of men at lower levels of alcohol intake, but it did not substantially offset the large calorie surplus seen at higher levels of consumption. Our results support recent speculation that alcohol consumption may not be as "fattening" as traditionally believed.

The tri-service Energetic Material Hazard Initiation Assessment Team (EMHIAT) has formulated a five-year research and technology plan to address major deficiencies and needs in the understanding of critical or failure diameter, shock to detonation transition,deflagration to detonation transition, delayed detonation, thermal ignition and response, and initiation via friction,impact, and electrostatic discharge. The study utilized detailed interactions with the solid rocket propulsion industry, with the DoE contractor laboratories, and a review of on-going work in the DoD laboratories responsible for rocket and gun propellants, and explosives. In this paper specific needs are itemized for the eight technical areas listed above, and the Long-Range Plan for hazard mitigation is summarized; the needs and plan elements are organized to correspond to the recent DoD Insensitive Munitions policy.

Oligomeric protein complexes containing the nuclear oncogene p53 and the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (D. I. H. Linzer and A. J. Levine, Cell 17:43-51, 1979), the adenovirus E1B 55-kilodalton (kDa) tumor antigen, and the heat shock protein hsc70 (P. Hinds, C. Finlay, A. Frey, and A. J. Levine, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:2863-2869, 1987) have all been previously described. To begin isolating, purifying, and testing these complexes for functional activities, we have developed a rapid immunoaffinity column purification. p53-protein complexes are eluted from the immunoaffinity column by using a molar excess of a peptide comprising the epitope recognized by the p53 monoclonal antibody. This mild and specific elution condition allows p53-protein interactions to be maintained. The hsc70-p53 complex from rat cells is heterogeneous in size, with some forms of this complex associated with a 110-kDa protein. The maximum apparent molecular mass of such complexes is 660,000 daltons. Incubation with micromolar levels of ATP dissociates this complex in vitro into p53 and hsc70 110-kDa components. Nonhydrolyzable substrates of ATP fail to promote this dissociation of the complex. Murine p53 synthesized in Escherichia coli has been purified 660-fold on the same antibody affinity column and was found to be associated with an E. coli protein of 70 kDa. Immunoblot analysis with specific antisera demonstrated that this E. coli protein was the heat shock protein dnaK, which has extensive sequence homology with the rat hsc70 protein. Incubation of the immunopurified p53-dnaK complex with ATP resulted in the dissociation of the p53-dnaK complex as it did with the p53-hsc70 complex. This remarkable conservation of p53-heat shock protein interactions and the specificity of dissociation reactions suggest a functionally important role for heat shock proteins in their interactions with oncogene proteins.

We have measured the velocities of the particles of a jet after breakup and found that the distribution contained an approximately constant velocity section of several particles immediately behind the tip. The jet was produced from a centrally initiated, 38 mm diameter conical shaped charge. Since the measurements were carried out after jet formation, the observation is not considered to be directly related to the inverse-velocity gradient effect that produces the tip particle. Comparison between calculated and measured jet penetration velocities show that the calculations assuming a uniformly stretching jet require modification to take account of the observation. A possible explanation for the origin of the non-ideal behaviour is that the short height of explosive between the detonator and liner (the explosive head height) produces a building detonation which strikes the liner with a varying impulse and curvature. Some support for the observation is found in earlier experimental work by DiPersio...

Queuosine (Q), 7-[(4,5-cis-dihydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-yl)-amino)methyl)-7- deazaguanosine, and Q derivatives usually replace guanosine in the anticodon of tRNAs(GUN) of eubacteria and of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs of lower and higher eucaryotes except yeasts. Q appears to be synthesized de novo exclusively in eubacteria, and the free-base queuine serves as a nutrient factor for eucaryotes. Recently, a Q derivative, oQ, containing a 2,3-epoxy-4,5-dihydroxycyclopentane ring, has been identified in Escherichia coli tRNA(Tyr). Here we show that oQ is formed when E. coli or Salmonella typhimurium is grown in glucose-salt medium. The formation of oQ was independent of molecular oxygen, and oQ-tRNAs were converted to Q-tRNAs by adding cobalamin to the growth medium. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, considerable amounts of Q were present in E. coli and S. typhimurium tRNAs when the bacteria were grown in the presence of cobalt ions with glycerol as the carbon source and fumarate as the electron acceptor. Under these conditions, the biosynthesis of cobalamin was induced. The results suggest that oQ is derived from ribose and that oQ is finally reduced to Q by a cobamide-dependent enzyme.

