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We present recent results of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements for interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) ranging from several micrometers down to hundreds of nanometers. Simulations have shown that the electric field strength between the electrodes scales with the gap size. Therefore, electrodes of varying gap sizes were fabricated and functionalized with ssDNA to empirically validate these findings. The results have shown that the impedimetric response strongly correlates with the width of the electrode fingers: the smaller the electrode gap, the larger the impedance increase.

Best to our knowledge, six-wheeled vehicles have better driving conditions and performance criteria as compared to four-wheeled vehicles, especially for the use of military. Although, the six-wheeled vehicles have better features, in literature, there has been no dynamic analysis carried out on those vehicles. Generally, dynamic analysis of four-wheeled vehicle has been undertaken. In this work, the six-wheeled vehicle was modeled by using discrete mass, dashpot and spring, as 3 and 9 degree-of-freedom (DOF) systems that considered vehicle with / without suspension system. The vehicle model was constructed into a simulation tool so that input/output and vehicle parameters could be changed easily using the modulated approach. In the experimental studies, the excitation with an electrodynamic shaker driven by a sinusoidal signal were used to measure the frequency response of the system (sine-swept method). Vibration measurements were taken by B&K 2515 vibration analyzer. The results obtained from experiment were compared with the calculated ones and a good agreement between these results were obtained. The mathematical model which, is verified with experimental results, used for simulating the firing condition.

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a non-invasive microorganism causing intense gastric mucosal inflammatory and immune reaction. H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal cytokine overproduction has been clearly documented previously. The stomach has a large surface area and continuous spill-over of locally produced cytokines into the blood stream is a possibility. There are few and conflicting data on circulatory proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with H. pylori infection.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, 1987—2003 yılları arasında, “Çocuk Edebiyatı” konulu lisansüstü çalışmaların çeşitli özellikleri ile ilgili saptamalar yapmaktir. Çalışmadan elde edilen veriler frekans (i) ve yüzde (%) ile açıklanmış ve tablolar çeşitli değişkenlere göre düzenlenmiştir. 1987—2003 yıllan arasında, “Çocuk Edebiyatı” konusunda yapılmış lisansüstü çalışmalarının incelenmesi sonucunda, en fazla tezin 1995 (7 tez %12.96) ve 1999 (7 tez %12.96) yıllarında yapıldığı görülmektedir. Türkçenin tez dili olarak %74.07 ile en çok tercih edilen dil olduğu ve tezlerin % 96,29’unun Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsünde hazırlandığı görülmektedir

The rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein (G) is the principal antigen responsible for the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) and is the major modality of protective immunity in animals. A recombinant RABV HEP-Flury strain was generated by reverse genetics to encode two copies of the G-gene (referred to as HEP-dG). The biological properties of HEP-dG were compared to those of the parental virus (HEP-Flury strain). The HEP-dG recombinant virus grew 100 times more efficiently in BHK-21 cell than the parental virus, yet the virulence of the dG recombinant virus in suckling mice was lower than the parental virus. The HEP-dG virus can improve the expression of G-gene mRNA and the G protein and produce more offspring viruses in cells. The amount of G protein revealed a positive relationship with immunogenicity in mice and dogs. The inactivated HEP-dG recombinant virus induced higher levels of VNA and conferred better protection against virulent RABV in mice and dogs than the inactivated parental virus and a commercial vaccine. The protective antibody persisted for at least 12 months. These data demonstrate that the HEP-dG is stable, induces a strong VNA response and confers protective immunity more effectively than the RABV HEP-Flury strain. HEP-dG could be a potential candidate in the development of novel inactivated rabies vaccines.

This study developed an approach for remote estimation of Vegetation Fraction (VF) and Flower Fraction (FF) in oilseed rape, which is a crop species with conspicuous flowers during reproduction. Canopy reflectance in green, red, red edge and NIR bands was obtained by a camera system mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) when oilseed rape was in the vegetative growth and flowering stage. The relationship of several widely-used Vegetation Indices (VI) vs. VF was tested and found to be different in different phenology stages. At the same VF when oilseed rape was flowering, canopy reflectance increased in all bands, and the tested VI decreased. Therefore, two algorithms to estimate VF were calibrated respectively, one for samples during vegetative growth and the other for samples during flowering stage. The results showed that the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARIgreen) worked most accurately for estimating VF in flower-free samples with an Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.56%, while the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI2) was the best in flower-containing samples with an RMSE of 5.65%. Based on reflectance in green and NIR bands, a technique was developed to identify whether a sample contained flowers and then to choose automatically the appropriate algorithm for its VF estimation. During the flowering season, we also explored the potential of using canopy reflectance or VIs to estimate FF in oilseed rape. No significant correlation was observed between VI and FF when soil was visible in the sensor’s field of view. Reflectance at 550 nm worked well for FF estimation with coefficient of determination (R2) above 0.6. Our model was validated in oilseed rape planted under different nitrogen fertilization applications and in different phenology stages. The results showed that it was able to predict VF and FF accurately in oilseed rape with RMSE below 6%.

Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant drug which has noradrenergic and serotonergic effects. According to international treatment guidelines, it is one of the first preferred drug in the treatment of depression patients having low renal index. However, there is no morphometric study investigating the effects of Mianserin on kidneys. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Mianserin on the kidneys of the diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: (1) Healthy controls (HC), (2) healthy rats with the daily application of 30 mg/kg (H+30 mg/kg) and (3) 45 mg/kg Mianserin (H+45 mg/kg), per oral (4) diabetic rats (DM) by injection of a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) (5) diabetic rats with the daily application of 30mg/kg (DM+30 mg/kg) and (6) 45 mg/kg Mianserin (DM+45 mg/kg). After two-week application of Mianserin, rats were perfused cardiacally and then 4 Ìmthickness sections taken by a systematic random sampling method from each kidney stained with Hemotoxylin-Eosine. Alterations occurring in the kidneys were estimated by using morphometric methods. Results were compared with one-way analysis of variance test following Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. In the DM group, ratio of the Bowman's space to renal corpuscule was found significantly higher (23.93±8.91) than other groups. This ratio was decreased in diabetic groups treated with Mianserin in a dose dependent fashion (12.05± 7.32 and 9.92±3.30). However, in healthy groups, no significant difference was observed following Mianserin treatment. On the other hand, number of renal corpuscule per unit renal cortical area (Na) and the mean diameter of the renal corpuscule were not significantly different among groups. These results show that Bowman's space expands with regard to the diabetes and Mianserin treatment reverses these diabetic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Interstitial lung disease is rarer in children than adults, but, with increasing diagnostic awareness, more cases are being discovered. The prognosis of childhood interstitial lung disease is often poor, but increasing numbers are now surviving into adulthood., Aim: To characterise childhood interstitial lung disease survivors and identify their impact on adult interstitial lung disease centres., Methods: This was a European study (34 adult and childhood interstitial lung disease centres) reporting incident/prevalent cases of childhood interstitial lung disease survivors from January to July 2023. Epidemiological, clinical, physiological and genetic data were collected., Results: 244 patients were identified with a median (interquartile range) age at diagnosis of 12.5 years (6-16 years) and age at study inclusion of 25 years (22-33 years), with 51% male, 86% nonsmokers and a median (interquartile range) % predicted forced vital capacity of 70% (47-89%) and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide of 48% (32-75%). 32% were prescribed long-term oxygen and 227 (93%) were followed up in adult centres whereas 17 (7%) never transitioned. The commonest diagnoses (82%) were childhood interstitial lung disease category B1 (sarcoidosis, hemosiderosis, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis) at 35%, A4 (surfactant-related) at 21%, B2 (bronchiolitis obliterans, hypersensitivity pneumonitis) at 14% and Bz (unclassified interstitial lung disease) at 13%. Bz patients had the worst functional status. 60% of all patients were still being prescribed corticosteroids. Re-specification of diagnosis and treatment were made after transition for 9.8% and 16% of patients, respectively. Not all childhood interstitial lung disease diagnoses were recognised in adult interstitial lung disease classifications., Conclusion: Childhood interstitial lung disease survivors are seen in most adult interstitial lung disease centres and only a minority continue follow-up in paediatric centres. Survivors have a significant loss of lung function. The heterogeneity of their aetiologies and therapeutic requirements has a real impact on adult interstitial lung disease centres. Re-specification of diagnosis and treatment may contribute to precision and personalisation of management., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: E.D. Manali reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring and Hoffman-La Roche; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Hoffman-La Roche and Elpen; and leadership as Chair in the ERS task force for transition of chILD. M. Griese reports consulting fees and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Boehringer Ingelheim. N. Nathan reports grants from CORTICONEHI for the clinical trial “Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulses in neuroendocrine cells hyperplasia of infancy”, the Million Dollar Bike Ride project for Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia of Infancy, the Chancellerie des Universités, RespiFIL for the development of an e-learning module for CT-scan in childhood interstitial lung diseases and RespiFIL for the development of an online platform for rare lung disease quality of life and transition questionnaires; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from La Lettre du Pneumologue; and support for attending meetings from the ERS. Y. Uzunhan reports grants from Oxyvie; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi, CSL Vifor and Boehringer Ingelheim; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Boehringer Ingelheim and Oxyvie; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Boehringer Ingelheim. R. Borie reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferrer and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations; and educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim; and support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim. N. Schwerk reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim for consultancy work; paid lectures, publications and advisory board participation; and a leadership role as President-elect of the German Society for Paediatric Pneumology. C. McCarthy reports support for the present manuscript from Savara Inc.; grants from Health Research Board (Ireland), Enterprise Ireland and The LAM Foundation; consultancy fees from Savara Inc., AI Therapeutics, and Theravance Inc.; support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Savara Inc. M. Koziar Vasakova reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations and educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche; support for attending meetings from Roche and Boehringer Ingelheim; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with MSD and Boehringer Ingelheim. M. Molina-Molina reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferrer and Veracyte. C.H.M. van Moorsel reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim for research support in digital auscultation for ILD, payment or honoraria for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and a leadership role as Co-chair of the ClinGen ILD Gene Curation Expert Panel. I. Campo reports consulting fees from Partner Therapeutics for a paid interview and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Savara as a member of the advisory board for molgramostim. E. Bendstrup reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Daichii Sankyo; support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Simbec-Orion for Molecure DSMB. T.S. Prior reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim; and support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim. F. Bonella reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, BMS and CSL-Behring; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi; support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca and Atyr; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and BMS. R. Diesler reports grants from CSL Behring, Fondation du Souffle and Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, and support for attending meetings from Asdia. A. Froidure reports consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim; and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca and GSK. F. Jeny reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim; and support for attending meetings from Oxyvie (travel for a French congress). N. Ocal reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim, Nobel and Humanis. B. Crestani reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim; consultancy fees from BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK and Sanofi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Novartis, Roche and Sanofi; support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche and Sanofi; participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Horizon and Sanofi; and a leadership role as President of the board of trustees of the Fondation du Souffle (a French charity). P. Pohunek reports support for the present study from the ERS Task Force TF2021-14 (payment for the librarian); consulting fees from AstraZeneca and GSK; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK and AstraZeneca (personal), and Chiesi, AstraZeneca and GSK (institutional); support for attending meetings from GSK and AstraZeneca; and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with GSK and AstraZeneca. S.A. Papiris reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim and Hoffman La Roche; support for attending meetings from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffman La Roche and Elpen; and leadership or fiduciary role as a member in the ERS Task Force for the transition of chILD. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright ©The authors 2025. 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Background and Objective: The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) and allergic diseases(ADs) has increased in recent years. This study aimed to analyse the association between them among children registered at primary healthcare units in Izmir., Methods: For this retrospective cross-sectional study, primary healthcare units in Izmir were selected by randomisation conducted between January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023. The dependent variables are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The risk factors are respiratory allergies and skin allergies. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic level., Results: There were 20,557 children registered in 26 primary healthcare units. Skin allergy was detected in 7.8%, respiratory allergy in 6.8%, ADHD in 1.2% and ASD in 0.0%. ADHD comorbidity was found to be high in both children with respiratory allergies and children with skin allergies (p<0.001). The rate of ASD comorbidity was 1.8% in boys with respiratory allergies and 1.6% in boys with skin allergies (p>0.01). The analysis could not be performed due to the low number of girls with ASD. The logistic regression models showed a higher odds ratio for respiratory allergies (OR:6.2, 95% CI: 4.6-8.3) than for skin allergies (OR:2.2, 95% CI: 1.5-3.2) for ADHD., Conclusion: It would be beneficial to increase awareness among healthcare providers and parents about the co-occurrence of NDs and ADs., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: None., (Copyright: © Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences.)

