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The purpose of this study was to examine the dependence of image texture features on MR acquisition parameters and reconstruction using a digital MR imaging phantom. MR signal was simulated in a parallel imaging radiofrequency coil setting as well as a single element volume coil setting, with varying levels of acquisition noise, three acceleration factors, and four image reconstruction algorithms. Twenty-six texture features were measured on the simulated images, ground truth images, and clinical brain images. Subtle algorithm-dependent errors were observed on reconstructed phantom images, even in the absence of added noise. Sources of image error include Gibbs ringing at image edge gradients (tissue interfaces) and well-known artifacts due to high acceleration; two of the iterative reconstruction algorithms studied were able to mitigate these image errors. The difference of the texture features from ground truth, and their variance over reconstruction algorithm and parallel imaging acceleration factor, were compared to the clinical "effect size", i.e., the feature difference between high- and low-grade tumors on T1- and T2-weighted brain MR images of twenty glioma patients. The measured feature error (difference from ground truth) was small for some features, but substantial for others. The feature variance due to reconstruction algorithm and acceleration factor were generally smaller than the clinical effect size. Certain texture features may be preserved by MR imaging, but adequate precautions need to be taken regarding their validity and reliability. We present a general simulation framework for assessing the robustness and accuracy of radiomic textural features under various MR acquisition/reconstruction scenarios.

As advances in data collection methods and sources continue to grow with technology advances associated with the Internet, there are disturbing concerns relating to increases in what is termed “data fraud” activities within the processes of conducting marketing research. Recently, the term “data fraud” has replaced the past concept of data falsification. Data fraud is a boarder umbrella use to represent to more serious activities beyond the traditionally acknowledged potential categorical types of errors acknowledge exist within and of the different processes making up marketing research activities (e.g., respondent, sampling, scale measurement, data analysis errors). Today, marketing research industry experts (methodologists) suggest that data fraud comes from many sources and costs buyers of research data and reported findings billions of dollars for useless and/or misleading information. Some experts indicate that the bad information directly influences poor managerial decisions leading to even greater losses in the billions. For example, within the mobile advertising industry, digital marketers recognize that data fraud has evolved from fake traffic numbers generated by bots to fabricated data passed on by publishers. In contrast, there has been very little formal discussion about data fraud and its sources within academic-oriented research. The over objective of this session is to create a meaningful dialogue among academic researchers on disturbing data fraud issues and sources associated with conducting academic research and the consequences affecting not only data quality but also reported results, findings, implications, and the body of marketing knowledge. Discussion topics will focus on types of data fraud sources (activities), methods for detecting data fraud activities, as well as methods for controlling data fraud behaviors. The main portion of the session will use a “Question and Answer” format with the audience. The special session will emphasize, but not limited to, identifying and discussing of potential types of data fraud behaviors undertaken by survey and experimental design subjects participating in online and offline academic research projects as well as the impact on the value of the empirical and statistical insights reported in the research studies. By using a combination of short presentations, expert panel insights, and an interactive format between panel members and the audience, this session will prove to be very informative, insightful, and valuable to the audience members.

Contemporary branding activities by a host of companies demonstrate a managerial interest in nostalgia as a practical marketing tool. Little attention, however, has been paid to measuring the complex and multiple dimensions of this construct. More academic research is surely warranted to develop and validate a generalizable measure of brand nostalgia to help companies gauge and track the nuanced components of nostalgia associated with their brands.

This qualitative study assesses the extent and nature of coopetition among nonprofit arts organizations within a midsize metropolitan area based on results of structured, guided interviews of their executive directors. It focuses on cooperation among organizations that might view each other as competitors, assessing six general factors: competition, cooperation, barriers to cooperation, tactical considerations, strategic considerations, and evaluative considerations.

