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Allozyme electrophoresis analysis were performed in four species of Hypostomus (Loricariidae), H. albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani, and Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 from the Ivai river, a tributary of the upper Parana river. The study of 14 loci revealed diagnostic characters and exclusive alleles in a low frequency. The heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 in H. albopunctatus to 0.199 in H. hermanni, which was higher than the heterozygosity in other samples of Hypostomus in literature, as well as in other fish groups. Hypostomus albopunctatus and H. regani revealed higher similarity (I = 0.804), while H. hermanni and Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 showed the least genetic identity (I = 0.569). All samples were genetically distinguished, despite there were several shared alleles. The FST value was 0.671, showing a high genetic differentiation among the samples. Hypostomus sp. 1/NUP 5612 was genetically distinguished from the three congeners by the loci Adh-A and G3pdh-B and by present rare exclusive alleles in other six enzymatic systems.

The potential of fish to transfer salmonellae from heterogeneous aquatic biofilms into feces was assessed in controlled aquarium studies with Suckermouth Catfish Hypostomus plecostomus and with biofilms inoculated with salmonellae. Neither the presence of catfish nor inoculation with salmonellae had detectable effects on the abundance of the microbial community. Densities of the microbial community were about 10(5) cells/mL in the water during a 1-week period, whereas densities of the microbial community increased 10-fold (10(6) to 10(7) cells/mg) in catfish feces during the same period. Salmonellae were detected by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and situ hybridization in water samples immediately after inoculation, in numbers of about 10(4) cells/mL, representing up to 20% of the cells of the microbial community. Numbers decreased by three orders of magnitude within the first 3 d of the study, which represented only 0.01% of the community, and became undetectable after day 5. In catfish feces, numbers of Salmonella initially increased to up to 6% of the cells of the community but then declined. These results suggest that Salmonella are not biomagnified during gut passage, and thus, fish only provide a means for the translocation of this pathogen.

A diversidade da ictiofauna da bacia do rio Ivaí é altamente subestimada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a ictiofauna do rio Bonito, um tributário do rio Ivaí, bacia do alto rio Paraná, quanto à riqueza, diversidade e constância de espécies. Foram estabelecidos três locais de amostragem ao longo do gradiente longitudinal do rio: cabeceira, trecho médio e região de desembocadura próxima ao rio Ivaí. Três incursões de coleta foram feitas em cada unidade utilizando redes de espera de diferentes malhas, tarrafas e covos. A ictiofauna foi composta por 23 espécies, divididas em nove famílias e três ordens. Entre as espécies coletadas, três delas são possíveis novos registros para o alto rio Paraná e 12 para a bacia do rio Ivaí. A maior riqueza foi registrada no trecho inferior, onde foram encontradas 20 espécies, o qual também apresentou maior diversidade e menor dominância de espécies. No trecho médio do rio foram coletadas sete espécies e no trecho superior apenas uma. No baixo rio Bonito a maioria das espécies foram acessórias e no trecho médio cinco foram constantes e apenas uma acessória. O trecho médio apresentou maior dominância de espécies, com destaque para Hypostomus aff. ancistroides. O gradiente altitudinal foi um importante fator estruturador da assembleia de peixes do rio Bonito, delimitando as assembleias ao longo do gradiente longitudinal. The ichthyofauna diversity of the Ivaí river basin is largely underestimated. The present study aimed to characterize the fish fauna of the Bonito River, a tributary to the Ivaí River, upper Paraná river basin, in relation to richness, diversity and constancy. It was established three sampling sites along the longitudinal gradient of the river: headwater, medium stretch and mouth, at the point near the confluence to Ivaí river. Three collection expeditions were made in each site. Gill nets of different meshes, cast nets and traps were used. The ichthyofauna of the Bonito river was composed by 23 species, divided into nine families and three orders. Among the sampled species, three were possible new records for the upper Paraná river basin and 12 for the Ivaí river basin. The highest species richness was recorded in the lower stretch, where 20 species were found. In the middle section of the river, seven species were collected and just one species was captured at headwater. In the lower stretch it was also obtained the greatest diversity and lower species dominance. Additionally, in the lower Bonito river most of the species were incidental, whereas in the middle section five species were constant and only one was accessory. The middle section had the most dominant species, Hypostomus aff. ancistroides. The altitudinal gradient seems to determine the pattern of species distribution, delimiting the assemblages along longitudinal gradient of the river.

Hypostomus, a genus of Loricariidae, is one of the most diversified and widely distributed genera among fishes of South America (Weber 2003). It is the dominant genus of armoured catfish in Brazilian rivers (Weber 2003). Chromosomally, this group is highly diversified and studies of repetitive DNAs in these species are still in preliminary stages. Hypostomus karyotypes range from 54 chromosomes in H. plecostomus (Muramoto et al. 1968) to 84 chromosomes in Hypostomus sp. 2 (Cereali et al. 2008). Artoni and Bertollo (2001) consider the diploid number of 54 chromosomes as basal for Hypostominae, using Trichomycteridae as outgroup, suggesting that the chromosome evolution of Hypostomus occurred through centric fissions. Recently, Bueno et al. (2012) showed that other chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions, deletions, duplications and heterochromatinization, could contribute to the chromosomal differentiation within the genus. Repetitive DNAs arranged in tandem are important tools in studies of taxonomic and evolutionary problems. These sequences could be associated with chromosomal rearrangement events (Wichman et al. 1991; Rosa et al. 2012; and others). According to Wichman et al. (1991), satellite DNAs rapidly diverge during evolution. Thereby, they are important for solving the taxonomic and evolutionary problems among related species.

Gill respiratory surface area and oxygen consumption during aquatic respiration were measured in the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish,Hypostomus plecostomus. The fish did not surface to breathe atmospheric air in normoxic water; air-breathing was evoked by environmental hypoxia (water oxygen tension=35±2, mmHg) and did not show size-related threshold differences for air breathing.During gradual hypoxia, without access to atmospheric, air,H. plecostomus was found to be an oxyregulator and showed a reduced range of water oxygen tension in which the oxygen consumption remained constant in smaller fish. The critical oxygen tensions were 55 and 33 mmHg at 25°C for fish of 14-30 g and 31-80g body weight, respectively.The gill respiratory surface area (total lamellae area) is reduced, however, the lamellar frequency per mm of gill filament is high which facilitates the gas exchange. Moreover, the increase of gill respiratory surface area (b=0.666) is higher than the increase in routine VO2 (b=0.338) showing a positive relationship between the gill respiratory surface area /VO2 ratio and body mass (b=0.328); this indicates that the fish have greater gill respiratory surface area per unit of routine VO2 as they grow.

SUMMARYSome species of Hypostomus from the Upper Parana Basin (SP) were studied cytogenetically. The diploid chromosome number ranged from 2n= 68 to 2n = 80, with a considerably variable karyotypic structure between species, but no chromosomal differences were observed between males and females. The nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were also quite variable both intra- and interspecifically in terms of number and size. In general, constitutive heterochromatin was not very abundant and usually located in small blocks. The data suggest that some chromosomal rearrangements, as the robertsonian ones and pericentric inversions, were important for the karyotypic evolution of Hypostomus. These fishes also appear to be a good material for cytotaxonomic studies.

Laboratory-based static acute toxicity tests were performed to determine the relative toxicity of TFM to selected species of tadpoles and ornamental fish in soft (mean, 45 mg/L as CaCO3) and hard (mean, 177 mg/L) freshwater. Sensitivity was measured as the 96-h LC50, the concentration lethal to half the test animals in 96 h, The sensitivity of larval bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana to TFM was 1.50 mg/L in soft water and 4.20 mg/L in hard water. The 96-h LC50 of TFM for larval southern toads Bufo terrestris was 0.51 mg/L in soft water and 0.70 mg/L in hard water. Toxicity of TFM (96-h LC50) to the fish tested ranged from 1.02 to 7.73 mg/L in soft water and 1.83 to 18.05 mg/L in hard water. Probit analysis indicated that the amount of TFM required to kill 99% of bullfrog larvae was 3.35 mg/L. A 96-h exposure to 3.35 mg!L TFM would also kill 99% of suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, 92% of black neon tetras Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi, 90% of tiger barbs Puntius tetrazona, 50% of freshwater a...

Hypostomus delimai new species (Figs. 1- 3) Holotype. INPA 6191, 235.2 mm SL, Brazil, Par��, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05��07���29.6���S 49��18���44.4���W, 14 Nov 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. Paratypes. Brazil: Par�� State: ANSP 192612, 1, 202.1 mm SL; INPA 35376, 3, 162.7 -230.0 mm SL. ZUEC 7088, 200.7 mm SL, collected with holotype. INPA 2485, 1, 175.4 mm SL, Tucuru��, rio Tocantins, 03��51���54.1���S 49��39���1.6���W, 31 Oct 1987, F. Martinho. INPA 6153, 1, 247.2 mm SL, Itupiranga, lago Morateiro, rio Tocantins, 05��08���42.1���S 49��18���10.2���W, 4 Jul 1982, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6192, 2, 206.0 and 253.1 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05��09���59.5���S 49��20���1.0���W, 30 Jun 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6193, 4, 103.9 -215.0 mm SL. MPEG 24021, 1, 168.8 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05��05���26.3���S 49��20���13.9���W, 30 Jun 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6195, 1, 147.8 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05��05���26.3���S 49��20���13.9���W, 30 Jun 1981, M. J��gu. MZUSP 110815, 1, 207.0 mm SL, S��o Geraldo do Araguaia, rio Gameleira, at its mouth, tributary to rio Araguaia, 06��08���11���S 48��23���35���W, 4 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. Tocantins State: INPA 20029, 1, 118.0 mm SL, Caseara, Parque Estadual do Cant��o, lago Volta Grande, rio Araguaia, 09��47���16���S 50��09���54.5���W, 18 May 2000, J. Zuanon, E. J. G. Ferreira, S. Amadio & G. M. Santos. INPA 20473, 1, 167.1 mm SL, Caseara, Parque Estadual do Cant��o, lago Perdidos, rio Araguaia, 09��42���59.9���S 50��08���14���W, 24 Feb 2000, J. Zuanon, E. J. G. Ferreira, S. Amadio & G. M. Santos. INPA 35376, 3, 162.7 -230.0 mm SL; and NUP 11015, 1, 204.3 mm SL, border of Anan��s and S��o Geraldo do Araguaia (in the border of the States of Tocantins and Par��), rio Araguaia, 06��08���14���S 48��19���52���W, 9 Jul 2009, T. Debona. NUP 11016, 1, 176.7 mm SL, Araguan��, rio Lontra, tributary to rio Araguaia, 06��33���56���S 48��38���11���W, 8 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. NUP 11017, 1, 205.5 mm SL, Anan��s, border of the States of Tocantins and Par��, rio Araguaia, 06��08���14���S 48��19���52���W, 8 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. Diagnosis. The new species is distinguished from all other Hypostomus species, with exception of H. carinatus (Steindachner, 1881), H. hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel, 1988, and H. watwata Hancock, 1828, by the presence of five to eight (mode seven) predorsal plates limiting the posterior border of the supraoccipital bone (Fig. 3) (vs. one to three plates). Hypostomus delimai differs from H. carinatus, H. hoplonites, and H. watwata by having pale spots against darker ground color on body and fins (vs. dark spots against lighter ground color). Description. Based on holotype and 21 paratypes. Counts and measurements in Table 1. Head broad and slightly compressed. Body width at cleithral region slightly greater than head depth and approximately equal to head length. Snout and anterior profile of head weakly rounded in dorsal view. Snout in lateral profile rising from horizontal at approximately 45��. Dorsal profile nearly straight rising from snout tip to interorbital area, then rising slightly convex to dorsal-fin origin; sloped downward from dorsal-fin origin to region of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, then elevating again to caudal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle somewhat ellipsoid in cross-section, dorsally and ventrally flattened. Eye moderate in diameter (14.1-17.1% of HL), dorsolaterally positioned. Interorbital area wide and flat in frontal view. Mesethmoid forming inconspicuous median ridge on dorsal region of snout. Weak ridge on dorsal surface of head, from nares to upper margin of eyes, and from here to compound pterotic. Cheek plates with odontodes usually small, but sometimes distinctively larger on posterior border. Cleithral process deep in lateral view, usually deeper than longer, its upper border convex. Supraoccipital generally with conspicuous median ridge; with narrow and relatively long posterior process limited by five to eight (mode seven) predorsal plates. Plates limiting supraoccipital as part of complex arrangement of platelets (Fig. 3). Dorsal and lateral surface of head and body covered with dermal plates, except for small unplated area on tip of snout and dorsal-fin base. Predorsal region flattened, with paired moderate ridges. Trunk covered by five lateral series of dermal plates. Dorsal series of plates keeled from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin, then weakly keeled until upper procurrent caudal-fin rays. Keeled plates of all series, except ventral, with longitudinal rows of odontodes clustered at middle of plates. Mid-dorsal series with longitudinal rows of odontodes complete. Median series bearing complete lateral line, complete row of hypertrophied odontodes. Mid-ventral series moderately bent, with slightly enlarged longitudinal rows of odontodes. Ventral series strongly flattened on anterior region of caudal peduncle, bent on posterior region, and without conspicuous hypertrophied odontodes. Mouth moderate in size with enlarged central buccal papilla; buccal papilla with distal portion usually fringed. Lips wide and round. Outer edge of upper lips with odontodes. Lower lip far from reaching gill opening, its inner surface covered with numerous small papillae, larger proximally. Maxillary barbel moderate in size, slightly shorter than orbital diameter. Teeth slender, with elongated main cusp and smaller lateral cusp. Intermandibular tooth row angle approximately from 100�� to 120��. Lower surface of head totally covered by platelets except area just beneath lower lip. Pectoral bridge and abdomen totally covered by platelets except small area at base of left and right pelvic-fin unbranched rays, respectively. Dorsal fin II,7; moderate in size; spine flexible; its border almost straight; posteriorly reaching spine of adipose fin. Adipose-fin spine well developed, curved inward, with distal tip usually reaching anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Pectoral fin I,6; spine not flexible, slightly curved, with rounded tip, and usually with hypertrophied odontodes, largest on distal portion in largest specimens; when adpressed almost reaching middle of pelvic-fin spine. Pelvic fin i,5; unbranched ray curved inward; when adpressed surpassing anal-fin unbranched-ray base; its border slightly rounded. Anal fin i,4; when adpressed, distal tip of posterior rays reaching seventh or eighth plate posterior to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin i,7+7,i; slightly emarginated, with ventral lobe equal to slightly longer than dorsal lobe. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body grayish-brown. Head, dorsum and flanks covered with many pale spots against darker background. Pale spots dense, small, close to each other and less numerous, larger and more distant to each other from compound pterotic to caudal peduncle (Figs. 2 and 4). On flanks of some individuals pale spots with irregular format usually fused to each other, sometimes forming vermiculations (Fig. 1). Ventral region of head and abdomen slightly lighter than dorsal region in specimens up to 100.0 mm SL, in larger specimens ventral region of body similar to dorsal region. Some larger specimens with upper and lower lip dark. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins dark brown with pale round spots mainly over rays. Adipose fin dark brown with pale spots sometimes fused along spine (Figs. 1 and 5). Color in life. Color pattern similar to that observed in preserved specimens, except body and fins exhibiting greenbrown background and tan spots with green tinge (Fig. 2). Distribution and habitat. The species was found only in middle stretches of the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin (Fig. 4). Records of the new species were done before the construction of Tucuru�� dam in the rio Tocantins and in the rio Araguaia, in a habitat that soon will be flooded by the construction of the Santa Isabel dam. The rio Araguaia has about 2,627 km long, and its headwaters are located near the Emas National Park, southeast of the Goi��s State, Brazil. The rio Araguaia flows northeast to a junction with the rio Tocantins near the town of S��o Jo��o do Araguaia in the State of Par��. These rivers have turbid water, rocky and sandy substrate, and variable remnant riparian vegetation. The new species was found cooccurring, with Squaliforma cf. emarginata (Valenciennes, 1840), Hypostomus faveolus, Hypostomus cf. plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758), H. pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1920), and another putative undescribed species of Hypostomus. Etymology. The specific epithet delimai is in honor of Fl��vio C��sar Thadeo de Lima, Brazilian ichthyologist, due to his numerous contributions to Neotropical ichthyology., Published as part of Zawadzki, Cl��udio Henrique, Oliveira, Renildo Ribeiro de & Debona, Tiago, 2013, A new species of Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin, Brazil, pp. 73-80 in Neotropical Ichthyology 11 (1) on pages 74-77, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252013000100008, http://zenodo.org/record/4566852

