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The V region sequences of two anti-DNA (A52, D42) and two anti-RNA (D44, D444) autoantibodies, derived from lupus prone NZB/NZW F1 female mice, were determined by mRNA sequencing. The sequences had the following features: 1) there was no clear sequence relationship between anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies; 2) there were no major similarities between any of the L chain sequences and each VL gene segment belonged to a different mouse VK subgroup; 3) the H chains of the two anti-RNA antibodies showed closely related sequences of VH gene segments and very similar third complementarity determining regions (CDR3); 4) the H chains of the two anti-DNA antibodies had VH segments belonging to different VH gene families but had a unique and similar combination of D segments and junctional sequences, suggesting a common recognition element for Ag and/or for idiotypic regulation in the H chain CDR3; and 5) the VH gene segment of one anti-DNA antibody (D42) was found to be very similar to the VH gene segment of a CBA mouse hybridoma antibody (6G6) which binds to the environmental Ag phosphocholine. The three-dimensional structure of the Fv-region of the anti-DNA antibody (D42) was modeled by computer and a stretch of poly(dT), ssDNA was docked to a cleft in the antibody combining site, formed by the three H chain CDR and by CDR1 and CDR3 of the L chain. The cleft is characterized by a preponderance of arginine and tyrosine residues, lining both the walls and base of the cleft.

Summary The in-vitro bactericidal effect of serum for Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis was tested. Experiments with C2-deficient and hypogammaglobulinaemic human sera suggested that killing depended on activation of the classical complement pathway, although the alternative pathway probably amplified the effect. Serum from a patient with active rhinoscleroma, and another cured of the disease, showed normal killing.

In two experiments, succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at low to moderate rates (62.5–1,000 ppm, 0.93–4.32 kg/ha (0.82–3.84 lb/acre)) increased fruit firmness and decreased fruit drop of McIntosh apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) proportionately to amount applied. Split and single sprays that applied the same total amount of SADH were equally effective. Addition of Tween 20 at 0.025% (vol/vol) had no significant effect on response. None of the treatments affected cropping over three seasons, fruit color or fruit size in the year of application. Fruit size in the year following application showed a threshold effect in that earlier dates and lower rates had no measurable effect.

A range of soil Ca/Mg ratios was established to a depth of 1 m on 3 × 3-m sandy loam tree sites before planting 2-yr-old Macspur McIntosh/M.26 and Northern Spy/M.26 spring 1980. Leaf Ca increased and leaf Mg decreased with increase in soil Ca/Mg in each of the years 1980–1982. Leaf composition (leaf Mg, leaf Ca and leaf Ca/Mg) was highly correlated with soil composition (soil Mg, soil Ca, soil Ca/Mg) and log10 soil Ca/Mg). The relationship between leaf composition and soil Ca/Mg was logarithmic, i.e. the effect of unit increase in soil Ca/Mg on leaf composition decreased as the ratio increased. Soil Mg accounted for as much variation in leaf composition as did log10 soil Ca/Mg; up to 88% when leaf composition was expressed as a ratio. A decrease in soil Mg of 1 meg/100 g soil, accompanied by a similar increase in soil Ca, was associated with an increase in leaf Ca of 0.10% and a decrease in leaf Mg of 0.06%.Key words: Leaf calcium, soil calcium, leaf magnesium, soil magnesium, apple

Within orchards or groups of similar samples, the abundance of apple roots [Formula: see text] diameter was related to total soil porosity (Sta). Below a boundary soil porosity, roots were sparse or absent, and above this porosity, maximum root abundance tended to increase with increase in soil porosity. Depending upon soil texture, this boundary porosity varied from 29 to 39%. A previously derived model, which estimates boundary soil porosity (Stc) as a function of texture, accounted for most of these differences. If the model was correct, all boundary Sta – Stc values should have been zero and in four of six groups of samples the derived values were zero, + 1 or − 1. The greater departures from the expected in the remaining two groups (− 2 and + 4) may have been due to a tolerance of M. 12 rootstock to poor aeration and incomplete exploitation of potential rooting depth, respectively. With the exception of M. 12, apple roots were sparse or absent in samples with less than 10% air porosity at a tension of 100 cm (S100 cm). Poor development of roots in these samples was predicted by the model. In many samples with S100 cm > 10% there were few or no roots. Soil strength of many samples was within the range known to interfere with root development. For the purpose of recognizing a soil condition that will prevent apple root growth, Sta – Stc appears to be superior to the other criteria examined, i.e. Sta, S100 cm or soil strength.

