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Introduction Paraesophageal hiatal hernia is often associated with a number of complications such as intestinal obstruction, gastric volvulus and acute pancreatitis, each of which can result in critical conditions requiring surgery. Herein, we report our surgical procedure for paraesophageal hiatal hernia. Methods Since 2003, we have surgically treated hiatal hernia in 18 patients, including 2 men and 16 women, with a mean age of 73 years. Thirteen patients (72.2%) had a type-I hiatal hernia, two (11.1%) had type III and three (16.7%) had type IV. The operative procedure consisted of a crural repair and anti-reflux maneuver. Results Laparoscopic procedures were completed in all patients. The mean operation time was 160.2 min for type I and 230.8 min for types III and IV. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 7.8 days, and there was no mortality. Three patients relapsed during the mean follow-up period of 74.9 months. Two of them were asymptomatic and one required laparoscopic reoperation. Conclusion Laparoscopic surgery for paraesophageal hiatal hernia is safe and effective with minimal morbidity and early recovery. However, it is important to determine the appropriate timing of surgery based on the severity of the hernia and the patient's general status and comorbidities.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) commonly infects immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised hosts. The latter include recipients of organ transplants or immunosuppression therapy, and those with hematologic malignancies. The most common manifestation of a CMV infection of the gastrointestinal tract including the oral mucosa is ulceration. Up to now, there have been several reports of CMV infection in the oral mucosa resulting in mucosal ulceration. CMV infections producing a mass lesion as pseudotumoral in appearance have rarely been reported in the literature. There are a few reports of CMV pseudotumors in the head and neck. Here we report a case of intraoral pseudotumors caused by localized CMV infection in a patient who received a bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Although a lesion of this nature is rare, we must bear in mind the possibility of a CMV infection when we examine a patient who has received BMT with an oral mass-like lesion.

[1] Using high-quality data sets obtained about a decade apart, we examined the changes of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Pacific Ocean, separating anthropogenic and natural CO2. Observations along three transoceanic sections along 47°N, 179°E, and 17°S showed both decadal increases (>20 µmol kg–1) and decreases ( 10 µmol kg–1 in oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2, reflecting accumulation in mode waters. Along 17°S, increases of anthropogenic CO2 were >20 µmol kg–1, larger than expected from increases of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. The annual water-column inventories of anthropogenic CO2 changes calculated in 20° longitudinal or 10° latitudinal bands throughout the Pacific Ocean revealed relatively high values (>0.7 mol m–2 a–1) in the subtropical regions of both hemispheres and low values in the tropical Pacific. This distribution pattern is similar to previous estimates for the Anthropocene, implying that the redistribution processes of anthropogenic CO2 have not changed on a basin scale over the last decade. We estimated the total anthropogenic and natural CO2 storage in the Pacific Ocean to be 8.4 ± 0.5 and 0.6 ± 0.4 Pg carbon decade–1, respectively.

The CryoSeal

House-Tree-Person technique (HTP) published by Buck in 1948, is a portrayal psychological test to have participants draw a picture of "house", "tree" and "person" on a piece of paper for each, which is used even today's psychological front in many countries. In Japan, Hosoki, Nakai, Omori and Takahashi published "Multi-dimensional House Tree-Person technique"(1971), which was an improved version of HTP applied to "Framed Technique" (Nakai, 1971) and would have participants draw a picture of "house", "tree" and "person" all together on one piece of paper. In this test, each participant uses three pieces of paper. Regarding the first paper, the participants are assigned to divide the drawing paper into three portions and put three frames on them. As for the second paper, they are to put one frame on the whole paper. Then, they are to draw a picture of "house", "tree" and "person" within the frames. As for the third paper, they are to use it without framing. Although this method was effective, the technique has been improved considering the participant's' burden. In this paper, I discuss "Synthetic House-Tree-Person technique (S-HTP)",one of the modified versions in which each participant is assigned to draw a picture of "house", "tree" and "person" all together on a single piece of paper. Other than this assignment, they are free to draw any pictures. Then I present the overview on studies from its early stage to the current one. S-HTP in the 1970s and 1980s were conducted mainly for schizophrenia patients, and the common objective among the researches is thought to examine their drawing characteristics, level of psychopathology, and changes accompanied by the treatment process, and to define pathological index and interpretational hypothesis. Mikami who had been studying S-HTP since 1979 published "Synthetic House-Tree-Person technique", an introductory and interpretational book that illustrated findings and S-HTP-specific pathologic index and interpretational hypothesis obtained from methods, basic understanding and accumulated research results. She successfully organized these elements in a systematic manner. Originally, S-HTP was developed from the psychiatric treatment situations, but today it is used in a various fields according to the expansion of clinical psychology fields such as education and public welfare. The number of research has been increasing since 2000 and has been discussed from various points of view. In this paper, I classify those studies into four groups depending on their purpose, participants, and methods. The followings are brief summary. (1) Basic researches: a research to analyze and discuss the formal drawing characteristics of S-HTP, and a comparative research to analyze between Mikami (1995) and Misawa (2002) (2) youth research: a research conducted for youth university students to discuss the relation between psychological aspects, which are characterized in youth such as identity issues and friendship, and drawing characteristics of S-HTP, (3) personality research: a research to examine the relation between personality characteristics obtained by S-HTP and those obtained by Rorschach test, (4) an applied research: a rather minority research to give a new perspective to the usage of modified S-HTP and international researches.