[Figure][1] With the proliferation of new vehicles as entertainment options, multiple screens are cutting into the traditional lock that traditional TV has held on viewers. Marketers have options unimagined a decade ago for digital-video advertising as an advertising medium of choice. To

Background: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D status has been associated with increased cardiovascular events in epidemiologic studies. Objective: We assessed whether vitamin D supplementation reduces cardiac failure, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke through an analysis of the Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D (RECORD) randomized controlled trial (RCT), a systematic review, and a meta-analysis. Design: Two analyses were undertaken. The first analysis was a trial analysis. The RECORD was a factorial RCT that compared vitamin D3 (800 IU/d), calcium (1000 mg/d), vitamin D plus calcium, and a placebo. Cardiovascular events were collected throughout the trial and 3-y posttrial follow-up. Data were analyzed by using Cox regression. The second analysis was a systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, conference abstracts, and ongoing trials were searched for RCTs that evaluated vitamin D from 1980 to 2013. RCTs with $1 y of follow-up and participants mean or median age $60 y were included. Meta-analyses were based on a Bayesian fixed-effects model by using a complementary log-log link function to account for varying lengths of follow-up. Results: In the trial analysis, we showed that, for the 5292 participants in the RECORD trial, HRs (95% CIs) for vitamin D compared with no vitamin D for cardiac failure, MI, and stroke were 0.75 (0.58, 0.97), 0.97 (0.75,1.26), and 1.06 (0.8, 1.32), respectively. Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review (n = 13,033). Estimated HRs [credible intervals (CrIs)] for vitamin D compared with the placebo or control for on-study events for cardiac failure, MI, and stroke were 0.82 (0.58, 1.15), 0.96 ( 0.83, 1.10), and 1.07 (0.91, 1.29), respectively. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation might protect against cardiac failure in older people but does not appear to protect against MI or stroke. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.082602.

This study provides a survey of the methods used by U.S. advertisers to set advertising and promotions budgets and the effects of culture, risk, and organizational experience on these choices. Findings suggest that heuristics provide checks on analytically based budget methods and may also help managers deal with risks. Understanding the role played by heuristics in budgeting provides the first step toward process improvements in advertising and promotions budgeting.

Highly attractive models are intended to impact psychologically on message receivers and improve awareness, expectations, attitudes, beliefs, and advertising effectiveness; however, benefits accrue in only particular situations. This study examines how advertising triggers affect when comparison motive is paired with a particular model beauty type. Qualitative work preceded empirical study, which involved use of three types of model beauty (classic, sexual, and cute), two comparison motives (self-evaluation headline and self-improvement headline), and two product contexts (problem-solving and enhancement). Female university students ( N = 1,170) were surveyed with findings indicating that viewers do react differently depending on the beauty type, with evidence of an interaction between beauty type and comparison motive.

[Figure][1] Digital attribution sounds rather simple in that it involves isolating advertising tactics and assessing their impact on consumer decision making. But in a complex digital environment, advertisers must navigate through a variety of consumer platforms and touch points to find the

[Figure][1] There is little doubt that a tie-in between a brand and a special event can be quite lucrative. Although past research often has shown that advertising typicality (how well an advertisement is seen to be representative of a particular product category) creates positive

[Figure][1] Amazon has shocked the retailing world with its sophisticated data-analysis mechanisms, which examine every customer interaction and, in turn, create optimal changes in its marketing mix. The path to purchase will never be the same. In this issue's special section, “What We

PURPOSE Despite the common finding of pseudoprogression or true progression one month after primary chemoradiotherapy for glioblastoma, there are few studies evaluating brain MRI changes that occur during concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). With the first generation combination MRI-RT device, daily predominantly T2-weighted MRIs are obtained of glioblastoma during RT. We quantified how many patients had significant MRI detectable volumetric changes through the six week course of primary chemoradiotherapy. This is of particular importance since glioblastoma RT is only planned at the beginning of therapy and not commonly re-planned for changes during therapy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the daily set-up imaging of 8 patients at our institution who received RT for glioblastoma using the Cobalt-60 MRI-RT system. Patients received standard chemoradiation at 60 Gy in 30 fractions with temozolomide per EORTC22981/26981. We contoured the abnormality on the initial ViewRay setup scan and the set-up scan for fraction 30. After rigid fusion of the contours of the initial setup MRI and fraction 30 MRI, the volumes were compared. RESULTS Of the 8 patients, 3 patients (37.5%) demonstrated edema expansion greater than 5 mm. The maximum distances of T2-weighted abnormality volume growth for these patients were 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, and 4.1 cm. These findings were correlated with the post-treatment diagnostic MRIs at 3–4 weeks which demonstrated similar FLAIR abnormalities and expansion in T1 with gadolinium contrast volumes within these areas of the radiotherapy fields (pseudoprogression vs. true progression). CONCLUSION Review of MRIs obtained by daily MRI-RT for glioblastoma indicates that 3 of 8 patients had over 5 mm of change in T2-weighted dimensions from beginning to end of radiotherapy. Groups using limited CTV margins for treatment planning should be aware that MRI volumes could significantly increase during radiotherapy.

