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Conductive polymers facilitate the electrical current flow through the transfer of electrons and holes. They show promise for novel photo‐functional materials in photovoltaics. However, substantial electrostatic interactions between electron donors and acceptors induce polymer aggregation, limiting moldability and conductivity. In this study, robust donor polymers with high heat resistance were synthesized by bonding triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives and formaldehyde to phenolic groups. Resulting TPA‐based phenolic polymers exhibited flexible structures and fluorescence due to charge transfer with acceptor molecules. Furthermore, TPA‐based phenolic polymers' capacity to distinguish acceptor molecule sizes correlated with their molecular weight, reflecting upon donor‐acceptor interactions. This novel optical trait in phenolic polymers holds potential for electronic components and conductive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Chronic subdural hematoma is the most frequently operated on intracranial hemorrhage worldwide. Although surgical results are satisfactory, recurrence remains an important problem. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate patients who underwent craniotomy with limited membranectomy (CwLM) in terms of recurrence rate and other complications. Materials and methods: Electronic records of 291 consecutive patients who were operated on at our clinic (Atatürk University Yakutiye Research Hospital) between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Their radiological images at the time of admission, clinical status, any early postoperative complications, and clinical status at the 6-month follow-up were all evaluated. Results: According to the results of the study, postoperative mortality and morbidity of patients who underwent CwLM were similar to those with minimally invasive methods, and it reduced recurrence, especially in laminar and separated subtypes. Conclusion: It is our belief that CwLM will be an appropriate treatment approach in suitable patients (radiologically detected) in chronic subdural hematoma, where recurrence is an important problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) involve a multistep proton-coupled electron process accompanied by the conversion of the apodictic spin configuration. Understanding the role of spin configurations of metals in the adsorption and desorption of oxygen intermediates during ORRs is critical for the design of efficient ORR catalysts. Herein, a platinum–rare-earth-metal-based alloy catalyst, Pt2Gd, is introduced to reveal the role of spin configurations in the catalytic activity of materials. The catalyst exhibits a unique intrinsic spin reconfiguration because of interactions between the Gd-4f and Pt-5d orbitals. The adsorption and desorption of the oxygen species are optimized by modifying the spin symmetry and electronic structures of the material for increased ORR efficiency. The Pt2Gd alloy exhibits a half-wave potential of 0.95 V and a superior mass activity of 1.5 A·mgPt−1 in a 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte, as well as higher durability than conventional Pt/C catalysts. Theoretical calculations have proven that the spin shielding effect of Gd pairs increases the spin symmetry of Pt-5d orbitals and adsorption preferences toward spin-polarized intermediates to facilitate ORR. This work clarifies the impact of modulating the intrinsic spin state of Pt through the interaction with the local high spin 4f orbital electrons in rare-earth metals, with the aim of boosting the spin-related oxygen reduction reaction, thus fundamentally contributing to the understanding of new descriptors that control ORR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper is the property of China Pulp & Paper Magazines Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Zn3V3O8 was successfully synthesized by mix solvothermal method. The NH4F was used as an additive (agent) to control morphology of Zn3V3O8. It was found that suitable percentage concentration of NH4F could control morphology of Zn3V3O8 as two-dimensional (2D) sheets. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the samples, and the battery comprehensive testing system was used to study its electrochemical properties. The results showed that the Zn3V3O8 was successfully obtained by mix solvothermal method (water: ethylene glycol = 1:1), and 2D Zn3V3O8 sheets was synthesized by adding NH4F as soft template. The initial discharge capacity for 2D Zn3V3O8 micro sheets is 1709.6 mAh·g−1 at 100 mA/g in the voltage range of 0.01–3 V. After 100 cycles, it could maintain at 1372 mAh·g−1. The Zn3V3O8 two-dimensional micro sheets behaved good rate performances also. So Zn3V3O8 two-dimensional micro sheets synthesized by this way is a novel and promising anode material for lithium ion battery application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As nano-electronic technology makes electronic devices gradually microscopic in size and diversified in function, obtaining new materials with superior performance is the main goal at this stage. Interfaces formed by adjacent layers of material in electronic devices affect their performance, as does the strain caused by lattice mismatch, which can be simulated and analyzed by theoretical calculations. The common period of the cell changes when the van der Waals (vdW) material is twisted. Therefore, it is a significant challenge to determine the common supercell of two crystals constituting the interface. Here. we present a novel cell matching algorithm for twisted bilayer vdW materials with orthogonal unit cells, where the resulting common supercell remains orthogonal and only angular strains exist without linear strains, facilitating accuracy control. We apply this method to 2-Pmmn twisted bilayer borophene. It can automatically find the resource-allowed common supercell at multiple rotation angles or fix the rotation angle to find the proper accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broken symmetry and tilting effects are ubiquitous in Weyl semimetals (WSMs). Therefore, it is crucial to understand their impacts on the materials' electronic and optical properties. Here, using a realistic four-band model for WSMs, which incorporates both the symmetry breaking and tilting effects, we study its Landau quantization and the associated magneto-absorption spectrum. We show