A practical synthesis of (S)-tert-butyl 3-methyl-1,4-di­azepane-1-carboxylate has been established for supplying this key intermediate of Rho–kinase inhibitor K-115 in a multikilogram production. The chiral 1,4-diazepane was constructed by intramolecular Fukuyama–Mitsunobu cyclization of a N-nosyl diamino alcohol starting from the commercially available (S)- or (R)-2-aminopropan-1-ol. In the same manner, an enantiomeric pair of a structural isomer were prepared for demonstration of the synthetic utility.

Available Argo profiling float data from 2002 to 2011 were analyzed to examine the effect of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) current system variability on the formation of the Central Mode Water. Just north of the upstream portion of the KE at 140–152°E, formation of a lighter variety of the Central Mode Water in winter was active during the unstable period of the upstream KE in 2006–2009 and was reduced when the upstream KE was in the stable period of 2002–2005 and 2010–2011. This decadal formation variability is out of phase with that of the Subtropical Mode Water just south of the KE.

There are many papers focused on secondary neutrons by calculation or measurement in high-energy radiotherapy fields [1] , [2] . Monte Carlo calculation is easy to acquire the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the neutrons and is considered to be particularly useful tool for evaluating the “on-axis” of the primary radiotherapy beam. In this study, calculations were performed for practical application of treatment planning that can take three-dimensional neutron dose into account by combining with new treatment planning system “Tsukuba-Plan” currently developed by University of Tsukuba. The incident radiotherapy beams were X-rays and “passive” particle beams (proton beam, carbon-ion beam). Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) [3] was used as Monte Carlo code. We constructed calculation geometries that reproduces the actual beam delivery systems of these radiotherapy fields as precisely as possible, and confirmed consistency by comparing with measured percentage depth absorbed dose. The neutron doses and energy spectrums of “on-axis” and “off-axis” in homogeneous water phantom were calculated by irradiating each primary beams. Calculated neutron doses were compared with some published literatures. As next step, we used the Tsukuba-Plan to obtain the three-dimensional neutron dose distributions in human-shaped phantom in case of irradiating clinical beams with patient-specific devices such as bolus and collimators. We achieved a relative comparison of the secondary neutron doses and energy spectrums at “on-axis” and “off-axis” of each incident beams by using PHITS code. Additionally, the three-dimensional neutron dose distributions in the human-shaped phantom by each beams were obtained by combining the Tsukuba-Plan. In the future, this function can be used for various evaluation of the secondary neutrons in radiotherapy fields under individualized irradiation conditions.

Distributions of mixed layer depths around the centers of anti-cyclonic and cyclonic eddies in the North Pacific Ocean were composited by using satellite-derived sea surface height anomaly data and Argo profiling float data. The composite distributions showed that in late winter, deeper mixed layers were more (less) frequently observed inside the cores of the anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) eddies than outside. This relationship was the clearest in the region of 140°E–160°W and 35°N–40°N, where the temperature and salinity of the deep mixed layers were similar to those of the lighter variety of central mode water (L-CMW). A simple one-dimensional bulk mixed layer model showed that both strong sea-surface heat and momentum fluxes and weak preexisting stratification contributed to formation of the deep mixed layer. These conditions were associated with the anti-cyclonic eddies, suggesting that these eddies are important in the formation of mode waters, particularly L-CMW.