Hyperglycemia accelerates Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, yet the role of monosaccharides remains unclear. Here, it is demonstrated that mannose, a hexose, closely correlates with the pathological characteristics of AD, as confirmed by measuring mannose levels in the brains and serum of AD mice, as well as in the serum of AD patients. AD mice are given mannose by intra-cerebroventricular injection (ICV) or in drinking water to investigate the effects of mannose on cognition and AD pathological progression. Chronic mannose overload increases β-amyloid (Aβ) burdens and exacerbates cognitive impairments, which are reversed by a mannose-free diet or mannose transporter antagonists. Mechanistically, single-cell RNA sequencing and metabolomics suggested that mannose-mediated N-glycosylation of BACE1 and Nicastrin enhances their protein stability, promoting Aβ production. Additionally, reduced mannose intake decreased BACE1 and Nicastrin stability, ultimately lowering Aβ production and mitigating AD pathology. this results highlight that high-dose mannose consumption may exacerbate AD pathogenesis. Restricting dietary mannose may have therapeutic benefits., (© 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Bispecific antibody is a new treatment for hematological disease, especially for lymphoma, myeloma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This class of treatment presents the same kind of side effect as CAR-T cell which are immune-mediated. Nevertheless, infectious complication remains a major concerns with related mortality. Fungal infection are rarely reported in clinical trial but remains a major concern. We report a case of a co-infection of Aspergillus and Mucorales in a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) following treatment with the bispecific antibody epcoritamab. The patient developed severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and subsequent fungal infections, which were challenging to diagnose and treat due to the complexities of managing immunocompromised patients and co-infection. Advanced diagnostics, including PET-CT, and a combination of antifungal therapies were crucial in achieving remission. The case underscores the need for early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and innovative treatment strategies in similar high-risk patients., Competing Interests: Adrien DE VOEGHT received a travel grant and research grant from Gilead., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Diagnosing anaphylaxis in children within the first 2 years of life can be difficult due to the often confusing and nonspecific signs and symptoms., Objective: This study focuses on the phenotype of anaphylaxis in children within the first 2 years of life and aims to increase awareness of anaphylaxis in this age group., Methods: The study included children between 0 and 2 years who were diagnosed as having anaphylaxis by pediatric allergists in 11 tertiary hospitals., Results: A total of 402 anaphylaxis episodes experienced by 360 patients (68.7% males) were included in the study. Food was the most common causative agent (n = 374, 93%), with the most common foods being cow's milk (n = 179, 44.6%). Drugs were the second most common trigger (n = 15, 3.7%). The most common clinical findings were cutaneous (95%) and respiratory (72%); nonspecific symptoms such as weakness (n = 63, 15.6%) and hoarseness (n = 14, 3.4%) were also reported. There was a biphasic course in 3 infants (0.8%). Only 3 of the 41 parents who had an adrenaline autoinjector used it during anaphylaxis., Conclusion: Infants experience anaphylaxis most often when they are at home with their mothers, and the most common triggers are foods, particularly cow's milk and egg. Greater awareness of anaphylaxis symptoms and autoinjector use among mothers can facilitate management., Impact: Infant anaphylaxis cases may present with different symptoms compared to classic presentations, potentially leading to diagnostic oversight. The study elucidates the clinical course of anaphylaxis in children under 2 years of age. It details the treatment strategies employed in managing these cases. Anaphylaxis triggers were identified over several years. Cases from 11 regions of Turkey were included, representing a population reflective of national data. The study highlights the distinctiveness of anaphylaxis cases in children within the first 2 years of life., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Background: The decline in pulmonary function is a predictor of disease progression in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This study aimed to determine the decline rate of percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (ppFEV1) based on the data of the CF Registry of Turkey. The secondary aim was to investigate the risk factors related to the decline in ppFEV1., Methods: A retrospective cohort study of CF patients over 6 years old, with pulmonary function data over at least 2 years of follow-up was extracted from the national CF registry for years 2017-2019. Patients were classified according to disease severity and age groups. Multivariate analysis was used to predict the decline in ppFEV1 and to investigate the associated risk factors., Results: A total of 1722 pulmonary function test results were available from 574 patients over the study period. Mean diagnostic age was older and weight for age, height for age, and body mass index z scores were significantly lower in the group of ppFEV1 < 40, while chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p < .001) and mucoid P. aeruginosa colonization (p < .001) were significantly higher in this group (p < .001). Overall mean annual ppFEV1 decline was -0.97% (95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.02 to -1.92%). The mean change of ppFEV1 was significantly higher in the group with ppFEV1 ≥ 70 compared with the other (ppFEV1 < 40 and ppFEV1: 40-69) two groups (p = .004). Chronic P. aeruginosa colonization (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79 95% CI = 1.26-2.54; p = .01) and initial ppFEV1 ≥ 70 (OR = 2.98 95% CI = 1.06-8.36), p = .038) were associated with significant ppFEV1 decline in the whole cohort., Conclusions: This data analysis recommends close follow-up of patients with normal initial ppFEV1 levels at baseline; advocates for early interventions for P. aeruginosa; and underlines the importance of nutritional interventions to slow down lung disease progression., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator drugs target the underlying defect and improve CFTR function. They are a part of standard care in many countries, but not all patients are eligible for these drugs due to age and genotype. Here, we aimed to determine the characteristics of non-eligible patients for CFTR modulators in the CF registry of Turkey (CFRT) to highlight their clinical needs., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included CF patient data from the CFRT in 2021. The decision of eligibility for the CFTR modulator was determined according to the 'Vertex treatment-Finder' on the Vertex® website. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients were compared between eligible (group 1) and ineligible (group 2) groups for CFTR modulators., Results: Among the study population (N = 1527), 873 (57.2%) were in group 1 and 654 (42.8%) were in group 2. There was no statistical difference between groups regarding sex, meconium ileus history, diagnoses via newborn screening, FEV1 z-score, CF-associated complications, organ transplant history, and death. Patients in group 2 had a higher incidence of pancreatic insufficiency (87.7% vs. 83.2%, p = .010), lower median height z-scores (-0.87 vs. -0.55, p < .001), lower median body mass index z-scores (-0.65 vs. -0.50, p < .001), longer days receiving antibiotics due to pulmonary exacerbation (0 [interquartile range, IQR: 0-2] vs. 0 [IQR: 0-7], p = 0.001), and more non-invasive ventilation support (2.6% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.008) than patients in group 1., Conclusion: The ineligible group had worse clinical outcomes than the eligible group. This highlights their need for life-changing drugs to improve clinical outcomes., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Concerns about health workers' burnout and psychological well-being have increased as public health crises spread worldwide. This study aims to examine the burnout and psychological distress levels among health care professionals working in our children's hospital 1 month after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake. A total of 213 health care workers (180 females, 84.5%, mean age 32.67) were included in the study. This cross-sectional study assessed burnout symptoms, psychological distress, and resilience via the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21, and the Brief Resilience Scale, respectively. A substantial number of participants ( n = 117, 54.9%) reported high emotional exhaustion; approximately half of those were nurses ( n = 56, 47.9%). The nurses had higher emotional exhaustion, depression, and stress scores as well as lower self-reported resilience scores than other health care assistants. Higher stress scores were associated with an increased likelihood of high emotional exhaustion, while having more work experience was a protective factor regarding the high emotional exhaustion of nurses. Our results showed that a significant proportion of health care workers had a high level of burnout. Frontline nurses as a group were at heightened risk for psychological distress and emotional exhaustion in the early stages of the disaster. Screening burnout and psychological distress in health care professionals is important for preventive strategies after the disaster. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Background: Depressive symptoms often occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and exacerbate the pathogenesis of AD. However, the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the AD-associated depression remain unclear. The serotonergic system plays crucial roles in both AD and depression., Methods: We used a combination of in vivo trans-synaptic circuit-dissecting anatomical approaches, chemogenetic manipulations, optogenetic manipulations, pharmacological methods, behavioral testing, and electrophysiological recording to investigate dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic circuit in AD-associated depression in AD mouse model., Results: We found that the activity of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin neurons (DRN 5-HT ) and their projections to the dorsal hippocampal CA1 (dCA1) terminals (DRN 5-HT -dCA1 CaMKII ) both decreased in brains of early 5×FAD mice. Chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of the DRN 5-HT -dCA1 CaMKII neural circuit attenuated the depressive symptoms and cognitive impairments in 5×FAD mice through serotonin receptor 1B (5-HT 1B R) and 4 (5-HT 4 R). Pharmacological activation of 5-HT 1B R or 5-HT 4 R attenuated the depressive symptoms and cognitive impairments in 5×FAD mice by regulating the DRN 5-HT -dCA1 CaMKII neural circuit to improve synaptic plasticity., Conclusions: These findings provide a new mechanistic connection between depression and AD and provide potential pharmaceutical prevention targets for AD., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Bile acids (BAs) metabolism has a significant impact on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found that deoxycholic acid (DCA) increased in brains of AD mice at an early stage. The enhanced production of DCA induces the up-regulation of the bile acid receptor Takeda G protein-coupled receptor (TGR5), which is also specifically increased in neurons of AD mouse brains at an early stage. The accumulation of exogenous DCA impairs cognitive function in wild-type mice, but not in TGR5 knockout mice. This suggests that TGR5 is the primary receptor mediating these effects of DCA. Furthermore, excitatory neuron-specific knockout of TGR5 ameliorates Aβ pathology and cognition impairments in AD mice. The underlying mechanism linking TGR5 and AD pathology relies on the downstream effectors of TGR5 and the APP production, which is succinctly concluded as a "p-STAT3-APH1-γ-secretase" signaling pathway. Our studies identified the critical role of TGR5 in the pathological development of AD.