Fifteen peptides corresponding in sequence to segments of the major phenobarbital-inducible forms of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 (termed P-450 PB-4 and P-450 PB-5) were chemically synthesized, conjugated to carrier proteins, and used to prepare site-specific rabbit and/or mouse antipeptide antibodies. Four of the synthetic peptides were recognized by rabbit heterosera raised against purified P-450 PB-4. The titer of these heterosera measured against P-450 PB-4 was only partially reduced upon complete adsorption of antipeptide activity suggesting that these peptides represent minor antigenic determinants. Each of the antipeptide antibodies recognized purified P-450 PB-4 and the highly homologous P-450 PB-5 as demonstrated by a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Although each antipeptide immunoprecipitated both purified 125I-labeled P-450 PB-4 and also in vitro-synthesized apo-P-450 PB-4, the yields of immunoprecipitation were low relative to that obtained using anti-P-450 heterosera. Only one of the antipeptide antibodies gave a good signal in an immunoblot analysis of either microsomal or purified P-450s PB-4 and PB-5. Three antipeptide antibodies raised against hydrophilic segments located in the amino-terminal one-third of P-450 PB-4 markedly inhibited the P-450 PB-4-catalyzed O-deethylation of the model substrate 7-ethoxycoumarin. Four of the antipeptide antibodies were found to cross-react with P-450 beta NF-B, the major aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible rat hepatic P-450, suggesting that certain amino acid sequences or regions of secondary structure are conserved between the major phenobarbital-induced and polycyclic-induced rat liver P-450 isoenzymes. These studies demonstrate the utility of antipeptide antibodies for evaluation of antigenic sites exposed in native P-450 PB-4, for identification of specific amino acid sequences important for the interaction of P-450 PB-4 with its substrate and/or with cytochrome P-450 reductase in a reconstituted system and for elucidation of structural and immunochemical homologies between P-450 PB-4 and other P-450 isoenzymes present in rat liver endoplasmic reticulum.

The motion of a wave packet moving in a potential well with a penetrable barrier is considered. A formally exact expression for the evolution operator is given as a sum over quasistationary energy eigenfunctions plus a remainder term. Numerical calculations are carried out for the square barrier potential. The approximation in which one neglects the remainder term is shown to be a useful and accurate one in computing properties of the particle which depend on the value of the wavefunction inside the potential well.

Up-to-date and accurate information of ecosystem state and functioning becomes ever more critical for decision-making and policy. For complex ecosystems such as forests, these demands can in some cases not be met by field observations only, especially at larger scales. Additionally, methodological requirements include comparability and transparency. To satisfy these needs, models can provide an important supplement or alternative. We examined the validity of the litter decomposition and soil carbon model Yasso07 in Swiss forests based on data on observed decomposition of (i) foliage and fine root litter from sites along a climatic and altitudinal gradient and (ii) of 588 dead trees from 394 plots of the Swiss National Forest Inventory. Our objectives were to (i) examine the effect of the application of three different published Yasso07 parameter sets on simulated decay rate; (ii) analyze the accuracy of Yasso07 for reproducing observed decomposition of litter and dead wood in Swiss forests; and (iii) evaluate the suitability of Yasso07 for regional and national scale applications in Swiss forests. From the three examined parameter sets, the set was identified which resulted in the best agreement between Yasso07 results and observed decomposition. No significant differences were found between simulated and observed remaining C in foliage and fine root litter after 10 years and in lying dead trees after 14–21 years. The model overestimated the decomposition of standing dead trees. We concluded that Yasso07 can provide accurate information on temporal changes in C stocks in litter and deadwood in Swiss forests in a transparent manner that is valid for, e.g., reporting purposes under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol.

A uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) from a psychrophilic marine bacterium (BMTU 3346) has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 23 400 Da. It is stable in complex buffers (containing glycerol/BSA), whereas it is heat-labile in dilute buffers (free of stabilizers) with a half-life of 2 min at 40°C. Due to the thermolability, uracil-DNA glycosylase is suitable for application in the carryover prevention technique showing less residual activity and/or a slower reactivation rate than the usually applied UNG from Escherichia coli.

The model compound lidocaine was used in the rabbit to investigate different sites of subconjunctival injection for the achievement of reproducible drug concentrations in the aqueous humor. Only epibulbar injections were satisfactory, but not parabulbar or injections under the lower fornix. After epibulbar administration of 0.8 ml 5% ciclosporin, median concentrations in the aqueous humor were 360, 700 and 200 ng/ml after 2, 8, and 24 h, respectively. Corresponding levels in the cornea were 32, 27, and 12 ng/ml. It appears that drug concentrations resulting from epibulbar injections may be therapeutically useful.

While it is feasible to design a tank ammunition compartment which will survive the detonation of a single warhead, the design of a compartment which will survive the detonation of most or all of the warheads and which falls within the weight and space constraints imposed by the vehicle design is not currently possible; the detonation of 40 warheads (the planned complement) will destroy compartment and fighting vehicle. In previous research (1) we have shown that catastrophic reaction of munitions can occur under conditions much less strenuous than those required for classical shock initiation, which has been studied extensively for bare charges. These catastrophic reactions play an extremely important role in determining munition vulnerability, and in the rapid propagation of explosion through stacks of munitions.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. Chickens 6 to 33 weeks old, with a variety of vaccination histories, were bled before challenge with a velogenic strain of NDV. Fourteen days post-challenge, 63 of the 73 challenged birds had survived. ELISA results of pre-challenge sera corresponded directly with survival rates of birds challenged with NDV.