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[Objective] The saline-alkali soil in the irrigation area on the south bank of the Yellow River has problems such as high salt content, low nutrient content, and poor soil structure, which restricts the local agricultural and economic development, so exploring low-cost and high-benefit improvement measures are conducive to alleviating the pressure on local farmland and promoting crop income growth. [Method] For this purpose, six treatments were designed for moderate and severe saline-alkali soil in the irrigation area on the south bank of the Yellow River, including control (CK), 3% corn straw (T1), 3% cow manure (T2), 3% desulfurization gypsum (T3), 2% corn straw combined with 1% cow manure (T4), and 2% corn straw combined with 1% desulfurization gypsum (T5). And the effects of different improvement measures were studied through indoor cultivation experiments on the physicochemical properties and aggregate characteristics of soil with two saline-alkali soils, in the irrigation area on the south bank of the Yellow River. [Result] (1) Different improvement measures have improved soil physical and chemical properties to varying degrees. In moderate saline-alkali soil, the pH value of T1 treatment decreased by 8.14%, while the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content increased by 72.99% and 16.14%, respectively. The pH value of T5 treatment decreased by 11.34%, while the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content increased by 43.75% and 38.60%, respectively. Under no infiltration conditions, there was no significant difference in EC value between T1 treatment and CK, but the EC value of T5 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK. In severe saline-alkali soil, the pH value and EC decreased by 1.50% and 9.67% respectively in T2 treatment, while the organic carbon content and total nitrogen content increased by 66.48% and 52.94%, respectively. And the decrease in soil pH and EC was 4.01% and 9.67% in T4 treatment of heavily saline-alkali soil, respectively, while the increase in organic carbon and total nitrogen was 48.94% and 48.24%, respectively. (2) Different improvement measures have improved the structure and distribution of soil aggregation. In moderately saline-alkali soil, the number of >2 mm aggregates with T1 treatment increased most significantly, accounting for 41.53%, GMD and WR0.25 have the highest growth rates, reaching 305.2% and 199.90% respectively. The most significant increase in the number of aggregates between 0.25-2 mm was observed in T5 treatment of moderately saline-alkali soil, accounting for 65.10%, and the growth rates of GMD and WR0.25 were 198.33% and 204.72%, respectively. In the severe saline-alkali soil, the number of 0.25-2 mm aggregates increased most significantly under T2 treatment, followed by T4 treatment, which were 65.17% and 59.92%, respectively; T2 treatment showed the best performance in promoting aggregate stability, with the largest GMD and the smallest D. (3) The total score of principal component in moderate saline-alkali soil under different improvement measures was T5 treatment >T1 treatment >T2 treatment >T4 treatment > T3 treatment > CK, and in severe saline-alkali soil, it was T2 treatment > T4 treatment > T1 treatment > T5 treatment > T3 treatment > CK. [Conclusion] In summary, for moderate saline-alkali soil, the 3% corn straw treatment (T1 treatment) and the 2% corn straw combined with 1% desulfurization gypsum treatment (T5 treatment) showed better overall performance in improving soil physical and chemical properties and aggregate structure. For severe saline-alkali soil, the combination of 3% cow manure treatment (T2 treatment) and 2% corn straw with 1% cow manure treatment (T4 treatment) showed better overall improvement in soil physicochemical properties and aggregate structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the importance of traditional technologies, knowledge and practices for water harvesting and conservation in the remote areas of Northwestern Himalaya, India. The study surveys the role of traditional water resources in supporting daily life activities, including Khuls or irrigation channels, Baori or stone-walled pit dug, Jayroo and Maggaru spiritual spring water, Nauns or tank-style surface water, the water structures khads and nahllas, kua, and Gharat or watermills.

The article examines the effect of mulch on maize yield and water productivity under different methods of irrigation. The field experiment tested drip irrigation, furrow irrigation and flood irrigation under mulch and un-mulch conditions and recorded the maximum and minimum plant height, maximum maize grain weight, crop yield, water productivity, maize cob size, cob weight, leaf area index and number of grain per cob.

Appropriate water supply is crucial for high-yield and high-quality potato tuber production. However, potatoes are mainly planted in arid and semi-arid regions in China, where the precipitation usually cannot meet the water demand throughout the growth period. In view of the actual situation of water shortage in these areas, to monitor the water status of potato plants timely and accurately and thus precisely control the irrigation are of significance for water-saving management of potatoes. Hyperspectral remote sensing has unique advantages in diagnosing crop water stress. In this paper, the canopy spectral reflectance and plant water content were measured under five irrigation treatments. The spectral parameters that respond to plant water content were selected, and a hyperspectral water diagnosis model for leaf water content (LWC) and aboveground water content (AGWC) of potato plants was established. It was found that potato tuber yield was the highest during the entire growth period under sufficient irrigation, and the plant water content showed a downward trend as the degree of drought intensified. The peak hyperspectral reflectance of potato plant canopies appeared in the red wavelength, where the reflectance varied significantly under different water treatments and decreased with decreasing irrigation. Six models with sensitive bands, first-order derivatives, and moisture spectral indices were established to monitor water content of potato plants. The R2 values of partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and BP neural network (BP) models are 0.8418, 0.9020, and 0.8926, respectively, between LWC and hyperspectral data; and 0.8003, 0.8167, and 0.8671, respectively, between the AGWC and hyperspectral data. These six models can all predict the water content of potato plants, but SVM is the best model for predicting LWC of potato plants. These results are of great significance for guiding precision irrigation of potato plants at different growth stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the performance of four different fertigation scheduling methods in greenhouse-grown, drip-fertigated Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) cultivation. These methods were based on (1) the use of a timer (control), (2) accumulated radiation (AR), (3) estimated evapotranspiration (ET), and (4) measured soil moisture (SM), with fertilizer application proportional to the supplied water. These methods caused considerable variations in the amount of fertigation water (I), soil volumetric water content (θ), and bulk soil electrical conductivity, leading to variations in the harvested fresh weight (FW). The SM-based method maintained the target θ and achieved the highest irrigation water productivity (WP; the ratio of FW to ΣI), while the ET-based method led to insufficient I and FW loss. The AR-based method over-fertigated, but no FW loss was observed. Compared to the WP of the control, those of the SM-, ET-, and AR-based methods varied by +1%, −14%, and −57%, respectively. Different fertigation methods did not significantly affect leaf photosynthetic capacity, but under-fertigation caused a significant decline in stomatal conductance. Compared to the ET- and AR-based methods, the SM-based method seemed to have a lower risk of under-/over-fertigation because I in the SM-based method could be adjusted according to θ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larix kaempferi is in high demand in Korea due to its value in timber and afforestation. However, it faces challenges in terms of propagation and the collection of physiological information for seedling production. In particular, moisture supply is crucial in seedling production. Therefore, establishing efficient irrigation regimes based on optical measurements is essential. Optical measurement methods are expected to be non-destructive, rapid, and reduce labor consumption in nursery systems. This study applied optical measurements using vegetation indices (VIs), chlorophyll fluorescence (FL) imaging, and thermal (TH) imaging to explore the efficient irrigation period for one-year-old Larix kaempferi seedlings in greenhouse conditions under drought stress and perform rehydration experiments. It was observed that all the seedlings survived without irrigation until day 4 (D4) (soil moisture content: 5.3%). Upon rehydration on D6, 83.33% of the seedlings survived until D14. According to the optical measurement results, the TH parameters, PRI (photochemical reflectance index), and Fm (maximum fluorescence in a dark-adapted state) showed sensitive stress responses in all drought treatment pots on D6. Among them, thermal imaging was found to have the highest potential for addressing limitations and being utilized