that the Landau bands in tilted WSMs can be obtained by considering a non-tilt Hamiltonian through Lorentz boost. However, broken symmetry effects can generate an additional term in the Hamiltonian, which equivalently lead to band reconstruction. Our work provides a more realistic view of the magnetic field response of WSMs that shall be taken into account in relevant future device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-transition materials, including the families of spin-crossover and charge-transfer systems, and more generally molecular-based materials exhibiting electronic and/or structural bistability, may undergo various types of phase transitions. The change of electronic state is stabilized by molecular reorganizations and both phenomena, which are usually non-symmetry breaking, can be described through the evolution of an order parameter q. Due to symmetry, q linearly couples to volume change. It is known that such elastic interactions are responsible for cooperative phenomena in non-symmetry-breaking spin-transitions. However, spin-transition materials may also exhibit symmetry-breaking phenomena related to various types of orders such as structural order as well as spin-state concentration waves. The universal framework of the Landau theory of phase transition is relevant for describing such ordering processes through the evolution of a symmetry-breaking order parameter η. The simultaneous or sequential occurrence of spin-transition and symmetry-breaking phenomena are reported for numerous spin-transition materials, and the coupling between these two types of instabilities is responsible for the emergence of various types of functions. In this work, we use the Landau approach to describe both symmetry-breaking phenomena and non-symmetry-breaking spin transition. We discuss how their coupling can generate sequences of phase transitions, from simple spin-crossover to spin-transition, continuous or discontinuous symmetry breaking, including ferroelasticity or stepwise spin transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transistor-based artificial synapses are expected to tackle the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architecture for neuromorphic computing paradigm. Organic electronic materials are promising components of future neuromorphic systems, but mimicking the functions of biological synapses for symmetric weight update and desired variation margin still remains challenging. Here, we propose a synaptic transistor based on pentacene/poly(α-methylstyrene) (PαMS) architecture capable of exhibiting the main behavior of a biological spiking synapse. The ambipolar charge trapping of the transistor enables symmetric variation of the channel conductivity with desirable margin. Comprehensive synaptic functions, including the postsynaptic current with different pulse amplitudes, short-term to long-term plasticity transition, reversible channel conductance potentiation and depression, and repetitive and symmetrical learning processes, are emulated. The realization of essential synaptic functions based on the cumulative charge trapping of pentacene/PαMS structure provides a feasible device structure toward the future demand of neuromorphic computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4, CFO) nanoparticles, bulk, and nanocomposites samples were synthesized at optimized parameters using the chemical route. Structural studies revealed that all the samples showed a single-phase structure. The value of activation energy in the case of nanocomposites was 975 meV, while it was 1.58 eV and 1.0 eV for BTO and CFO-nanoparticles, respectively. We observed that the saturation magnetization and remanence of the CFO-nano sample were three times greater than the 0.3CFO–0.7BTO nanocomposite. At 10 kHz, the dielectric constants are measured 4500 (BTO-bulk), 1550 (BTO-nano), 820 (CFO-bulk), 275 (CFO-nano), and 375 (BTO–CFO nanocomposites) for a various sample of series. We found at 10 kHz, the transition from ferroelectric to paraelectric in the case of BTO-nano (Tc = 363 °C) and CFO-nano (Tc = 212 °C), while nanocomposite BTO–CFO initial change phases from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric (relaxor behavior) at Td = 312 °C and then from anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric (Tm > 400 °C). Similarly, in the case of CFO-bulk, we noticed Tm = 204 °C (ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric) and Tm = 314 °C (anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric). Overall, we concluded from these studies and data that nanocomposite 0.7BaTiO3–0.3CoFe2O4 and CFO-bulk sample showed relaxor behavior as well along with the transformation change from ferroelectric to paraelectric. While BTO-nano and CFO-nano and BTO-bulk showed their transformation direct from ferroelectric to paraelectric. These simultaneous ferromagnetic and ferroelectric (dielectric) measurements confirmed the presence of multiferroic properties in our nanocomposite as well as CFO-nano and CFO-bulk systems. These proposed materials may be useful for ferroelectric and data storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uncovers the reading trends of Millennials living in Pakistan by investigating their reading behavior within the digital paradigm. A cross-sectional survey-based quantitative research design was adopted. Masters students (16 years education) from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) recognized universities of Lahore, Pakistan was the study population. A total of 515 masters' level students from 7 universities participated in the survey. The participants were recruited by employing a two-stage stratified purposive total population sampling technique. The study findings confirmed that despite their preferences for print material, Millennials were using electronic material for reading more frequently. However, the study showed that the reading purpose influences the choice of the reading format. Furthermore, the availability of electronic reading content in the public domain and open access contents may be a reason for increased use of e-content, as free websites were the preferred method of millennials for obtaining reading material. Social networking websites and intelligent search engines like "Google" were also in use and play a role in finding the relevant information and reading e-content. The study shows that the digital environment has a significant impact on the reading behavior of