我々は電源電圧V_bを小さくすることで消費電力を低減したシフトレジスタの動作実証を行った。本研究で試作したシフトレジスタは動作速度が7.5〜20GHzでありながら、消費電力が数nWとなった。V_bを低減化することで、回路の電流を制御しているでの消費電力も小さくなる。加えてV_bを小さくするとジョセフソン接合(JJ)がスイッチしている間にJJに並列に挿入されているシャント抵抗R_sに供給される電流が急峻に減少するといった現象が生じる。その結果R_sでの消費電力も小さくなる。従来のSFQ回路に比べて電力遅延積では約70倍、エネルギー遅延積では13倍以上向上した。本研究で試作したシフトレジスタのエネルギー遅延積は5桁優れていることから冷凍機の消費電力を考慮しても半導体に対して優位性があると考える。, We have demonstrated rapid-single-flux-quantum (RSFQ) circuits with reduced power consumptions by lowering bias voltages and critical currents. The power consumption including a power consumption of a bias resistor is measured to be around 1 nW/JJ in 8-bit shift registers, while the operating frequency ranges from 7.5 GHz to 20 GHz. we lower bias voltages applied to RSFQ circuits. The values of bias resistances are proportional to bias voltages. At lowered bias voltages, the power consumption of the bias resistor is reduced. When a voltage begins to be generated at a Josephson junction, the net current provided to the junction and to the shunt resistor is decreased. As a result, the magnitude of the voltage is suppressed, and the power consumption of the shunt resistor is reduced. The power energy-delay product is about 70 times smaller and the the energy-delay product is more than 13 times smaller than that of the conventional RSFQ circuits. Low poewer SFQ circuits are superior in terms of energy-delay product to semiconductor circuits though the power consumption of SFQ cicuits contains the refrigerating machine., (超伝導マイクロ波応用,信号処理基盤技術及びその応用,一般), IEICE Technical Report;SCE2011-10

Temperature and salinity data from Argo profiling floats in the North Pacific during 2003–08 have been analyzed to study the structure of winter mixed layer north of the Kuroshio Extension and the subsurface potential vorticity distribution in the subtropical gyre in relation to the formation and subduction of the central mode water (CMW). In late winter, two zonally elongated bands of deep mixed layer extend at 33°–39° and 39°–43°N, from the east coast of Japan to 160°W. These correspond to the formation region of the lighter variety of CMW (L-CMW) and that of the denser variety of CMW (D-CMW) and the recently identified transition region mode water (TRMW), respectively. In the western part of the L-CMW and D-CMW–TRMW formation regions west of 170°E, the winter mixed layer becomes deeper and lighter to the east (i.e., to the downstream). As a result, the formed mode water is reentrained into the mixed layer in the farther east in the following winter and modified to the lighter water and is thus unable to be subducted to the permanent pycnocline. In the eastern part of the formation regions between 170°E and 160°W, on the other hand, the winter mixed layer becomes shallower and lighter to the east. From these areas, the L-CMW with potential density of 25.7–26.2 kg m−3 and the D-CMW–TRMW (mostly the former) of 26.1–26.4 kg m−3 are subducted to the permanent pycnocline, and they are then advected anticyclonically in the subtropical gyre. These results imply that during the analysis period large-scale subduction to the permanent pycnocline occurs in the density range up to 26.4 kg m−3 in the open North Pacific, whereas the winter mixed layer density reaches the maximum of 26.6 kg m−3. This is supported by the vertical distribution of apparent oxygen utilization in a hydrographic section in the subtropical gyre.

