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By the directional distance function method, this paper calculated and compared the TFP (Total Factor Productivity) in 30 regions of China from 2000 to 2011 considering the environmental pollution. The study indicated that the TFP of each region has been ever-increasing whether consider environmental pollution factors, but the growth rate has been decreasing. The TFP has been in recession situation since the financial crisis in 2008. According to regional differences, the average annual growth rate of TFP in east was much higher than that of the central and west regions. Considering the environmental pollution, the average TFP in each region fell slightly. Comparing with the TFP without environment factor, the TFP in west region fell sharper, while it appeared double win of environment and economy development in the east region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single crystalline anatase TiO2 tetragonal nanosheet-array film on a transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate was successfully prepared by hydrothermal method. The products were characterized with XRD, SEM, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The formation mechanism of the tetragonal (001) TiO2 nanosheets is discussed and the effect of growth parameters, such as acidity, growth time, growth temperature, initial reactant concentration, and additives, are investigated. This work demonstrates a clean and effective route to the morphology-controlled preparation of large area single-crystalline TiO2 nanostructured array films on FTO glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of the objectivity of the clinical examination has been raised in relation to Western and non-Western medical systems. Western practitioners are often skeptical about Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), on the basis that its diagnostic variables and subcategories of disease appear subjective and not repeatable. We conducted a study investigating the reproducibility of individual diagnostic observations within three of the four diagnostic methods used in a TCM examination: inspection, palpation, and auscultation. Three TCM practitioners participated in the study, and examined 45 adults who had mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia but were otherwise healthy. Results indicated that while there are certain features of the TCM system that are highly objective and repeatable, such as detection of the presence of shen, character of breath sounds, and pulse speed, there are other features that are subjective and unreliable, such as color under the eyes and tongue body color. This poses a challenge for TCM practitioners to improve their clinical practice and demonstrates to Western medical practitioners that TCM does in part rest on a rigorous and objective empirical basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chinese medicine distinguishes itself from Western medicine in the differentiation of diseases according to underlying patterns of disharmony, or Chinese medicine (CM) syndromes. CM has its own clinical endpoints that are used as evidence of change in the body. Yet, relatively little is known about the reliability of CM diagnostic techniques, the final diagnosis of a CM syndrome, or the organizing principles used to reach a CM diagnosis such as the Eight Guiding Principles. Information about reliability of CM diagnosis has important implications for clinical practice and research, particularly if CM diagnostic variables or CM syndromes are to be incorporated into study designs. Design: An inter-rater reliability study was conducted with three CM practitioners to investigate the reproducibility of CM diagnosis according to the Eight Guiding Principles and Zang-Fu Theory. Forty-five (45) adults with mild hypercholesterolemia but who were otherwise healthy participated in the study. Results: Our results suggest that there is a reasonably good level of agreement between at least two practitioners on the dimensions of the Eight Guiding Principles. Level of agreement between at least two practitioners on CM syndrome diagnosis according to Zang-Fu Theory was very good for one syndrome only, that of Spleen qi deficiency. Conclusions: Further investigations are needed into the reliability of the CM diagnostic processes from the initial stage of data collection to the final CM syndrome diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2205 duplex stainless steel （/%：0.03C， 1.00Si， 2.00Mn， 0.03P， 0.02S， 21.00-23.00Cr， 4.50-6.50Ni， 2.50-3.50Mo， 0.08-0.20N） were prepared by a smelting process combining 20 t electric arc furnace and ladle refining （EAF+AOD+LF）. Then 2205 duplex stainless steel was hot processed. In this paper， the influence of impact toughness of 2205 duplex stainless steel at different heating temperatures and deformation was studied in hot working process. The test results showed that： At the same heating temperature （950 ℃， 1 050 ℃ and 1 120 ℃） and holding time （1.5 h）， with the increase of deformation （25%， 50% and 75%）， the grain of test steel was broken more fully， but the excessive deformation of test steel caused uneven distribution of two phases（austenite and ferrite）， and the austenite content of steel gradually decreased， the impact toughness showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing； Under the same deformation amount （25%， 50% and 75%） and the same holding time （1.5 h）， with the increase of heating temperature （950 ℃， 1 050 ℃ and 1 120 ℃）， the grains size of test steel were obviously coarsened， the austenite content of steel decreased （57.32%→43.07%）， because the impact thermal property was best when the austenite content was about 50%，therefore， the impact toughness of steel also showed the law of first increasing and then decreasing. When the heating temperature was 1 050 ℃， the holding time was 1.5 h and the deformation amount was 50%， the impact toughness of test steel was the best， The impact energy of test steel were 299 J ， 132 J ，85 J at room temperature， -10 ℃ and -46 ℃， respectively.

Liver is one of the important edible byproducts of livestock and poultry. It has high nutritional value and a long history of human consumption in China. However, liver, when used as food, has the problems of off-flavor, poor texture, and high risk of residual harmful substances, which results in low overall food utilization rate. This not only reduces the overall profit of the meat processing industry, but also causes a waste of resources. This review focuses on recent research on the nutrition, flavor, texture, and quality improvement of livestock and poultry liver. Moreover, the defects and blind spots in current research are summarized. It is expected that this review will be helpful for further research and provide a basis for the high-value utilization of livestock and poultry liver.