individuals, a fact which needs to be considered by academics, practitioners, and the individuals themselves. It is considered a baseline study that opens various potential directions and avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong confinement in semiconductor quantum dots enables them to host multiple electron–hole pairs or excitons. The excitons in these materials are forced to interact, resulting in quantum-confined multiexcitons (MXs). The MXs are integral to the physics of the electronic properties of these materials and impact their key properties for applications such as gain and light emission. Despite their importance, the electronic structure of MX has yet to be fully characterized. MXs have a complex electronic structure arising from quantum many-body effects, which is challenging for both experiments and theory. Here, we report on the investigation of the electronic structure of MX in colloidal CdSe QDs using time-resolved photoluminescence, state-resolved pump–probe, and two-dimensional spectroscopies. The use of varying excitation energy and intensities enables the observation of many signals from biexcitons and triexcitons. The experiments enable the study of MX structures and dynamics on time scales spanning 6 orders of magnitude and directly reveal dynamics in the biexciton manifold. These results outline the limits of the simple concept of binding energy. The methods of investigations should be applicable to reveal complex many-body physics in other nanomaterials and low-dimensional materials of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct laser writing of graphene electrodes is an emerging research field for the rapid fabrication of two-dimensional carbon electronic materials with wide applications, ranging from supercapacitors and batteries to sensors, electrocatalysts, actuators, etc. Many types of carbon-containing raw materials can be converted to graphene by one-step laser scribing, without complicated chemical synthesis routines, using a variety of lasers. This perspective categorizes the principles of direct laser writing of graphene, according to the different types of raw materials, different types of lasers, and different applications. The future directions of laser synthesized graphene are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the basic criteria of the process of the pantograph and overhead line interaction of railway rolling stock are considered. An analysis of the causes and consequences of impaired current collection was also performed. The analysis of existing systems and technical means for determining the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the pantograph and overhead line interaction was carried out and their classification was carried out according to the location, the principle of obtaining information and controlled parameters. Based on the results of research, the main quantitative and qualitative indicators of the interaction of current collectors with the overhead line in the conditions of operation on the railways of Ukraine, which should be subject to control, have been established. Field tests were also conducted to determine such indicators in real operating conditions of railway rolling stock. According to the results of the research, an experimental complex was developed to determine the indicators of the interaction of current receivers of various types of rolling stock with the contact network in operating conditions.

Finding materials exhibiting superconductivity at room temperature has long been one of the ultimate goals in physics and material science. Recently, room-temperature superconducting properties have been claimed in a copper substituted lead phosphate apatite (Pb10-xCux(PO4)6O, or called LK-99) (Lee et al. in J. Korean Cryst. Growth Cryst. Technol. 33:61, 2023; Lee et al. in The first room-temperature ambient-pressure superconductor, 2023; Lee et al. in Superconductor Pb10-xCux(PO4)6O showing levitation at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and mechanism, 2023). Using a similar approach, we have prepared LK-99 like samples and confirmed the half-levitation behaviors in some small specimens under the influence of a magnet at room temperature. To examine the magnetic properties of our samples, we have performed systematic magnetization measurements on the as-grown LK-99 like samples, including the half-levitated and non-levitated samples. The magnetization measurements show the coexistence of soft-ferromagnetic and diamagnetic signals in both half-levitated and non-levitated samples. The electrical transport measurements on the as-grown LK-99 like samples including both half-levitated and non-levitated samples show an insulating behavior characterized by the increasing resistivity with the decreasing temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the electronic structure of electrode materials at atomic level is the key to controlling electrodes with outstanding rate capability. On the basis of modulating the iron cationic vacancies (IV) and electronic structure of materials, we proposed the method of preparing graphdiyne/ferroferric oxide heterostructure (IV‐GDY‐FO) as anode materials. The goal is to motivate lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) toward ultra‐high capacity, superior cyclic stability, and excellent rate performance. The graphdiyne is used as carriers to disperse Fe3O4 uniformly without agglomeration and induce high valence of Fe with reducing the energy in the system. The presence of Fe vacancy could regulate the charge distribution around vacancies and adjacent atoms, leading to facilitate electronic transportation, enlarge the lithium‐ion diffusion, and decrease Li+ diffusion barriers, and thus displaying significant pseudocapacitive process and advantageous lithium‐ion storage. The optimized electrode IV‐GDY‐FO reveals a capacity of 2084.