Phosphate compounds (NH4H2PO4, KH2PO4 and CaH4(PO4)2 in 1982; NH4H2PO4 in 1983) applied to McIntosh apple trees as six foliar sprays at weekly intervals starting 4 wk after bloom, increased leaf and fruit P, decreased loss of firmness under some storage conditions and decreased incidence of low-temperature storage disorders. Phosphate sprays improved firmness retention of apples stored in either 5% CO2 plus 3% O2 or 0.7% CO2 plus 1% O2 in 1982 and maintained fruit firmness during a simulated shelf life at 20 °C for apples stored at 0 °C. Firmness retention at 20 °C of the 1983 crop was improved by monobasic ammonium phosphate regardless of storage temperature. Apple samples from unsprayed control trees had mean phosphorus concentrations of 85.4 and 94.4 ppm fresh weight in 1982 and 1983, respectively (whole fruit less seeds and stems).Key words: Apple, fruit phosphorus, low temperature breakdown, core flush

The age distribution is given of 79 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy confirmed as JC virus infection. The data are compared with a published age distribution of multiple sclerosis onset in Vestfold County, Norway, and with published data from Rochester, Minnesota of the age distribution of viral encephalitis. In contrast to viral encephalitis, 61% of which occurs in children under the age of 10, PML has been identified only once in this age group. PML, like MS, is a disease of adult onset, peaking in the sixth decade of life. The reason for this late onset of a CNS disease caused by a ubiquitous childhood infection is still uncertain, but it may be related to maturation of susceptible cells in the brain, as well as to declining immunity associated with chronic disease and age.

In the Shaker-2 mouse mutant, a cochleo-saccular type of genetically induced inner ear degeneration occurs. Morphological signs of degeneration are evident in the 3rd postnatal week and a severe and almost total degeneration has occurred by the age of 6-9 weeks. There are no qualitative differences between the brain of the normal CBA/J mouse and that of the Shaker-2 mouse. The growth of the auditory brainstem nuclei (dorsal cochlear nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus) in the mutant Sh-2 mouse has stopped by 14 days of age--but not in the normal CBA/J mouse. The brainstem as a whole continues to grow between 14 and 140 days of age in both strains. The early cochlear degeneration coincides with the critical period when a normal input from the peripheral receptor organ is necessary for the maturation of the central auditory pathway.

Resultats des mesures par spectrometrie 1 H RMN des changements de la dynamique moleculaire et de la decomposition durant le chauffage de differents schistes bitumineux australiens; d'un kerogene de Green River et de coorongite et comparaison avec les resultats obtenus pour le kerogene de Runde (type I)

This study reports the clinical results following knee replacement with the variable-axis knee prosthesis. All patients have been followed for a minimum of two years. The first consecutive fifty-two patients, comprising a total of fifty-five knee replacements, were personally reviewed by an independent evaluator. The results on a subjective basis consisted of 79 per cent good to excellent results, 15 per cent fair results, and 6 per cent failures. Failures were related to infection or continued pain. Fair results reflected some patellar discomfort or instability. There was no detectable clinical loosening of the components in any patient. To date, the design of the variable-axis prosthesis appears to offer promise in the control of the complication of prosthetic loosening.

Increase in mean trunk circumference (ΔC, cm) of 8- to 17-yr-old McIntosh/M.7 apple trees was a linear function of mean crop load (K, kg/cm2). A linear relationship between ΔC and K implies that, for a given initial tree size, increase in trunk cross-sectional area will be nearly linear with yield.

(1) The surface film of a sample of ebonite—containing no “free” sulfur—has been shown to develop distinct traces of sulfurous and sulfuric acid after exposure to light in a moist atmosphere for a period of four weeks. (2) The above acids appear to result from the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide formed through the decomposition of the hydrocarbon-sulfur nucleus of the ebonite. (3) The rate of evolution of hydrogen sulfide from ebonite when heated in an atmosphere of hydrogen has been investigated for temperatures ranging from 180° to 250° C., and for three different samples of ebonite. (4) For a given temperature the rate of evolution is rapid at first, but falls off quickly and finally remains uniform over a long period, the latter portion of the time-H2S curve being linear within the limits of experimental error. (5) The rate of evolution increases with increasing temperature. (6) Under the heat treatment the ebonite changes in color, becoming reddish in appearance. At the same time it becomes unsaturated and more and more soluble in acetone and carbon disulfide. (7) The decomposition which takes place on heating ebonite to temperatures not exceeding 250° C. does not appear to give rise to appreciable amounts of either free sulfur or volatile organic compounds. (8) The bearing of the above results on the problem of the electrical deterioration of ebonite has been discussed.