Hypostomus delimai new species (Figs. 1- 3) Holotype. INPA 6191, 235.2 mm SL, Brazil, Pará, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05°07’29.6”S 49°18’44.4”W, 14 Nov 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. Paratypes. Brazil: Pará State: ANSP 192612, 1, 202.1 mm SL; INPA 35376, 3, 162.7 -230.0 mm SL. ZUEC 7088, 200.7 mm SL, collected with holotype. INPA 2485, 1, 175.4 mm SL, Tucuruí, rio Tocantins, 03°51’54.1”S 49°39’1.6”W, 31 Oct 1987, F. Martinho. INPA 6153, 1, 247.2 mm SL, Itupiranga, lago Morateiro, rio Tocantins, 05°08’42.1”S 49°18’10.2”W, 4 Jul 1982, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6192, 2, 206.0 and 253.1 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05°09’59.5”S 49°20’1.0”W, 30 Jun 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6193, 4, 103.9 -215.0 mm SL. MPEG 24021, 1, 168.8 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05°05’26.3”S 49°20’13.9”W, 30 Jun 1980, INPA ichthyological staff. INPA 6195, 1, 147.8 mm SL, Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 05°05’26.3”S 49°20’13.9”W, 30 Jun 1981, M. Jégu. MZUSP 110815, 1, 207.0 mm SL, São Geraldo do Araguaia, rio Gameleira, at its mouth, tributary to rio Araguaia, 06°08’11”S 48º23’35”W, 4 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. Tocantins State: INPA 20029, 1, 118.0 mm SL, Caseara, Parque Estadual do Cantão, lago Volta Grande, rio Araguaia, 09°47’16”S 50°09’54.5”W, 18 May 2000, J. Zuanon, E. J. G. Ferreira, S. Amadio & G. M. Santos. INPA 20473, 1, 167.1 mm SL, Caseara, Parque Estadual do Cantão, lago Perdidos, rio Araguaia, 09°42’59.9”S 50°08’14”W, 24 Feb 2000, J. Zuanon, E. J. G. Ferreira, S. Amadio & G. M. Santos. INPA 35376, 3, 162.7 -230.0 mm SL; and NUP 11015, 1, 204.3 mm SL, border of Ananás and São Geraldo do Araguaia (in the border of the States of Tocantins and Pará), rio Araguaia, 06°08’14”S 48°19’52”W, 9 Jul 2009, T. Debona. NUP 11016, 1, 176.7 mm SL, Araguanã, rio Lontra, tributary to rio Araguaia, 06º33’56”S 48º38’11”W, 8 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. NUP 11017, 1, 205.5 mm SL, Ananás, border of the States of Tocantins and Pará, rio Araguaia, 06°08’14”S 48°19’52”W, 8 May 2009, T. Debona & C. H. Zawadzki. Diagnosis. The new species is distinguished from all other Hypostomus species, with exception of H. carinatus (Steindachner, 1881), H. hoplonites Rapp Py-Daniel, 1988, and H. watwata Hancock, 1828, by the presence of five to eight (mode seven) predorsal plates limiting the posterior border of the supraoccipital bone (Fig. 3) (vs. one to three plates). Hypostomus delimai differs from H. carinatus, H. hoplonites, and H. watwata by having pale spots against darker ground color on body and fins (vs. dark spots against lighter ground color). Description. Based on holotype and 21 paratypes. Counts and measurements in Table 1. Head broad and slightly compressed. Body width at cleithral region slightly greater than head depth and approximately equal to head length. Snout and anterior profile of head weakly rounded in dorsal view. Snout in lateral profile rising from horizontal at approximately 45º. Dorsal profile nearly straight rising from snout tip to interorbital area, then rising slightly convex to dorsal-fin origin; sloped downward from dorsal-fin origin to region of dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays, then elevating again to caudal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle somewhat ellipsoid in cross-section, dorsally and ventrally flattened. Eye moderate in diameter (14.1-17.1% of HL), dorsolaterally positioned. Interorbital area wide and flat in frontal view. Mesethmoid forming inconspicuous median ridge on dorsal region of snout. Weak ridge on dorsal surface of head, from nares to upper margin of eyes, and from here to compound pterotic. Cheek plates with odontodes usually small, but sometimes distinctively larger on posterior border. Cleithral process deep in lateral view, usually deeper than longer, its upper border convex. Supraoccipital generally with conspicuous median ridge; with narrow and relatively long posterior process limited by five to eight (mode seven) predorsal plates. Plates limiting supraoccipital as part of complex arrangement of platelets (Fig. 3). Dorsal and lateral surface of head and body covered with dermal plates, except for small unplated area on tip of snout and dorsal-fin base. Predorsal region flattened, with paired moderate ridges. Trunk covered by five lateral series of dermal plates. Dorsal series of plates keeled from dorsal-fin origin to adipose-fin origin, then weakly keeled until upper procurrent caudal-fin rays. Keeled plates of all series, except ventral, with longitudinal rows of odontodes clustered at middle of plates. Mid-dorsal series with longitudinal rows of odontodes complete. Median series bearing complete lateral line, complete row of hypertrophied odontodes. Mid-ventral series moderately bent, with slightly enlarged longitudinal rows of odontodes. Ventral series strongly flattened on anterior region of caudal peduncle, bent on posterior region, and without conspicuous hypertrophied odontodes. Mouth moderate in size with enlarged central buccal papilla; buccal papilla with distal portion usually fringed. Lips wide and round. Outer edge of upper lips with odontodes. Lower lip far from reaching gill opening, its inner surface covered with numerous small papillae, larger proximally. Maxillary barbel moderate in size, slightly shorter than orbital diameter. Teeth slender, with elongated main cusp and smaller lateral cusp. Intermandibular tooth row angle approximately from 100° to 120°. Lower surface of head totally covered by platelets except area just beneath lower lip. Pectoral bridge and abdomen totally covered by platelets except small area at base of left and right pelvic-fin unbranched rays, respectively. Dorsal fin II,7; moderate in size; spine flexible; its border almost straight; posteriorly reaching spine of adipose fin. Adipose-fin spine well developed, curved inward, with distal tip usually reaching anteriormost dorsal procurrent ray. Pectoral fin I,6; spine not flexible, slightly curved, with rounded tip, and usually with hypertrophied odontodes, largest on distal portion in largest specimens; when adpressed almost reaching middle of pelvic-fin spine. Pelvic fin i,5; unbranched ray curved inward; when adpressed surpassing anal-fin unbranched-ray base; its border slightly rounded. Anal fin i,4; when adpressed, distal tip of posterior rays reaching seventh or eighth plate posterior to anal-fin origin. Caudal fin i,7+7,i; slightly emarginated, with ventral lobe equal to slightly longer than dorsal lobe. Color in alcohol. Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body grayish-brown. Head, dorsum and flanks covered with many pale spots against darker background. Pale spots dense, small, close to each other and less numerous, larger and more distant to each other from compound pterotic to caudal peduncle (Figs. 2 and 4). On flanks of some individuals pale spots with irregular format usually fused to each other, sometimes forming vermiculations (Fig. 1). Ventral region of head and abdomen slightly lighter than dorsal region in specimens up to 100.0 mm SL, in larger specimens ventral region of body similar to dorsal region. Some larger specimens with upper and lower lip dark. Dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal and caudal fins dark brown with pale round spots mainly over rays. Adipose fin dark brown with pale spots sometimes fused along spine (Figs. 1 and 5). Color in life. Color pattern similar to that observed in preserved specimens, except body and fins exhibiting greenbrown background and tan spots with green tinge (Fig. 2). Distribution and habitat. The species was found only in middle stretches of the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin (Fig. 4). Records of the new species were done before the construction of Tucuruí dam in the rio Tocantins and in the rio Araguaia, in a habitat that soon will be flooded by the construction of the Santa Isabel dam. The rio Araguaia has about 2,627 km long, and its headwaters are located near the Emas National Park, southeast of the Goiás State, Brazil. The rio Araguaia flows northeast to a junction with the rio Tocantins near the town of São João do Araguaia in the State of Pará. These rivers have turbid water, rocky and sandy substrate, and variable remnant riparian vegetation. The new species was found cooccurring, with Squaliforma cf. emarginata (Valenciennes, 1840), Hypostomus faveolus, Hypostomus cf. plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758), H. pyrineusi (Miranda Ribeiro, 1920), and another putative undescribed species of Hypostomus. Etymology. The specific epithet delimai is in honor of Flávio César Thadeo de Lima, Brazilian ichthyologist, due to his numerous contributions to Neotropical ichthyology.

Hypostomus delimaiis described from the rio Tocantins, Tocantins State, and from the rio Araguaia, Pará, and Tocantins States, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all other Hypostomusspecies, except from H. carinatus, H. hoplonites, and H. watwata, by the presence of five to eight (mode seven) predorsal plates limiting posterior border of the supraoccipital bone (vs. one to three plates). It can be distinguished from H. carinatus, H. hoplonites, and H. watwata by having pale spots over darker background on body and fins (vs. dark spots over lighter background). The species was only found in the middle stretches of the rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin. The first collection of specimens assigned to the new species was done in the rio Tocantins before the construction of the Tucuruí dam. Recently additional material was collected in the rio Araguaia, in a habitat that soon will be flooded for the construction of the Santa Isabel hydroelectric power station. Hypostomus delimai é descrita do rio Tocantins no estado do Tocantins e do rio Araguaia, entre os estados do Pará e Tocantins, Brasil. A espécie nova é diagnosticada das demais espécies de Hypostomus, com exceção de H. carinatus, H. hoplonites e H. watwata por possuir de cinco a oito (moda sete) placas pré-dorsais margeando a borda posterior do supraoccipital (vs.uma ou até três placas). Difere de H. carinatus, H. hoplonites, e H. watwata por apresentar pintas claras sobre o corpo e nadadeiras (vs. pintas escuras sobre fundo claro). A espécie nova foi encontrada somente no trecho médio da bacia do rio Tocantins-Araguaia. Os primeiros registros da espécie nova foram feitos no rio Tocantins antes da construção da barragem de Tucuruí. Recentemente, material adicional foi coletado no rio Araguaia, em um habitat que será brevemente inundado pela construção da hidrelétrica de Santa Isabel.

The structural organization of the interbranchial septum of the gill arch of the air-breathing loricariid fish Hypostomus plecostomus was examined using light and electron microscopy. In the middle of the interbranchial septum, an extensive interconnection was found between the afferent primary arteries from successive and opposing primary lamellae. The blood circulates among numerous trabeculae consisting of connective tissue, smooth muscle cells, and collagen fibres. A sheet of smooth muscle cells is localized at the borders of these interconnected primary arteries and joins the cartilage rod from one primary lamella to the adjacent one on the same hemibranch. The adductor muscles are restricted to the distal end of the interbranchial septum and consist of transverse and oblique striated muscle fibres fixed to the cartilage rod from the primary lamella of opposite hemibranchs. The arrangement of these muscle fibres suggests a double movement of adduction: approximation of the tips of the primary lamellae of opposing hemibranchs and reduction of the space between adjacent primary lamellae of the same hemibranch. The action of both smooth and striated muscles reduces the interconnecting vascular septal space between the primary arteries, which may allow fine adjustment of vascular perfusion of the distal part of the filaments as an adaptation for better blood flow under hypoxic conditions.