Marketers frequently evoke personal nostalgia in their advertising. To date, scales have been developed to measure the propensity to get nostalgic but not the actual dimensions of personal nostalgia. Results from four studies show that advertising-evoked personal nostalgia comprises four correlated but distinct dimensions: past imagery, positive emotions, negative emotions, and physiological reactions. This multidimensional scale showed a high level of validity and reliability. Moreover, due to careful choice of sampling frames, the study demonstrates a high level of external generalizability. Evaluating nostalgia-based advertising using the study9s multidimensional scale may provide marketers with strategic insights for developing and fine-tuning advertising aimed at inducing nostalgia among consumers.

In the current inquiry we add to evolving research on how consumers respond to nostalgic advertising by examining the cultural differences in the evocation of nostalgia. We contend that nostalgic reverie can engage the consumer, but there are cultural differences in the types of nostalgia that are evoked among consumers. We discuss work-in-progress findings from three studies in India that reveal that ad-evoked nostalgia has five dimensions: personal memories, positive emotions, negative emotions, physiological reactions, and collective nostalgia. These findings are unique and distinct from previous research. In this present research involving India, there is concurrent evocation of individual and collective dimensions of nostalgia. These findings are novel and useful from a theoretical and managerial perspective and should be viewed in the backdrop of a large emerging middle class in India and the predominant collective nature of the country.

Given the increasing number of papers submitted to marketing journals and the growing desires of individuals and institutions from emerging nations to enter the academic mainstream, the session focuses on how culture and socialization influence motivation to publish in mainstream marketing journals.

An experiment using a probability sample of 263 U.S. consumers was conducted to document the psychometric effects of translation error on a semantic differential scale. The results demonstrate that data distributions and response styles are significantly altered as a result of mistranslation (inequivalence). Unexpectedly, results show attenuation of equivalent items when inequivalent items are present in a scale. This threatens the validity and reliability of cross-cultural scales that suffer equivalence failure. The authors recommend that simple nonparametric diagnostics be employed to detect translation/back-translation errors and that an iterative process of cross-cultural research be adopted when translation inequivalence is detected. Implications for researchers and practitioners are offered, as well as a discussion of limitations of the study.

Purpose To investigate interobserver delineation variability for gross tumor volumes of primary lung tumors and associated pathologic lymph nodes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to compare the results with computed tomography (CT) alone– and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT–based delineations. Methods and Materials Seven physicians delineated the tumor volumes of 10 patients for the following scenarios: ( 1 ) CT only, ( 2 ) PET-CT fusion images registered to CT (“clinical standard”), and ( 3 ) postcontrast T1-weighted MRI registered with diffusion-weighted MRI. To compute interobserver variability, the median surface was generated from all observers' contours and used as the reference surface. A physician labeled the interface types (tumor to lung, atelectasis (collapsed lung), hilum, mediastinum, or chest wall) on the median surface. Contoured volumes and bidirectional local distances between individual observers' contours and the reference contour were analyzed. Results Computed tomography– and MRI-based tumor volumes normalized relative to PET-CT–based volumes were 1.62 ± 0.76 (mean ± standard deviation) and 1.38 ± 0.44, respectively. Volume differences between the imaging modalities were not significant. Between observers, the mean normalized volumes per patient averaged over all patients varied significantly by a factor of 1.6 (MRI) and 2.0 (CT and PET-CT) ( P =4.10 × 10 −5 to 3.82 × 10 −9 ). The tumor-atelectasis interface had a significantly higher variability than other interfaces for all modalities combined ( P =.0006). The interfaces with the smallest uncertainties were tumor-lung (on CT) and tumor-mediastinum (on PET-CT and MRI). Conclusions Although MRI-based contouring showed overall larger variability than PET-CT, contouring variability depended on the interface type and was not significantly different between modalities, despite the limited observer experience with MRI. Multimodality imaging and combining different imaging characteristics might be the best approach to define the tumor volume most accurately.