All isomeric alkanes from methane to the hexanes, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane, undergo hydrogen–deuterium exchange with a deuterium oxide–acetic [2H1]acid solvent catalysed by potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II). The catalyst is stabilised by the acidity of the solution and the presence of a small concentration of a weak complexing agent such as pyrene. Exchange is preceded by dissociation of chloride ligands from the added tetrachloroplatinate(II) to form an uncharged platinum(II) complex which may be monomeric or dimeric. The relative reactivity for the hydrogen-deuterium exchange is in the order primary > secondary > tertiary which is in the reverse order to the reactivity expected from bond energy data. Exchange rates in the series of n-alkanes have been related to their ionisation potentials. Branched chain alkanes are less reactive than their respective n-isomers, whereas the cycloalkanes are more reactive. The results indicate that the initial interaction between the alkanes and the platinum involves a reversible electron transfer from the delocalised molecular orbitals in the alkanes to the un-charged platinum(II) complex. Subsequent steps in the proposed exchange mechanism involve a reversible oxidative-addition of the alkane to the platinum(II) complex to form a hydrido-platinum(IV) complex which can lose HCl to, and gain DCl from, the solvent.

The application of press forging to parts with thin sections is desirable in many instances. It is generally recognized that in forging such parts, the pressure required may be very high. That this high pressure required is due to friction has been reported; however, very little specific information on the effects of friction, area, and thickness is available. The results of this analysis resemble, in some respects, those presented in an analysis of forces required in rolling by Nadai.

In three dogs equipped with an œsophagostomy and a gastric fistula, sham feeding caused a greater gastric secretory response than teasing with food. The acid output from the stomach in response to sham feeding and teasing was related to the duration of stimulation. The highest rates of acid secretion observed after sham feeding (mean 14·2 mEq/15 min.) were similar to the maximal rates during infusion of a gastrin extract (mean 15·4 mEq/15 min.) or histamine dihydrochloride (mean 14·4 mEq/15 min.).

Summary and Conclusions(1) Histological changes in the liver during the administration period of 2-acetylaminorluorene were studied by means of repeated partial hepatectomies. (2) It was observed that malignant liver tumors produced by 2-AAF are preceded by a certain pattern of changes in liver structure, beginning with subacute necrosis, nodular hyperplasia, and cirrhosis. (3) Although these findings confirm the frequency of hyperplasia preceding malignant tumor formation, the actual conversion to malignancy does not seem to follow necessarily the condition of hyperplasia and/or benign neoplasia. (4) Repeated partial hepatectomies did not increase the incidence or accelerate the occurrence of hepatic tumors. (5) The percentage of liver tumors was considerably higher in males, which were found to be more susceptible than female rats to the hepatotoxic action of 2-AAF. (6) The incidence of liver tumors apparently depends on the production of hepatic damage, which has a localizing effect on the carcinogenic...

(1) The fact that there are two phases in the action of fat on gastric secretion, when fat is administered in conjunction with other stimulants—aninhibitory and anexcitatory phase—was confirmed in differently operated dogs.

Although it has been kniown for years that higher planits and yeast possess cytochromes of the a. b, and c type (18), there is a paucity of information on the respiratory chain of the algae. In particular, nothing is known about the terminal oxidase in this large group of plants (11). There have been some inhibitor studies on the respiration of algae with the classical inhibitors, carbon monoxide and cyanide: by Emerson on Chlorella, Anabaenia, and Oscillatoria (8, 9): by Genevois and independently by Syrett on Chior-ella (10, 30); and by Webster and Frenkel on A4niabaeiia (32). Chanice and Sager, working with a pale-green Cliamirydoinionas miutanit, were able to (lemonstrate the presence of band( c-type cytochroinies l)by spectrophotometric metho(ds, but thev foun(d no evidence for cytochroniie oxidlase. nior coul(d they find( evi(lenice for a CO-combiniing pigment (6). However, Perini. Kanien, and Schiff did find spectral evi(lence for the existenice of both aand b-type cvtochromes in an acetone powder for Eluglenia (23). In addition they purified 2 c-type cytochromes from the samiie organism. Cytochronies of the c-type have also been purified from the Rhodophyta (17, 33), and fromli the Cyaiophyta (15, 16). Nonetheless, in no report has the entire respiratory chain of an alga been studied, anid, except perhaps for Eutglenta, the terminial oxidase identified. Neither has there been alny report of the preparation of mitochondria from the higher algae (11, 22 28). This paper is concernied with the followinga question: wvhat is the nature of the respiratory chain in algae. and specifically, what is the terminal oxidase, if anvy that is present in different groups of algae? Students of plant respiration have classically used etiolated tissue to avoid the presence of interfering photosyntlhetic pigments. The same approach has b)een used in this study by using colorless members of 3 algal divisions. This paper reports the results obtained for 2 of them: Chjorophvta and Eitglentophyta.