in the greenhouse. The results of this study are expected to provide foundational data for the development of smart nursery systems for efficient irrigation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study: to study the surface irrigation method, as well as to obtain the necessary results about the optimal irrigation regimes needed during the study, as well as to prepare a set of ideas and concepts about this method and its special effectiveness in the design of species related to this method. Methodology of the research: the methodology of the research involves reviewing the literature related to surface irrigation, investigating the application of surface irrigation and its types, and based on these, determining the most optimal regime and also the suitability indicators for the plant to be applied and which areas. The applied importance of the research: the applied importance of the research is to select the optimal surface irrigation method suitable for certain areas and agricultural plants, and to learn the features of organizing sustainability in the design of this method even after the design of this method by achieving the efficiency due to the design of the surface irrigation method. The results of the research: the characteristics and indicators obtained in the research and design of surface irrigation methods and types, the negative and positive aspects of the characteristics of this method and its types, as well as the steps to be taken to solve the problems that arise in the design, the changes in the characteristics of water during the methods of this method. Scientific innovation: to increase efficiency and productivity by applying hydroaggregates in the surface irrigation method, to organize the joint activity of this method and the irrigation techniques of this method, and to develop a new integrated application technique by carrying out the integrated application of other irrigation types and irrigation types with aggregates. Also, to create a new manifestation of innovation, to obtain innovations in the organization of this irrigation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality in arid regions is a crucial determinant of sustainable social and economic development. Combining traditional hydrogeochemical methods with ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression modeling (GWR), the suitability of surface water irrigation in the summer irrigation period was investigated in the Tarim Basin. The results indicated that all water samples belonged to three types of water: SO4 Cl–Ca•Mg, SO4 Cl–Na, and HCO3–Ca Mg. A convergence phenomenon occurred under long-term irrigation conditions, showing a similarity between the salt composition of soils and surface irrigation waters. Although the current quality of surface water is generally suitable for irrigation, the process of reverse ion exchange has a more important effect on surface water bodies and soil salinity, thereby resulting in an increase in the Na-ion content of the soil and subsequently enhancing alkaline hazards. Both the OLS and GWR models unequivocally indicate that nitrate nitrogen primarily originates from natural weathering processes and that the sources of this material exhibit spatial heterogeneity across distinct regions. The construction of irrigation reservoirs to effectively deal with agricultural water shortages will lead to a deterioration in the quality of irrigation. The overall findings suggest that the water quality can meet the irrigation needs at present, but to ensure the sustainable use of water resources in arid regions, the increasing nitrogen concentration caused by human activities and the decline in water quality caused by reservoir construction need to be addressed in future irrigation management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt damage affects crop yields and wastes limited water resources. Implementing water-saving and salt-controlling strategies along with amendments can enhance crop productivity and support the development of salinized soils towards. In this study, we used "Jia Liang 0987" maize as the test material, and a two-factor split block design was executed to investigate the effects of synergistic management of irrigation volume (W1: 360 mm, W2: 450 mm, and W3: 540 mm) and amendments (T1: microbial agent 816.33 kg·hm−2, T2: humic acid 6122.45 kg·hm−2, T3: microsilica powder 612.25 kg·hm−2) on water, salt and soil indices, and growth characteristics. The combination of 450 mm of irrigation with humic acid (W2T2) or with microsilica powder (W2T3) significantly lowered the groundwater level by 0.24 m and 0.19 m, respectively. The soil mineralization was significantly reduced by 2.60 g/L and 1.75 g/L with W2T2 and 540 mm of irrigation combined with humic acid (W3T2), respectively. The soil moisture content increased with depth and over time, showing the greatest improvement with W2T2. This combination also showed optimal results for pH and total salt, organic matter, available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, Cl−, and SO42− contents. W2T2 and W3T2 improved soil field capacity and HCO3− contents, and significantly increased total nitrogen and phosphorus content, improving the soil nutrient grade. W2T2 showed the greatest maize plant height (323.67 cm) and stem thickness (21.54 mm for diameter), enhancing above-ground dry biomass (72,985.49 kg·hm−2) and grain yield (14,646.57 kg·hm−2). Implementing water-saving and salt-controlling strategies with amendments effectively improved soil fertility and crop yield in salinized soils, and the amendments factor played a major role. In saline–alkali soils in the northwest of China, 450 mm of irrigation combined with humic acid is especially helpful for enhancing soil fertility and maize productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain yield response to consumptive water use a.k.a. evapotranspiration (ETc) is a critical dimension of food‐water nexus in irrigated agroecosystems. With the largest water footprint, irrigated corn production in the U.S. must be assessed for its ETc and water use efficiency (WUE) at a scale meaningful for producers and water managers. Field experiments significantly inform our understanding of how corn yield responds to ETc at the field/plot‐level, but their collective synergism remains untapped. This analysis uses a literature synthesis of existing measured data from nationwide experiments that measured corn ETc, to build models that elucidate and predict corn ETc and WUE under diverse environment and on‐farm management. The resulting synthesis (n = 1,362) captured wide ranging conditions of mean aridity, environmental variability, management, and crop outcomes, providing an unprecedented opportunity to train data‐driven models. Random forest models effectively predicted seasonal total ETc and seasonal mean WUE using a handful of environmental and management‐based predictors, demonstrating RMSEs of 33 mm (5.1%) and 0.28 kg m−3 (10.4%), respectively. Irrigation depth was the most important followed by total precipitation received during the growing season in determining ETc and WUE. Trained on the largest compilation of experimental data sets of corn ETc, these data‐driven models represent nuanced corn water production functions that also account for weather and agronomy besides describing economic yield‐ETc response. Key Points: Measured corn ETc & water use efficiency (WUE) and underlying environmental and management conditions across all experimental research in the U.S. were synthesizedIrrigation depth was the most important predictor of ETc and WUE followed by total precipitation received during the growing seasonPresented nuanced crop water production functions that account for weather and management besides describing yield‐ETc response [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to explore the primary factors influencing water quality in Wadi Guebli (Northeastern Algeria) and evaluate its suitability for irrigation by employing a combination of hydrochemical examination and multivariate statistical methods. Throughout the year 2023, water samples were collected from seven sampling locations and analysed for sulfate ( ), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), bicarbonate (), chloride (Cl–) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions. The hydrochemical properties of water samples were determined using the Piper diagram, with the K+- water type being the dominant facies. Magnesium ratio (MR), Kelly index (KI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na+%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI) values were employed to assess the suitability of the water for irrigation purposes. Calculated values of these parameters show that the Wadi Guebli waters present a danger for irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the north-western part of India, especially in Punjab and Haryana plains, the groundwater overdraft increases the cost of its withdrawal for irrigation and causes inequality in its access to farmers. As a result, groundwater markets are gradually emerging as pervasive agrarian institutions. In this research, the groundwater market structure has been studied in Haryana state and Karnal district has been chosen as the study area. For the survey, three villages are selected by the purposive sampling technique. The 300 households (100 households from each village) are selected by the simple random sampling technique. The primary data are collected by close-ended structured scheduled, interviews, and focus