Depressive symptoms usually precede the cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease (AD) and worsen the clinical outcome. However, the neural circuitry mediating early emotional dysfunction, especially depressive symptoms in AD, remains elusive. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is closely related to depression and vulnerable in AD. By quantitative whole-brain mapping and electrophysiological recording, we found that the decreased axonal calcium activity in neurons of ACC and the glutamatergic projection from ACC to the ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) is significantly impaired in 3-month-old 5×FAD mice, which exhibit depressive-like phenotype before cognition defects in early stage. The activation of ACC-vCA1 circuit by chemogenetic manipulation efficiently ameliorated the early depressive-like behaviors in 5×FAD mice. We further identified the upregulated neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) in ACC impaired the excitatory synaptic transmission from the ACC to vCA1 in AD. Our work reveals the role of ACC-vCA1 circuit in regulating AD associated depression symptom in a mouse model of AD., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate how Rhinapi nasal spray affects symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, observational study, 10,000 patients (comprising 5028 males and 4972 females) exhibiting symptoms of allergic rhinitis (namely, nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction) from different centers in different regions of Turkey were enrolled in the study between March 2022 and March 2023. All the patients wanted to participate in the study and were administered Rhinapi one puff to each nostril three times a day, for a period of 3 weeks. Total symptom scores, quality of life (QoL) scores, and otolaryngological examination scores were evaluated before and 3 weeks after treatment. Results: The scores for discharge from the nose, sneezing, nasal pruritus, and blockage of the nose all indicated improvement when compared to pre-medication and post-medication. This difference achieved statistical significance ( P < .001). The mean total symptom score fell following treatment ( P < .001): whilst the score was 11.09 ± 3.41 before administering Rhinapi; after administration, the average score was 6.23 ± 2.41. The mean QoL scores also altered after medication ( P < .001), improving from a mean value of 6.44 ± 1.55 to a mean of 7.31 ± 1.24. Significant improvement was also noted in the scores for conchal color and degree of edema after the treatment had been administered ( P < .001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Rhinapi nasal spray decreases total symptom scores, and results in improved QoL and otolaryngological examination scores. Propolis spray may be recommended for patients with allergic rhinitis alongside other treatments., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Aslı Elif Tanugur Samanci MD is the Scientific Director of Bee&You, the company that developed the product tested in this study. Reşat Kubilay Irkan is the Medical & Marketing Director of Bee&You, the company that developed the product tested in this study. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Statement of Problem: Microbial adhesion on occlusal devices may lead to oral diseases such as candidiasis. Whether chitosan and eugenol provide antibiofilm effects is unclear., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biofilm formation of C. albicans strains on occlusal device materials and the antibiofilm effects of chitosan and eugenol against C. albicans on these surfaces., Material and Methods: A total of 88 specimens (5×10×2 mm) were produced from occlusal device materials with 4 production techniques: vacuum-formed thermoplastic (Group V), head-press (Group H), computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD-CAM) (Group C), and 3-dimensionally (3D) printed (Group D) (n=22). After various finishing procedures, the surface properties of the specimens were evaluated by using surface free energy (SFE), surface roughness (SR) measurements, and elemental and topographic analysis. Biofilm formation of C. albicans strain and the antibiofilm effects of chitosan and eugenol against biofilm formation on these surfaces were also examined with a crystal violet assay. The distribution's normality was statistically analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way and two-way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey tests were used for statistical evaluations (α=.05)., Results: Surface roughness values in Groups D and H were significantly higher than in other groups (P<.05). While the highest surface free energy values (except γp) were in Group V, Group C had the highest γp. The lowest biofilm value appeared in Group H. Chitosan exhibited an antibiofilm effect in all groups except Group H, while eugenol was effective in all groups., Conclusions: The production method affected the susceptibility of occlusal device materials to the adhesion of C. albicans. Eugenol was an effective antibiofilm agent for device materials., (Copyright © 2023 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Deaths due to gunshot wounds (GSWs) have become an increasingly important public health problem in Türkiye and abroad. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of articles about GSW., Methods: Within the scope of the research, the Web of Science database was examined with the bibliometrix program. GSW, gunshot injuries, gunshot injury, firearm wound, firearm injuries, and firearm injury were used as keywords., Results: As a result of the analysis, 1236 articles published in 479 different journals between 1980 and 2022 were reached. The an-nual growth rate of the articles was 6.69% and the average citation per article was 9.78. The United States of America (USA) (n=562, 45.4%), Türkiye (n=102, 8.25%), and India (n=42, 3.4%) were the top three countries with the highest publication performance. The top three most influential researchers are Elias Degiannis and Roger Saadia from South Africa and C. William Schwab from the USA. The most influential researcher of Turkish origin was Ersin Erdogan. 'Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care,' 'Ameri-can Surgeon,' and 'Injury-International Journal of the Care of the Injured' are the top three most influential journals in terms of the number of publications and citations. 'Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery' from Türkiye is the eighth most influential journal. The most influential study in terms of citations was found to be the study titled 'Firearm injuries in the United States' by Katherine A Fowler, published in Prev Med in 2015., Conclusion: As a result of the research, useful information has been revealed for researchers working on GSW. Being the first comprehensive bibliometric study in the field of GSW makes this research unique.