The thermal ratings of forced cooled and self-cooled cable runs are reviewed in order to assess the merit of forced cooling. These ratings, along with those of forced cooled joints, are employed to show that the ampacity of a 138 kV, 2000 kc mil high pressure oil filled pipe type system can be increased by at least 100o through forced cooling by circulating the pipe oil. The refrigeration requirements to permit this increased ampacity is determined, and the flow schemes which will meet these requirements are outlined along with the generic design of a refrigeration package to implement the preferred flow scheme. This generic design is used as the basis for an economic analysis which shows that single forced cooled cable ampacities greater than the ratings of a pair of self-cooled cables can be achieved at a 20% cost saving over the use of two self-cooled cables to meet the same load requirement. The emergency ratings of these forced cooled cables which correspond to the usual 100 and 300 hour emergency ratings are found to be 8 and 6% of the 100% duty cycle rating.

A pharyngeal rhabdomyosarcoma was found in a 6-year-old dog. The neoplasm caused an altered bark and subsequent progressive dyspnea. In man, rhabdomyosarcomas have predilection for the pharynx.

Summary and ConclusionsThe redistribution of potassium and sodium in anterior tibial muscles of adult rabbits was investigated at different times after cold injury. The pathological changes were observed simultaneously by means of routine histological technics. Six hours after injury, an extensive necrosis in muscle tissue was observed with a simultaneous released of potassium from injured cells. The loss of potassium was progressive and parallel to the breakdown and subsequent disintegration of the cells during the 48-hour experiment. Conversely, the injured tissue progressively gained sodium despite the diminishing edema fluid. An increase of potassium and a decrease of sodium concentration in injured muscle tissues were observed. These event indicate the exchange of intracellular potassium for sodium in injured tissues. The variations in the electrolyte redistribution in injured tissues may be due to such factors as re-establishment of adequate circulation, protein content of edema fluid and ability of...

A browning of the stem-cavity region is frequently the first externally visible storage disorder to appear in Mcintosh apples. Stem-cavity brpwning is associated with core browning and is of commercial significance for it may develop after several days at 21°C during marketing (2). A somewhat similar disorder of Sturmer apples, stalk-end scald, was reported to preferentially affect terminal apples and to be controlled by scald inhibitors (3). Casual observation suggested that both size and position in the blossom cluster influenced development of stem-cavity browning of Mcintosh apples.

Introduction into the duodenum of 0.25 per cent hydrochloric acid or of gastric juice, diluted two to four times, inhibits the gastric secretion stimulated(a) through the parasympathetic nervous system or(b) by the presence in the intestine of food substances or the products of their digestion. The same effect was produced by the gastric glands. The theory is advanced that the passage of the acid chyme from the stomach into the duodenum causes the gastric secretion to diminish, this being an important factor in regulating the activity of the gastric glands.

Zollinger and Ellison 1 suggested in 1955 that noninsulin-secreting islet cell tumors of the pancreas are associated with atypical peptic ulcer and gastric hypersecretion. The possibility was considered that the islet cell factor involved might be related to the secretion of glucagon by the tumor. Al­ though bioassay studies have not demon­ strated an increased glucagon content in the islet cell tumor, the question of a stimulating effect of glucagon on gastric secretion re­ mains open because of the possibility of associated metabolic changes. These might be responsible for a rise in available gluca­ gon, either by increasing its formation from extrapancreatic sources or by decreasing its inactivation. A change in the sensitivity threshold to a circulating hormone should also be considered before the association between pancreatic islet cell tumor, de­ rangement of gastric secretory mechanism and atypical ulceration is discarded. Apart from its possible role in the Zollin­ ger-Ellison syndrome, the effects of glucagon administration on gastric secretion pose several interesting problems in gastric physi­ ology. Several modifying factors appear to be operational in gastric secretory response to glucagon, including the possibility of its dependence upon levels of circulating cate­ chol amines and inhibition of histamine­ induced stimulation. Some studies on the effects of insulin on gastric secretion have also been included in our report, because of certain similarities in the response to that of glucagon.