采用核磁共振(NMR)技术对山西省内生产的亚麻籽油进行脂肪酸组成检测及品质鉴别。首先运用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)法确认纯亚麻籽油和掺杂亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成的差异；然后通过核磁共振谱仪确认差异核磁共振氢谱（1H NMR）和碳谱（13C NMR）的特征峰，以快速判别亚麻籽油是否掺杂；最后，采用1H NMR法计算亚麻籽油中的脂肪酸含量，并与国标GC法进行对比。结果表明：与纯亚麻籽油相比，掺杂亚麻籽油中含有花生一烯酸和芥酸；通过花生一烯酸和芥酸1H NMR和13C NMR特征峰可以定性鉴别亚麻籽油是否掺杂；采用1H NMR法计算的亚麻籽油中亚麻酸含量与GC法一致。说明基于NMR技术对亚麻籽油脂肪酸组成进行检测，可以快速鉴别亚麻籽油品质。 The fatty acid composition and quality identification of linseed oil produced in Shanxi province were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Firstly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to detect and confirm the difference in fatty acid composition between pure linseed oil and adulterated linseed oil. Secondly, the characteristic peaks of the different fatty acids in the adulterated linseed oil were identified by the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (1H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (13C NMR) so as to quickly determine whether the linseed oil was adulterated. Finally, the contents of fatty acids in linseed oil were quantitatively calculated by 1H NMR method and national standard GC method, respectively. The results showed that compared with the pure linseed oil, the adulterated linseed oil contained eicosenoic acid and erucic acid; the 1H NMR and 13C NMR characteristic peaks of eicosenoic acid and erucic acid could be used to qualitatively identify whether linseed oil was adulterated; the content of linolenic acid in linseed oil calculated by 1H NMR method was consistent with that by GC method. The detection of fatty acid composition in linseed oil based on NMR technology can quickly identify the quality of linseed oil.

As a promising candidate for anti-tritium permeation in fusion reactor, Er2O3 coatings have been paid much attention to recently. In this paper, starting from the precursors of Er(NO3)3⠐5H2O and collodion, Er2O3 coatings with dense and homogeneous microstructure, were successfully prepared on a CLAM steel substrate by sol–gel method. Effect of processing parameters on the microstructure of Er2O3 coatings was explored in detail, and a set of processing parameters with good repetitiveness was established. The coating prepared with those parameters has a strong bonding to the steel substrate, and no peeling-off or crack could be observed in the coating even though it was thermally shocked for 60 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the association between Yang-Deficient Constitution and the clinical outcomes of HIV/AIDS patients who have initiated highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Method. A total of 197 antiretroviral-naive adults who initiated HAART between 2009 and 2011 were recruited. The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire twice to assess their Yang-Deficient Constitution status before HAART During the study, signs and symptoms and CD4 or CD8 T cell counts were recorded. Routine blood and biochemical tests were conducted. For the patients who were found to have infections, pathologic examination was performed. Statistical test of association of clinical attributes and demographic factors with Yang-Deficient Constitution was conducted. Result. Good test-retest reliability was observed for Yang-Deficient Constitution scoring. The median Yang-Deficient Constitution score of 142 eligible participants was 25. Female (score = 32.14, P < 0.05), hepatotoxicity (32.14, P < 0.1), nephrotoxicity (37.50, P < 0.1), total number of adverse events (P < 0.1), and mortality (39.29, P < 0.05) were associated with Yang-Deficient Consitution, while annual changes or nadir values of CD4 or CD8 T lymphocytes, and newly acquired infections after starting HAART were not. Mortality was also associated with total number of adverse events (P < 0.05), hepatotoxicity (P < 0.05), and nephrotoxicity (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Yang-Deficient Constitution score has a potential to be developed as a predictor for early HIV-related mortality and side effects. The interrelation and underlying mechanisms should be further investigated for evidence-based design of a more appropriate treatment strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating adhesion molecules (CAMs), surface proteins expressed in the vascular endothelium, have emerged as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). CAMs are involved in intercellular communication that are believed to play a role in atherosclerosis. A Chinese medicine, the "Dantonic Pill" (DP) (also known as the "Cardiotonic Pill"), containing three Chinese herbal material medica, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Notoginseng and Borneolum Syntheticum, has been used in China for the prevention and management of CVD. Previous laboratory and animal studies have suggested that this preparation reduces both atherogenesis and adhesion molecule expression. A parallel double blind randomized placebo-controlled study was conducted to assess the effects of the DP on three species of CAM (intercellular cell adhesionmolecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 and endothelial cell selectin (E-selectin)) in participants with mild-moderate hypercholesterolemia. Secondary endpoints included biochemical and hematological variables and clinical effects. Forty participants were randomized to either treatment or control for 12 weeks. Treatment with DP was associated with a statistically significant decrease in ICAM-1 (9% decrease, P = .03) and E-Selectin (15% decrease, P = .004). There was no significant change in renal function tests, liver function tests, glucose, lipids or C-reactive protein levels and clinical adverse effects did not differ between the active and the control groups. There were no relevant changes in participants receiving placebo. These results suggest that this herbal medicine may contribute to the development of a novel approach to cardiovascular risk reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]