This study evaluated microleakage from class II cavities filled with bulk-fill composite preheated to different temperatures, applied at different thicknesses, and with different polymerization modes. A total of 60 mesio-occlusal cavity were drilled into the extracted human third molars at 2 mm and 4 mm thickness. Preheated bulk-fill composite resin (Viscalor; VOCO, Germany) was applied to the cavities at 68 °C and 37 °C after the adhesive resin was applied, and cured using standard and high-power light-curing modes of a VALO light-curing unit. An incrementally applied microhybrid composite was used as the control. The teeth were subjected to 2000 cycles of heating to 55 °C and cooling to 5 °C with a 30-s hold time. Then, they were immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution for 24 h and scanned with micro-computed tomography. Scanned data were processed using the CTAn software. Two (2D) and three (3D) dimensional analyses of leached silver nitrate were performed. The data's normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test before comparisons using a three-way analysis of variance. In both 2D and 3D analysis, bulk-fill composite resin preheated to 68 °C and applied at 2 mm thickness showed less microleakage. In the 3D analysis, restorations applied at 37 °C and 4 mm thickness in high-power mode showed significantly higher values (p < 0.001). Preheated bulk-fill composite resin can be applied at 68 °C and effectively cured at both 2 mm and 4 mm thickness., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Society of The Nippon Dental University.)

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) genetic variants. CFTR modulators improve pulmonary function and reduce respiratory infections in CF. This study investigated the clinical and laboratory follow-up parameters over 1 year in patients with CF who could not receive this treatment., Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 2018 and 2019 CF patient data from the CF registry of Turkey. Demographic and clinical characteristics of 294 patients were assessed, who had modulator treatment indications in 2018 but could not reach the treatment., Results: In 2019, patients younger than 18 years had significantly lower BMI z-scores than in 2018. During the 1-year follow-up, forced expiratory volumes (FEV1) and FEV1 z-scores a trend toward a decrease. In 2019, chronic Staphylococcus aureus colonization, inhaled antipseudomonal antibiotic use for more than 3 months, oral nutritional supplement requirements, and oxygen support need increased., Conclusions: Patients who had indications for modulator treatments but were unable to obtain them worsened even after a year of follow-up. This study emphasized the importance of using modulator treatments for patients with CF in our country, as well as in many countries worldwide., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: The incidence of cat allergies in children has increased over the years. Children with cat allergies have mostly reported respiratory symptoms. The skin prick test (SPT) is the most preferred method to demonstrate sensitization to allergens. However, not all children who develop cat sensitization due to environmental exposure become allergic to cats. In our study, we aimed to determine the frequency of sensitization to cat and cat allergy, cat-related symptoms, and the cut-off value for the SPT that may indicate cat allergy., Methods: Patients aged 2-18 years, who applied to the Health Sciences University İzmir Dr Behçet Uz Pediatrics and Surgery Training and Research Hospital and Balıkesir University Application and Research Hospital Pediatric Allergy outpatient clinics between January 01, 2019 and December 31, 2020, were included in the study. Patients who underwent SPT and found to be sensitized to cat allergen, were evaluated retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory findings of the patients were recorded. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the cut-off value for the SPT., Results: Sensitization to cat was detected in 140 (4%) out of 3499 patients who underwent SPT. The median age of the patients was 12 years (min-max: 5-18) and 67.1% were male. Eighty-eight (62.9%) patients were symptomatic upon contact with cats, predominantly with nasal symptoms. These patients had significantly larger cat SPT wheal size than asymptomatic patients. The cut-off value was determined as 5.5 mm with a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 61.5% (95% CI, 60.5%-78.4%). Symptoms resolved in about half of our patients by reducing contact with cats., Discussion: The present study is the first to report the frequency and clinical findings of cat sensitizations and allergies in Turkish children. For effective treatment, cat allergy must be diagnosed. In this regard, the use of a practical, readily accessible 5.5 mm cut-off point on the SPT may be helpful.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of disposable continuous positive airway pressure (DCPAP) system in decreasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (P a CO 2 ) levels in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF)., Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients treated in the emergency department (ED) with respiratory distress and P a CO 2  > 45 mmHg. Patients were divided into two groups (DCPAP and non-DCPAP), depending on the treatment received to treat AHRF. The difference between the baseline P a CO 2 levels in the first blood gas obtained from patients at the time of admission and the follow-up blood gas after treatment. Then, the calculated P a CO 2 decrease was divided by the time elapsed to obtain the rate of decrease in PaCO 2 levels in mmHg/min. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 software. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: A total of 61 patients were included in the study, 31 patients in the DCPAP group and 30 patients in the non-DCPAP group. The mean age of the patients was 74.03 ± 10.04, and the male/female was 23/38. The study demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the DCPAP and non-DCPAP groups in terms of P a CO 2 decreasing rate, and it was found to be twice higher in the DCPAP group (0.11 ± 0.07 mmHg/min) than in the non-DCPAP group (0.05 ± 0.06 mmHg/min)., Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the treatment of AHRF patients with a DCPAP provides a faster decrease in P a CO 2 levels in hypercapnic patients compared to standard medical therapy alone., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland.)