Length-frequency analyses showed that male Hypostomus affinis are bigger than females, but H. luetkeni showed no such differences. The sex ratio was estimated at 1:1 for both species. The temporal variation of sex ratio indicated a decrease in the male population when GSI was at its maximum value, suggesting that males are less prone to capture during the spawning season. According to the decrease of males during the reproductive period, paternal behaviour is proposed for both species. H. affinis reached sexual maturity at a smaller size than H. luetkeni. Considering the length weight relationship and the mortality rate of the reproductive females in both species, the physiological consequences of delay or precocity of the first maturation are discussed.

A study had been carried out to investigate heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Pb) content in sapu-sapu fish (hypostomus plecostomus) in Bengawan Solo river. The type of this research was observational research, with sapu-sapu fish inhabit Bengawan Solo River as the population. The samples were taken with purposive random sampling. Nine sapu-sapu fishes taken from 3 places, i.e.: Nguter Sukoharjo area, Premulung river outlet and Anyar river, 3 fishes from each palce, and then take examined the content of heavy metal. The result of study showed that the average content of Cu: 0.027 mg/100gr, Cd: 0.005 mg/100gr and Pb: 0.042 mg/100gr. Hence, sapu-sapu fish in Be3ngawan Solo had been contaminated with heavy metal (Cu, Cd, and Pb) and should not be consumed.

The adductor muscles in the gills of loricariid fish of genus Hypostomus and Rhinelepis are restricted to the distal end of the interbranchial septum. These muscles in Hypostomus comprise longitudinal and oblique striated muscle fibres.

A small-bodied new species of Hypostomus is described from the rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from most congeners mainly by having the lower caudal-fin lobe distinctly longer than the upper lobe and absence of conspicuous dark spots on posterior half of body. It differs particularly from congeners occurring in northeastern coastal Brazilian drainages and the rio Sao Francisco basin by having the anterior portion of the abdomen completely plated and the posterior portion plated only on a narrow median line, leaving large lateral areas naked, dark spots on anterior portion of trunk similar in size or slightly larger than those on head, absence of conspicuous spots on posterior half of trunk and caudal fin, and absence of keels on head and trunk.

O zinco (Zn) é considerado indispensável para o funcionamento de muitas atividades celulares nos peixes. Entretanto, quando em excesso, pode tornar-se nocivo ao organismo. A bioacumulação de Zn nos peixes é uma ferramenta importante para avaliação da poluição ambiental. Diante deste contexto, objetivou-se dosar os teores de Zn nas brânquias, carcaça, fígado e musculatura de 68 peixes (totalizando 272 amostras) das espécies Hoplias sp., Hypostomus sp., Piaractus sp., Pimelodus sp. e Prochilodus sp., capturados em cinco distintos pontos do Rio São Francisco (Minas Gerais) no ano de 2008. A área de estudo compreendeu a região de Três Marias, desde o Reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica da CEMIG até a foz do rio Abaeté. Vinte e oito animais apresentaram concentrações de Zn acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira (50,00 mg/kg) em pelo menos uma de suas vísceras. Do total das 272 amostras avaliadas, 50 (18,38%) estavam inadequadas. As espécies Hoplias sp. e Hypostomus sp. apresentaram a maior bioacumulação de Zn no fígado e na carcaça. O valor médio de Zn na musculatura foi de 6,82 +- 3,00 mg/kg, ou seja, todas amostras de musculatura apresentaram baixos valores deste metal. Não houve diferença na concentração do Zn entre os cinco pontos estudados. Conclui-se que o tecido hepático da espécie de peixe Hoplias sp., é o melhor biomarcador da contaminação de Zn.Palavras-chave: Zinco, peixe, Rio São Francisco.ABSTRACT: ZINC EVALUATION IN GILLS, CARCASS, LIVER AND MUSCLE OF DIFFERENT FISH SPECIES CAUGHT IN SÃO FRANCISCO RIVER (MG, BRAZIL). The Zinc (Zn) is considered indispensable for the functioning of many cellular activities in fish. However, in high levels, zinc may become harmful. The bioaccumulation of Zn in fish is an important tool for assessing environmental pollution. In this context, the aim of the study was to dose the levels of Zn in gills, carcass, liver and muscle of 68 fish (total 272 samples) of: Hoplias sp., Hypostomus sp., Piaractus sp., Pimelodus sp. and Prochilodus sp., caught in five different parts of the São Francisco River (Minas Gerais) in 2008. The studied area covered the region of Três Marias, between CEMIG hydroelectric power plant reservoir and Abaeté River. Twenty-eight animals showed Zn concentrations above the limit level allowed by Brazilian legislation (50 mg/kg) in at least one of its tissues. Out of 272 samples tested, 50 (18.38%) were inadequate. The fish Hoplias sp. and Hypostomus sp. presented the highest bioaccumulation of Zn in liver and carcass. The mean value of Zn in the muscle was 6.82 +- 3.00 mg/kg, which means, all muscle samples showed low levels of this metal. There was no difference in Zn concentration among the five locations studied. It was concluded that the liver of the fish specie Hoplias sp. is the best biomarker of Zn contamination.Keywords: Zinc, fish, São Francisco River.

Loricariidae (Siluriformes, Hypostominae) is one of the most diverse catfish families. In spite of the wide distribution of loricariids in South America, cytogenetic reports are available for only a few species, mostly from southern and southeastern Brazil. We made the first chromosomal analysis of Hypostomus aff. unae from the Contas River basin in northeastern Brazil. Four populations isolated by short distances but from distinct landscapes were studied based on conventional staining, C-banding, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NOR), CMA(3)/DAPI fluorochrome staining, and fluorescent in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA probes. Although sharing the same diploid number (2n = 76) and NOR locations, each population presented exclusive karyotype formulae and specific patterns of heterochromatic and AT-rich regions. The derived karyotypes of H. aff. unae (2n >54; high number of acrocentrics bearing AT-rich interstitial heterochromatin) indicated a divergent karyoevolution, mostly driven by centric fissions, pericentric inversions and particular heterochromatin dispersion models. This finding of distinct evolutionary units in H. aff. unae will be useful for understanding the natural history of loricariids from relatively unexplored coastal basins in South America.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:26:27Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:42:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84859169365.pdf: 2551591 bytes, checksum: a386cc8e20c36820fa37034ae15df718 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-04-04 Cytogenetic analyses were performed in four species of the Hypostominae subfamily, three from Hypostomus (Hypostomini) genus and Rhinelepis aspera (Rhinelepini). Three populations of Hypostomus ancistroides were analyzed, which had 2n=68 chromosomes, but presented different karyotype formulas. Hypostomus regani and H. strigaticeps, both from Ivaí river, showed 2n=72 chromosomes with two distinct cytotypes. In turn, R. aspera of the upper Paraná river basin presented 2n=54 chromosome. Multiple Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) have been evidenced by silver nitrate staining in species of Hypostomus and single NOR in R. aspera. The observed variation in the chromosome number and the marked variability in karyotype formulas and NORs reveal a certain amount of karyotype variation in the genus Hypostomus suggesting the probable existence of cryptic species with independent chromosome traits. Therefore, our data can be of great value in discriminating species and understanding their chromosomal evolution. Departamento de Biologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São Paulo

Cytogenetic analyses were performed in four species of the Hypostominae subfamily, three from Hypostomus (Hypostomini) genus and Rhinelepis aspera (Rhinelepini). Three populations of Hypostomus ancistroides were analyzed, which had 2n=68 chromosomes, but presented different karyotype formulas. Hypostomus regani and H. strigaticeps , both from Ivai river, showed 2n=72 chromosomes with two distinct cytotypes. In turn, R. aspera of the upper Parana river basin presented 2n=54 chromosome. Multiple Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) have been evidenced by silver nitrate staining in species of Hypostomus and single NOR in R. aspera . The observed variation in the chromosome number and the marked variability in karyotype formulas and NORs reveal a certain amount of karyotype variation in the genus Hypostomus suggesting the probable existence of cryptic species with independent chromosome traits. Therefore, our data can be of great value in discriminating species and understanding their chromosomal evolution.

La région des Néotropiques abrite la plus grande diversité de poissons d'eau douce au monde, mais les forces évolutives ayant conduit à une telle diversité sont encore aujourd'hui très méconnues. Dans le but de comprendre la diversification au sein de la région des Guyanes, j'ai réalisé des études phylogénétiques de larges échantillonages guyanais et amazoniens des espèces de poissons-chats néotropicaux des genres Ancistrus et Hypostomus. Des phylogénies moléculaires basées sur un marqueur mitochondrial et deux marqueurs nucléaires, ainsi que sur des données concaténées, ont été établies. Celles-ci révèlent la présence d'un ou plusieurs clades d'origine guyanaise. Dans l'étude d'Ancistrus, de nouvelles espèces cryptiques ont été génétiquement révélées. J'ai également identifié plusieurs hybrides au sein du genre Ancistrus en me basant sur la comparaison d'arbres phylogénétiques des différents marqueurs, une approche PCR-RFLP ayant été utilisée par la suite pour distinguer les individus hybrides des non-hybrides. Ces méthodes m'ont permis d'identifier des individus non-hybrides permettant d'inférrer l'histoire évolutive des espèces. Dans l'analyse d'Ancistrus, l'interprétation des arbres phylogénétiques moléculaires m'a permis de proposer une hypothèse sur la voie d'entrée des ancêtres des différents clades guyanais de ces deux genres et sa dispersion ultérieure dans les rivières de la région des Guyanes. En effet, outre avoir démontré que chaque espèce occupe différents bassins fluviaux non-chevauchants, j'ai démontré l'intervention d'un événement de colonisation unique depuis le bassin du fleuve Amazone vers les fleuves côtiers des Guyanes via le fleuve Maroni. Quant à l'histoire de la dispersion des représentants Hypostomus, deux voies d'entrée distinctes ont été révlés, le premier est partagé avec Ancistrus, via le fleuve Maroni, et le second s'est fait par le fleuve Essequibo. Des méthodes comparatives d'arbres – Brooks parcimony Analysis et Maximum Agreement Subtree – ont appliquées aux arbres obtenus pour Hypostomus et Ancistrus, et j'ai également utilisé la phylogénie publiée antérieurement pour le complexe d'espèces Pseudancistrus brevispinis, qui présentait une hypothèse de colonisation similaire à celles que j'ai établies pour Hypostomus et Ancistrus. Ces analyses ont révélé un pattern de colonisation identique pour les trois genres étudiés, avec une entrée unique depuis le bassin du fleuve Amazone vers la partie haute de la rivière Maroni dans les Guyanes. Cette étude représente une contribution à la connaissance des genres Hypostomus et Ancistrus, ainsi que sur les processus de diversification, tels que les captures de rivières ou les « sea-level fuctuations », qui ont mené à une diversité élevée des poissons au sein des Guyanes. Ce travail apporte également de nouvelles perspectives dans les démarches d'analyses biogéographiques entre organismes présentant des aires de distribution similaires, ainsi que l'identification d'hybrides au sein d'un genre particulier.

Two major Manila esteros, the Estero de San Miguel and Estero de Quiapo, were studied to determine their ecological status. Analyses of physicochemical parameters of the esteros – turbidity, temperature, salinity, EC, pH, DO, BOD, COD,TKN, TP, chl-a, and oil and grease- showed the estero waters fall under Class D water quality criterion. TKN and TP values indicated hypertrophic conditions AT all stations. Low chl-a values were indicative of stressful conditions to the primary producers. Mean differences of most of the parameters differed significantly between stations and season. Four fish, Rasbora maculata (Kataba), Gambusia affinis (Mosquito Fish), Anabas testudineus (Climbing perch) and Hypostomus plecostomus (Janitor fish), with Rasbora and Gambusia inhabit the esteros. Fish communities exhibited high evenness but low in dominance and diversity. 19 phytoplankton genera - Cyanophyta (3 spp), Chlorophyta (9 spp) and Bacillariophyta (7 spp) thrived in the esteros. A socioeconomic study revealed that attitudes and actions of stakeholders to their esteros were influenced primarily by economic status, and educational and cultural background. Survey also showed the awareness of the communities on the problems of esteros and their willingness to cooperate to rehabilitate their polluted river system. Institutional initiatives such as environmental education and community-based programs were examined as possible approaches towards effective rehabilitation and attainment of sustainability of Manila esteros

Microvascular parameters as well as respiratory and cardiac rates were measured in the freshwater catfish Hypostomus cf. punctatus . Unanesthetized animals were kept in a box with flowing water. Microcirculation of the pectoral fin was studied using a closed-circuit television system coupled to a microscope. In the first order venules, diameter and red blood cell (RBC) velocity averaged (mean ± SD) 37.2 ± 14.5 μ m and 0.63 ± 0.40 mm/sec, respectively. Second order venules had values of 22.8 ± 5.6 μ m and 0.45 ± 0.32 mm/sec. Arterioles (diameter = 4.7 ± 4.0 μ m) emerging from the soft rays had RBC velocities ranging from 0.04 to 2.31 mm/sec with a mean of 1.25 ± 0.87 mm/sec. Capillary diameter and RBC velocity averaged 6.0 ± 1.8 μ m and 0.15 ± 0.09 mm/sec, respectively. Some observations were also made on the secondary system of blood vessels.

Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Conventional and molecular cytogenetic analysis were performed on 15 species of the subfamily Hypostominae, comprising 12 species of the Hypostomini tribe, genus Hypostomus, and three of the Ancistrini tribe, genera Ancistrus and Hemiancistrus. The chromosome number of 2n=52 was observed for Ancistrus multispinis (14m+14sm+24st-a), A. brevipinnis (14m+14sm+24st-a) and Hemiancistrus punctulatus (14m+26sm+12st-a). The nucleolar organizer regions (Ag-NORs) and 18S rDNA sites are simple and terminal for species, A. brevipinnis, A. multispinis and H. punctulatus. In these species, it can be seen that the NORs are also CMA3+/DAPI-. As for the heterochromatin, H. punctulatus showed a small amount of this chromosome component, while A. multispinis and A. brevipinnis showed a larger amount, with large blocks on the long arm of some st-a pairs. In turn, the different species of Hypostomus showed a variation from 64 to 82 chromosomes, exhibiting differences in the karyotype formula between species. The NORs were multiple for most species analyzed, with different phenotypes observed in the number and position, which was also confirmed by FISH analysis, showing an interindividual and interspecific variability. In all species, the NORs were also CMA3+/DAPI _. The heterochromatin pattern distribution was different in each species, being another important chromosome marker. Cytogenetic, molecular, and morphometry analysis were performed in the species Hypostomus albopunctatus (Piracicaba river, SP) and H. heraldoi (Pirapitinga river, GO), including those morphologically similar samples present in the Mogi Guaçu river (SP). All individuals had 2n=74, whereas H. albopunctatus showed 10m+20sm+44st-a and H. heraldoi 8m+20sm+46st-a. These two karyotype formulae were found in the Mogi Guaçu river population. Distinct Ag-NOR phenotypes were observed among the three populations and confirmed by FISH. Regarding the heterochromatin pattern, H. albopunctatus presented terminal bands and an interstitial block. In H. heraldoi, the heterochromatin was found widely distributed in the terminal and interstitial regions of some st-a chromosomes. In these species, the NORs were also CMA3+/DAPI _. RAPD analysis and sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were carried out in these two species, in the Mogi Guaçu population and in three more species, H. regani, H. margaritifer, and H. hermanni, obtaining the same dendrogram pattern. All species could be differentiated by their COI sequences, resulting in a total of 16 haplotypes. These analyses, combined with the morphometric data, showed that H. heraldoi and H. albopunctatus are two valid species and the specimens from the Mogi Guaçu river still retain some characteristics of H. albopunctatus, and were provisionally designated as Hypostomus aff. albopunctatus. Due to the large number of species currently included in the Hypostomus genus, along with both the intra and interspecific variability in morphology and color pattern, there are often problems in the taxonomy of this group, which can be assisted by cytogenetic data. This study provided new chromosomal data for Loricariidae, being a valuable cytotaxonomic tool for the Hypostomini tribe. The joint analysis of different characters, such as cytogenetic, molecular, and morphometric, allowed a more precise characterization of different populations of Hypostomus species, helping to clarify their validity as distinct evolutionary units. Análises citogenéticas convencionais e moleculares foram realizadas em 15 espécies da subfamília Hypostominae, compreendendo 12 espécies da tribo Hypostomini, gênero Hypostomus e três da tribo Ancistrini, gêneros Ancistrus e Hemiancistrus. Foi observado 2n=52 para Ancistrus multispinis (14m+14sm+24st-a), A. brevipinnis (14m+14sm+24st-a) e Hemiancistrus punctulatus (14m+26sm+12st-a). As regiões organizadoras de nucléolos (Ag- RONs) e sítios de DNAr 18S são simples e terminais para as espécies A. brevipinnis, A. multispinis e H. punctulatus. Nestas epécies pode-se constatar que as RONs são também CMA3 +/DAPI-. Quanto à heterocromatina, H. punctulatus apresentou pouca quantidade desse componente cromossômico, enquanto que A. multispinis e A. brevipinnis evidenciaram uma maior quantidade, com grandes blocos no braço longo de alguns pares st-a. Por sua vez, as diferentes espécies de Hypostomus mostraram uma variação de 64 a 82 cromossomos, com diferença na fórmula cariotípica entre as espécies. As RONs foram múltiplas para a maioria das espécies analisadas, sendo observados diferentes fenótipos quanto ao número e posição, o que foi também confirmado pela análise de FISH, evidenciando uma variabilidade interindividual e interespecífica. Em todas as espécies as RONs mostraram-se também CMA3 +/DAPI _. O padrão de distribuição da heterocromatina foi diferente em cada espécie, sendo outro importante marcador cromossômico. Análises citogenéticas, moleculares e de morfometria foram realizadas nas espécies Hypostomus albopunctatus (rio Piracicaba, SP) e H. heraldoi (rio Pirapitinga, GO), assim como em exemplares morfologicamente semelhantes presentes no rio Mogi Guaçu (SP). Todos os indivíduos apresentaram 2n=74, sendo que, H. albopunctatus apresentou 10m+20sm+44st-a e H. heraldoi 8m+20sm+46st-a. As duas fórmulas cariotípicas foram encontradas na população do rio Mogi Guaçu. Fenótipos distintos de Ag-RONs foram observados entre as três populações, confirmadas pela FISH. Quanto ao padrão heterocromático, H. albopunctatus apresentou bandas terminais e um bloco intersticial. Em H. heraldoi, a heterocromatina encontrou-se mais amplamente distribuída, nas regiões terminais e intersticiais de alguns cromossomos st-a. Nessas espécies as RONs mostraram-se também CMA3 +/DAPI _. Análises de RAPD e sequenciamento do gene de Citocromo Oxidase subunidade I (COI) foram realizadas nessas duas espécies, na população do rio Mogi Guacu e em mais três espécies, H. regani, H. margaritifer e H. hermanni, obtendo-se o mesmo padrão de dendrograma. Todas as espécies puderam ser diferenciadas por suas sequências COI, resultando num total de 16 haplótipos. Estas análises, aliadas aos dados de morfometria, evidenciaram que H. heraldoi e H. albopunctatus são duas espécies válidas e que os exemplares do rio Mogi Guaçu ainda conservam algumas características de H. albopunctatus, sendo provisoriamente denominados como Hypostomus aff. albopunctatus. Devido ao elevado número de espécies atualmente incluídas no gênero Hypostomus, juntamente com a variabilidade na morfologia e padrão de coloração tanto intra quanto interespecífica, muitas vezes ocorrem problemas na taxonomia desse grupo, a qual pode ser auxiliada pelos dados citogenéticos. Este estudo forneceu novos dados cromossômicos para os Loricariidae, mostrando-se uma boa ferramenta citotaxonômica para a tribo Hypostomini. A análise conjunta de diferentes caracteres, como citogenéticos, moleculares e morfométricos, possibilitou uma caracterização mais precisa de diferentes populações de espécies de Hypostomus, contribuindo para esclarecer sua validade como unidades evolutivas distintas.

Few chromosomal reports are available for the endemic fish fauna from coastal basins in northeastern Brazil, and regional biodiversity remains partially or completely unknown. This is particularly true for Loricariidae, the most diverse family of armored catfishes. In the present work, allopatric populations of Hypostomus cf. wuchereri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from two basins in Bahia (northeastern Brazil) were cytogenetically analyzed. Both populations shared 2n = 76 chromosomes, a karyotype formula of 10m+18sm+48st/a (FN = 104) and single terminal GC-rich NORs on the second metacentric pair. Nevertheless, microstructural differences were detected by C-banding, fluorochrome staining and chromosomal digestion with restriction enzymes (Alu I, Bam HI, Hae III, and Dde I). The population from Una River (Recôncavo Sul basin) showed conspicuous heterochromatin blocks and a remarkable heterogeneity of base composition (presence of interspersed AT/GC-rich and exclusively AT- or GC-rich sites), while the population from Mutum river (Contas River basin) presented interstitial AT-rich C-bands and terminal GC/AT-rich heterochromatin. Each enzyme yielded a specific band profile per population which allowed us characterizing up to five heterochromatin families in each population. Based on the present data, we infer that these populations have been evolving independently, as favored by their geographic isolation, probably representing cryptic species. Poucos dados cromossômicos estão disponíveis para a fauna de peixes endêmicos das bacias costeiras do nordeste do Brasil, e a biodiversidade regional continua a ser parcial ou completamente desconhecida. Isto é particularmente verdadeiro para Loricariidae, a mais diversa família de cascudos. No presente trabalho, populações alopátricas de Hypostomus cf. wuchereri (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) de duas bacias hidrográficas da Bahia (nordeste do Brasil) foram citogeneticamente analisadas. Ambas as populações compartilham 2n = 76 cromossomos, uma fórmula cariotípica de 10m+18sm+48st/a (FN = 104) e um único sinal terminal de RONs GC-ricas no segundo par metacêntrico. No entanto, diferenças microestruturais foram detectados pelo bandeamento C, coloração com fluorocromos e digestão cromossômica com enzimas de restrição (Alu I, BamH I, Hae III e Dde I). A população do rio Una (bacia do Recôncavo Sul) apresentou blocos de heterocromatina conspícuos e grande heterogeneidade de composição de base (presença de sítios AT/GC-ricos intercalados e exclusivamente AT ou GC-ricos), enquanto a população do rio Mutum (bacia do Rio de Contas) apresentou bandas C intersticiais AT-ricas e heterocromatina terminal GC/AT-ricas. Cada enzima gerou um perfil específico de bandas por população que nos permitiu caracterizar até cinco famílias de heterocromatina em cada população. Baseado nos presentes dados, podemos inferir que essas populações têm evoluido de forma independente, favorecidas pelo seu isolamento geográfico, provavelmente representando espécies crípticas.

Cytogenetic analyses were performed on fishes of the genus Hypostomus (Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911), Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1908), Hypostomus regani (Ihering, 1905), and Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering, 1905)) from the seven tributaries of the Paranapanema River Basin (Brazil) by means of different staining techniques (C-, Ag-, CMA3- and DAPI-banding) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect 18S rDNA sites. All species showed different diploid numbers: 2n=68 (10m+26sm+32st-a) in Hypostomus ancistroides, 2n=72 (10m+16sm+46st-a) in Hypostomus strigaticeps, 2n=72 (10m+18sm+44st-a) in Hypostomus regani and 2n=76 (6m+16sm+54st-a) in Hypostomus paulinus. Ag-staining and FISH revealed various numbers and locations of NORs in the group. NORs were usually located terminally on the subtelocentric/acrocentric chromosomes: on the long arm in Hypostomus strigaticeps (2 to 4) and Hypostomus paulinus (2); and on the short arm in Hypostomus ancistroides (2 to 8) and Hypostomus regani (2 to 4). Conspicuous differences in heterochromatin distribution and composition were found among the species, terminally located in some st-a chromosomes in Hypostomus ancistroides, Hypostomus strigaticeps, and Hypostomus paulinus, and interstitially dispersed in most st-a chromosomes, in Hypostomus regani. The fluorochrome staining indicated that different classes of GC and/or AT-rich repetitive DNA evolved in this group. Our results indicate that chromosomal rearrangements and heterochromatin base-pair composition were significant events during the course of differentiation of this group. These features emerge as an excellent cytotaxonomic marker, providing a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the chromosomal diversity in Hypostomus species.

Seventeen leeches obtained from armoured catfish (Hypostomus punclatus Valenciennes, 1840) infected with Trypanosoma spp. were examined. It was observed the presence of tripomastigotes, epimastigotes and amastigotes forms as well as dividing forms in the proboscis and in the stomach, different from the ones found in the vertebrate host as regards the morfometric features and developing forms. The examination of the contents of rectum did not show tripanosomes. These facts seem to demonstrate that Batracobdella gemmata (Blanchard, 1900) is an invertebrate host of trypanosomes and the transmission is done by means of inoculation.

A new Hypostomus species is described from the rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguay basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all other Hypostomus species, with exception of young specimens of H. latifrons, by the presence of a wide dark transverse bars on laterals of body and fins; and conspicuous dark vermiculations on abdominal region. From H. latifrons it differs by having just one pre-dorsal plate surrounding supraoccipital bone and by the maintenance of the dark saddles in adults. Added to the other fish species recently described from the upper rio Paraguay basin, this work helps to highlight that the region still functions as a potential source of new species. Uma espécie nova de Hypostomus é descrita do rio Cuiabá, bacia do alto rio Paraguai, Estado do Mato Grosso, Brasil. A espécie nova é diagnosticada de todas as outras congêneres, com exceção de H. latifrons, pela presença de amplas barras escuras transversais nas laterais do corpo e nadadeiras, e pelas conspícuas vermiculações escuras na região abdominal. De H. latifrons ela difere por ter somente uma placa pré-dorsal margeando o osso supraoccipital e pela manutenção das barras escuras transversais nos adultos. Somada a outras espécies de peixes recentemente descritas na bacia do alto rio Paraguai, este trabalho demonstra que a região ainda funciona como uma fonte potencial de espécies novas.

1. Organophosphorus activation ability of Hypostomus punctatus liver was demonstrated by an in vitro metabolization curve of parathion into paroxon. 2. A calibration curve of paroxon acetylcholinesterase inhibition indicated that about 6.0% of parathion was biotransformed after 2 hr of incubation when the medium contained 0.5 mg of parathion per litre and 0.15 mg of protein. 3. Identification of incubation products by thin layer and gas chromatography showed that paroxon was not the unique resulting product. 4. Microsomal liver activation of parathion was largely dependent on reduction by NADH or NADPH but was only partially inhibited by SKF-525A and CO.

Five species of Siluriformes were registered in the Ubatiba system. Pimelodella lateristriga was the dominant one, followed by Hypostomus gr. punctatus, Rineloricaria sp., Callichthys callichthys and Rhamdia sp. Simple correlation analysis between species density and habitat parameters indicated that hydrology explained density patterns of four species. Pimelodella densities were negatively correlated with pools, Callichthys and Hypostomus densities were positively correlated with runs and Rhamdia densities were positively correlated with riffles; Rineloricaria densities did not respond to any hydrological parameter. Substrata were an important factor to all species, but specific preferences were observed. Marginal vegetation was positively correlated only to Pimelodella densities. Sorensen dissimilarity analysis indicated that site groups, based on both species composition and habitat parameters, were very similar and corroborated the correlation analysis suggesting that Siluriformes composition should be explained by many habitat parameters. Analysis of co-variation of species densities at each sampling occasion showed to be statistically similar in at least all (100%) analysed cases indicating that Siluriformes composition was strongly persistent in time.Cinco espécies de Siluriformes foram registradas no sistema fluvial do rio Ubatiba, Pimelodella lateristriga foi a espécie dominante seguida de Hypostomus gr. punctatus, Rineloricaria sp., Callichthys callichthys e Rhamdia sp. Análises de correlação simples entre as densidades das espécies e as variáveis de hábitat indicaram que a hidrologia explicou os padrões de densidade de quatro espécies; as densidades de Pimelodella foram negativamente correlacionadas com a presença de poças, as densidades de Callichthys e Hypostomus foram positivamente correlacionadas com os rápidos e as densidades de Rhamdia foram positivamente correlacionadas com as corredeiras; as densidades de Rineloricaria não responderam a nenhum dos parâmetros hydrológicos analisados. O substrato foi um importante fator para todas as espécies, mas preferências específicas foram observadas. A vegetação marginal foi positivamente correlacionada apenas com as densidades de Pimelodella. A análise de dissimilaridade de Sorensen indicou que os grupos de localidades que se formaram com base tanto na composição de espécies como nas variáveis de hábitat foram muito semelhantes e corroboraram os resultados das análises de correlação, sugerindo que a composição de Siluriformes do rio Ubatiba pode ser explicada por várias características do hábitat. As análises de co-variância das densidades das espécies em cada momento amostral mostraram-se significativamente similares em todos (100%) os casos analisados, indicando que a composição de Siluriformes é persistente e se mantém em escala temporal.

