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In a previous report, we noted a new direct reaction between 1 mole of trioxane and 1 mole of ethylene oxide and the formation of a novel cyclic formal of 1, 3, 5, 7-tetraoxacyclononane. We have now determined a new reaction and novel cyclic compound from the reaction of trioxane and ethylene oxide. The novel cyclic compound was separated and collected using a micro-distillation apparatus and gas chromatographic method. Its chemical structure was confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The new isolated novel cyclic compound was 1, 3, 5, 7, 10-pentaoxacyclododecane, which might be formed by the direct reaction of 1 mole of trioxane and 2 moles of ethylene oxide. In the commercial base acetal copolymer, which was produced by the copolymerization of trioxane and ethylene oxide, it is known that there is a consecutive two units sequence of ethylene oxide, and this consecutive 2 ethylene oxide unit sequence might be postulated to come from the ring opening-polymerization of the novel cyclic formal of 1, 3, 5, 7, 10-pentaoxacyclododecane.

ベンゼンの部分水素化反応のシクロヘキセン選択性を向上させるために, アルコール類の助触媒効果について検討を行った. 反応は水, もしくは金属塩水溶液中に触媒を分散させて行い, 触媒として, Ru/La (OH) 3, Ru/γ-Al2O3, Ru金属触媒を用いた. いずれの触媒を使用した場合においても,わずかな量のアルコール類の添加により反応速度の低下とともに選択性が向上し, アルコール類が助触媒として有効に働くことがわかった.アルコールの種類によって添加量と選択性向上効果の関係は大きく異なり, ブチルアルコール類を用いた場合は, 第一級アルコールが最も効果的で, 第二級第三級では効果は小さくなった. またアリルアルコール類やベンジルアルコールはごく微量の添加で反応速度を著しく阻害した. またアルコールの添加効果の程度は触媒によって異なり, Ru金属触媒を使用した系では, ベンジルアルコールを添加することにより, ベンゼン転化率30%において, シクロヘキセン選択率70%以上が得られた.これらの効果は, アルコール酸素の不対電子から触媒であるRuへの電子供与が起こり, アルコール類が配位してRu表面の電子状態を変化させるか, もしくは単に触媒表面を被覆することによって生じたものと考えられる. その結果, ベンゼンや生成シクロヘキセンの触媒への吸着や, シクロヘキサンへの逐次水素化が妨げられ, シクロヘキセン選択性が向上したものと推定した.

The direct reaction of ethylene oxide with trioxane was thought impossible because of the weak basicity of trioxane. Thus, as the initiation mechanism of the copolymerization of trioxane and ethylene oxide, the formation mechanism of dioxolane from ethylene oxide and formaldehyde was proposed by several authors, and this mechanism was thought plausible for a long time.We found a new reaction, that is, the direct reaction of ethylene oxide with trioxane and isolated a novel cyclic formal. From this novel cyclic formal, 1, 3, 5-trioxepane was formed and then dioxolane was also generated. A new intermediate, or a novel cyclic compound, was separated using a micro-distillation apparatus. Its chemical structure was confirmed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, Mass spectrum and elemental analysis. The new isolated intermediate or novel cyclic compound was 1, 3, 5, 7-tetraoxacyclononane, which identifies a new direct reaction between trioxane and ethylene oxide. This reaction identified the precise initiation mechanism of the copolymerization of trioxane and ethylene oxide.

Initially, the initiation mechanism for the copolymerization of 1,3,5-trioxane (TO) and ethylene oxide proposed the formation of 1,3-dioxolane from the reaction of ethylene oxide with formaldehyde, and this mechanism was believed plausible for a long time. Recently, we carefully studied the bulk copolymerization of TO and ethylene oxide using boron trifluoride-dibutyl ether as the initiator. Two novel cyclic formals, 1,3,5,7-tetraoxacyclononane (TOCN) and 1,3,5,7,-10-pentaoxacyclododecane (POCD), from the initiation reaction of the copolymerization of TO and ethylene oxide were isolated and identified. From this discovery, we proposed a new initiation mechanism for the copolymerization of TO and ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide reacts directly with TO to form TOCN and POCD. From TOCN, 1,3,5-trioxepane (TOXP) is formed, and from TOXP, 1,3-dioxolane is formed.