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term prognosis of food protein--induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) patients, the risk of developing both allergic and gastrointestinal diseases, and to evaluate whether it leads to allergic march., Methods: A total of 149 children who were diagnosed with FPIAP and developed tolerance at least 5 years prior to the study and 41 children (with no history of food allergy) as a control group were enrolled. Both groups were re-evaluated for allergic diseases as well as gastrointestinal disorders., Results: The mean age of diagnosis for the FPIAP group was 4.2 ± 3.0 months, while the mean age of tolerance was 13.9 ± 7.7 months. The mean age of both FPIAP and control groups at the last visit was 101.6 ± 24.4 and 96.3 ± 24.1 months, respectively ( P = 0.213). At the final evaluation of both groups, the comorbid allergic disease was significantly higher in the FPIAP group ( P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, and inflammatory bowel disease ( P = 0.198, 0.579, and 0.579, respectively).In the FPIAP group, the allergic disease was significantly higher at the final visit in patients with comorbid allergic disease at diagnosis ( P < 0.001). In the FPIAP group, FGID was significantly higher in the group that developed allergic diseases in the future, compared to the group that did not develop allergic diseases in the future ( P = 0.034). The proportion of both FGID and allergic diseases was significantly higher in subjects that developed tolerance at >18 months, compared to subjects that developed tolerance at >18 months ( P < 0.001 and <0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: Patients with FPIAP may develop allergic diseases as well as FGID in the long term., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflict of interest with respect to research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: War injuries are different among the causes of trauma compared to cases in normal life. Patients with multi-trauma due to war injury are prone to develop infective complications such as sepsis or septic shock. Septic complications are one of the leading causes of late death in multi-trauma patients. Prompt, appropriate, and effective management of sepsis has been shown to prevent multiorgan dysfunction and improve mortality and clinical outcomes. However, there is no ideal biomarker to predict sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between hemostatic blood parameters and sepsis in patients with gunshot wounds (GSW)., Methods: This descriptive study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of patients who were referred to the adult emergency department of a training and research hospital between October 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017, with a diagnosis of GSW and who developed sepsis (n=56) and did not develop sepsis (n=56) during follow-up. Demographic data such as age, sex, and blood parameters obtained from the hospital information system in the emergency department were recorded for each case. The statistical difference in hemostatic blood parameters between the two groups with and without sepsis was evaluated with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20.0 program., Results: The mean age of the patients was 26.9±6.67. All of the patients were male. Of the patients who developed sepsis, 57% (n=32) were injured with improvised explosive devices (IEDs), 30% (n=17) were injured with firearms and when the anatomical injury sites were analyzed, 64% (n=36) had multiple injuries. In patients who did not develop sepsis, 48% (n=27) had IED, 43% (n=24) had GSW and 48% (n=27) had multiple injuries and 32% (n=18) had extremity injuries. Among the hemostatic blood parameters, platelet count (PLT), PTZ, INR, and Ca values showed a statistically significant difference between patients with and without sepsis, and when analyzed with the receiver operating characteristics curve, PTZ and INR showed the best diagnostic performance compared to the tested values., Conclusion: Increased PTZ and INR values and decreased Ca and PLT values in patients with GSW may alert clinicians to sepsis and direct them to initiate or change antibiotic therapy.

Background: Food allergy (FA), hence the incidence of food anaphylaxis, is a public health problem that has increased in recent years. There are still no biomarkers for patients with FA to predict severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis., Objective: There is limited information on whether regulatory T (Treg) cell levels are a biomarker that predicts clinical severity in cases presenting with FA, and which patients are at a greater risk for anaphylaxis., Methods: A total of 70 children were included in the study: 25 who had IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) and presented with non-anaphylactic symptoms (FA/A-), 16 who had IgE-mediated CMPA and presented with anaphylaxis (FA/A+) (a total of 41 FA cases), and a control group consisting of 29 children without FA. The study was conducted by performing CD4+CD25+CD127 lo FOXP3+ cell flow cytometric analysis during resting at least 2 weeks after the elimination diet to FA subjects., Results: When the FA group was compared with healthy control subjects, CD4+CD25+CD127 lo FOXP3+ cell rates were found to be significantly lower in the FA group (p < 0.001). When the FA/A- and FA/A+ groups and the control group were compared in terms of CD4+CD25+CD127 lo FOXP3+ cell ratios, they were significantly lower in the FA/A- and FA/A+ groups compared to the control group (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Although there was no significant difference between the FA/A+ group and the FA/A- group in terms of CD4+CD25+CD127 lo FOXP3+ cells, our study is important, as it is the first pediatric study we know to investigate whether CD4+CD25+CD127 lo FOXP3+ cells in FA predict anaphylaxis., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic lung disease among children. International guidelines recommend inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as the first-line daily controller therapy for children with asthma and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRA) as the second alternative therapy. Adherence to treatment is the most significant component to optimize the benefits of therapy in asthma., Objective: This study aims to investigate the frequency of drug discontinuation due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) that affect adherence to treatment in children with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis using LTRA or ICS as monotherapy., Methods: The subjects aged 4-18 years with asthma or asthma and allergic rhinitis and using montelukast or ICS as monotherapy were included in the study. They were evaluated in terms of ADRs affecting adherence to treatment in the first and third months of treatment., Results: A total of 468 cases, 356 of whom received montelukast monotherapy and 112 of whom received ICS treatment, with a mean age of 9.10 ± 3.08 (4-17) years, were included in the study. Males constituted 65.6% of the total cases (n = 307). In the first month of follow-up of the cases, it was observed that 4.8% (n = 17) of the patients in the montelukast group could not continue the treatment due to ADR. It was determined that the drug discontinuation rate in the montelukast group in the first month was significantly higher than in the ICS group (P = 0.016), and the risk of drug discontinuation due to ADR in the montelukast group was 1.333 (95% CI, 1.26-1.40) times higher., Conclusions: As a result, it was observed that the drug was discontinued due to ADR at a higher rate in children with asthma who received montelukast monotherapy compared to those who received ICS monotherapy.

Background: The aim of the present study was to detect the prognostic importance of lactate and other blood gas parameters for mortality prediction in patients with critical malignancies referring to the emergency service. The general condition of patients with malignancy who have referred to the emergency department should be evaluated and it should be shown that they are not in any oncological emergency. It is a highly significant predictor of mortality after sepsis and shock in hyperlactatemia accompanying metabolic acidosis. It is significantly used for treatment monitoring., Methods: This study was planned prospective and observational study. The patients enrolled were divided into two groups including survivor and non-survivor depending on 30-day mortality. The primary outcome of the study was determined as following the mortality within 30 days., Results: The mean lactate level was 1.9 (1.4-2.5) mmol/L in the survivor group, and 2.6 (1.9-4.4) mmol/L in the non-survivor group; a significant difference was obtained between both groups (p<0.001). When the cut-off value of the lactate was determined as >2.95 mmol/L in order to differentiate the survivors from non-survivors, the sensitivity and specificity were detected as 35.0% and 86.1%, respectively. It was detected by the multivariate regression analysis that lactate predicts the 30-day mortality with a higher significance level in patients with critical malignancies., Conclusions: It was concluded that lactate is a good predictor and may be used safely in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with any critical malignancy referring to the emergency department., (© 2023 Ahmet E., et al.)