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, superior cycle stability and rate performance with a high specific capacity of 1057.4 mAh g−1 even at 10 C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of (La 1-x B x MnO 3) (LaB 6)-based composite films were prepared by a combined magnetron sputtering and ion implantation method, and their structure-function relationship have been investigated. After B3+ ion implantation, the as-sputtered LaMnO 3 films still have perovskite structure and good surface flatness. However, the substitution and doping of B ions play the role of resistance regulation, and the formation of the second phase LaB 6 reduces the resistivity of the film after ion implantation to a certain extent. The carrier concentration of the ion injected film will decrease from 1.33 × 1016 cm−3 to 1.80 × 1015 cm−3, while the resistivity value will a significant increase from 46 Ω cm to 381 Ω cm with slight variations in principle in thermal constant from 2229 to 2783 K. The secondary phase doping of (La 1-x B x MnO 3) (LaB 6)-based perovskite materials bring an innovative perspective to the design and application of electronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of metal doping on the structural and physical properties of AgSnO 2 contactors were investigated using simulations and experiments based on first-principles calculations. The electrical contact test system was tested for 20,000 electrical contacts to check the physical properties under 24 V/15 A DC resistive load and analyze the relationship between the parameters. The erosion morphology of the contact material was characterized by a 3D surface profilometer, and the mechanism of the molten pool force, material transfer, and arc erosion behavior was studied in detail. The results show that metal doping can improve the thermal stability, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the materials, and significantly affect the crystalline and electronic structure of the materials, resulting in better stability and resistance to arc erosion. The best arc erosion performance of AgSnO 2 –Y is related to its superior thermal stability and electrical properties, while the better arc erosion performance of AgSnO 2 –Cu is probably related to its good mechanical properties. In addition, metal doping has a significant effect on the arc formation and interruption of AgSnO 2 contactors and leads to a change in the material transfer mode. This study provides a feasible method for the analysis of metal doping to improve the erosion performance of contact materials and provides a valuable reference for the further development of research on arc erosion resistance of contactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Health monitoring systems that incorporate stretchable sensors can provide real-time feedback on a person's physical activity, stress levels, and overall well-being. For instance, stretchable sensors based on conductive hydrogels have emerged as a promising technology for monitoring physiological signals such as heart rate, respiration, and muscle activity. For developing such systems, a strain machine is accounted as the first requirement for laboratories focusing on developing conductive hydrogels as strain sensors. In this article, we present a programmable, user-friendly, and versatile 3D-printed setup designed and fabricated for measuring the strain and strain sensitivity of soft electronic materials. The setup comprises a computer (or mobile), an impedance analyzer, and the strain machine that are required for developing stretchable strain sensors in scientific laboratories. We provide a very detailed build manual on how to manufacture and use the strain machine, using an ionic conductive hydrogel based on polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol as a model system. The results demonstrated the excellent performance of the strain machine in applying programmable strain regimes to the material of interest. By offering clear instructions and a build manual, our work enables scientific researchers to construct an affordable and user-friendly strain machine to boost their research progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ABI Technik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the advancement of semiconductor technology, chip cooling has become a major obstacle to enhancing the capabilities of power electronic systems. Traditional electronic packaging materials are no longer able to meet the heat dissipation requirements of high-performance chips. High thermal conductivity (TC), low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), good mechanical properties, and a rich foundation in microfabrication techniques are the fundamental requirements for the next generation of electronic packaging materials. Currently, metal matrix composites (MMCs) composed of high TC matrix metals and reinforcing phase materials have become the mainstream direction for the development and application of high-performance packaging materials. Silicon carbide (SiC) is the optimal choice for the reinforcing phase due to its high TC, low CTE, and high hardness. This paper reviews the research status of SiC-reinforced aluminum (Al) and copper (Cu) electronic packaging materials, along with the factors influencing their thermo-mechanical properties and improvement measures. Finally, the current research status and limitations of conventional manufacturing methods for SiC-reinforced MMCs are summarized, and an outlook on the future development trends of electronic packaging materials is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura is the property of Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the quest to reduce energy consumption, there is a growing demand for technology beyond silicon as electronic materials for neuromorphic artificial intelligence devices. Equipped with the criteria of energy efficiency and excellent adaptability, organohalide perovskites can emulate the characteristics of synaptic functions in the human brain. In this aspect, this study designs and develops CsFAPbI3‐based memristive neuromorphic devices that can switch at low power and show larger endurance by adopting the powder engineering methodology. The neuromorphic characteristics of the CsFAPbI3‐based devices exhibit an ultra‐high paired‐pulse facilitation index for an applied electric stimuli pulse. Moreover, the transition from short‐term to long‐term memory requires ultra‐low energy with long relaxation times. The learning and training cycles illustrate that the CsFAPbI3‐based devices exhibit faster learning and memorization process owing to their larger carrier lifetime compared to other perovskites. The results provide a pathway to attain low‐power neuromorphic devices that are synchronic to the human brain's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is dedicated to electronics materials enabling thin‐film‐based neural interface and bioelectronics devices. First‐generation bioelectronic medicine devices feature hand‐crafted bulk interface electrodes, wires