We propose a new approach for early gesture recognition. Early gesture recognition is a method to recognize sequential posture patterns at their beginning parts. Using early gesture recognition, we can reduce the delay and increase the interactivity of the system. The key issue of early recognition problem is how to recognize the beginning part of gesture. Generally, a reference gesture consists of a sequence of postures. Therefore, to realize early recognition we have to select beginning parts of the posture sequences. In this paper, we propose a method to obtain such beginning parts of the posture sequences, and demonstrate its effectiveness through some experiments.

The range of scene depths that appear focused in an image is known as the depth of field (DOF). Conventional cameras are limited by a fundamental trade-off between depth of field and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For a dark scene, the aperture of the lens must be opened up to maintain SNR, which causes the DOF to reduce. Also, today's cameras have DOFs that correspond to a single slab that is perpendicular to the optical axis. In this paper, we present an imaging system that enables one to control the DOF in new and powerful ways. Our approach is to vary the position and/or orientation of the image detector during the integration time of a single photograph. Even when the detector motion is very small (tens of microns), a large range of scene depths (several meters) is captured, both in and out of focus. Our prototype camera uses a micro-actuator to translate the detector along the optical axis during image integration. Using this device, we demonstrate four applications of flexible DOF. First, we describe extended DOF where a large depth range is captured with a very wide aperture (low noise) but with nearly depth-independent defocus blur. Deconvolving a captured image with a single blur kernel gives an image with extended DOF and high SNR. Next, we show the capture of images with discontinuous DOFs. For instance, near and far objects can be imaged with sharpness, while objects in between are severely blurred. Third, we show that our camera can capture images with tilted DOFs (Scheimpflug imaging) without tilting the image detector. Finally, we demonstrate how our camera can be used to realize nonplanar DOFs. We believe flexible DOF imaging can open a new creative dimension in photography and lead to new capabilities in scientific imaging, vision, and graphics.

"Clickable Real World" is a new methodology to retrieve real-time real-world information from the web. The key point is that the query here is the name and the attributes of a given landmark, which is given by taking a picture of the landmark by a mobile phone camera. The user can feel to directly click the landmark in front of him/her by the shutter clicks. One of the great advantages of our approach is to use open image database such as Flickr, Picasa, or so on, to identify a landmark. Images on such open databases are automatically updated and some proper keywords are given by photographers in the world. Therefore, we need not prepare reference images which are required to identify a landmark. In addition, a matched image might have proper labels which indicate the landmark. In this paper, we will explain the overview of Clickable Real World and report some experimental results.

A new reaction between 1,3,5-trioxane and ethylene oxide has been observed and a novel cyclic formal, which is the reaction product of 1 equiv. of 1,3,5-trioxane and 1 equiv. of ethylene oxide, has been isolated and identified.

We propose a new robust estimator for parameter estimation in highly noisy data with multiple structures and without prior information on the noise scale of inliers This is a diagnostic method that uses random sampling like RANSAC, but adaptively estimates the inlier scale using a novel adaptive scale estimator The residual distribution model of inliers is assumed known, such as a Gaussian distribution Given a putative solution, our inlier scale estimator attempts to extract a distribution for the inliers from the distribution of all residuals This is done by globally searching a partition of the total distribution that best fits the Gaussian distribution Then, the density of the residuals of estimated inliers is used as the score in the objective function to evaluate the putative solution The output of the estimator is the best solution that gives the highest score Experiments with various simulations and real data for line fitting and fundamental matrix estimation are carried out to validate our algorithm, which performs better than several of the latest robust estimators.

アセタール樹脂の新製造技術を開発した。第一は,メチラールを酸化することにより高濃度のホルマリンを得る新技術を開発した。メタノールの酸化では,ホルムアルデヒド1molに対して水が1mol生成するが,メチラールの酸化では3molのホルムアルヒドに対て,水は1molである。従って,工業的にはメタノール酸化法では55%のホルマリンが得られるのに対してメチラール酸化では70%以上の高濃度のホルマリンを得ることができる。第二は,この高濃度ホルマリンから高度に精製されたホルムアルデヒドを無水酢酸を分子量調節剤,もしくは末端封鎖剤としての作用の存在下で重合させると,重合時に末端が封鎖されたポリマーが得られる。第三に,高濃度ホルマリンはトリオキサンの生成を促進する。高度精製トリオキサンをエチレンオキシドとの共重合に際して末端封鎖剤の存在下で重合すると,末端が封鎖された安定なポリマーが得られる。共重合の開始反応において,二つの新規化合物である1,3,5,7-テトラオキサシクロノナン(TOCN)と1,3,5,7,10-ペンタオキサシクロドデカソ(POCD)が単離され,新しい開始反応機構が提案された。第四に,活性水素を有する潤滑性機能性ポリマーの存在下でホルムアルデヒドを重合させることにより,世界で最初のアセタールブロックコポリマーを工業化した。このアセタールブロヅクコポリマーは優れた潤滑性能を示した。