Background: We aimed to determine the number of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients recorded in the Cystic Fibrosis Registry of Türkiye (CFRT) who were in need of lung transplantation (LT) referral and examine clinical differences between patients who were LT candidates due to rapid forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) decline and LT candidates without rapid FEV₁ decline in the last year to identify a preventable cause in patients with such rapid FEV₁ decline., Methods: All CF patients recorded in the CFRT in 2018 were evaluated in terms of LT. Patients were divided into those with FEV₁ below 50% and in need of LT due to a decrease of 20% or more in the previous year (Group 1) and those who did not have FEV₁ decline of more than 20% in the previous year but had other indications for LT (Group 2). Demographic and clinical features were compared between the two groups., Results: Of 1488 patients registered in CFRT, 58 had a need for LT. Twenty patients were included in Group 1 and others in Group 2. Our findings did not reveal any significant variations in treatment, chronic infection status, or complications between the two groups. The average weight z-score was significantly higher in Group 1. Positive correlations were detected between weight z-score and FEV₁ in 2017 in Group 1 and between FEV₁ values in 2017 and 2018 in Group 2., Conclusions: There appears to be a relationship between the nutritional status and weight z-scores of CF patients and pulmonary function, which may indirectly affect the need for lung transplantation referral.

Background: Tolerance of baked milk indicates a good prognosis in IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy., Objective: The present study aims to investigate the predictors of baked milk tolerance, particularly the amount of milk tolerated in the first oral food challenge (OFC) test, in children with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy., Methods: The study included 35 cases who were diagnosed with IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy upon open OFC testing in the Pediatric Allergy Clinic. Four weeks after the diagnosis, skin prick test (SPT) and OFC were performed with baked milk. Cases who did and did not develop reactions during OFC with baked milk were compared regarding clinical and laboratory parameters., Results: Twelve cases (33.3%) did not develop a reaction during OFC with baked milk. Those who had low levels of casein sIgE, β-lactoglobulin sIgE, and β-lactoalbumin sIgE; small SPT wheal diameter for baked milk and β-lactoalbumin; and a large amount of unheated milk tolerated in the first OFC were found to be tolerant to baked milk (p < 0.05). For predicting baked milk tolerance, a cut-off level of the amount of unheated milk tolerated in OFC was calculated as 620 mg [with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.88 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.99) in ROC curve analysis]., Conclusions: If a child with cow's milk allergy is able to tolerate more than 620 mg of milk protein during challenge with unheated milk, this may show that this child will tolerate baked milk, meaning that the child will be able to tolerate cow's milk in the future.

Objectives: To determine the color stability and microhardness of three bulk-fill composites with different polymerization characteristics, after immersion in four different solutions., Materials and Methods: Color measurements of three bulk fill (Viscalor (VIS), Tetric PowerFill (TPF), Fill Up! (FUP)) and a microhyrid composite resin (G-aenial posterior [GCP]) were performed after polymerization. The specimens were immersed in coffee, cola, red wine and distilled water. Discolorations were recorded after 24 h (T1), 10 days (T2) and 30 days (T3) of immersion. ΔE (CIEDE2000) values were calculated. Vickers microhardness (VHN) was measured from top and bottom surfaces at T0 and T3. Data was analyzed with Two-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests., Results: The highest discoloration was seen in wine and the lowest in distilled water and cola. At T3, there was no difference in distilled water groups, while the statistically highest ΔE 00 were obtained in TPF and GCP in coffee, cola and wine. VIS groups had the highest VHN values at T0 and T3 in all solutions., Conclusions: Samples immersed in coffee and wine showed discoloration beyond clinically acceptable limits. After 30 days, discoloration occurred in all materials immersed in all solutions. At T3, VIS microhardness generally decreased, while TPF did not., Clinical Significance: After 30 days, all bulk-fill composites immersed in distilled water, coffee and wine showed clinically unacceptable ΔE 00 ., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on the surface of CAD/CAM materials with various surface treatments., Methods: Vita Enamic, Lava Ultimate, and Cerasmart materials were used in this study. A total of 90 samples were prepared (n = 10). After various finishing and polishing procedures (non-polished, manual polished, and glazed), surface roughness (SR) measurements, surface free energy (SFE), and elemental and topographic analysis with FIB-SEM/EDX were used to evaluate the samples' surface properties. To improve bacterial adhesion, CAD/CAM materials were covered with sterile artificial saliva containing mucin for pellicle formation and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. Bacteria were then inoculated into the pellicle-coated specimens, and incubation was performed at 37 °C for 24 h. Bacterial adhesion was determined as × 10 5  CFU/mL and monitored using FIB-SEM analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to statistically analyze the normality of the distribution; the groups were then compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test., Results: The SR of the control group was statistically higher in all materials (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in SR between all materials in the non-polished and manual polished groups (p > 0.05). The Vita Enamic control group exhibited the highest SFE value. The highest S. mutans adhesion was observed in non-polished (p < 0.05). Vita Enamic samples had higher CFU than other groups., Conclusions: Non-polished surfaces showed higher SR and bacterial adhesion. Polishing processes affected the surface properties and bacterial adhesion., Clinical Relevance: Care must be taken in polishing restorations to minimize the risk of bacterial adhesion and recurrent caries., Trial Registration: In this study, the materials used for dental treatments are in vitro evaluated. Due to that, this study is not registered to clinical trials., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Synaptic abnormality is an important pathologic feature of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and responsible for various behavioral defects in these neurodevelopmental disorders. Microglia are the major immune cells in the brain and also play an important role in synapse refinement. Although dysregulated synaptic pruning by microglia during the brain development has been associated with ASDs, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we observed that expression of Transmembrane protein 59 (TMEM59), a protein recently shown to regulate microglial function, was decreased in autistic patients. Furthermore, we found that both male and female mice with either complete or microglia-specific loss of Tmem59 developed ASD-like behaviors. Microglial TMEM59-deficient mice also exhibited enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission, increased dendritic spine density, and elevated levels of excitatory synaptic proteins in synaptosomes. TMEM59-deficient microglia had impaired capacity for synapse engulfment both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrated that TMEM59 interacted with the C1q receptor CD93 and TMEM59 deficiency promoted CD93 protein degradation in microglia. Downregulation of CD93 in microglia also impaired synapse engulfment. These findings identify a crucial role of TMEM59 in modulating microglial function on synapse refinement during brain development and suggest that TMEM59 deficiency may contribute to ASDs through disrupting phagocytosis of excitatory synapse and thus distorting the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) neuronal activity balance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Microglia play an important role in synapse refinement. Dysregulated synaptic pruning by microglia during brain development has been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Herein, we observe that the expression of Transmembrane protein 59 (TMEM59), an autophagy-related protein, is decreased in autistic patients. Moreover, we find ASD-like behaviors in mice with complete loss and with microglia-specific loss of Tmem59 Mechanistic studies reveal that TMEM59 deficiency in microglia impairs their synapse engulfment ability likely through destabilizing the C1q receptor CD93, thereby leading to enhanced excitatory neurotransmission and increased dendritic spine density. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of microglial TMEM59 in early neuronal development and provide new insight into the etiology of ASDs., (Copyright © 2022 the authors.)