group discussions methods from the selected villages between the periods of May to September 2019. The study reveals that groundwater markets help to mitigate the increasing inequalities in groundwater access. The results show that almost 50% of the farming households have participated in the groundwater markets. There is a positive correlation (R2 = 0.6176) between water selling and farm size and a negative correlation (R2 = − 0.9828) between water buying and farm size. Groundwater scarcity, land fragmentation, and no tubewell on their own land have been observed as primary factors for the participation of farmers in groundwater markets. The most popular mode of water transactions is cash-based (hourly), which shows the mature stage of groundwater markets in the study area. Groundwater trade for irrigation is maximum under two crops, rice (45%) and wheat (46%), which significantly puts pressure on the groundwater resources. The study is suggested to change the cropping pattern and moving to two crops combination (rice and wheat) to crop diversification. A community-based approach is essential for efficient groundwater resource use in a water-scarce environment via effective institutional arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprinkler irrigation is widely used in agriculture because it allows for rational use of water. However, it can induce negative effects of soil erosion and of surface waterproofing. The scholars of these phenomena use the numerical integration of the equation of motion, but if there was an analytical solution, the study would be facilitated, and this solution could be used as software for regulating sprinklers. Therefore, in this study, the solution of the differential equation of the flight of droplets produced by sprinklers in the absence of wind was developed. The impossibility of an exact analytical solution to the ballistic problem due to the variability of the drag coefficient of the droplets is known; therefore, to find the integrals in closed form, the following were adopted: a new formula for the drag coefficient; a projection of the dynamic's equation onto two local axes, one tangent and one normal to the trajectory and some linearization. To reduce the errors caused by the latter, the linearization coefficients and their calculation formulas were introduced through multiple non-linear regressions with respect to the jet angle and the initial droplet speed. The analytical modeling obtained, valid for jet angles from 10° to 40°, was compared to the exact numerical solution, showing, for the total travel distance, a high accuracy with a mean relative error MRE of 1.8% ± 1.4%. Even the comparison with the experimental data showed high accuracy with an MRE of 2.5% ±1.1%. These results make the analytical modeling capable of reliably calculating the travel distance, the flight time, the maximum trajectory height, the final fall angle and the ground impact speed. Since the proposed analytical modeling uses only elementary functions, it can be implemented in PLC programmable logic controllers, which could be useful for controlling water waste and erosive effects on the soil during sprinkler irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare treatment success and discolouration of the permanent posterior teeth treated with vital pulp therapy (VPT) using mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), irrigated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or normal saline solution. Methods: A randomised non-inferiority trial was conducted. One hundred and twenty-five teeth that met the inclusion criteria were randomised to each irrigant, 65 in the NaOCl and 60 in the NSS groups. ProRoot® MTA was used as a pulp dressing material in both groups and teeth were followed for 12 months. The primary outcome was the success of VPT; requiring both clinical and radiographic success to be considered as success. The hypothesis of the primary outcome of this study was that the absolute difference of VPT success in the NSS group was not worse than that in the NaOCl group, by a margin of 5%. The hypothesis of the secondary outcome was that the NSS group would have a lower percentage of discolouration compared to the NaOCl group. Results: Using a per protocol analysis, the absolute difference of VPT success between the NSS and NaOCl groups was 2.08% (95% CI: -1.95, 6.1). Perceptible grey discolourations were 80% and 63% in NaOCl and NSS groups (difference -17%; 95% CI: -40.0, 6.2; p=0.15). Conclusion: For MTA-VPT procedure, irrigation with NSS was not worse than that with NaOCl. However, NSS did not lower the percentage of discolouration as discolouration was found in both irrigant groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the most culturally and economically important livelihood activities of the Ganges River Delta. In recent years, coastal communities have experienced longer dry seasons and salinity intrusion, which is exacerbated by registration errors in land tenure that have led to increasing encroachment by external interests in the Dacope sub-district of Bangladesh. These challenges threaten to undermine the sustainability of smallholder access to canals that are collectively managed as common-pool resources (CPR). This paper explores how identity and collective action may empower farmers to secure irrigation access in the face of external pressures. Drawing primarily on qualitative data collected through focus group discussions with farmers in Dacope, our findings reveal that identity serves as a powerful force driving collective action and the sustainability of the agricultural community. A shared occupational identity fosters a sense of belonging and collective responsibility among farmers to maintain water flow through construction, annual dredging, and temporary dry-season protections. However, despite a strong commitment to maintaining their irrigation system, challenges remain in farmers' ability to combat the powerful interests of wealthier members of the community that threaten to undermine the viability of the irrigation commons. Thus, formal support through policy and legislative avenues is also necessary to safeguard common property rights against the threat of privatization and illegal occupation of canals. These findings further underscore the need for more research on how collective identity may strengthen collective action, livelihoods, and sustainability in the absence of strong institutional arrangements that uphold community rights and access to common-pool resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover plants, among the most commonly used plants in the realm of green spaces, are typically characterized by shallow roots. In this research, a simple and flexible algorithm has been introduced for calculating the basal crop coefficient and evaporation coefficient of shallowrooted plants without the use of (micro-) lysimeters. The presented algorithm requires measurements of moisture at three depths for short-term calculations and only surface layer moisture monitoring for long-term calculations. Using this algorithm, it is possible to calculate the potential evaporation and transpiration of the plant. Furthermore, the presented algorithm is independent of time steps. To evaluate this algorithm, nine experimental plots were utilized, including six Frankenia plots with full coverage and three bare soil plots during the peak water demand period. All experiments were conducted at the educational site of irrigation systems in the vicinity of the meteorological site of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). For this purpose, the water content and irrigation of these plots was fulfilled (at most) every 48 hr. The results indicated that the presented algorithm has good capabilities for estimating the basal crop and evaporation coefficients. Additionally, the basal crop coefficient for Frankenia plant was found to be 1, and the evaporation coefficient was 0.58. Therefore, this method can be employed for estimating the water requirements of different plants without using (micro-) lysimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Groundwater in north India remains a vital food and water security resource for more than one billion people. Both summer monsoon drying, and winter warming pose considerable challenges for rapidly declining groundwater. However, their impacts on irrigation water demands and groundwater storage under the observed and projected future climate remain unexplored. Using in situ observations, satellite data, and a hydrological model that considers the role of irrigation and groundwater pumping, we show that summer monsoon drying and winter warming accelerate groundwater depletion in north India during the observed climate, which will continue in the projected future climate. Summer monsoon precipitation has significantly (P‐value = 0.04) declined (∼8%) while winters have become warmer in north India during 1951–2021. Both satellite (GRACE/GRACE‐FO) and hydrological model‐based estimates show a rapid groundwater depletion (∼1.5 cm/year) in north India with a net loss of 450 km3 of groundwater during 2002–2021. The summer monsoon drying followed by winter warming cause a substantial reduction in groundwater storage due to reduced groundwater recharge and enhanced pumping to meet irrigation demands. Summer monsoon drying and winter warming will continue to affect groundwater storage in north India in the future. For instance, summer monsoon drying (10%–15% deficit for near‐far periods) followed by substantial winter warming (1–4°C) in the future will further accelerate groundwater depletion by increasing (6%–20%) irrigation water demands and reducing groundwater recharge (6%–12%). Groundwater sustainability measures including reducing groundwater abstraction and enhancing the groundwater recharge during the summer monsoon seasons are needed to ensure future agricultural production. Plain Language Summary: Groundwater in north India is facing rapid depletion due to summer monsoon drying and winter warming. The decline in summer monsoon precipitation and warmer winters have led to major droughts, resulting in a massive loss of groundwater between 2002 and 2021. Summer monsoon drying coupled with winter warming climate will increase irrigation water demands and reduce groundwater recharge. This necessitates the implementation of groundwater sustainability measures to ensure future agricultural production during monsoon droughts. Key Points: Examined the role summer monsoon drying and winter warming on groundwater storage in IndiaRapid groundwater depletion (∼1.5 cm/year) resulted in a net loss of 450 km3 of groundwater during 2002–2021Summer monsoon drying followed by substantial winter warming under the warming climate will further accelerate groundwater depletion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presence of excessive algae in water is always considered as a negative factor in irrigation. However, the optimal balance between algal removal and retention in irrigation water when the algal biomass is controllable remains unknown. Therefore, this study explores the impact of low-level algal presence (Scytonema javanicum) on soil and microbial activity through controlled soil column experiments. Soil moisture was measured, and 16S rRNA gene amplicons sequencing was applied to characterize the microbial community. Slight community changes indicated no negative impact on the local microbial community of S. javanicum. Enzyme assays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that algae improved soil moisture retention, and enhanced the nutrient content of the topsoil. The decrease in moisture in the treatment group (from 27.53% to 26.42%) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) compared to the control (from 27.55% to 25.17%), while the contents of ammonium (NH3-N) and total nitrogen (TN) in the treatment (0.70 mg/kg and 0.54 g/kg) were also higher (p < 0.05) than that of the control (0.43 mg/kg and 0.49 g/kg). The results of the abundance of functional gene suggested algae facilitated nitrogen fixation and nitrification. This research offers innovative insights for diversifying the sources of irrigation water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irrigation significantly affects plant physiology, especially in arid regions, and plays a crucial role in growth and development. Understanding the effects of irrigation on different fruit ripening periods is essential for sustainable agriculture. This study investigates the phyto‐biochemical changes and antioxidative responses of C. baccatum to different irrigation levels during fruit ripening. Five irrigation levels (IL), 150% (IL5), 100% (IL4), 75% (IL3, control), 50% (IL2), and 25% (IL1) field capacity (FC), were studied over three ripening periods at 20th, 40th and 60th days after flowering. Significant changes in phytochemical composition, biochemical properties, and antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in response to different irrigation levels. Reduced irrigation levels combined with fruit ripening led to a significant increase in capsaicinoid components, while drought conditions enhanced antioxidant activity by increasing total phenolics and flavonoids. Conversely, MDA, proline, and protein levels increased under drought stress. Excessive irrigation increased biochemical components throughout ripening, while key enzyme activities responded proportionally to drought severity, with no significant effect above control levels. Optimal chemical components were observed at IL4, with IL1 showing the maximum pungency. Most parameters peaked on the 60th day after flowering, highlighting the importance of fruit ripening periods. These results provide valuable insights for refined irrigation strategies, improved physiological resilience, and sustainable yield enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic Act No. 10969 was constructed and implemented to offer free irrigation to the farmers, including the condonation of their debts and backlogs. Hence, this study evaluated the implementation of the said program in terms of its operation and maintenance, its benefits and technical assistance to the Irrigators’ Association, issues and concerns regarding FISA (Free Irrigation Service Act), and the recommended strategies to improve the program. The respondents were the farmers of the National Irrigation System of Colocol consisting of Bayombong, Villaverde, and Solano, Nueva Vizcaya. The research was qualitative and a descriptive-evaluative design that used a Likert Scale and Key Informant Interview (KII). As a result, the implementation of the FISA was very beneficial. According to the KII, farmers were satisfied with the program because of the free irrigation, some areas of the program however needed to be advanced and enhanced, mostly in the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Section and Institutional Development Unit (IDU) of NIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional approaches to irrigation development involve large lumpsum investments in big infrastructure that cannot adapt to changing climate and socio-economic conditions. There is an urgent need for alternative ways of investing in smallholder irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that are adaptive and avoid capital lock-in. Adaptive Investment Pathways (AdIP), inspired by the Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways (DAPP) concept, proposes stepwise investments to support smallholder irrigation development. AdIP builds resilience to future shocks through dynamic and flexible investment plans instead of investing in single static solutions. To develop an empirical grounding for operationalizing AdIP, we draw lessons from three case studies representing different stages of irrigation development along shallow sand river aquifers in Kenya and Zimbabwe. We retrospectively analyse the nature of investments at farm and landscape scales, and the type of risks and opportunities that farmers respond to. We find that in face of risks, farmers diversify their livelihoods, make small investments incrementally especially in response to opportunities and risks created by external triggers, and pause or reorient activity when they reach saturation points, i.e., biophysical or socio-political limits to their development objective, here irrigation development. Governments and external agencies can support smallholder irrigation development in SSA through targeted landscape scale investments that address saturation points faced by smallholders. This requires a robust participatory monitoring framework to identify and respond to saturation points, and a re-thinking of financing mechanisms which do not measure progress against a fixed schedule of investments, but instead measure continuous progress towards the development objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an important constraint on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) production in arid and semiarid areas, and alternate irrigation in root areas has water-saving potential for alfalfa production. To investigate the impact of alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) on the rhizosphere soil microorganisms of alfalfa, this study subjected alfalfa plants to different irrigation methods and irrigation levels. The growth status and rhizosphere soil microbial community diversity of alfalfa plants under alternate root-zone watering treatment were analyzed through laboratory experiments and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that at soil moisture levels of 80% field moisture capacity (FMC) and 60% FMC, APRI had no significant impact on the biomass or nodule number of alfalfa. However, 40% FMC significantly reduced the individual plant dry weight, chlorophyll content, and nodule number of the alfalfa plants. APRI increased the relative abundance of Actinomycetes in the alfalfa rhizosphere soil. Moreover, at 60% FMC, the MBC and MBN of rhizosphere, relative abundance of Actinobacteria and unclassified K fungi and Chao 1 index of bacteria significantly increased under APRI treatment. While relative abundance of Ascomycetes and Proteobacteria in the alfalfa rhizosphere significantly reduced under 60% FMC + APRI treatment. In summary, under the same irrigation conditions, APRI did not significantly affect the growth of alfalfa in the short term. And 60%FMC + APRI treatment did significantly affect the groups, structure and diversity of the rhizosphere soil microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is generating levels of environmental risk that are jeopardising modern development. As the management of water systems becomes more difficult, approaches to governance and engagement within regions are increasingly shaping adaptation successes and failures. We use theory on hydrosocial systems and risk to critically analyse stakeholder experiences of a transition in South Australian water management in peri‐urban Adelaide, with detail from the Langhorne Creek viticultural region. Local prescription of water resources has limited over‐exploitation