Serological survey of Rhodococcus equi infection in horses in Hokkaido was performed using ELISA. Of 2,879 horse sera, 318 (11.0%) gave antibody-positive (OD greater than or equal to 0.3) reactions. The antibody-positive rate of female was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than that of male, and no statistical difference between Anglo-Arab and thoroughbred was detected in the antibody-positive rate. The maximum antibody-positive rate (27.1%) was shown at 14 years of age. The antibody-positive rates on the 160 farms were found to vary widely from 0 to 78.9%. A significant difference (p less than 0.01) in the antibody-positive rate was detected among horse farms. It was elucidated that 100 (62.5%) out of 160 horse farms had an antibody-positive horse. These results indicate that R. equi was widespread on horse farms, and the level of environmental contamination with R. equi differed among horse farms.

Although RANSAC is the most widely used robust estimator in computer vision, it has certain limitations making it ineffective in some situations, such as the motion estimation problem, in which uncertainty on the image features changes according to the capturing conditions. The greatest problem is that the threshold used by RANSAC to detect inliers cannot be changed adaptively; instead it is fixed by the user. An adaptive scale algorithm must therefore be applied in such cases. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive scale robust estimator that adaptively finds the best solution with the best scale to fit the inliers, without the need for predefined information. Our new adaptive scale estimator matches the residual probability density from an estimate and the standard Gaussian probability density function to find the best inlier scale. Our algorithm is evaluated in several motion estimation experiments under varying conditions and the results are compared with several of the latest adaptive-scale robust estimators.

Image based modeling methods has been well studied for generating a 3D model from an image sequence. Most of them require redundant and huge spatio-temporal images for estimating a scene depth. It is not good characteristic for taking a higher resolution of texture. A route panorama is a continuous panoramic image along a path. It is suitable for modeling large environments such as a city or town. The panorama captured by a line scan sensor also has advantage for capturing higher resolution easily. In this paper, we propose a method for depth estimation from the panorama. The route panorama has color drifts that correspond to the distances of captured objects. We use these color drifts to estimate the depth of an image. The proposed method detects the color drift by window matching using belief propagation. It also uses a Gaussian pyramid to stabilize the estimation and decrease its computation cost. We confirmed that the proposed method estimated depth maps from a single high-resolution panorama in experiments.

ベンゼンの液相部分水素化反応機構の解析を行った。反応はRu触媒,助触媒(酸化亜鉛) ,および水の存在下,ベンゼン-d6を用いて行い,生成物中の重水素量を詳細に比較した。触媒上では吸着基質であるオレフィソと,気相水素もしくは水から供給される解離吸着水素との間にC-D～H交換反応が発生している。この交換反応は助触媒を添加した場合のシクロヘキセンの生成過程で特に顕著であった。また,触媒上でシク導ヘキサンが生成する過程は複雑で1単鮪な水素導入過程とは別に,シク糠ヘキセンから脱離した水素により生成した解離吸着水素による水素化の過程が存在することが明らかとなった。反応の選択性は助触媒の添加により大きく向上した。これは助触媒である亜鉛化合物が,触媒上での水素化中間体を安定化してシクロヘキサンへの水素化を抑制し,シクロヘキセンとして脱離する確率を高めること,およびシクロヘキセソの再吸着を阻害することによると推定された。

Many applications have used a Head-Mounted Display (HMD), such as in virtual and mixed realities, and tele-presence. The advantage of HMD systems is the ease of feeling a 3D world in the display of animation or movies. However, the field of view (FOV) of commercial HMD systems is too narrow for feeling immersion. The horizontal FOV of many commercial HMDs is around 60 degrees, significantly narrower than that of humans. In this paper, we propose a super wide field of view head-mounted display consisting of an ellipsoidal and a hyperboloidal curved mirror. The horizontal FOV of the proposed HMD is 180 degrees and includes the peripheral view of humans. It increases reality and immersion of users. As well, the central region (60 degrees) of the FOV can measure 3D distances using stereoscopics.