and interconnects, and insulators. This review discusses how modern materials science, especially know‐how repurposed from semiconductor and microdevice technologies, enables next‐generation bioelectronics. Those are divided into two subgroups: second and third generation. The former refers to rigid microscaled devices, while the latter is defined as soft, ultrathin, and flexible microdevices. A critical assessment of different biointerface electrodes, conductors for interconnects, and insulators for substrates, passivation, and encapsulation layers is made. The goal is not to give an exhaustive account of every use‐example of given materials, but to point out specific aspects that are relevant to making the right choices for materials for a given device or application. Unique advantages of specific materials are highlighted, while also focusing on weaker points and caveats that those materials may have. The goal is to have an up‐to‐date handbook for persons entering the field which also points out tips and tricks as well as challenging problems that researchers can be inspired to confront and overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, the rapid development of wearable electronics has generated renewed interest in textiles. The integration of advanced nanotechnology and microelectronics with well‐established textile production processes has resulted in textile electronics, that are lightweight, flexible, breathable, and conformable, which broadens the applications of electronic products. The hierarchical textile structure, ranging from a single fiber to twisted yarns and various fabrics, is suitable for constructing multifunctional flexible devices. In particular, yarn, which bridges between fiber and fabric, is advantageous owing to its easy integration into wearable formats via weaving, knitting, or braiding. However, because of the dearth of effective interdisciplinary communication between researchers of electronic and textile engineering, fabricating yarn‐based devices with superior mechanical properties and versatile electronic functionality is difficult. Therefore, this review provides an overview of yarn‐based electronics, followed by a systematical summary of recent progress in yarns with respect to material and device design, multifunctional integration, and applications in wearable devices, including sensors, actuators, stealth, batteries, and nanogenerators. Furthermore, the major challenges and future developments in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unusual electrical transport properties associated with weak or strong localization are sometimes found in disordered electronic materials. Here, we report experimental observation of a crossover of electronic behavior from weak localization to enhanced weak localization due to the spatial influence of disorder induced by ZrO2 nanopillars in (La2/3Sr1/3MnO3)1−x:(ZrO2)x (x = 0, 0.2, and 0.3) nanocomposite films. The spatial strain regions, identified by scanning transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction, induce a coexistence of two-dimentional (2D) and three-dimentional (3D) localization and switches to typical 2D localization with increasing density of ZrO2 pillars due to length scale confinement, which interestingly accords with enhancing vertically interfacial strain. Based on the excellent agreement of our experimental results with one-parameter scaling theory of localization, the enhanced weak localization exists in metal range close to the fixed point. These films provide a tunable experimental model for studying localization in particular the transition regime by appropriate choice of the second epitaxial phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft and stretchable electronics have emerged as highly promising tools for biomedical diagnosis and biological studies, as they interface intimately with the human body and other biological systems. Most stretchable electronic materials and devices, however, still have Young's moduli orders of magnitude higher than soft bio-tissues, which limit their conformability and long-term biocompatibility. Here, we present a design strategy of soft interlayer for allowing the use of existing stretchable materials of relatively high moduli to versatilely realize stretchable devices with ultralow tissue-level moduli. We have demonstrated stretchable transistor arrays and active-matrix circuits with moduli below 10 kPa—over two orders of magnitude lower than the current state of the art. Benefiting from the increased conformability to irregular and dynamic surfaces, the ultrasoft device created with the soft interlayer design realizes electrophysiological recording on an isolated heart with high adaptability, spatial stability, and minimal influence on ventricle pressure. In vivo biocompatibility tests also demonstrate the benefit of suppressing foreign-body responses for long-term implantation. With its general applicability to diverse materials and devices, this soft-interlayer design overcomes the material-level limitation for imparting tissue-level softness to a variety of bioelectronic devices. Stretchable electronics are attractive for a range of biomedical applications, but are challenging to prepare with suitable mechanical properties. Here, the authors report the use of a soft interlayer that allows the development of stretchable electronics with tissue-like material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and effective RhIII- and PdII-controlled switchable C–H alkenylation of 2-pyridylthiophenes with alkenes is realized. The alkenylation reactions proceeded smoothly in a highly regio- and stereo-selective manner to afford a broad range of C3- and C5-alkenylated products. Depending on the catalyst employed, the reactions involve two typical approaches: C3-alkenylation via chelation-assisted rhodation and C5-alkenylation via electrophilic palladation. This regiodivergent synthetic protocol was successfully applied for the straightforward building of π-conjugated difunctionalized 2-pyridylthiophenes, which may show great potential in organic electronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dithienopyrazines are only scarcely used as building blocks in organic electronic materials. Here, we report efficient preparation and investigation of syn‐ and anti‐dithienopyrazines, which were functionalized with triaraylamine units to provide different series of donor‐acceptor‐donor‐type materials. The characterization of the optoelectronic properties resulted in valuable structure‐property relationships and allowed for the elucidation of the influence of structural effects such as core structure (syn vs anti), type of substituents (directly arylated vs ethynylated aryl), and substitution pattern (α,α'‐ vs β,β'‐ vs fourfold substitution). Finally, first application of a dithienopyrazine derivative as model for hole‐transport materials tailored for organic electronic devices has been realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of different finishing and polishing (F/P) systems on surface roughness (SR) and microbial adhesion to bulk fill (BF) composites. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of 3 databases (the National Library of Medicine [MEDLINE/PubMed], Scopus, and ScienceDirect) was conducted. Only in vitro studies that evaluated SR and microbial adhesion to BF composites were included. The included studies were individually evaluated for the risk of bias following predetermined criteria. A meta-analysis of the reviewed studies was conducted to compare the SR values of both Filtek Bulk Fill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill with and without F/P using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: A total of 12 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between Filtek Bulk Fill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill without F/P or after F/P using multi-step systems. Different F/P systems affected the SR values, on the other hand, did not affect microbial adhesion values. Conclusion: Both Filtek Bulk Fill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill had comparable roughness results. Multi-step systems may be preferable for F/P of BF composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ceramic composite electronic material of (Sn0.8Ti0.2)O2 has been synthesized through a cost-effective solid-state ceramic approach. The crystallographic tetragonal structure from the XRD spectrum, hydrophilic porous structure from SEM micrograph, dielectric, conductivity, and electrical modulus in addition to impedance spectroscopy over an extensive range of temperature and frequency have been elucidated. Hydrophilicity, superior dielectric response with significantly low dielectric loss, and enhanced capacitive behaviour draw the major attraction of this ceramic-based material system. The temperature-dependent conductivity spectrum evinces Arrhenius's behaviour. The grain and grain boundary effects in the synthesized sample has been displayed through the Nyquist spectrum. The non-Debye type of relaxation mechanism has been established through an electric modulus study. The extensive study sketched out this composite as a potential capacitive electronic component for humidity sensor device applications. The investigated electrical parameters associated with the ceramic composite may enlighten the development of functional electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied electronic conductance of nano composite polymer single walled nanotube with spin spray variant by using layer by layer technique. The study showed that there existed a critical number of polyelectrolyte bilayer below which the electronic conductance of the material was negligible. The sheet conductance increased above the critical value. This indicated that the material conductivity was controlled by the formation of a percolating network of highly conducting nanotubes in an insulating polymetric matrix. We have presented the dependence of junction resistance on the layer separation leaded to the logarithmic behavior. The quasi two dimensional model treated the nanotube as infinitely conducting rods with resistive junctions. A junction was formed when projections of two nanotubes on the plane of the material intersect. The junction resistance increased with inter layer separation. The results found were compared with previous results and were found in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Eutectic-gallium-indium particle (EGaIn*) is considered one of the promising conducting materials for soft electronics due to its enhanced stability compare to bulk EGaIn and constant conductance under strain. However, its practical implementation has thus far been limited due to the challenges of achieving initial electrical conductivity and the incompatibility with well-developed fabrication strategies. Here, we report materials and manufacturing methods that allow large-area multi-layered patterning of 'polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)-attached EGaIn* (EGaIn*:PSS)' thin-film with the conventional cleanroom process. PSS enhances the stability of EGaIn*, which allow uniform thin-film coating and photographic lift-off at a wafer-scale down to 10 μm features of varying thicknesses. Using dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent during lift-off induces cohesion between EGaIn*:PSS, resulting in initial electrical conductivity without an additional activation process. Demonstrations of stretchable display, multilayer pressure sensing systems, and soft artificial finger validate the versatility and reliability of this manufacturing strategy for soft electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of porous materials on EEV flow-induced noise is simulated. The momentum source term is introduced to simulate the action of porous materials. Flow-induced noise can be reduced by porous material rectification. With the addition of porous materials, the bubble collapse in EEV was reduced. With the addition of porous materials, EEV internal flow field is more stable. To reduce the flow-induced noise caused by the refrigerant in the refrigeration system and improve the comfort of air conditioning, porous materials are used to rectify the refrigerant in the refrigeration system. To simulate the flow field characteristics and flow-induced noise level in the electronic expansion valve before and after adding porous material at the outlet of the electronic expansion valve orifice for rectifying, the commercial simulation software Fluent is applied, which adopts the mixture multiphase model and cavitation model, and compile UDF to set the momentum source term in the porous medium region. The results show that adding porous material can rectify the refrigerant in the electronic expansion valve without changing the cooling capacity of the refrigeration system. The flow-induced noise generated in the porous material