and supported landowners to use water in sophisticated ways. When community stakeholders deliberated on common concerns with governance organisations for mutually beneficial outcomes, decision‐making supported successful hydrosocial adaptation. Ongoing challenges, such as a lack of confidence in the scientific knowledge guiding decisions, were accentuated when the process was politicised and engagement became inauthentic. If trust between governance organisations and local stakeholders is broken, it is difficult to re‐engage the farming community with adaptation decision‐making. In contrast, by working closely with community end‐users, government can enable appropriate behaviour and guide adaptive management. Attention to hydrosocial processes will be crucial to facilitate effective local adaptation policy in response to climate risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report real-time IRP and FR while performing flexible ureteroscopy in porcine kidney model utilizing LithoVue™ Elite (Boston Scientific®) with different irrigation systems, including automated pumps. Methods: Using an ex-vivo model of porcine kidney, IRPs were measured with LithoVue Elite. Ureteroscopic settings (US) were tested with all permutations of irrigation methods (IM), working channel occupant (WCO), and ureteral access sheaths (UAS). IMs included: Single Action Pumping System (SAPS™, Boston Scientific), Thermedx FluidSmart™ (Stryker®), and ENDOMAT™ (Karl Storz®). Pumps were tested at 50, 100, and 150 mmHg. WCOs included a 1.9Fr zero-tip basket, 200 µm, and 365 µm laser fibers. UASs utilized 11/13Fr and 12/14Fr 36 cm. Results: 84 different US were tested (252 experiments). ENDOMAT had higher IRP but the same FR as Thermedx at the same US for 50 and 100 mmHg (p < 0.01). SAPS had higher IRP and FR than pumps in all US studies (p < 0.01). There was positive correlation between pressure set by the pump and both IRP and FR (rho > 0.9). As the diameter of the WCO increased, lower IRP and FR were observed with the pumps (p < 0.01). With SAPS, IRP was similar regardless of WCO, but FR was decreased with the increased diameter of WCO (p = 0.81 and p < 0.01, respectively). There was significantly higher IRP when using 11/13Fr UAS than 12/14Fr (p < 0.01). Conclusion: IRP was higher with SAPS than automated pumps. ENDOMAT showed higher IRP than Thermedx when under 150 mmHg. IRP and FR increase with higher pump pressure and decrease with larger diameter WCO. Likewise, a larger UAS significantly reduced IRP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transduodenal surgical ampullectomy (tAMP) with papillary reimplantation is a valid alternative to pancreaticoduodenectomy for lesions of the periampullary region not amenable to endoscopic resection. As tAMP is burdened by high rates of biliopancreatic-enteric anastomotic leak, we tested preventive endoluminal vacuum therapy (eVAC) combined with post-operative continuous perianastomotic irrigation (CPI) to reduce such anastomotic leak. Methods: Between 10/2013 and 09/2023, 37 patients undergoing laparotomic tAMP (with or without jejunal transposition) and papillary reimplantation at Hirslanden Klinik Zurich were retrospectively analysed; of these, 16 received prophylactic eVAC combined with CPI, while the remaining represented the historical cohort. Results: The eVAC-CPI-group and the historical-cohort were homogeneous in demographic characteristics. Surgery in the prophylactic eVAC-CPI-group lasted about 30 min longer due to eVAC application (p = 0.008). The biliopancreatico-enteric anastomotic leak rates were 6.2% in the eVAC-CIP-group vs. 19.0% in the historical-cohort (p = 0.266). Along, a strong trend of less severe post-operative complications in general (p = 0.073), and borderline-significantly less cases of acute pancreatitis (p = 0.057) and tAMP-related re-operations or re-interventions (p = 0.057) in particular, were observed in the eVAC-CPI-group. The only anastomotic leak in the eVAC-CPI-group was successfully managed through repeated cycles of eVAC. The device was well tolerated by all patients; no vacuum/irrigation-related complications or malfunctioning occurred. Conclusion: Our study is the first to provide some technical insights demonstrating the safety and feasibility of a prophylactic approach with eVAC and perianastomotic irrigation to reduce anastomotic leak after tAMP. Increasing the number of subjects will confirm the benefit of our promising results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To experimentally measure renal pelvis pressure (PRP) in an ureteroscopic model when applying a simple hydrodynamic principle, the siphoning effect. Methods: A 9.5Fr disposable ureteroscope was inserted into a silicone kidney-ureter model with its tip positioned at the renal pelvis. Irrigation was delivered through the ureteroscope at 100 cm above the renal pelvis. A Y-shaped adapter was fitted onto the model's renal pelvis port, accommodating a pressure sensor and a 4 Fr ureteral access catheter (UAC) through each limb. The drainage flowrate through the UAC tip was measured for 60 s each run. The distal tip of the UAC was placed at various heights below or above the center of the renal pelvis to create a siphoning effect. All trials were performed in triplicate for two lengths of 4Fr UACs: 100 cm and 70 cm (modified from 100 cm). Results: PRP was linearly dependent on the height difference from the center of the renal pelvis to the UAC tip for both tested UAC lengths. In our experimental setting, PRP can be reduced by 10 cmH20 simply by lowering the distal tip of a 4 Fr 70 cm UAC positioned alongside the ureteroscope by 19.7 cm. When using a 4 Fr 100 cm UAC, PRP can drop 10 cmH20 by lowering the distal tip of the UAC 23.3 cm below the level of the renal pelvis. Conclusion: Implementing the siphoning effect for managing PRP during ureteroscopy could potentially enhance safety and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerated subsurface drip irrigation (ASDI) can improve soil aeration, crop yield, water, and fertilizer use efficiency. In this study, a micronano-bubble generator was designed to stabilize the gas in water, according to the cyclonic shear fragmentation. A gas-liquid mixing flow was also introduced from the inlet runner tangent to the inner cavity. The ellipsoidal inner cavity was used to force the liquid into the cyclone and then spiral outward at the two ends of the spouting holes. As such, a shear effect was formed to crush the bubbles. A 4-factor and 3-level orthogonal test L9 (34) was designed to explore the effects of structural parameters on the generated bubbles and the performance of dissolved oxygen. The following specifications were: the major axis (40, 60, and 80 mm), the minor axis (30, 45, and 60 mm), the inlet diameters (8, 12, and 16 mm), and the spray holes diameter (2, 3, and 4 mm). High-speed photography, image processing, and nano-particle size analysis techniques were used to extract the features, such as the number, particle size, and uniformity of micro-nano-bubbles, in order to monitor the dissolved oxygen in water over time. The results show that the distribution of particle size was basically unchanged in the large bubbles from 60 to 250 μm with the operation of the device, while the average size of the small bubbles from 10 to 60 μm increased by 20% within 2 min of operation. Specifically, the large bubbles above 100 μm were basically dissipated, after the device was stopped for 1 min. Then the count of small bubbles below 60 μm in the water was reduced by about 70% after 3 min of stopping operation. The micro-nano-bubbles with diameters of less than 30 μm were finally suspended in the water. In addition, the performance of the device showed that the bubble generation during the operation depended the most significantly on the spray hole diameter and minor axis. The major axis shared the greatest effect on the average particle size and the uniformity of large bubbles above 60 μm in the water after operation, as well as on the number of small bubbles. The inlet diameter still reached a significant level, although there was the least effect on the number of microbubbles both during and after the operation. In addition, the nanoscale and microscale bubble generation behaved in the same way. Dissolved oxygen tests showed that the oxygen content in the water was divided into three stages: the oxygen enhancement during operation, the attenuation, and stabilization of dissolved oxygen. The inlet diameter dominated the increase and decay of dissolved oxygen. While the stabilized dissolved oxygen depended only significantly on the minor and major axes. The dissolved oxygen of the device was positively correlated with the bubble generation. The more the number of bubbles generated, the smaller and more uniform particle sizes were, and the better the performance of dissolved oxygen was. The dissolved oxygen was varied in water in the different stages, where the bubble indicators were generally consistent with the structural dimensions. Taking the high number of bubbles, small particle size, uniformity, and high dissolved oxygen as the objectives, the optimal combination of parameters was achieved in the 80 mm major axis, 45 mm minor axis, 12 mm inlet diameter, and 3 mm spray hole diameter. The finding can provide the equipment support to promote the application of ASDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction cost is difficult to predict in high-standard farmland projects, due to the short construction period. In this study, the construction