In this paper, we propose a tele-operation system with a super wide field of view (FOV). Our tele-operation system has an omnidirectional image sensor for capturing a panoramic image and a personal spherical screen display for projecting a wide angle image. Our first contribution is the application of our system to navigate the mobile robot by tele-operation and evaluate the efficiency of wide angle image. Our second contribution is the proposal of super wide FOV. Generally, FOVs of a common display system and a HMD system are restricted and it is unable to see the outer of FOV of a common display system. The idea of super wide FOV is a nonlinear transformation from the input image to the display. Therefore, the operator can look behind even if the display is not the paranorama display such as the cylindrical large screen and the CAVE system.

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the catalytic performance in partial hydrogenation of benzene over supported ruthenium catalysts prepared from Ru 3 (CO) 12 and RuCl 3 . The effect of various supports and Ru–M bimetallic catalysts are tested for this reaction. The ruthenium particle size of 5%Ru/ZrO 2 catalysts prepared from Ru 3 (CO) 12 and RuCl 3 determined from H 2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM); and the results of partial hydrogenation of benzene using these catalysts are presented in the chapter. Particle size of each catalyst obtained from H 2 adsorption, XRD, TEM was in good agreement. H 2 adsorption studies of Ru 3 (CO) 12 -derived catalyst showed high dispersion and no clear peaks due to ruthenium crystal were observed in XRD spectra. From TEM observation, the average particles size of Ru 3 (CO) 12 and RuCl 3 -derived catalysts were 2.0 and 4.8 nm, respectively. A H 2 –temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectrum of Ru 3 (CO) 12 -derived catalyst showed two major peaks with the maximum intensity in the middle and high temperature range, which could be due to the formation of well defined Ru species.

It is desirable to engineer a small camera with a wide field of view (FOV) because of current developments in the field of wearable cameras and computing products, such as action cameras and Google Glass. However, typical approaches for achieving wide FOV, such as attaching a fisheye lens and convex mirrors, require a trade-off between optics size and the FOV. We propose camera optics that achieve a wide FOV, and are at the same time small and lightweight. The proposed optics are a completely lensless and catoptric design. They contain four mirrors, two for wide viewing, and two for focusing the image on the camera sensor. The proposed optics are simple and can be simply miniaturized, since we use only mirrors for the proposed optics and the optics are not susceptible to chromatic aberration. We have implemented the prototype optics of our lensless concept. We have attached the optics to commercial charge-coupled device/complementary metal oxide semiconductor cameras and conducted experiments to evaluate the feasibility of our proposed optics.

The authors describe an omnidirectional image sensor, called HyperOmniVision, that can observe a 360 degree field of view and can transformed an input image to a common camera image or a panoramic image easily. However, it has an intrinsic problem where the angular resolution of HyperOmniVision is lower than that of a conventional video camera. The authors propose a super-resolution method for HyperOmniVision, which fuses consecutive images obtained the by turning motion of HyperOmniVision. They discuss the optimization of both optics and processing by simulation results.

DFT calculations put forth theoretical grounds for a smooth reaction between methoxy and carbonate groups on the organotin template to afford dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The strong association of the...

Complete end-capping during the copolymerization of trioxane and ethylene oxide in the bulk polymerization state using boron trifluoride dibutyl ether as the initiator and methylal as the chain transfer agent was accomplished. By using highly purified trioxane as the starting material and by completely deactivating the catalyst residue, an almost completely end-capped polymer (degree of stability was over 99.5%) was obtained.

A new reaction between 1,3,5-trioxane and ethylene oxide has been observed and a novel cyclic formal, which is the reaction product of 1 equiv. of 1,3,5-trioxane and 1 equiv. of ethylene oxide, has been isolated and identified.