rectified electronic expansion valve is reduced in many directions. After rectification, the gas phase distribution in the electronic expansion valve is more uniform. The turbulent kinetic energy intensity at the outlet can be reduced to 25% of the originally designed electronic expansion valve; the bubble bursting phenomenon can be effectively inhibited. The noise reduction effect of porous material is suitable for the electronic expansion valve under a small opening and is more evident in the high-frequency noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenine nanotubes (PNTs) have recently been synthesized as a promising new one-dimensional material for high-performance electronics. The periodically distributed vacancy defects in PNTs result in novel semiconducting properties, but may also compromise their mechanical properties. However, the role of these defects in modifying the structural and mechanical properties is not yet well understood. To address this, we conducted systematic molecular dynamics simulations investigating the structural evolution and mechanical responses of PNTs under various conditions. Our results demonstrated that the twisting of linear carbon chains in both armchair and zigzag PNTs led to interesting structural transitions, which were sensitive to chiralities and diameters. Additionally, when subjected to tensile and compressive loading, PNTs' cross-sectional geometry and untwisting of linear carbon chains resulted in distinct mechanical properties compared to carbon nanotubes. Our findings provide comprehensive insights into the fundamental properties of these new structures while uncovering a new mechanism for modifying the mechanical properties of one-dimensional nanostructures through the twisting–untwisting of linear carbon chains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to analyze and compare tooth loss (TL) rates between regular and irregular compliant patients having different smoking habits. Materials and Methods: Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted by one author in several databases, including Medline (PubMed), Embase, Google Scholar. A total of 156 publications were screened. Three reviewers analyzed the articles and extracted the data. A total of 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: A total of 30 articles were eligible for qualitative analysis, and only 3 for quantitative analysis. Compliance and smoking case definition as well as recall intervals during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) differed widely between studies. A total of 10 publications reported significant differences in TL rates between regular (RC) and irregular compliant (IC) patients, while 25 publications reported significant differences in TL rates between smokers and non-smokers. Conclusion: Regular attendance to SPT visits and non-smoking patients are associated with fewer TL rates. Smoking is considered a major modifiable risk factor for TL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To find the prevalence of tactile hallucinations of phone vibrations among individuals aged 18 years-22 years. To find whether the hallucinations are bothersome. Background: Overuse of phones can lead to physiological health hazards. Repeated use of vibration mode leads to fake perception of device being vibrating when it is not. Tactile hallucination of phone vibration is a prevalent phenomenon among young individuals. Theories explaining the possibility of the phenomenon are proven through researchers. Design: Cross sectional survey. Participants: 204 individuals responded to the questionnaire. Materials and Methods: An electronic survey consisting of 12 questions bases on demographic, mobile usage hours, frequency of phantom vibrations experienced. An online questionnaire was used for the study. It is known as the phantom vibration scale or phantom vibration questionnaire which was taken from an article. Results: 204 responses were received. Out of that 68% experienced tactile hallucinations. Among those who had hallucination different factors were viewed in association with it. 88% possessed a smart phone for more than a year. Respondents were asked about the phone usage hours and majority used it for 3 hours-5 hours daily. Social media is a known addiction of phone and the survey showed that 55% of the respondents used phones to scroll social media. The next factor that is vibration mode of phone, was used by 17% of the people always. 29% used it for most of the time. About the placement while carrying of phone it showed that 69% always carried phone in their jean front pocket. Also, 42% of the participants found those vibrations to be bothersome. 21% had the hallucinations so severe that they felt it when the phone was switched off. Conclusions: More than half of the people on this planet carry smartphone and most use it on vibration mode. Even if one third of them experience the hallucinations, a planned treatment is required for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The repertoire of Rodion Shchedrin, one of the important composers of our time, is extremely diverse. From the beginning of his creative path, Shchedrin actively developed modern composer techniques by working in different genres and aimed to radically renew traditional forms. This study aims to examine and analyze the musical characteristics of Shchedrin's Piano Sonatas No. 1 and No. 2. In this context, the musical language, original form understanding, and polyphonic approach of the sonatas are examined. A qualitative research method was used in this study by analyzing and evaluating printed and electronic materials through document analysis. As a result of the research, it can be heard that Shchedrin's sonatas contain chromatic 12-tone system belonging to 20th century composers, skipping melodic lines, asymmetrical structure of rhythm and musical form, polystylistic tendencies, and the use of dodecaphonic series, hemitonic series, expression parameters, spatiality as an independent parameter, reversible music forms with sonority, aleatoric and "superior" polyphony techniques, which combine heterogeneous styles in a single work and exhibit new approaches in composition, bringing his works to an original, even extraordinary level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the excellent physical properties and flexible molecular modifiability, modified silicone resins have received favorable attention in the field of