cost was predicted for the single-unit irrigation projects, in order to improve the prediction accuracy. The key influencing factors were then screened from the construction cost of high-standard farmland irrigation projects using random forest (RF). Then, convolutional neural networks (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM) were combined to construct a CNN-SVM-based prediction model, in order to improve the prediction accuracy over a single model. The penalty parameter C and kernel function parameter g of the CNN-SVM model were optimized by northern goshawk optimization (NGO). The NGO shared the higher convergence speed and stronger optimization, compared with the rest. Finally, the prediction model (NGO-CNN-SVM) was obtained for the construction cost of high-standard farmland irrigation projects. The data was collected from the irrigation project in the high-standard farmland in Liaoning Province from 2018 to 2023. Coefficient of determination (R² ), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were taken as the accuracy indexes for analysis. The results show that the NGO-CNN-SVM model of construction cost in the channel project shared the MAE and RMSE lower than 0.615 and 0.512 million yuan, respectively, where the R² reached more than 0.968, and the relative error was less than 4.21%; In the project of the inlet sluice gate, the MAE and RMSE were lower than 0.610 and 0.536 million yuan, respectively, where the R² reached more than 0.966, and the relative error was less than 4.41%; In the project of bridge and culvert, the MAE and RMSE were less than 0.494 and 0.477 million yuan, where the R² reached more than 0.970, and the relative error was less than 3.548%. Taking channel engineering as an example, the deep learning network model (CNN) was reduced by about 34%, 20%, 33% in the MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and improved by 3% for the R², respectively, compared with the traditional back propagation neural networks. A higher efficiency of prediction was achieved in the less complexity and nonlinear data dimension. In addition, the CNN-SVM model was significantly reduced by about 40%, 46%, 41% in the MAE, RMSE, MAPE, and improved by 4% for the R², respectively, compared with the model CNN, indicating better performance than that of the single model. Compared with the CNN-SVM model, the MAE, RMSE, MAPE of the NGO-CNN-SVM model were reduced by about 22%, 25%, 17%, and improved by 4% for the R², respectively, indicating that the randomly generated hyperparameters led to the low generalization and prediction accuracy. The optimal optimization of the hyperparameters had further improved the performance of the improved model. In summary, the feature selection, model fusion, optimization, and comparison of different models show that the NGO-CNNSVM model shared higher prediction accuracy and generalization. The model can be applied to directly establish the index system, in order to estimate high-standard farmland projects. The finding can provide the theoretical basis and support to formulate the construction cost and budget quota of irrigation projects in high-standard farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture water use accounts for 70% of the total water withdrawal worldwide. The evapotranspiration during crop growth is one of the important hydrological processes in the agricultural water cycle. This study proposed the concept of artificial irrigation evapotranspiration of irrigated crops to describe that the evapotranspiration caused by irrigation water use. Irrigated crops rely on two kinds of water sources: precipitation and irrigation water. With the construction of irrigation schemes, the artificial irrigation evapotranspiration plays an increasingly important role in the dualistic water cycle system of irrigated cropland. To reveal the amount of artificial irrigation evapotranspiration of 17 categories of irrigated crops in China, this study proposed a new quantitative model system which was established based on traditional evapotranspiration models and soil water balance models. Based on the new model system, we calculated the annual artificial irrigation evapotranspiration of irrigated crops for the period 2013 to 2017 in China. The results showed that the proportion of artificial irrigation evapotranspiration to the total evapotranspiration of irrigated crops was 41.3%, whose value was 228.1 km3 a−1. The artificial irrigation evapotranspiration in different agricultural water management regions were 90.0 km3 a−1 in the northeast region, 86.0 km3 a−1 in the southeast region, and relatively low 52.2 km3a−1 in the west region. The results of this study can provide methods for water management and policy–making in agricultural irrigated areas, and it can also provide a preliminary understanding of the influence of human activities on the dualistic water cycle in cropland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban centers serve as more than just hubs of economic activity; they are also focal points of community life and social interaction. It is incumbent upon local authorities to elevate the standard of living within these urban environments by establishing communal spaces conducive to enhancing the well-being of residents. To this end, botanical gardens and recreational areas have been established in numerous developed cities worldwide. These amenities not only enrich the lives of inhabitants and local fauna but also constitute significant contributors to the municipal economy. Recognizing their pivotal role in urban economies, the imperative lies in implementing projects that optimize the utilization of available water resources. The prospect of establishing such a facility in the heart of Elazig holds promise. This study undertakes a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of establishing a botanical garden within the designated area, exploring avenues such as tapping into the Keban Dam reservoir, constructing a micro-hydroelectric power plant utilizing downstream water, and other potential initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface irrigation is one of the most common irrigation methods. Due to the low efficiency of surface irrigation, water loss is significant in this system. It is necessary to know the characteristics and coefficients of water infiltration rate in the soil for accurate and adequate planning of surface irrigation. One of the equations used in this field is Phillip's infiltration equation. In this study, the infiltration coefficients of Phillip's equation and Manning's roughness coefficient in border irrigation are determined based on the comparison of the actual advance curve with the advance curve calculated with the dynamic wave model, and the results were compared with the double cylinder method and the two-point method of Ebrahimian et al. (5). The actual infiltration volume was obtained from the difference between the inlet and outlet volumes. The error of the mentioned method in calculating the infiltration volume was 5.53%. Meanwhile, the errors in the double cylinder and two-point Ebrahimian (5) method were 59.62% and 19.08%, respectively. In heavy soils, the longer the length of the border increases, the method is more accurate in estimating Philip's coefficients, while in light soils, the advancing time, which in addition to length is a function of permeability, input discharge, and the slope of the bottom of the bed is increased, the accuracy of the method in estimating Philip's penetration coefficients is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation, a significant human activity, impacts regional water cycles and climate. However, its effect on the diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP) and the associated water cycle remains uncertain. In this study, we investigate the influence of irrigation in the North China Plain on precipitation and water cycle by utilizing a regional weather model with a water vapor tracing scheme. Our findings indicate that, during the afternoon, irrigation in the plain area generates a cooling effect, intensifying the thermal contrast between the mountains and adjacent plain and strengthening the mountain-plains solenoid. This leads to an increase in the amount and frequency of afternoon precipitation in the northwestern mountains, while the southeastern plains experience a decrease. This cooling and moistening effects of irrigation inhibit the development of the planetary boundary layer, posing a challenge for air to reach the lifting condensation level, which hinders cloud and precipitation formation and delays the peak of afternoon precipitation. Although irrigation's direct contribution to total precipitation does not exceed 6%, it is responsible for approximately 30% of the total precipitation changes induced by irrigation. The precipitation recycling ratio in the plain is elevated under irrigation, especially in the mountains, likely due to the enhanced moisture and altered local circulations. Irrigation's positive impact on precipitation is more pronounced under dry soil conditions, while under wet soil conditions, this positive impact diminishes and may even result in a negative impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of surface irrigation using gated pipes technique canreduce the irrigation water losses and improve the irrigation water use efficiency. This study was carried out during two successive summer seasons of 2021 and 2022 on maize (Zea mays L.) crop, grown in sandy loam under modified surface irrigation system by gated pipes to evaluate the performance of using gated pipes compared to traditional surface irrigation method on water application efficiency, water distribution efficiency, water deep percolation percent and maize production under different furrows irrigation lengths 30 m (L30) and 60 m (L60) at three levels of cut-off irrigation as Q1: when the applied water was reached the end of furrow, Q2: when the applied water was reached 90% of furrow length and Q3: when the applied water was reached 80% of furrow length. The results summarized thatthe maximum average value of maize yield was 3565 kg/fed., achieved by using a gated pipes irrigation system under 60 m furrow length when cut-off irrigation 90% of furrow length. On the other hand, the minimum average value was 2589 kg/fed., which achieved by traditional irrigation method at 60 m furrow length when cut-off irrigation 80 % of furrow length. The maximum average value of the saved irrigation water was 35.04% of the average values of the total water applied, achieved in the case of using a gated pipes irrigation system at 30 m furrow length when cut-off irrigation 80% of furrow length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study critically examines the effects of communal land privatisation and certification linked to the state-sponsored irrigation project in the pastoral area. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Karrayu pastoralists in eastern Ethiopia. The findings indicate that subdivision and certification excluded many pastoral individuals and groups from accessing their ancestral land. Some were not allocated land; all, including those who were allocated a parcel, lost access to the rest of the land to which they previously had access; and some of those who were granted ownership rights were also unable to reap the full benefits of their holding due to structural-relational factors constraining their power to do so. Thus, the article suggests the importance of monitoring the process to protect the rights of disadvantaged groups as well as strengthening the customary tenure rather than rushing to replace it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater output has increased considerably as a result of global population growth. Efforts to manage wastewater are expanding globally. Bio-based methods are useful and effective for treating a wide range of wastewaters, especially those from homes. In this research, the gray water stream at Sari Agricultural College in the north of Iran was treated using an anaerobic biological method. The purpose of this study was to determine whether using treated gray water for landscape irrigation was feasible or not. A fine screening pre-treatment system and a septic tank system were created in order to achieve this goal. After the first stage screening of superfluous solid components, anaerobic digestion was carried out for 26 hours at a temperature of between 14 and 16 °C in a 5 m³ septic tank. Treatment method function was revealed by measuring and comparing the pollutant indices with the permissible rates. The obtained data were: BOD of 19.5 mg/L, COD of 185 mg/L, suspended solid (SS) 90 mg/L, organic matter (OM) 80 mg/L, NO3 26 mg/L, PO4-3 of 6.25 mg/L, oil and grease (O&G) of 9.3%, pH of 5.9-7.1. The permissible rates for these indices are 100, 200, 200, 300, 30, 6.75, 10, and 6.8-7.1, respectively. The treated gray water was allowed to be utilized as irrigation water. After irrigating, the landscape did not face any negative effects. Nonetheless, the high acidity was owing to the detergents in effluent and this was the main reason provides a vast range of microelements leading to poisoning plants in a long period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a century, archaeologists have investigated the vast network of prehistoric Hohokam canal irrigation systems in the lower Salt River and middle Gila River valleys, as well as in other areas of southern Arizona. However, documentation of the agricultural fields in which prehistoric farmers irrigated their crops generally was lacking until the last 25 years. This is largely a result of the difficulty in identifying ancient fields, since they are not visible on the surface and have been obscured or destroyed by natural landscape processes as well as historic and modern disturbances. More recent archaeological investigations have revealed ancient irrigated fields through innovative methods and excavation techniques. The fields were constructed both by Hohokam irrigators (450–1450 CE) as well as by farmers from preceding cultural traditions during the Early Agricultural period (2100 BCE–50 CE). These discoveries occurred during projects conducted in compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act. In this chapter, I highlight these important studies that have expanded the view of ancient agricultural landscapes in southern Arizona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the efficacy of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm removal using the GentleWave System (GWS) (Sonendo Inc, CA) on non‐instrumented versus minimally instrumented root canal systems. Methodology: Thirty‐four mandibular molars were autoclaved and allocated to four groups: Negative control (n = 5); positive control (n = 5); Group 1: non‐instrumentation + GWS (NI + GWS) (n = 12); and Group 2: minimal instrumentation + GWS (MI + GWS) (n = 12). Of 34 samples, 24 samples with Vertucci type 2 configuration within the mesial root of each sample were allocated to Groups 1 and 2 and then matched based on the working length and root canal configuration. After inoculation of samples with E. faecalis for 3 weeks, the GWS was used on Group 1 without any instrumentation and Group 2 after instrumentation of mesial canals until size 20/06v. CFU and SEM analysis were used. Results: Log10 (CFU/mL) from the positive control, and Group 1 and 2 were 7.41 ± 0.53, 3.41 ± 1.54, and 3.21 ± 1.54, respectively. Both groups showed a statistically significant difference in the reduction of viable E. faecalis cells compared to the positive control (Group 1 [p =.0001] and Group 2 [p <.0001]), whilst showing no significant difference between the two tested groups (p <.05). Conclusion: The use of GWS on the non‐instrumented root canal system could be an effective disinfection protocol in removing the biofilm without dentin debris formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades, the activation of root canal irrigants with pulsed lasers as an adjunct in root canal treatment has become increasingly popular. This narrative review explains the physical basics and the working mechanism of laser‐activated irrigation (LAI), explores the parameters influencing LAI efficacy, considers historical evolutions in the field and summarizes laboratory and clinical evidence with emphasis on the antimicrobial action of LAI. Cavitation is the driving force behind LAI, with growing and imploding vapour bubbles around the laser tip causing various secondary phenomena in the irrigant, leading to intense liquid dynamics throughout the underlying root canal. High‐speed imaging research has shown that laser wavelength, pulse energy, pulse length and fibre tip geometry are parameters that influence this cavitation process. Nevertheless, this has not resulted in standardized settings for LAI. Consequently, there is significant variability in studies assessing LAI efficacy, complicating the synthesis of results. Laboratory studies in extracted teeth suggest that, with regard to canal disinfection, LAI is superior to conventional irrigation and there is a trend of higher antimicrobial efficacy of LAI compared to ultrasonic activation. Clinical evidence is limited to trials demonstrating similar postoperative pain levels after LAI versus no activation or ultrasonic activation. Clinical evidence concerning the effect of LAI on healing of apical periodontitis as yet is scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current challenge of irrigationengineering is to modernize surface irrigation. For example, surge flow irrigation has the potential to increase the efficiency of applying irrigationwater. The objective of this study was to perform a sensitivity analysis using the performance indices: Application Efficiency (AE), Storage Efficiency (SE), Distribution Efficiency (DE), Deep Percolation (DP), and Runoff (RO), and to investigate their relationship with the main system variables: length (L), unit flow rate (Qo), surge cycles and surge time, using the SIRMOD model. The SIRMOD model simulates the hydraulics of surface irrigation at the field level. The model with the best fit of AE, DE, DP, and RO as a function of L, Qo, or surge cycles and surge time was a quadratic polynomial function with an R2 > 0.70. The model reflects the goodness of fit to the variable that is intended to be explained. The AE is an increasing function of L and a decreasing function of Qo, while DE and RO are decreasing functions of L and are increasing functions of Qo. The number of surges has an impact on the stream size of each surge and on the volume of water stored, but not on the performance indices. It was demonstrated that the SIRMOD model provided the ability to adjust the system parameters and design variables, giving answersto any surge flow configuration. The potential application efficiency (AEpot) (>80%) can be achieved by establishing, e.g., an optimal flow rate (Qopt), with a schedule for the cycle number and surge time, according to soil characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses emerging