Many applications have used a Head-Mounted Display (HMD), such as in virtual and mixed realities, and tele-presence. The advantage of HMD systems is the ease of feeling a 3D world in the display of animation or movies. However, the field of view (FOV) of commercial HMD systems is too narrow for feeling immersion. The horizontal FOV of many commercial HMDs is around 60 degrees, significantly narrower than that of humans. In this paper, we propose a super wide field of view catadioptrical head-mounted display consisting of an ellipsoidal and a hyperboloidal curved mirror. The horizontal FOV of the proposed HMD is 180 degrees and includes the peripheral view of humans. It increases reality and immersion of users. As well, the central region (60 degrees) of the FOV can measure 3D distances using stereoscopics.

EDA complex formation between 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) and polyesters bearing pendant 9-carbazolyl groups was studied in ethylene dichloride. The formation constant (K) decreases with increasing length of the main chain repeating units separating pendant donor groups and with decreasing degree of polycondensation. In all cases, the values of K in polymeric systems are larger than those for the monomer model system by factors less than three. Thermodynamic parameters for complex formation were also determined. The general trend of the polymer effect is to increase − ΔH, while the entropy term is not much different from the monomer model system. The origin of polymer effects is interpreted as due not only to neighbouring group effects but also to remote group effects, and simultaneous participation of more than one carbazolyl group in complexing an acceptor molecule is considered. The results are compared with the EDA complex formation by ethylenic polymers and polyurethanes with pendant carbazolyl groups.

A polyurethane having pendant carbazolyl groups separated by four methylene groups was prepared and the EDA complex formation with 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) was studied in chloroform. EDA complexes of the polymer and the monomer model compound are spectroscopically indistinguishable. The formation constant (K) of the polymer complex is about equal to that of the monomer model compound in the oligomeric range whereas K increases with increasing molecular weight of the polymer. This trend of polymer effect is the same for the complex formation with other acceptors such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB). The formation of the polymer complex is entropically favoured although the negative enthalpy change is larger for the monomer model compound. The reasons are discussed.

Interpolymer EDA complex formation between polyesters bearing pendant carbazolyl groups and polyurethanes bearing pendant trinitrofluorenonyl groups was investigated in dioxane at 25°C. Complex formation depends on the degree of polycondensation (DP) as well as on structure matching of polymeric D and polymeric A. With increasing DP, the solubility of the D polymer-A polymer mixture trends to decrease. Even when the polymer complexes do not precipitate, the Ketelaar's plots do not always fall on a straight line. These phenomena were interpreted as due to higher order complex formation and/or dependence of the formation constant on the fraction of saturation. It was found that polymeric donor acceptor pairs in which the number of atoms in a repeating main chain unit are identical for D and A polymers form a stronger complex than other combinations. It was concluded that structure matching of an interacting pair is a favourable condition to form tight complexes as in the case of antigenantibody interactions.

Session 1:Image Analysis - SPIE : Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers; International audience; A strong correlation exists between the performance of Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs), working either in fuel cell or electrolysis mode, and their electrodes microstructure. However, the basic relationships between the three-dimensional characteristics of the microstructure and the electrode properties are not still precisely understood. Thus, several studies have been recently proposed in an attempt to improve the knowledge of such relations, which are essential before optimizing the microstructure, and hence, designing more efficient SOC electrodes. In that frame, an original model has been adapted to generate virtual 3D microstructures of typical SOCs electrodes. Both the oxygen electrode, which is made of porous LSCF, and the hydrogen electrodes, made of porous Ni-YSZ, have been studied. In this work, the synthetic microstructures are generated by the so-called 3D Gaussian ‘Random Field model’. The morphological representativeness of the virtual porous media have been validated on real 3D electrode microstructures of a commercial cell, obtained by X-ray nano-tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). This validation step includes the comparison of the morphological parameters like the phase covariance function and granulometry as well as the physical parameters like the ‘apparent tortuosity’. Finally, this validated tool will be used, in forthcoming studies, to identify the optimal microstructure of SOCs.

ISBN:978-1-5106-1121-4; International audience; The human corneal endothelium regulates the cornea transparency. Its cells, that can not regenerate after birth, form a tesselated mosaic with almost perfect hexagonal cells during childhood, becoming progressively bigger and less ordered during aging. This study included 50 patients (in 10 decades groups) and 10 specular microscopy observations per patient. Five different criteria were measured on the manually segmented cells: area and perimeter of the cells as well as reduced Minkowski functionals. All these criteria were used to assess the probability of age group membership. We demonstrated that the age evaluation is near the reality, although a high variability was observed for patients between 30 and 70 years old.