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) registries play an essential role in improving disease outcomes of people with CF. This study aimed to evaluate the association of newly established CF registry system in Turkey on follow-up, clinical, growth, treatment, and complications of people with this disease., Methods: Age at diagnosis, current age, sex, z-scores of weight, height and body mass index (BMI), neonatal screening results, pulmonary function tests, history of meconium ileus, medications, presence of microorganisms, and follow-up were evaluated and compared to data of people with CF represented in both 2017 and 2019 registry data., Results: There were 1170 people with CF in 2017 and 1637 in 2019 CF registry. Eight hundred and fourteen people were registered in both 2017 and 2019 of whom z-scores of heights and BMI were significantly higher in 2019 (p = 0.002, p =0.039, respectively). Inhaled hypertonic saline, bronchodilator, and azithromycin usages were significantly higher in 2019 (p =0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). The percent predicted of forced expiratory volume in  1 sec and forced vital capacity were similar in 2017 and 2019 (88% and 89.5%, p = 0.248 and 84.5% and 87%, p =0.332, respectively). Liver diseases and osteoporosis were significantly higher, and pseudo-Bartter syndrome (PBS) was significantly lower in 2019 (p = 0.011, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively)., Conclusions: The z-scores of height and BMI were higher, the use of medications that protect and improve lung functions was higher and incidence of PBS was lower in 2019. It was predicted that registry system increased the care of people with CF regarding their follow-up. The widespread use of national CF registry system across the country may be beneficial for the follow-up of people with CF., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Acute asthma exacerbations (AAE) are episodes characterized by potentially life-threatening and rapidly deteriorating asthma symptoms. Viral respiratory infections are one of the major triggers in the pathophysiology of childhood asthma exacerbations. In this study, we aimed to determine the distribution of viral agents among pediatric AAE patients. One hundred and three AAE patients, aged 5 or older, hospitalized between from February 2017 through February 2020 at Pediatric Immunology and Allergic Diseases Unit were included in this study. Fifty patients (48.5%) were female, and the mean age of the patients was 108.2 months. Viruses were detected in 58 (%56.3) of the patients, in 5 of whom more than one virus type was detected. The most commonly detected virus was human rhinovirus (n=43, 67.1%). Other types included respiratory syncytial virus (n=8; 12.5%), influenza (n=6; 9.3%), human metapneumovirus (n=4; 6.2%), adenovirus (n=1; 1.5%), enterovirus (n=1; 1.5%), and parainfluenza (n=1; 1.5%). Viral agents were detected in 29 out of the 47 patients with allergic asthma, with human rhinoviruses comprising the majority (18 patients). The mean length of hospital stay was 7.89 days. Human rhinovirus is the most common virus that triggers AAE, with similar distributions in allergic and non-allergic asthma. We found no correlation between virus type and the length of hospital stay.

Background: Following the discovery that fetal DNA originates from the trophoblastic cells of the placenta, the contribution of the cell-free DNA test in placenta-related obstetric complications has begun to be investigated. Compared to uncomplicated pregnancies, higher fetal fractions were detected in placenta accreta spectrum and placenta previa, which are among placenta-related obstetric complications. However, this data applies only to advanced gestational weeks., Aim: To investigate the possible predictive value of fetal fraction in cell-free DNA tests in pregnancies with placenta previa and placenta accreta spectrum in early gestational ages., Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in women who were screened via cell-free DNA tests for common aneuploidies in the first and second trimester and subsequently diagnosed with placenta previa or placenta accreta spectrum. After the diagnosis was confirmed with a C-section, fetal fractions were retrospectively compared to a control group with a history of an uncomplicated C-section who were also previously screened by cell-free DNA test., Results: The median and interquartile range (IQR) of fetal fractions for placenta previa (n=19), placenta accreta spectrum (n=7), and control groups (n=85) were 8.1 (6-10), 6.8 (6.7-10.7), and 7.1 (4.7-9.65), respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed among the three groups in terms of fetal fractions (p=0.587)., Conclusions: According to our data, we did not observe any relationship between placental invasion abnormalities vs. control group or placenta previa vs. control group using the fetal fractions of the cell-free DNA test. Furthermore, we could not confirm a predictive role and/or any additional clinical contribution. We believe that future studies focusing on placental mRNA might be more helpful than cell-free fetal DNA testing., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of a diagnosis and treatment plan for moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that integrates traditional Chinese (TCM) and western medicine., Methods: One hundred twenty patients with moderate COVID-19 were randomized 1∶2 to the control group ( = 40) and experimental group ( = 80). Both groups received conventional western medicine treatment, and the experimental group also received TCM decoction. Over a 2-week period from diagnosis, we observed the time to clinical recovery (TTCR), rate of improvement on lung computed tomography (CT) imaging, time to defervescence, cough remission time, hospital discharge rate, average hospitalization stay, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale score, clinical cure rate, laboratory findings, incidence of progression to severe or critical disease, and adverse events., Results: Among 120 enrolled patients, 108 completed the study. The baseline data did not differ between the experimental and control groups (all > 0.05). After treatment, the TTCR, rate of lung CT imaging improvement, time to defervescence, cough remission time, hospital discharge rate, average hospitalization stay (among discharged patients), mMRC scale score, clinical cure rate, and rates of normal values for laboratory findings were better in the experimental group than in the control group ( < 0.05 or < 0.01). The incidence of progression to severe or critical disease and the incidence of adverse events did not differ between the two groups ( > 0.05)., Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment plan integrating Chinese and western medicine showed improved clinical efficacy compared with western medicine alone for patients with moderate COVID-19 and is worthy of clinical promotion and application.