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A prospective study of normoalbuminuric diabetic patients was performed between 1997 and 2002 on 4097 type 1 and 6513 type 2 diabetic patients from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR); mean study period, 4.6 years. The strongest independent baseline risk factors for the development of microalbuminuria (20–200μg/min) were elevated HbA1c and diabetes duration in both types 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Other risk factors were high BMI, elevated systolic and diastolic BP in type 2 patients, and antihypertensive therapy in type 1 patients. A subsequent larger cross-sectional study in 2002 showed that established microalbuminuria was independently associated with HbA1c, diabetes duration, systolic BP, BMI, smoking and triglycerides in types 1 and 2 diabetic patients, and also with HDL-cholesterol in type 2 patients. Relatively few types 1 and 2 patients with microalbuminuria achieved treatment targets of HbA1c < 6.5% (21–48%), BP < 130/85mmHg (33–13%), cholesterol < 5mmol/l (48–46%), triglycerides < 1.7mmol/l (83–48%) and BMI < 25kg/m2 (50–18%), respectively. In conclusion, high HbA1c, BP and BMI were independent risk factors for the development of microalbuminuria in types 1 and 2 diabetic patients. These risk factors as well as triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and smoking were independently associated with established microalbuminuria. Treatment targets were achieved by a relatively few patients with microalbuminuria.

QC 20190205

QC 20190205

The synthesis and characterization of dendron-coated 2,5-bis(phenylethynyl)thiophene chromophores are described. The dendrimers were grown divergently on the arylthiophene core with the versatile anhydride of 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid. The arylthiophene core was synthesized with Sonogashira coupling reactions. Structurally well-defined dendrimers up to the fourth generation were grown, as confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. The different dendritic substitution did not influence the absorption spectra of the compounds in or near the visible region. Solutions of arylthiophenes had good transparency at wavelengths greater than 400 nm. The dendritic thiophenes exhibited an optical-power limit at the laser wavelength of 532 nm. However, the magnitude of the optical-power limit of these compounds was slightly lower than that of a nondendritic arylthiophene with n-pentyl substituents., QC 20100525

Alkynyl platinum derivatives and thiacalixarenes were trapped in solid transparent matrices prepared by the sol-gel process. By using functionalyzed silicon alkoxides, molecular species were grafted to the gel matrix giving a high doping concentration and chemically stable materials. In this communication we present broadband optical limiting performance in the visible wavelength region observed in the prepared materials., QC 20141201

We present a numerical study of the surfing mechanism in which electrons are trapped in Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) modes, and are accelerated across the magnetic field direction by the Lorentz force in magnetized space plasmas. The BGK modes are the product of an ion-beam Buneman instability that excites large-amplitude electrostatic upper-hybrid waves in the plasma. Our study, which is performed with particle-in-cell (PIC) and Vlasov codes, reveals the stability of the BGK mode as a function of the magnetic field strength and the ion beam speed. It is found that the surfing acceleration is more effective for a weaker magnetic field owing to the longer lifetime of the BGK modes. The importance of our investigation to electron acceleration in astrophysical environments has been emphasized. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to examine trends in the proportion of smoking in diabetes patients, and to study associations between smoking, glycaemic control, and microalbuminuria. METHODS: Smoking habits were reported to the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR), with data from hospitals and primary health care. Patient characteristics included were age, gender, type of treatment, diabetes duration, HbA1c, BMI, blood pressure, antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, and microalbuminuria. RESULTS: The proportion of smokers in type 1 diabetes was 12-15% during 1996-2001, it was high in females<30 years (12-16%), and was higher in the age group 30-59 years (13-17%) than in older (6-9%) patients. The corresponding proportion of smoking in type 2 diabetes was 10-12%, higher in those less than 60 years of age (17-22%) than in older (7-9%) patients. Smoking type 1 and type 2 patients in 2001 had higher mean HbA1c but lower mean BMI values than non-smokers. Smokers also had higher frequencies of microalbuminuria, in both type 1 (18 vs 14%) and type 2 (20% vs 13%) diabetes. Multiple logistic regression analyses disclosed that smoking was independently associated with elevated HbA1c levels (p<0.001) and microalbuminuria (p<0.001), but negatively with BMI (p<0.001), in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking in patients with diabetes was widespread, especially in young female type 1, and in middle-aged type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, and should be the target for smoking cessation campaigns. Smoking was associated with both poor glycaemic control and microalbuminuria, independently of other study characteristics.