We sampled fishes within the vertical-slot Igarapava fish ladder (IFL), Grande River, southeastern Brazil, and immediately downstream IFL in 12 field trips from February 2000 to December 2002. A total of 1145 fishes belonging to 13 families and 39 species were captured. The most abundant species captured within the IFL, in order of abundance were: Pimelodus maculatus, Metynnis maculatus, Astyanax altiparanae, Hypostomus spp., Leporinus octofasciatus, Salminus hilarii, Leporinus elongatus, Leporinus friderici, Schizodon nasutus and Prochilodus lineatus. Size distribution of the most abundant fishes captured downstream or within the IFL was similar indicating no constraints to adult fish to ascend the IFL. Except P. maculatus, the number of migratory species captured in the IFL and downstream the IFL were very low. Some of the so-called sedentary species were collected in the IFL indicating that they possess an innate behaviour to migrate. Juveniles of P. lineatus and P. maculatus were captured ascending the IFL implying a dispersal behaviour. Gonadal analyses of the fishes captured in the reproductive season showed that the overall number of reproductive active fishes (which included fish in maturation, mature and spawned/spent) surpassed those non-active. Thus, the IFL offers upstream passage for juveniles, some of the so-called sedentary species, as well as fishes in reproductive migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

1. A method is presented for measuring respiratory and cardiac rate, as well as microvascular parameters (red blood cell velocity, vessel diameter) in the freshwater catfish Hypostomus cf. punctatus . 2. Unanesthetized animals were kept in a box with flowing water. Microcirculation of the pectoral fin was studied using a closed-circuit television system coupled to a microscope. 3. ECG was recorded with implanted electrodes and respiratory rate was continuously recorded with a cannula close to the mouth. 4. Average values obtained for cardiac, respiratory and cough frequency were 122.8 ± 30.4 min −1 ( n = 4), 105.3 ± 39.4 min −1 ( n = 10) and 90.6 ± 81.1 hour −1 ( n = 6), respectively. 5. The fish usually remained quiet for several hours inside the box while microscopic observations were made.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Flavobacterium columnare é o agente etiológico da columnariose em peixes de água doce, ocasionando enfermidade na pele e nas brânquias, provocando freqüentemente um grande número de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e a caracterização de Flavobacterium columnare em peixes tropicais no Brasil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) foram examinados externamente com relação a sinais característicos de columnariose, como manchas acinzentadas na cabeça, região dorsal e pedúnculo caudal dos peixes. A amostragem compreendeu a coleta de 50 exemplares de peixes, representando as quatro diferentes espécies escolhidas para este estudo. Amostras para o isolamento foram obtidas através de raspado com swab estéril das lesões e do rim dos peixes clinicamente diagnosticados como acometidos por columnarios e imediatamente semeados em meios de culturas artificiais (líquido e sólido) próprios para o estudo de Flavobacterium segundo Carlson e Pacha (1968). No meio líquido, houve o desenvolvimento de microrganismos que observados em gota pendente apresentaram a forma de bacilos finos, longos, móveis por deslizamento. Através da coloração de Gram, apresentaram morfologia de bacilos finos, Gram negativos, agrupados em colunas. em meio sólido, as colônias eram pequenas, cinza-amareladas, com borda em forma de raiz. No total, foram obtidos quatro isolamentos: 01 cepa de Brycon orbignyanus; 01 cepa de Piaractus mesopotamicus; 01 cepa de Colossoma macropomum; e 01 cepa de Hypostomus plecostomus. A caracterização bioquímica das amostras, como absorção do vermelho Congo, produção de flexirrubina, produção de H2S e redução do nitrato, sugere que os isolamentos poderiam ser classificados como Flavobacterium columnare. Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare in tropical fish in Brazil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) were examined for external lesions showing signs of colunmaris disease such as greyish white spots, especially on the head, dorsal part and caudal fin of the fish. The sampling comprised 50 samples representing four different fish species selected for study. Samples for culture were obtained by skin and kidney scrapes with a sterile cotton swabs of columnaris disease fish and streaked onto Carlson and Pacha (1968) artificial culture medium (broth and solid) which were used for isolation. The strains in the liquid medium were Gram negative, long, filamentous, exhibited flexing movements (gliding motility), contained a large number of long slender bacteria and gathered into columns'. Strains on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, rather small, flat that had rhizoid edges. A total of four Flavobacterium columnare were isolated: 01 Brycon orbignyanus strain, 01 Piaractus mesopotamicus strain, 01 Colossoma macropomum strain, and 01 Hypostomus plecostomus strain. Biochemical characterization, with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexirubin-type pigments, H2S production and reduction of nitrates proved that the isolate could be classified as Flavobacterium columnare. Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Aquicultura Universidade de São Paulo Laboratório de Saúde Animal Centro de Pesquisa e Gestão de Recursos Pesqueiros Continentais Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Aquicultura

Hypostomus is the most speciose genus in the family Loricariidae, with approximately 120 species. These fish show a wide morphological and color variation, which hinders the identification of species, mainly of widely distributed representatives. The aim of this study was to contribute to the current knowledge on cytogenetic features of Hypostomus nigromaculatus. Three specimens of H. nigromaculatus, collected in two tributaries of rio Tibagi, Parana, and in Cachoeira de Emas, rio MogiGuacu, Sao Paulo, the latter being the type locality of H. nigromaculatus, were studied. Chromosomal preparations were submitted to Giemsa staining, silver nitrate impregnation, C-banding and CMA 3 and DAPI fluorochromes staining. All samples presented 2n = 76, but the rio Mogi-Guacu sample differed from those from tributaries of rio Tibagi in relation to karyotype formulae, distribution and composition of heterochromatin, and NOR location. The silver nitrate staining revealed the presence of multiple Ag-NORs for all samples, but with differences on the location on chromosomes. CMA3 staining reveled bright signals equivalent to NOR-bearing chromosomal segments; such sites were characterized by negative, i.e. unstained, marks after DAPI staining. The pattern of heterochromatin distribution was distinctive among samples from rio Mogi-Guacu and tributaries of rio Tibagi. The differences observed between the sample from rio Mogi-Guacu and the ones from tributaries of rio Tibagi allow us to suggest that these samples are presently isolated. Further analyses are necessary to ascertain whether such isolation refers to distinct populations or characterizes true different species. O genero Hypostomus e um dos mais especiosos na familia Loricariidae, tendo aproximadamente 120 especies. Apresenta uma ampla diversidade quanto ao padrao de coloracao e morfologia, o que dificulta a identificacao de determinadas especies, principalmente aquelas com ampla distribuicao geografica. Para isso os dados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para os estudos citogeneticos de Hypostomus nigromaculatus. Foram analisados tres exemplares de H. nigromaculatus de afluentes do rio Tibagi, Parana e Cachoeira de Emas, rio Mogi-Guacu, Sao Paulo, sendo esta ultima, a localidade tipo de H. nigromaculatus. Os cromossomos foram submetidos a coloracao convencional (Giemsa), impregnacao por nitrato de prata, bandamento-C e coloracao com os fluorocromos CMA3 e DAPI. Todos os exemplares apresentaram 2n = 76, no entanto com diferenca quanto as formulas cariotipicas, distribuicao e composicao da heterocromatina. O nitrato de prata detectou RONs multiplas para as amostras, porem com diferencas quanto a localizacao nos cromossomos. A coloracao com fluorocromo CMA 3 foi correspondente aos cromossomos Ag-RONs, na coloracao com DAPI foram observadas bandas negativas, ou seja, nao coradas. O padrao de distribuicao da heterocromatina foi diferente para as amostras do rio Mogi-Guacu e dos tributarios do rio Tibagi. As diferencas observadas entre as amostras de rio Mogi-Guacu e afluentes do rio Tibagi permitem-nos sugerir que essas amostras estejam atualmente isoladas. Outras analises sao necessarias para determinar se as amostras analisadas sao populacoes distintas ou trata-se de especies diferentes.

The objectives of these preliminary studies were to evaluate the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the treatment of selected species of ornamental fishes and its efficacy in treating external bacteria and parasites. In the first part of the study, fish of five species (serpae tetra Hyphessobrycon eques (also known as Serpa tetra H. serpae), tiger barb Puntius tetrazona, blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus, suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, and green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii) were exposed to H2O2 for 1 h at concentrations between 6 and 34 mg/L or for 24 h at concentrations between 1 and 6 mg/L. The results were species specific: green swordtails tolerated all of the treatments, serpae tetras and tiger barbs were sensitive only to the highest concentration, and mortalities of suckermouth catfish and blue gourami were recorded in every treatment. In the second part of the study, clinically healthy green swordtails and fish infested with external motile rod-shaped bacteria (i.e., Ichthyobodo spp., Trichodina spp., and Gyrodactylus spp.) were treated with several concentrations of H2O2. A single H2O2 treatment of 3.1 mg/L or more for 1 h effectively eliminated external bacteria, concentrations of 6.5 mg/L or more appeared to effectively kill Ichthyobodo spp., and none of the treatments tested was effective against Trichodina spp. or Gyrodactylus spp. These preliminary findings suggest that H2O2 is effective for treating certain external bacterial infections and flagellate infestations in some species of ornamental fish at the dosages tested. Other treatment regimens may need to be tested for effectiveness against Trichodina spp. and Dactylogyrus spp.

We review the complex history of those species included in the Hypostomus emarginatus species complex and recognize them in Isorineloricaria and Aphanotorulus . Isorineloricaria consists of four valid species: I. acuarius n. sp., I. spinosissima, I. tenuicauda, and I. villarsi . Aphanotorulus consists of six valid species: A. ammophilus, A, emarginatus, A. gomesi, A. horridus, A. phrixosoma, and A. unicolor. Plecostomus annae and Hypostoma squalinum are placed in the synonymy of A. emarginatus ; Plecostomus biseriatus , P. scopularius , and P. virescens are placed in the synonymy of A. horridus; Plecostomus winzi is placed in the synonymy of I. tenuicauda , and one new species, I. acuarius is described from the Apure River basin of Venezuela. Aphanotoroulus can be distinguished from Isorineloricaria by having caudal peduncles that do not become greatly lengthed with size and that are oval in cross section (vs. caudal peduncle proportions that get proportionately longer with size and that become round in cross-section), and by having small dark spots (less than half plate diameter) on a light tan background (vs. spots almost as large as lateral plates on a nearly white background.

[[Hypostomus]] The genus Hypostomus has 138 species currently recognized as valid making it the largest genus in the Loricariidae (suckermouth armored catfishes; Armbruster, 2004). Few of the species are well defined, and a comprehensive review of the genus is lacking. Other than individual species descriptions, the taxonomic reviews that have been done on Hypostomus are limited to geographic reviews (Boeseman, 1968; Reis et al., 1990) or to small monophyletic groups such as the H. unicolor group (Armbruster and Page, 1996; Armbruster, 1998) and the H. cochliodon group (Armbruster, 2003b; Hollanda Carvalho and Weber, 2004). The type species of Hypostomus is H. plecostomus, a species from the coastal Guyanas (Boeseman, 1968). It is characterized by dentaries angled just greater than 90�� (Armbruster, 2004), viliform teeth, and a generalized morphology consisting of a fairly broad, fairly short body, that is mildly dorsoventrally flattened and brown with dark spots (Boeseman, 1968). There are species of similar morphology in lowlands of most major river basins of tropical South America. Armbruster (2004) recognized very few subdivisions within Hypostomus, recognizing only an H. emarginatus group and an H. cochliodon group. For the purposes of this paper, Hypostomus is recognized in two main groups the H. emarginatus group (as defined in Armbruster, 2004) and the H. plecostomus group (all the other species). The H. plecostomus group additionally has the H. cochliodon subgroup as defined in Armbruster (2003b, 2004), Hollanda Carvalho and Weber (2004), and Armbruster and de Souza (2005). Few species of the H. plecostomus group (excepting species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) have been described from the Orinoco River basin (just H. argus) and none from the Negro (Weber, 2003, pers. obs.). In addition, there is a species of Hypostomus in the Orinoco that is very similar to H. robinii (described from Trinidad, pers. obs.). Some specimens of a Hypostomus with extremely small spots have been found in the Orinoco River drainage of southern Venezuela, and Armbruster (2004) referred these specimens to H. micromaculatus (a species described from Suriname, Boeseman, 1968). Examination of types of H. micromaculatus reveals that the Venezuelan specimens do not belong to this species, and comparison of the specimens to types or original descriptions of all other species of Hypostomus reveals that the specimens represent a new species., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on pages 59-60

[[Hypostomus]] The genus Hypostomus has 138 species currently recognized as valid making it the largest genus in the Loricariidae (suckermouth armored catfishes; Armbruster, 2004). Few of the species are well defined, and a comprehensive review of the genus is lacking. Other than individual species descriptions, the taxonomic reviews that have been done on Hypostomus are limited to geographic reviews (Boeseman, 1968; Reis et al., 1990) or to small monophyletic groups such as the H. unicolor group (Armbruster and Page, 1996; Armbruster, 1998) and the H. cochliodon group (Armbruster, 2003b; Hollanda Carvalho and Weber, 2004). The type species of Hypostomus is H. plecostomus, a species from the coastal Guyanas (Boeseman, 1968). It is characterized by dentaries angled just greater than 90° (Armbruster, 2004), viliform teeth, and a generalized morphology consisting of a fairly broad, fairly short body, that is mildly dorsoventrally flattened and brown with dark spots (Boeseman, 1968). There are species of similar morphology in lowlands of most major river basins of tropical South America. Armbruster (2004) recognized very few subdivisions within Hypostomus, recognizing only an H. emarginatus group and an H. cochliodon group. For the purposes of this paper, Hypostomus is recognized in two main groups the H. emarginatus group (as defined in Armbruster, 2004) and the H. plecostomus group (all the other species). The H. plecostomus group additionally has the H. cochliodon subgroup as defined in Armbruster (2003b, 2004), Hollanda Carvalho and Weber (2004), and Armbruster and de Souza (2005). Few species of the H. plecostomus group (excepting species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) have been described from the Orinoco River basin (just H. argus) and none from the Negro (Weber, 2003, pers. obs.). In addition, there is a species of Hypostomus in the Orinoco that is very similar to H. robinii (described from Trinidad, pers. obs.). Some specimens of a Hypostomus with extremely small spots have been found in the Orinoco River drainage of southern Venezuela, and Armbruster (2004) referred these specimens to H. micromaculatus (a species described from Suriname, Boeseman, 1968). Examination of types of H. micromaculatus reveals that the Venezuelan specimens do not belong to this species, and comparison of the specimens to types or original descriptions of all other species of Hypostomus reveals that the specimens represent a new species.