[Figure][1] Celebrity endorsement in advertising is grounded in a common marketing assumption: Corporations have realized for some time that celebrity endorsers can enhance advertisement credibility and liking as well as brand image, awareness, and purchase behavior. Celebrities have built

Using data collected from US manufacturing firms, this research evaluates logistics service from the eyes of manufacturers. The study leads to a close look at how manufacturers view third party logistics services to provide important strategic and operational values to manufacturers. The results indicate that the building of a long-term relationship is mediated by trust and commitment from manufacturers. When manufacturers believe that the logistics service provider is honest and passionate, and care about their business, they will make a commitment toward a long-term business relationship.

Purpose – This research is the first to examine disruptive marketing, a subset perspective of entrepreneurial marketing, and unintended consequences of marketing in the context of the nonprofit arts sector.Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory research has two components: development of a body of knowledge and conceptual model of disruptive marketing, its predictors, and its intended/unintended consequences based on pertinent literature and input from arts organization executive directors, artistic directors, and marketing managers; and preliminary assessment, with a qualitative study, of the operationalization of disruptive marketing and related factors in arts organizations.Findings – The study categorizes and analyzes qualitative study structured interview responses to outline commonality/lack of commonality among them and provide insight into perceptions of arts organization executive directors.Research limitations/implications – This initial study inaugurates an academic research stream on t...

[Figure][1] As the number of submissions to the Journal of Advertising Research ( JAR ) continues to increase, the time has come for us to step up our peer-review process with the addition of a group of Associate Editors (AEs), who will be given oversight of manuscripts that match their

[Figure][1] Everywhere we look, it is immediately obvious how much the mobile phone is an integral part of daily life. Yet, the medium is still relatively new to advertising research, particularly among academics who have devoted recent years of study to this topic addressed in this issue's

Charitable organizations in the U.S. have found it increasingly difficult to raise funds from donors. With a decline in the number of donors and with the number of charitable organizations increasing, there is a greater need than ever to emotionally engage the giver and encourage him/her to increase their giving to charitable organizations. One such emotional construct is personal nostalgia. Linking personal nostalgia to charitable giving, this research argues that age, discontinuity, loneliness, past experiences and recovery from grief influence personal nostalgia that the donor may experience. Personal nostalgia in turn will provide emotional utility and familial utility to the donor. This in turn will strengthen the commitment of the donor to the charitable organization which would lead to charitable giving. From an academic standpoint it adds to the literature in the areas of personal nostalgia and charitable giving. From a Managerial standpoint, charitable organizations could benefit by identifying significant personal experiences of the donor and evoke personal nostalgia in their fundraising appeals. References available on request.

Graphic sexual appeals grab attention but the advertising literature suggests that these messages are far from a “magic bullet.” Using a large national panel ( N = 1,506), the current research manipulated levels of nudity in fragrance ads and assessed key constructs including Sexual Self Schema, Sensation Seeking, and dimensions of the Reidenbach-Robin Multi-dimensional Ethics Scale to determine which factors best account for individual response. Findings indicate that elements of all three variables were important predicators of viewers9 emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral responses, especially as nudity increased. The results elucidate key factors for managerial action when incorporating sexual appeals in brand building.

The primary “international advertising” topic over the past five decades is the question of whether, and to what degree, advertising can and should be standardized. This article begins with a discussion of the cumulative findings of this stream of research, followed by a look at major theories that have been applied to international advertising research, with a special focus on the application of culture9s use as a conceptual basis for advertising studies. An exploration of the recent trend toward considering advertising in the context of global branding strategies is followed by a discussion of methodological issues in international advertising research, focusing on problems that have been identified and “best practices” for researchers in overcoming these problems.