Paper No P-1.060

We examine the electron acceleration by a localized electrostatic potential oscillating at high frequencies by means of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, in which we apply oscillating electric fields to two neighboring simulation cells. We derive an analytic model for the direct electron heating by the externally driven antenna electric field, and we confirm that it approximates well the electron heating obtained in the simulations. In the simulations, transient waves accelerate electrons in a sheath surrounding the antenna. This increases the Larmor radii of the electrons close to the antenna, and more electrons can reach the antenna location to interact with the externally driven fields. The resulting hot electron sheath is dense enough to support strong waves that produce high-energy sounder-accelerated electrons (SAEs) by their nonlinear interaction with the ambient electrons. By increasing the emission amplitudes in our simulations to values that are representative for the ones of the sounder on board the OEDIPUS C (OC) satellites, we obtain electron acceleration into the energy range which is comparable to the 20 keV energies of the SAE observed by the OC mission. The emission also triggers stable electrostatic waves oscillating at frequencies close to the first harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency. We find this to be an encouraging first step of examining SAE generation with kinetic numerical simulation codes.

Paper P-1.061

Hypertension in diabetes is an important and treatable cardiovascular risk factor. Treatment targets from guidelines cannot always be achieved in everyday clinical practice. It is therefore of great importance to monitor trends in hypertension control in defined populations. Patients with type I diabetes (range 6685-10100; treated hypertension 21-29%) or with type II diabetes (range 15935-22605; treated hypertension 47-56%) were included in four national samples between 1996 and 1999. This screening was part of the procedures for the National Diabetes Register in Sweden, which monitors trends in clinical practice and risk factors for patients with diabetes, recruited both in primary health care and at the hospital level. A favourable trend in mean and median blood pressure levels was noticed during the 4-year study period, based either on data from repeated surveys or on repeated measures in the same individual, both for type I diabetes (mean: -2/-2 mmHg; P < 0.01) and for type II diabetes (mean: -5/-3 mmHg; P < 0.001). Correspondingly, the proportion of hypertensive patients in acceptable control of blood pressure (less than or equal to140/ 85 mmHg) increased (P < 0.001) both in type I diabetes (52.0-57.9%) and in type 11 diabetes (22.4-33.3%). It was concluded that hypertension is a widespread cardiovascular risk factor in patients with diabetes, especially systolic hypertension. A trend for a better systolic blood pressure control during the late 1990s in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes in Sweden could translate into substantial (estimated) clinical benefits in cardiovascular and diabetes-related morbidity. The National Diabetes Register makes a quality assessment of the hypertension treatment possible.

OBJECTIVE:To monitor glycemic control, treatable risk factors, and treatment profile for quality assessment of diabetes care on a national scale. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:Four samples of 23,546, 32,903, 30,311, and 29,769 patients with diabetes (1996-1999) were studied based on a repeated national screening and quality assessment of diabetes care by the National Diabetes Register, Sweden, with participation of both hospitals and primary health care. Clinical characteristics included were age, sex, diabetes duration and treatment, glycemic control (HbA(1c)), office blood pressure (BP), BMI, smoking habits, and use of lipid-lowering drugs in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. RESULTS:Favorable decreases of mean HbA(1c) and BP values were registered during the 4-year study period for both type 1 (HbA(1c) 7.5-7.3% and BP 130/75-130/74 mmHg) and type 2 diabetic patients (HbA(1c) 7.0-6.7% and BP 151/82-147/80 mmHg). Treatment aims of HbA(1c) and BP levels were also achieved in increasing proportions for type 1 (HbA(1c) <7.5%: 50-58% and BP