Hypostomus rhantos New Species Figs. 1-2 and 3b Holotype: MCNG 55352, 157.2 mm SL, Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Manapiare-R��o Ventuari-R��o Orinoco Drainage, R��o Parucito at Raudales Salomon, 2.7 km NE of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.34637��, -066.03347��, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, O. Le��n, 16 April 2004. Paratypes: 63 specimens. All collections Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Orinoco drainage: ANSP160774, 11, 76.7-103.5 mm SL, Morichal 26.9 km from Puerto Ayacucho, along Puerto Ayacucho - Caicara highway, B. Chernoff et al., 15 November 1985; ANSP 162365, 2, 134.4-139.0, Backwater of R��o Orinoco behind sand playa ca. half hour upstream from Isla Temblador, 03��04���N, 066��28���W, B. Chernoff et al., 10 March 1987; ANSP 185240, 4, 56.8-124.5, AUM 39273, 3 c &s, 5, 53.5-149.7, MCNG 55353, 5, 52.0-154.5, UF 164255, 2, 54.4-145.5, Same data as holotype; AUM 39308, 1, 124.0, MCNG 55354, 2, 94.7-99.2, RMNH 35500, 1, 99.0, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 14.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.42863��, -066.13616��, N.K. Lujan, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, and D.C. Werneke, 12 April 2004; AUM 39235, 1, 52.9, R��o Ventuari, beach across the river from Picua Village, 34 km ENE of Macuruco, 104 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04. 11534��, -066.76457��, M.H. Sabaj, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 5 April 2004; AUM 39874, 1, 145.3, R��o Ventuari at mouth of Ca��o Camoni, 145 km NNE of Macuruco, 189 km NE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 05.05588��, -066.32742��, M.H. Sabaj, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 8 April 2004; AUM 40070, 1, 123.4, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 20 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.45272��, -066.17682, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, and L.S. de Souza, 12 April 2004; AUM 39506, 1, 168.7, R��o Ventuari at Raudales Tencua, 56 km ESE of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.04968��, -065.62722, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, O. Le��n, A. Luna, and R. Pajua, 20- 21 April 2004; AUM 39216, 1, 93.1, R��o Ventuari, mouth, 3.99528��, -067.04250��, N.K. Lujan and O. Le��n, 15 April 2004; AUM 41496, 1, 147.5, R��o Manapiare at mouth of Ca��o Yutaje, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.43667��, -066.11261��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 11 April 2004; AUM 41418, 1, 164.4, MCNG 55355, 1, 154.5, R��o Ventuari, bedrock outcrops, 83 km ENE of Macuruco, 153 km ENE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04.25346��, -066.34466��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 6 April 2004; AUM 41336, 1, 70.2, Ca��o Guavialito, tributary of R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, near Alto Guaviarito, 17.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.44135��, -066.16294��, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, and M.H Sabaj, 13 April 2004; AUM 41440, 1, 66.3, ANSP 185241, 1, 66.9, Ca��o Guavialito, tributary of R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, directly off of R��o Manapiare, 17.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.44010��, -066.16175��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 13 April 2004; AUM 41496, 1, 147.5, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, at mouth of Cano Yutaje, 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.43667��, -066.11261��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 11 April 2004; AUM 42100, 8, 50.6-176.4, R��o Orinoco, beach and bedrock outcropping, 50 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, 03.97029��, -067.25506��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, M. Arce, R. Betancur, and T.E. Wesley, 2 March 2005; AUM 42114, 5, 135.6-159.1, R��o Orinoco, 117 km W of La Esmeralda, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, T.E. Wesley et al., 03.28998��, -066.60004��, 29 March 2005; AUM 42121, 3, 115.0-126.0, R��o Orinoco, 33.9 km E of La Esmeralda, Punto Piaroa, 03.14744��, -065.85381��, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, T.E. Wesley et al., 28 March 2005; AUM 42164, 1, 195.8, R��o Orinoco, bedrock outcrop, 52.9 km SE of San Antonio, 102 km W of La Esmeralda, 03.10036��, -066.46277��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, O. Le��n, M. Arce, R Betancur, and T.E. Wesley, 4 March 2005; AUM 42220, 1, 136.7, R��o Orinoco, near Puerto Ayacucho on a beach called Playa Bagre, 05.65642��, -067.63103, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, and T.E. Wesley, 13 April 2005. Diagnosis: Hypostomus rhantos is unique among Hypostomus (except for H. micromaculatus) by having extremely small spots (see especially Fig. 2). Hypostomus rhantos is a member of the H. plecostomus group, but is not a member of the H. cochliodon subgroup (Armbruster, 2004). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from the H. emarginatus species group by having a dark brown base color (vs. light tan), by having a small buccal papilla (vs. large), and by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral plates of nuptial males (vs. hypertrophied odontodes present); and from the H. cochliodon species subgroup of the H. plecostomus group by having viliform teeth (vs. spoon-shaped). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from all other members of the H. plecostomus group (including species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) except H. micromaculatus by having extremely small spots (greater than 15 on the first plate in the dorsal series in H. rhantos vs. five or fewer). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from H. micromaculatus by having all of the spots round and evenly distributed (vs. spots longitudinally oval and restricted to rows Figs. 1-2 vs. Fig. 4), keels of lateral plates well-developed (vs. weak), a ridge present on the pterotic that is contiguous with the supraorbital ridge (vs. ridge absent, Fig. 3), and by having a fully plated abdomen (vs. abdomen partially plated or naked). In addition, smaller specimens of H. rhantos have spots on the dorsal fin whereas small specimens of H. micromaculatus have the dorsal fin entirely dark. Description: Morphometric data given in Table 1. Largest specimen 195.8 mm SL. Head and nape forming arch from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin. Body depth decreasing from origin of dorsal fin to dorsal procurrent caudal spines then increasing to caudal fin. A rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit, running ventral to nares, and ending slightly anteroventral of anterior nare. Longitudinal ridge of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes present on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of orbit and contiguous with supraorbital ridge. Space between orbits concave such that supraorbital ridge higher than medial surface of head. Supraoccipital convex medially with slight crest. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, middorsal, median and midventral plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates with short, median keels with enlarged, dull odontodes. Keels on first two plates of dorsal row and sometimes first three plates forming line from supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (except region around insertion of pelvic fin) covered in small platelets. Platelets on abdomen increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, opercle, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30��). Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed, consisting of small, V-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, extending posteriorly to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoral fin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, reaches slightly beyond base of anal fin. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray supporting odontodes. Adipose fin consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane not reaching procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II,7, pectoral fin I,6, pelvic fin I,5, anal fin I,4, caudal fin I,14,I. Jaws weakly angled, dentaries forming angle much greater than 90��. Teeth numerous (28-45, mode 31 in premaxilla, 29-45, mode 31, in dentary, N = 48), bicuspid, median cusp moderately long, lateral cusp about one fourth length of median, stalk moderately long. Median plates 24. Coloration: Light gray to tan when alive, becoming tan when preserved. Body densely covered with tiny spots, head spots even smaller than body spots. Spots present on all fins, generally larger than spots on body, evenly distributed on rays, spines, and membranes. Caudal fin membranes light and spotted anteriorly, fading to dark wash posteriorly. Abdomen lighter than sides, with tiny spots. Occasionally with four dorsal saddles, first below anterior dorsal-fin rays, second below and slightly behind posterior dorsal-fin rays, third below and slightly anterior to adipose-fin spine, and fourth at base of caudal peduncle; all saddles angled anteriorly, saddles one and two combine and continue to base of pelvic fin, third and fourth terminating at middle of midventral plate row. Fin spines usually lighter than rest of body. Spots relatively larger in juveniles. Juveniles with fewer spots distally on all fins, lower half of caudal fin much darker. Range: Currently known from the R��o Ventuari, a tributary of the upper R��o Orinoco, and the mainstem upper Orinoco above Puerto Ayacucho to the R��o Casiquiare in Amazonas, Venezuela (Fig. 5). Ecology: Hypostomus rhantos was collected in loricariid assemblages with an average of 7.2 loricariid species per site (n=16 sites). Habitats from which H. rhantos were collected range from consolidated lateritic rocks in flow, to bedrock cracks in flow, to branches and trunks of trees in slack water. Etymology: Rhantos is Greek for sprinkled, speckled, or spotted and refers to the tiny randomly placed spots of the species. Discussion: Specimens of Hypostomus rhantos were analyzed in Armbruster (2004a) but were incorrectly referred to as H. micromaculatus. Hypostomus rhantos was found to be the sister to H. robinii; however, support for this was very weak (Bremer decay index = 1), and derived from only from two homoplastic characteristics: posteromedial invagination of the fifth ceratobranchial present (character 11 state 1 from Armbruster, 2004) and a reversal to a short levator arcus palatini crest (44-1). This clade was part of a larger clade consisting of the H. cochliodon subgroup, Hypostomus plecostomus, the potentially undescribed Hypostomus similar to H. robinii from the Orinoco, and H. cordovae, with this clade being supported by a reversal to a wide posterior edge to the posterior process of the coracoid (158-0). This clade is also poorly supported with a Bremer decay index of one. Most of the relationships within Hypostomus are poorly resolved and need much further study. Hypostomus rhantos is most similar in coloration to H. micromaculatus from Suriname. In addition to coloration, H. rhantos appears taller and wider than H. micromaculatus; however, we do not have enough specimens available to provide confident measurements of this. There are no species that have been described or that we have examined between the Upper Orinoco and Suriname with a similar color pattern. Given the vast distance between the two species, it would be unlikely that they would be sister species. They are different in the size of the keels (relatively well-developed in H. rhantos and almost absent in H. micromaculatus) and the amount of abdominal plating (fully plated in H. rhantos and absent or nearly so in H. micromaculatus). Although these characteristics change a lot in loricariids, they do suggest when coupled with locality data that the two species may have small spots via convergence., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on pages 60-67

[[Hypostomus micromaculatus]] Paratypes of Hypostomus micromaculatus examined: RMNH 25482, 1; RMNH 25484, 2; 25487, 3., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on page 67

Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish of the family Loricariidae, is described. The most remarkable characteristic of the new species, which allows its prompt diagnosis from congeners, is the high number of branched rays in the dorsal fin (10-11). In addition, the new species can be diagnosed from the remaining Loricariidae by the combination of the following characters: slightly evertible cheek plates, four branched anal-fin rays, naked abdomen, and snout almost completely plated. The characters states shared by H. chrysostiktos and the tribe Hypostomini, which indicates it as belonging to that group, are: a hatched-shaped opercle, the anterior process of the pterotic-supracleitrum passing halfway the orbit, a pointed post-cleithral process, and slightly evertible cheek plates. The description of this armored catfish provides more evidence for the high level of endemism in the ichthyofauna of rio Paraguaçu basin, a coastal river of northeastern Brazil. Uma nova espécie de cascudo da família Loricariidae, Hypostomus chrysostiktos, é descrita. A característica mais marcante da nova espécie, que permite diagnosticá-la das congêneres, é o grande número de raios ramificados da nadadeira dorsal (10-11). A nova espécie pode ser ainda diagnosticada dos demais Loricariidae pela combinação dos seguintes caracteres: placas laterais da cabeça levemente eversíveis, quatro raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, abdômen nu, e focinho quase completamente coberto por placas. Os estados de caracteres compartilhados entre H. chrysostiktos e a tribo Hypostomini, os quais indicam que a nova espécie pertence ao grupo, são: opérculo em forma de machado, processo anterior do pterótico-supracleitro passando metade da órbita, processo pós-cleitral afilado, e placas laterais da cabeça levemente eversíveis. A descrição deste cascudo é outro exemplo que evidencia o alto grau de endemismo da ictiofauna da bacia do rio Paraguaçu, uma drenagem costeira do nordeste brasileiro.

The taxonomy of the genus Hypostomus in the upper Rio Parana basin presents some very complex issues. For this reason, an allozyme electrophoresis survey of 10 populations of Hypostomus from the Rio Corumba basin was performed, revealing 25 loci from 14 enzyme systems. Allozyme data revealed diagnostic genetic markers for the four nominal species analyzed (Hypostomus ancistroides, H. iheringi, H. margaritifer, and H. regani) and for six possible undescribed species. The mean expected heterozygosity of the populations ranged from 0.009 in H. iheringi to 0.099 in Hypostomus sp. 4. The genetically most similar populations (I = 0.954) were H. iheringi and Hypostomus sp. 2; the most divergent (D = 0.839) were H. iheringi and H. ancistroides.