threats to wheat growth in coming future. These threats need to be explored to ensure sustainable wheat production. To do this, the SALTMED model was calibrated using data from experiments conducted on different levels of irrigation and nitrogen doses. The performance of the SALTMED model was assessed based on values of the root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and coefficient of residual mass (CRM) that ranged from 0.23–1.82, 0.09–0.17, 0.91–0.93 and −0.01–0.02, respectively for calibration and 0.31–1.89, 0.11–0.31, 0.87–0.90 and −0.02–0.01, respectively for validation. Projections for future climate scenarios for wheat growth indicated that by the end of the century, sowing dates advanced by nine days under the RCP4.5 scenario and eleven days under the RCP8.5 scenario, while harvesting dates shifted earlier by twenty-four days under RCP4.5 and twenty-eight days under RCP8.5. Consequently, the overall crop duration was shortened by fifteen days under RCP4.5 and eighteen days under RCP8.5. Further simulations revealed that the wheat yield was reduced by 14.2% under RCP4.5 and 21.0% under RCP8.5; the dry matter was reduced by 14.9% under RCP4.5 and 23.3% under RCP8.5; the irrigation amount was expected to increase by 14.9% under RCP4.5 and 18.0% under RCP8.5; and water productivity was expected to be reduced by 25.3% under RCP4.5 and 33.0% under RCP8.5 until the end of century. The hypothetical scenarios showed that adding an extra 20–40% more nitrogen can enhance wheat yield and dry matter by 10.2–23.0% and 11.5–24.6%, respectively, under RCP4.5, and by 12.0–23.4% and 12.9–29.6%, respectively, under RCP8.5. This study offers valuable insights into the effects of climate change on future wheat production so that effective contingency plans could be made by policymakers and adopted by stakeholders for higher wheat productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irrigation efficiency is important for the environment and the economy. SIMDualKc has been effectively used to calculate evaporation and transpiration separately in vineyards for different irrigation strategies, but not to analyze the impact of irrigation frequency. This study was conducted for the in-field adjustment of the soil wetted fraction (wf) with a time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensor as a function of different irrigation frequency treatments (T03, T07, and T15 with irrigation every 3, 7, and 15 days, respectively). Evaporation and transpiration values were estimated separately with the SIMDualKc model for different irrigation frequencies with the adjusted wf, comparing them with vineyard field measurements and analyzing the effect of different irrigation frequencies on vineyard yield. The wf in T15 was higher than that in T07, which in turn was higher than that in T03. SIMDualKc indicates the most unfavorable treatment to be the T07, with higher evaporation and lower transpiration than T15 and T03, while T15 had higher evaporation and lower transpiration than T03. Although stomatic conductance also indicates the most unfavorable case to be T07, no clear differences were found between T03 and T15. No statistically significant differences were obtained in yield. The results indicate that the differences observed between irrigation frequencies are not reflected in yield but do show up in water use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil NO3− concentration and N2O emissions plays a crucial role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and minimizing greenhouse soil degradation concurrently. However, it is essential to understand the extent to which management practices and environmental factors influence the reduction in NO3− concentration and N2O emissions in greenhouse soils. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis, compiling a database of NO3− concentration and N2O emissions in response to either nitrogen or irrigation management in greenhouse vegetable-based systems in China. In summary, controlling the amount of total nitrogen application and irrigation water within specific ranges can effectively reduce both the greenhouse NO3− concentration and N2O emissions. Compared to chemical nitrogen management, the application of slow-release fertilizer could concurrently reduce the soil NO3− concentration and N2O emissions by 0.20 and 0.36 times, respectively. Positive relationships were observed between soil NO3− concentration and N2O emissions under conditions of higher soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), and pH, as well as a lower soil temperature (ST) and bulk weight (BW). Under conditions with a higher OC and pH, an appropriate nitrogen application rate is more effective in reducing N2O emissions. While increasing irrigation can reduce soil NO3− concentrations, it also raises the risk of significant NO3− leaching. Overall, nitrogen and irrigation management should be tailored to local soil physicochemical properties to concurrently regulate soil NO3− concentrations and N2O emissions in greenhouse environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than half of global water use can be attributed to crop irrigation, and as the human population grows, so will the water requirements of agriculture. Improved irrigation will be critical to mitigating the impact of increased requirements. An ideal irrigation system is informed by measurements of water demand—a combination of water use and water status signals—and delivers water to plants based on this demand. In this review, examples of methods for monitoring water status are reviewed, along with details on stem and trunk water potential measurements. Then, methods for monitoring evapotranspiration (ET), or water use, are described. These methods are broken into coarse- and fine-scale categories, with a 10 m spatial resolution threshold between them. Fourteen crop ET technologies are presented, including examples of a successful estimation of ET in research and field settings, as well as limitations. The focus then shifts to water distribution technologies, with an emphasis on the challenges associated with the development of systems that achieve dynamic single plant resolution. Some attention is given to the process of choosing ET and water status sensing methods as well as water delivery system design given site characteristics and agronomic goals. This review concludes with a short discussion on the future directions of ET research and the importance of translating findings into useful tools for growers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of climate change on the growth period and yield of irrigated spring maize in arid region of Northwest China, the study was conducted based on located observational experiment and climatic data from 1984 to 2022. The results showed that the temperature increased significantly during the entire growth period with a climate trend rate of 0.76°C•10y-1 (P<0.01), and a significant rise in active accumulated temperature above 10°C, with a climate trend rate of 135.80°C•d•10y-1 (P<0.01). Although there was no significant change in precipitation during the entire growth period, it increased significantly during the milky-maturity stage, with a climate trend rate of 4.50mm•10y-1 (P<0.05). The sunshine duration increased significantly from 1984 to 2004, with a climate trend rate of 126.88h•10y-1 (P<0.01), but decreased significantly in the last 19 years, with a climate trend rate of -109.38h•10y-1 (P<0.01). The growth days of spring maize increased from 1984 to 2004, with a climatic trend rate of 9.86d•10y-1 (P<0.01), but decreased significantly in the last 19 years, with a climatic trend rate of 7.39d•10y-1 . The length of sowing-seedling and seventh leaf-jointing was significantly negatively correlated with temperature, respectively. The length of sowing-seeding, third leaf-seventh leaf and silking-milky was significantly positively correlated (P<0.05) with precipitation, respectively. The length of different growth periods was significantly positively correlated (P<0.01) with sunshine duration, respectively. The yield of spring maize fluctuated and climatic yield was significantly negatively correlated (P<0.05) with precipitation. In summary, climate change has been unfavorable to spring maize growth under current irrigation methods in arid region of northwest China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of the type and intensity of utilization of buffelgrass grown under natural rainfall or irrigation conditions on the production and nutritional value of the dry matter. Sixteen plots (64 m² each) were grazed by Charolais cattle to obtain a utilization intensity of 50 % (GR 50) or 75 % (GR 75). Eight plots (40 m² each) were hand-cut up to 50 % (CU 50). The annual forage harvest was higher (P=0.05) for GR 50 than for CU 50 (1,491 vs 954 kg DM/ha). No differences (P=0.05) were found in dry matter production per hectare between GR 50 and GR 75 (1,707 vs 1,491 kg DM/ha). Irrigation increased dry matter production by 22 % (P=0.05) compared to rainfed conditions (1,524 vs 1,245 kg DM/ha). There were no differences (P>0.05) due to the type and intensity of utilization in the content of CP, NDF, and ADF; however, ADF increased (P=0.05) in irrigated plots. In the same way, the in vitro digestibility of DM was higher (P=0.05) in CU 50 than in grazing plots GR 50 and G75 (55.7, 53.0, and 52.7 %). Finally, it can be conclude that buffelgrass production increased with grazing, but the IVDDM was better in hand-cut forage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]