Representative fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-substituted alkanes and aromatic compounds, and two branched-chain hydrocarbons that contain an ethyl group adjacent to a quaternary carbon atom, have been studied both by photoelectron spectroscopy and in hydrogen–deuterium exchange reactions catalysed by PtCl42– in 50 mol % acetic [2H1]acid–deuterium oxide. For the halogen-substituted compounds, H–D exchange occurs in those molecules for which the first ionisation potential in the photoelectron spectrum is associated with a molecular orbital centered on carbon–hydrogen bonds. For these compounds, an exponential relationship exists between the rate constant for exchange and this potential. When the first ionisation potential is associated with electrons of the halogen atom, then displacement of the halogen occurs. For the branched-chain hydrocarbons, the rate constant for exchange in the ethyl group correlates with the rate constants for the linear alkanes, provided an ionisation potential attributable to electrons of the ethyl group is used.

Addition of Ca(NO3)2 to sprays of MgSO4 increased absorption of Mg by McIntosh apple leaves. Addition of urea had no effect. Absorption of Mg over 24 h from MgSO4 varied from − 2.5 to 19.4% of initial spray deposit and was significant in only one of five sprays. Absorption from Mg(NO3)2 varied from 18.3 to 50.2% and was significant in all sprays. Most of the variation in absorption could be explained by humidity and temperature conditions during the period of absorption.

This paper presents a method for the heat transfer analysis of a circulating oil cooled cable system with emphasis on evaluation of the heat transfer mechanism between the circulating oil and the cable components. Based on a review of the iiterature the conclusion was that there is a lack of available test data which can be directly applied to this specific case. It was determined that the oil film heat transfer mechanism is a combination of forced and free convection. Evaluating these two individually and treating them as separate resistances in parallel leads to the conclusion that if the oil flow is laminar the forced convection resistance is mnuch greater than the free convection resistance. Thus conservative forced cooled ratings can be obtained by-neglecting forced convection and calculating oil film resistances based on free convection only.

Two polygalactolipids, designated as components A and B, were isolated from spinach chloroplasts and were also obtained from glycolipid products synthesized with chloroplast enzymes using uridine diphosphate galactose as a galactose donor. These lipids were purified by column and thin layer chromatography. Chemical analysis of component A indicates that the lipid is trigalactosyl diglyceride, whereas component B behaves like tetragalactosyl diglyceride on a thin layer plate. The major fatty acid in trigalactosyl diglyceride was alpha-linolenic acid. Relative amount (molar ratio) of galactolipids in spinach chloroplasts was monogalactosyl diglyceride:digalactosyl diglyceride:trigalactosyl diglyceride:(tetragalactosyl diglyceride) = 60:30:5:1.

Exchange of hydrogen for deuterium in alkanes and in aromatic hydrocarbons is catalysed by platinum(II) chloro-complexes in acetic [2H1]acid–deuterium oxide mixtures at ca. 100 °C. Solutions of chloro-complexes having Cl:Pt ratios in the range 4·0–2·3 have been used. The effects on the exchange process of hydrocarbon concentration, solvent composition, and catalyst composition are reported. The rate constant for exchange varies exponentially with the adiabatic ionisation potential of the hydrocarbon. This correlation breaks down for certain aromatic hydrocarbons when Cl:Pt < 4 owing to extensive complex formation between reactant and catalyst; values for the formation constants of such complexes are reported.

Brief localized heating of cotton cotyledonary petioles increased phloem callose and decreased lateral movement of 14C-assimilates. There was little or no increase in phloem callose when plants were heated directly after a dark period of 16 or more hours. Such heated low-callose petioles had more lateral movement than heated high-callose petioles. Phloem callose and lateral movement returned to normal within 1 day after heating. These results suggest that phloem callose caused part of the decrease of lateral movement in heated high-callose petioles. Excessive phloem callose would be expected to restrict lateral movement, if movement from sieve tubes were via plasmodesmata.

The volatile substances, carbon dioxide, ethylene, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, ethyl propionate, ethyl-n-butyrate and caproaldehyde produced by the fruit from 4-year-old ‘McIntosh’ apple trees on EM 26 rootstocks in sand culture supplied with 3 levels of P and 2 levels of K in factorial combination were studied by infrared gas analysis and gas chromatography. Increased P supply increased the rate of ethylene production from apples stored for both 111 and 158 days, reduced the output of most of the other volatiles, and increased the levels of scald and core-browning. Increased K supply had little effect other than to decrease the C2H4 production in the 111-day (January) analysis.

Surface depletion was investigated in laboratory- and plant-scale distillation units with mixing by natural convection or by mechanical surface agitation. A model was developed for predicting the degree of surface depletion during the distillation of metals from bismuth as a function of temperature, still pot dimensions, and degree of agitation. This paper discusses those findings.