Hypostomus sculpodon: MBUCV V 8151, 2 paratypes, 35.53-97.11 mm LS., Published as part of Francisco Provenzano & Nadia Milani, 2006, Cordylancistrus nephelion (Siluriformes, Loricariidae), a new and endangered species of suckermouth armored catfish from the Tuy River, north-central Venezuela., pp. 29-41 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 39

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:43:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:04:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:04:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A ecomorfologia de 14 espécies de peixes residentes em um trecho de corredeiras do curso superior do rio São Francisco, sudeste do Brasil, foi analisada e combinada com dados de comportamento alimentar e dieta, previamente obtidos por nós. Os três principais agrupamentos ecomorfológicos de espécies identificados refletem a ocupação espacial de micro-hábitats da seguinte forma: a) caracídeos nectônicos com corpos comprimidos, olhos laterais e nadadeiras peitorais laterais, com hábitos noturnos e oportunistas alimentares (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus e Bryconamericus sp.); b) nectobentônicos com corpos fusiformes e nadadeiras peitorais expandidas, que incluem os caracidiíneos predadores de espreita que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas bentônicas de insetos (Characidium fasciatum e Characidium zebra), parodontídeos pastadores de epilíton (Apareiodon ibitiensis e Parodon hilarii) e bagres especuladores de substratos que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas de insetos (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen e Trichomycterus sp.); c) bentônicos com corpos deprimidos, lábios modificados em discos orais suctorias, olhos dorsais e nadadeiras peitorais amplas, representados pelos cascudos perifitívoros (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp. e Hypostomus garmani). Correlação entre dieta e morfologia geral não foi significative em nossa análise, a não ser quando o conjunto analisado incluiu apenas as espécies nectônicas e bentônicas, indicando que a ausência de correlação entre esses fatores é mais pronunciada no grupo de espécies nectobentônicas. A constatação do caso ineqüívoco de convergência morfológica entre os Characidiinae e Parodontidae nectobentônicos é um claro exemplo de como a integração da informação filogenética com a ecomorfologia pode identificar objetivamente casos de convergência e divergência adaptativa. Finalmente, a congruência entre os resultados ecomorfológicos com aqueles obtidos independentemente sobre a ecologia das espécies estudadas em seu ambiente natural parece ser uma forte evidência em favor do proposto valor preditivo da hipótese ecomorfológica. The ecomorphology of 14 fish species resident in a headwater riffles area of the São Francisco river, southeastern Brasil, was analyzed and combined with diet and feeding behavior data, previously obtained by us. The three larger species groups formed in the ecomorphological analysis were found to reflect primarily microhabitat occupation in the following manner: a) nektonic characids with compressed bodies, lateral eyes and lateral pectoral fins, with diurnal and opportunistic feeding habits (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus, and Bryconamericus sp.); b) nektobenthic characiforms and siluriforms with fusiform bodies and expanded pectoral fins, including sit-and-wait characidiins, predators of aquatic insect larvae (Characidium fasciatum and Ch.zebra), as well as the algae grazing parodontids (Apareiodon ibitiensis and Parodon hilarii), and also the heptapterid and trichomycterid catfishes that practice substrate speculation and feed on benthic aquatic insect larvae (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen, and Trichomycterus sp.); c) benthic species with depressed bodies, suctorial oral discs, dorsal eyes, and horizontal pectoral fins, represented by the periphytivorous loricariid catfishes (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp., and Hypostomus garmani). Correlation between diet and general morphology was not significant in our analysis, unless when the analyzed set included only nektonic and benthic species, indicating that the lack of correlation between these factors is most pronounced in the group of nektobenthic species. The unequivocal case of morphological convergence found between the nektobenthic Characidiinae and Parodontidae is a clear example of the integration between phylogenetic information and ecomorphology, and provides a way to objectively identify cases of morphological and adaptive convergence and divergence. Furthermore, the general congruence between the ecomorphological results and the independently obtained ecological data about the analyzed fish species in their natural environment seems to be strong evidence in favor of the proposed predictive capabilities of the ecomorphological hypothesis. Universidade Estadual Paulista IBILCE Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica USP FFCLRP Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista IBILCE Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:59:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O propósito deste estudo é investigar se as variações dos parâmetros limnológicos do rio Corumbataí - como uma conseqüência do lançamento de dejetos em suas águas - é responsável por variações na dieta e na captura do cascudo Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1907). Os indivíduos foram coletados durante dois anos em dois pontos do rio, com características físicas semelhantes, mas sujeitos a diferentes condições limnológicas; as variáveis ambientais (temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, coliformes totais e coliformes fecais), quando consideradas conjuntamente, variaram significativamente entre os locais. As categorias alimentares encontradas nos tubos digestórios dos cascudos (sedimento, material não identificado, hifas de fungo, diatomáceas, clorófitas e cianófitas) apresentaram ordenamento hierárquico distinto nas amostras provenientes de diferentes pontos do rio. No local mais poluído (ponto B), diatomáceas e clorófitas ocuparam postos mais importantes em relação ao observado na dieta dos indivíduos coletados no ponto mais preservado (ponto A). Este resultado possivelmente esteja relacionado à maior concentração de matéria orgânica observada no ponto B, propiciando condições ambientais favoráveis à proliferação de algas e, conseqüentemente, para um peixe comedor de algas. Contudo, o número de indivíduos capturados no ponto B foi menor, sugerindo que, embora a oferta de alimento seja mais abundante no local mais alterado, as condições limnológicas neste ponto, quando consideradas em seu conjunto, são possivelmente menos benéficas para a sobrevivência da espécie que as condições observadas no ponto A. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether variations in the limnological parameters of the Corumbataí river resulting from the discharge of a variety of wastes into its waters may be responsible for spatial shifts in the diet and capture of the armored catfish Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1907). Individuals were collected over a period of two years from two sites with similar physical, albeit distinct limnological characteristics. As a whole, the environmental variables (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total coliforms and fecal coliforms) of the two sites were found to vary significantly. The food items found in the guts of these armored catfish (sediments, diatoms, fungi hyphae, chlorophytes, cyanophytes and non-identified material) ranked differently in samples from the two sites. In the more polluted (site B), diatoms and chlorophytes ranked higher in the diet than in that of individuals caught in the more preserved location (site A). This fact may be related to the greater amount of organic material found at site B, which provides favorable environmental conditions for such algae and, consequently, for algivorous fishes. Even so, fewer fish were captured at site B than at site A, suggesting that although food is more abundant in the more polluted site, its limnological conditions appear, on the whole, to be less beneficial than the conditions at site A. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) Laboratório de Análise e Monitoramento Ambiental do Gás Natural (GASLAB) Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia

The genus Hypostomus shows a complex taxonomy due to a wide variation in its morphology and color pattern what difficult the identification of many species. The isozyme electrophoresis technique was employed to analyse Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani and one morphotype of this genus (Hypostomus sp. 1) from the Ivaí river (Paraná State). The study of nine enzyme systems (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GCPDH, G3PDH, LDH, MDH and SOD) allowed the score of 14 loci, some of them being diagnostic for Hypostomus sp. 1 (Adh-A and G3pdh-B), H. hermanni (sAat-B and Gcpdh-A), and H. albopunctatus (Est-2), revealing reproductive isolation between them. Except for H. albopunctatus, which showed zero heterozygosity value (He), the analyzed species showed values above the average for fishes (0.051): 0.126 in Hypostomus sp. 1, 0.199 in H. hermanni, and 0.085 in H. regani. The genetic distance values showed a greater proximity between H. albopunctatus and H. regani (D = 0.218), where as Hypostomus sp. 1 and H. hermanni were the most divergent (D = 0.563). Results pointed out that the analyzed populations show a wide interspecific variation of their gene pool. O gênero Hypostomus apresenta uma taxonomia complexa devido a uma ampla variação na morfologia e no padrão de coloração o que dificulta a identificação de muitas espécies. Através da eletroforese de isoenzimas foram analisados Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani e mais um morfótipo deste gênero (Hypostornus sp. 1) do rio Ivai (PR). O estudo de nove sistemas enzimáticos (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GCPDH, G3PDH, LDH, MDH e SOD) revelou 14 locos, sendo alguns deles diagnósticos para Hypostomus sp. 1 (Adh-A e G3pdh-B), H. hermanni (sAat-B e Gcpdh e H.i albopunctatus (Est-2), evidenciando um isolamento reprodutivo entre as quatro populações. Com exceção de H. albopunctatus que exibiu um valor de heterozigosidade (He) igual à zero, as espécies analisadas apresentaram valores acima da média para peixes (0,051): 0,126 para Hypostoinus sp. 1, 0,199 para H. hermanni e 0,085 para H. regani. Os valores de distância genética mostraram uma proximidade maior entre H. albopunctatus e H. regani (D = 0,218), enquanto Hypostonius sp. 1 e H. hermanni apresentaram a maior divergência genotípica (D = 0,563). Os resultados indicam que as populações analisadas apresentam uma ampla variação interespecífica da sua constituição genética. viii, 46 f

Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda-Ribeiro) (Fig. 5, 6; Table 2) Plecostomus interruptus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918:632 (type locality: rio Juqui��. Restricted by Britski, 1969:209 to rio Juqui��, Fazenda Po��o Grande). Gosline, 1945:81 [reference, distribution]. Fowler, 1954:184 [reference, distribution]. Britski, 1969:209 [catalogue, distribution]. Hypostomus interruptus Isbr��cker, 1980:25 [reference, distribution]. Burgess, 1989:431 [reference, distribution]. Isbr��cker, 2001:28 [reference]. Weber, 2003:358 [reference, distribution]. Armbruster, 2004:79 [reference]. Hypostomus cf. affinis (Steindachner, 1877). Bizerril & Lima, 2000:107 [reference]. Hypostomus sp. 1161 Montoya-Burgos, 2003 [biogeography, molecular phylogeny]. Holotype. Brazil. S��o Paulo: MZUSP 2110, 121.0 mm SL; rio Juqui��, Fazenda Po��o Grande, Juqui��; W. J. Moenkhaus, 1898. Other material examined. Brazil. S��o Paulo: - MZUSP 68172, 2, 166.0 - 202.8 mm SL; rio do Queimado, tributary of rio Jacupiranguinha, Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, approx. 24�� 48' 2,2"S, 48�� 13' 32,0"W, Cajati; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 9 March 2001. - MZUSP 68192, 4, 32.3-46.6 mm SL; MZUSP 68196, 7, 32.4-55.7 mm SL; same data as above. - MZUSP 75463, 7, 41.8 - 140.0 mm SL; ribeir��o Bra��o Bonito, tributary of rio Areado, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 14' 59"S, 47�� 10' 46"W, Itariri; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 13 September 2001. - MZUSP 75464, 3, 42.7-77.1 mm SL; Ribeir��o Bra��o Bonito, tributary of rio Areado, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 15' 5,0"S, 47�� 10' 35,0"W, Itariri; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 13 September 2001. - MZUSP 78706, 1, 33.5 mm SL; Ribeir��o Grande creek, Bairro Ribeir��o Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 14' 7;0"S, 47�� 13' 58,0"W, Pedro de Toledo; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 11 September 2001. - MZUSP 78707, 1, 54.0 mm SL; tributary of rio Itariri, on the road from Manoel da N��brega to Santa Rita, approx. 24�� 12' 37,0"S, 47�� 17' 23,0"W, Pedro de Toledo; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 14 September 2001. - MZUSP 51913, 4 (2), 104.3-108.9 mm SL; rio Saibadela, Saibadela Base Camp of Fazenda Intervales, Sete Barras; S. Buck et al., 4-6 March 1994. - MZUSP 70693, 1, 43.5 mm SL; rio das Criminosas, tributary of rio Catas Altas, Itapirapu�� Paulista, approx. 24 �� 34' 16,7"S, 48�� 10' 22,4"W; Projeto Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 09 August 2001. - MZUSP 37992, 1, 149.0 mm SL; rio Pardo, tributary of rio Turvo, ��gua do Padre district, Barra do Turvo; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 22 July 1987. - MZUSP 40003, 4, 83.7-96.5 mm SL; riacho Arataca, tributary of rio Jacupiranga, at road Pariquera - A��u to Iguape, Pariquera-A��u; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 28 March 1987. - MZUSP 45410, 1, 117.0 mm SL; rio Pil��es, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Eldorado; M. Damato, 7 March 1993. - MZUSP 45457, 1, 202.3 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 5 March 1993. - MZUSP 51981, 21 (5), 75.9-169.4 mm SL; rio Betari, Serra district, Iporanga; R. Pardini, 16 February 1995. - MZUSP 52636, 2, 116.5-180.5 mm SL; rio Betari, bellow rio ��guas Quentes, ��guas Quentes cave, Serra district, Iporanga; S. Buck et al., 26 January1995. - MZUSP 52639, 3, 141.3-178.0 mm SL; rio Betari, Serra district, Iporanga; S. Buck et al., February 1995. - MZUSP 52455, 1, 124.0 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 5 March 1993. - MZUSP 46066, 7, 75.9-120.7 mm SL; rio Betari, Iporanga; R. Pardini, 1993. - MZUSP 50715, 3, 118.5-150.0 mm SL; rio Betari, near of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Iporanga; S. Buck, February 1995. - MZUSP 45168, 1, 168.6 mm SL; rio Batatal, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Eldorado; M. Damato, 3 March 1993. - MZUSP 55486, 1, 192.5 mm SL; rio Pil��es, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Iporanga; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 19 January 1995. - MZUSP 55217, 3, 206.1-226.8 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, October 1995. - MZUSP 55214, 5, 172.8-197.2 mm SL; rio Catas Altas, Ribeira; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 23 January 1995. - MZUSP 55487, 2, 156.5-188.8 mm SL; rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 17 January 1995. - MZUSP 55482, 2, 155.4-189.2 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 25 January 1995. - MZUSP 55488, 16, 115.1-223.7 mm SL; waterfalls of rio Palmital, 1000 m above mouth into rio Ribeira de Iguape, Apia��; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 22 January 1995. Paran��: - MZUSP 25010, 10, (5), 125.3-180.8 mm SL; Capivari-Cachoeira Dam, Campina Grande do Sul; L. C. Freitas, 26 August 1977. - MZUSP 54581, 236.0 mm SL; rio Pardo, Bairro ��gua do Padre on the road Iporanga to Barra do Turvo, Barra do Turvo; O. T. Oyakawa, F. Langeani & V. C. Silva, February 1988. - MZUSP 79558, 49, 21.2- 39.1 mm SL, Arroio Taquaral, tributary of rio A��ungui, Campo Largo, 25�� 24' 50.3" S, 49�� 38' 31.8" W; Projeto Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 19 May 2002. - MZUSP 79559, 9, 30.5-47.5 mm SL; Arroio 3 Barras, tributary of rio Ponta Grossa, 24�� 50' 14.8"S, 49�� 15' 51.2"W; Cerro Azul; Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 20 May 2002. Diagnosis. Hypostomus interruptus is distinguished from its congeners inhabiting rio Ribeira de Iguape basin by its oblique dark bands on flanks (versus absence of such bands), comparatively smaller spots over body and fins, more so over anterior portion of head, and spots on region of trunk posterior to dorsal-fin end more conspicuous in smaller specimens (up to 130.0 mm SL), becoming faded or absent in larger specimens (versus color pattern of trunk relatively homogeneous throughout ontogeny). Description. Standard length of examined specimens 32.3 to 236.0 mm SL. Counts and proportional measurements presented in Table 2. Dorsal profile gently raising upwards from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin and gently descending from this point to the end of caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle roughly oval in cross-section, flattened on ventral portion. Dorsal plates between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin spine flattened. One preadipose plate. Pre-dorsal region of trunk located between pterotic-supracleithrum and vertical through dorsal-fin origin covered by three horizontal series of plates that extends posteriorly to caudal fin. Median series of plates bearing the lateral-line canal. Mid-dorsal series situated above and mid-ventral series situated below median series. Dorsal series of plates starting at dorsal-fin origin. Ventral series of plates starting approximately at midlength of pelvic-fin base extension. Plates of mid-dorsal series not aligned, interrupted by first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1B). Covering of abdomen ontogenetically variable. Plates restricted to central area of abdomen in specimens up to 95.0 mm SL; in larger specimens abdomen usually covered with minute platelets, leaving a naked area just around the pelvic fin. Plates on dorsal and lateral portion of body relatively smooth in small and median size specimens. Trunk plates of larger specimens with relatively well developed ridges, forming four keels along flanks. Dorsal-most keel located over dorsal series of plates. Keel on mid-dorsal series of plates interrupted, following the alignment of plates. Anterior portion of this keel somewhat continuous with ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum, crossing the middorsal series of plates on pre-dorsal region of trunk, and not aligned to keel of posterior portion of mid-dorsal series. Keel on median series of plates poorly developed. Keel on three dorsal-most horizontal series of plates usually starting at dorsal-fin origin, except by largest specimens examined that have those keels more conspicuous posterior to the vertical through insertion of sixth branched dorsal-fin ray. Mid-ventral keel well developed, more conspicuous on anterior half of trunk. Head somewhat triangular, rounded anteriorly. Dorsal and ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications, except for a small oval naked area on snout tip. Outer face of upper lip covered with small platelets, except small specimens that have most of this region naked (smaller than 100.0 mm SL). Ornamentation of pterotic-supracleithrum similar to the remaining surface of head and with odontodes densely distributed. Dorsal margin of orbit slightly elevated, continuing in a low ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum. Larger specimens with a low ridge on supraoccipital, diverging in two weakly developed separated ridges on predorsal plates. Usually two plates, sometimes one, bordering posterior margin of the supraoccipital bone. Space between orbits almost straight or slightly convex. Eyes large. Mouth wide, rounded. Anterior-most papillae of inner face of lower lip irregular in form, somewhat elongate, followed by roundish papillae decreasing in size posteriorly. Teeth long and bicuspid; medial cusp approximately twice in length of outer cusp and curved inwards. Premaxillary teeth inserted in a relatively straight line; dentary teeth inserted in a concave arch facing mouth cavity; contralateral dentaries forming a relatively wide angle. Maxillary barbels relatively thin, elongated, slightly shorter than eye diameter, and without papillae. Dorsal-fin origin situated on vertical anterior to pelvic-fin origin, approximately on posterior third of pectoral-fin spine. Dorsal fin relatively small; tips of adpressed last two rays ending on second or third plate anterior to adipose-fin spine. Margin of dorsal fin relatively straight. Adipose-fin spine compressed, moderately strong with posterior-most portion curved ventrally in specimens around 150.0 mm SL and straight in smaller specimens. Distal half of pectoral-fin spine of larger specimens covered dorsally with small odontodes slightly curved forward (larger than 110.0 mm SL). Tip of adpressed pectoral fin beyond origin of pelvic fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic-fin spine reaching origin of anal fin in larger specimens and posterior to origin of the last branched ray in small specimens (up to 180.0 mm SL). Basal lamina of first proximal radial of anal fin covered by skin in the majority of specimens examined, except in a few small specimens. Caudal fin margin concave, lower spine slightly longer than upper. Color in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surface of body with light brown or grayish ground coloration. Relatively small black or dark-brown roundish spots scattered all over dorsal and lateral surface of body, becoming gradually smaller towards anterior portion of head. Spots on region of trunk posterior to dorsal-fin end more conspicuous in smaller specimens (up to 130.0 mm SL), becoming faded or absent in larger specimens. Lateroventral portion of body below mid-ventral series of plates without spots on specimens 150.0 mm SL or larger. Four dark brown inconspicuous oblique bands on flanks, more visible in juveniles; dorsal portion of anterior-most band aligned with base of first three branched dorsal-fin rays; anterodorsal margin of second band aligned with insertion of last one or two dorsal-fin rays; third band located immediately posterior to dorsal-fin end and last band over posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of body pale or yellowish, usually clear except in some juveniles that have the ventral surface scattered with spots similar to those on body. Overall ground coloration of all fins pale to yellowish; recently fixed specimens pale orange. Dark brown or black spots larger than those of body sparsely distributed over fin rays and interradial membranes; pattern of distribution usually forming series when fins erected in specimens 180.0 mm SL or smaller. Caudal-fin spots arranged in irregular vertical series. Ground color of living specimens usually darker than alcohol preserved specimens and pattern of the four oblique bands more conspicuous. Distribution and notes. Hypostomus interruptus is known to occur only in Ribeira de Iguape river basin. Sampling efforts in this region in the last ten years suggests Hypostomus interruptus as the most common Hypostomus in the area. This conclusion involves the high number of individuals collected, high diversity of environments inhabited, and wide geographical distribution of this species (Fig. 5). Hypostomus interruptus was found in relatively large rivers as exemplified by the rivers Ribeira, Pil��es, Catas Altas, Pardo, and also in smaller drainages as Betari, Saibadela, Arataca, a tributary of rio Jacupiranga, and Bra��o Bonito, a tributary of rio S��o Louren��o. The area of occurrence of H. interruptus varies from 165 to 900 m above sea level., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on pages 14-18

Hypostomus macushi New Species (Fig. 1) Holotype: UG/CSBD 11047, Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), 130.9 mm SL, Ireng River, 6.9 km WSW Karasabai, Takutu River - Negro River drainage, 04.01957��, -059.60170��, 1 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson. Paratypes: All collections Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), Takutu River - Negro River drainage: ANSP 180211, 2 specimens, 37.2-99.2, AUM 35553, 3, 36.2-114.9, MCP 35157, 1, 67.3, and UG/CSBD 11048, 1, 86.9, same data as holotype; ANSP 180212, 2, 58.2-77.3, AUM 35540, 3, 50.5-94.5, MCP 35157, 1, 80.1, and UG/CSBD 11049, 2, 42.7-71.3, Yuora River, tributary of the Ireng River, 6.7 km NE Karasabai, 04.05399��, - 059.45450��, 31 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson; ANSP 180213, 1, 38.9 and AUM 38884, 1, 34.4, Takutu River, 3.77 km SSW Lethem. 03.35500��, -059.83077��, 1 November 2003, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, M. Hardman, D. Arjoon, N.K. Lujan, and L.S. de Souza; and AUM 35544, 1, 34.4, Sauriwau River, 31.2 km NW village of Sand Creek, 03.11432��, - 059.77544��, 4 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; AUM 35548, 1, 34.8. Nontypes: All collections, Guyana, Essequibo River drainage: AUM 35510, 1, 141.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Simoni River, tributary of Rupununi River, 4 sites from 6.6 km SE to 3.2 km W Karanambo, 03.71917��, -059.26121��, 29 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, and R. Francis; AUM 35534, 1, 30.6, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River, 4.6 km NW Massara, 03.92603��, -059.28037��, 26 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, S.M. James, and S. Mario; AUM 35531, 3, 30.0-40.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River at Karanambo, 03.75004��, -059.30835��, 29-30 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; and AUM 35548, 1, 34.8, Upper Demerara - Berbice (Region 10), Essequibo River at Kurukupari, east bank, 04.66149��, -058.67519��, 24 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and S.M. James. Diagnosis: Hypostomus macushi can be separated from all other Hypostomus except the species of the H. cochliodon group based on the presence of large, spoon-shaped teeth (vs. viliform teeth and loss of the buccal papilla; and from all members of the H. cochliodon group except H. cochliodon, H. ericae, H. ericius and H. paucipunctatus by the presence of very widely spaced black spots on a light background. Hypostomus macushi can be separated from H. cochliodon by lacking a longitudinal ridge on the pterotic-supracleithrum and a lack of longitudinal dark stripes; from H. ericius by lacking keels formed from sharp odontodes on the lateral plates; from H. ericae and H. paucipunctatus by lacking a buccal papilla; from H. ericae by having spots in the distal dorsal and caudal fins not combining(vs. spots combining to form wavy lines); and from H. paucipunctatus by having medium to large spots (vs. very small spots). Hypostomus macushi can additionally be separated from H. cochliodon, H. ericius, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, and H. sculpodon by having seven to eight adipose-caudal plates (vs. nine to 16); and from H. hemicochliodon, H. hondae, H. pagei, H. plecostomoides, H. sculpodon, H. simios and H. soniae by generally having no odontodes on the opercle (zero to 10), vs. having a patch of greater than 10 odontodes on the opercle. Description: Morphometric data given in Table 1. Fairly small for Hypostomus cochliodon group, largest 141.5 mm SL. Body shape deep at origin of the dorsal fin then narrowing posteriorly causing body to appear humped. Body depth increases from snout to tip of supraoccipital at steep angle, angle of body depth increase decreases from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin spinelet. Rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit to posterior margin of nares; ridge widest and tallest posteriorly. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Nuptial body odontodes present. Cheek plates generally support several stout odontodes slightly larger than surrounding odontodes. Rounded ridge present from posterodorsal corner of eye to end of pterotic-supracleithrum. Space between orbits concave such that dorsal rim of orbit raised above medial surface of head. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, supramedian, median, and inframedian plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates with very short median keels formed from ridge of bone and enlarged odontodes; keel odontodes not sharp; keels of first three plates of supramedian plate row angled dorsally, confluent with keel of dorsal plate row; keels on first three plates of dorsal row forming angle from tip of supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (including space above pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays) of most adults covered in small platelets, platelets often extending onto base of pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays ventrally; some adults with broad, naked areas around insertions of pelvic-fin spines. Zero to few small platelets present in skin between dorsal fin and lateral plates of adults. Platelets on abdomen and near fins increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Opercle typically without odontodes, but one to 10 may be present in some individuals. Some odontodes present on posterior margin of preopercle. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30��). Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed, consisting of small, V-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, reaches posterior to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoral fin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, reaches origin of anal fin when depressed. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray that supports odontodes. Adipose fin consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane not reaching procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II7; pectoral fin I6; pelvic fin I5, anal fin I4, caudal fin I14I. Jaws strongly angled, dentaries forming angle of less than 80��. Teeth few (six to nine in dentary, mode eight, and five to eight in premaxilla, mode six), spoon-shaped. Lateral line plates 26-29; dorsal plates seven to eight; interdorsal plates six to seven; adipose-caudal plates seven to eight. Color light gray to tan when alive, becoming tan when preserved. Body covered with small- to medium-sized spots widely separated from one another, head spots just slightly smaller than body spots. Spots on all fins except anal fin generally larger than spots on body, centered on rays and spines; anal fin with one to two bands or mottled. Caudal fin generally with clear area at base and spots almost fading into a dark wash distally. Abdomen slightly lighter than sides, with fewer spots (spots absent on abdomen in juveniles. Spots relatively larger in juveniles. Juveniles with bands in the dorsal and paired fins, and caudal with a distal clear band that does not extend completely into the lower lobe, preceded by a dark band that extends to the tip of the lower lobe, preceded by a clear area. Juveniles with a dark bar at end of caudal peduncle. Range: Currently known from the middle and lower Rupununi River, the Essequibo River at Kurukupari, and the Takutu and Ireng Rivers (Negro River drainage) along the Guyana-Brazil border (Fig. 2). Ecology: Found among submerged, dead wood in modest to swift flow. The Macushi people collected the holotype and several of the paratypes collected with it by spearing them in fairly deep (2m) water in the Ireng River. Etymology: Named for the Macushi people of the northern Rupununi who provided us with a lot of help and hospitality on our journeys to Southern Guyana, and who collected most of the best specimens in the type series. Treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster & Lesley S. de Souza, 2005, Hypostomus macushi, a new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Guyana., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 920 on pages 3-6

Hypostomus punctatus: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: - MZUSP 80305, 6, 40.3-109.6 mm SL; rio S��o Jo��o, on the road Boqueir��o to Japu��ba., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on page 26