microelectronics, and recently a number of modified silicone resins have appeared while few breakthroughs have been made in low dielectric constant (low-k) materials field due to the limitations of structure or the curing process. In this work, functional silicone resin with different BCB contents was prepared with two monomers. The resins showed low dielectric constant (k = 2.77 at 10 MHz) and thermal stability (T5% = 495.0 °C) after curing. Significant performance changes were observed with the increase in BCB structural units, and the functional silicone obtained does not require melting and dissolution during processing because of good fluidity at room temperature. Moreover, the mechanical properties of silicone resins can be also controlled by adjusting the BCB content. The obtained silicone resins could be potentially used in the field of electronic packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the available theoretical and practical experience in the field of pedagogical design, in particular, the main aspects of the development of high-quality design of educational materials for various target children's audiences. Methods & methodology. The article uses theoretical methods: comparison, systematization and generalization of scientific sources. The practical principles of creating educational materials and environment, based on the psychological and physiological characteristics of perception by children of different age categories, are highlighted. Among them, the use of a visual series of educational materials in electronic pedagogical presentations is special. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the coverage and practical implementation of modern design technologies for the creation of educational and pedagogical materials for effective perception by children of different age categories due to the influence of the quality of multimedia educational materials on the assimilation of knowledge. Results. The importance of logical and consistent presentation of new information, as well as the need to optimize and update educational materials, is considered. The importance of typography in educational design is emphasized, as a good choice of font can improve the readability of the text, highlight important information and promote interest in learning, and color gamut, use of photos and video materials. The differences in design for different age categories are characterized, considering the level of knowledge and motivation of the target audience. The importance of the choice of colors in educational design is highlighted, considering their influence on the mood and behavior of users, and techniques for the successful selection of a color range are given. Ways of using color, typography and multimedia materials to improve students' perception and assimilation of n ew information have been identified. In further work, it is planned to analyze and specify various material and technical means for designing educational materials and to develop a series of educational school posters with the help of modern graphic editors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of paper electronics has been accelerated due to the public push for sustainability. Electronic waste can potentially be avoided if certain materials in electronic components can be substituted for greener alternatives such as paper. Within this report, it is demonstrated that conductive polymers poly(3,4‐ethylenedoxythiophene) (PEDOT), polypyrrole, and polythiophene, can be synthesized by screen printing combined with vapor phase polymerization on paper substrates and further incorporated into functional electronic components. High patterning resolution (100 µm) is achieved for all conductive polymers, with PEDOT showing impressive sheet resistance values. PEDOT is incorporated as conductive circuitry and as the active material in all‐printed electrochromic displays. The conductive polymer circuits allow for functional light emitting diodes, while the electrochromic displays are comparable to commercial displays utilizing PEDOT on plastic substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lightweight carbonized wood has a hierarchically 3D porous framework and orthotropic channels along the growth direction, which demonstrate great potential for multifunctional electronic materials. Herein, carbonized wood with outstanding electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), high thermal conductivity, and excellent Joule heating property is fabricated. It also exhibits a highly anisotropic EMI shielding performance in the cross‐ and tangential‐sections. In the tangential‐section, the shielding performance of carbonized wood is tuned by monitoring the angle between the wood grain and the electric field vibration direction of the electromagnetic waves, and the SE value ranges from 29 to 77 dB when the angle changes from 90° to 0°. Benefiting from the high SE obtained from structural optimization and the low density, carbonized balsa wood displays a high SSE (the ratio of SE to density) and SSE/t (the ratio of SSE to thickness) of 1069 dB cm3 g−1 and 3263 dB cm2 g−1, respectively. The thermal conductivity of carbonized wood is also angle‐dependent, which ranges from 0.865 to 1.897 W m−1 K−1. With the improvement in thermal conductivity, carbonized wood can be used as a heat sink material. Meanwhile, excellent Joule heating properties are achieved due to the effective conductive pathway in carbonized wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum plays a central role in the world of electronic oxide materials. Yet, aluminum sources are very difficult to handle during oxide molecular-beam epitaxy, the main reason for which is the high oxidization potential of aluminum. In this work, we present a thorough study of the behavior of aluminum sources during oxide thermal laser epitaxy. We identify two distinct operating regimes. At high laser-beam fluences, the source emanates reproducible fluxes independent of an applied oxygen pressure of < 10 − 1 hPa. At lower beam fluences, the flux increases with increasing oxygen pressure (< 10 − 1 hPa) due to suboxide formation. We demonstrate reproducible rate control over a flux range of 5 orders of magnitude, which can be expanded further. These results demonstrate that thermal laser epitaxy does not present the challenges associated with the evaporation of aluminum during oxide molecular-beam epitaxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]