Pressure (P)–temperature (T) pseudosection analyses were carried out on metapelites from Sambagawa belt by using Perple_X 07 so as to determine mineral equilibria and the stability of sodic phases, in the model system MnO–Na2O–K2O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–(CO2) under high-pressure (HP) conditions (0.5–2.5 GPa/400–600 °C). A pressure–XNA [=Na/(Na+Al–2K–1.5Ca)] pseudosection at 500 °C is also calculated to examine the effect of Na/Al value of the bulk-rock composition on the stabilities of sodic minerals. The bulk-rock compositions of Sambagawa metapelite are variable in XNA values. The calculation results of stable assemblages in metapelites under the blueschist and eclogite facies conditions indicate that: (i) paragonite and glaucophane are stable throughout the wide XNA range of bulk-rock compositions of host rocks; (ii) stable P–T conditions of sodic pyroxene enlarge with increasing XNA value; and (iii) the stability field of paragonite enlarges with the presence of CO2 in the metamorphic fluid. The suggested wide stability of paragonite in metapelites and the relationships between the stability of sodic pyroxene and the bulk-rock compositions explain the reasons why (i) the occurrence of omphacite in metapelites from several subduction-related terranes is rare; and (ii) paragonite commonly occurs as inclusions in garnet of metapelites from the Besshi region of the Sambagawa belt. Paragonite is an important sodic phase of HP metapelites, and a combination of paragonite and quartz with high residual pressure included in garnet may be a useful indicator to verify the evidence for the eclogite facies metamorphism recorded in metapelites.

The degree of graphitization of carbonaceous material (CM) has been widely used as an indicator of metamorphic grade. Previous work has demonstrated that peak metamorphic temperature (T )o f regional metamorphic rocks can be estimated by an area ratio (R2) of peaks recognized in Raman spectra of CM. The applicability of this method to low-pressure ( 50) that adequately reflects the range of sample heterogeneity. Using this procedure (with 532-nm laser) and adapting our new calibration, the errors of the Raman CM geothermometer for contact metamorphic rocks decrease to � ±30 � C.

Warming the Deep The coldest ocean waters are located at the bottoms of the major ocean basins, and, because it takes a long time for water to sink from the surface to these regions, they are relatively isolated from the warming trends that are now occurring at shallower depths. However, warming in these deep waters has recently been observed, sooner than anticipated. Masuda et al. (p. 319 , published online 24 June) performed computer simulations of ocean circulation and found that internal waves are able to transport heat rapidly from the surface waters around Antarctica to the bottom of the North Pacific, which can occur within four decades, rather than the centuries that conventional mechanisms have suggested.

We studied the change in heat content in the Pacific Ocean using data from repeat hydrographic surveys. The most recent trans-Pacific surveys along 47°N and 179 °E conducted in 2007 reveal that circumpolar deep water has warmed along 179 °E as suggested by previous studies and also that the deep water was warmer along 47 °N even since 1999. Simple estimates show that the heat content increased in the layer deeper than 4000 m over almost the entire Pacific Ocean. The increase in heat content below 3000 m was about 5% of the ocean-wide increase. Heat content changes in the deep layer are not uniform and a vertical profile of heat content change has a minimum at a depth around 3000 m. The non-uniform distribution of heat content change in the mid- to bottom layer demonstrates the existence of overturn circulation and may indicate that this circulation is changing.

We detected temperature (salinity) decreases on the neutral density surfaces above the salinity minimum and increases below throughout the western North Pacific subtropical gyre ( 25 ∘ N – 40 ∘ N , west of 170 ∘ W ) by comparing World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) hydrographic sections from the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. The temperature (salinity) changes around the salinity minimum were associated with an apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) increase, and could not be explained by an increase of the subpolar input. These property changes were due to a density decrease of the salinity minimum. Furthermore, similar changes in temperature (salinity) were detected along 165 ∘ E as a 12-year trend from 1996 to 2007. This suggests that the changes evident in the comparison of the WOCE sections are the representative of changes at the intermediate depths in the last decade. This pattern was not detected in the eastern subtropical gyre ( 25 ∘ N – 40 ∘ N , east of 170 ∘ W ) and along 47 ∘ N , where the AOU increase due to ventilation reduction has been reported. Along 47 ∘ N , changes in temperature, salinity and AOU from 1999 to 2007 were opposite to those from 1985 to 1999.

Aragonite and omphacite-bearing metapelite occurs in the albite–biotite zone of the Togu (Tohgu) area, Besshi region, Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan. This metapelite consists of alternating graphite-rich and graphite-poor layers that contain garnet, phengite, chlorite, epidote, titanite, calcite, albite, and quartz. A graphite-poor layer contains a 1.5-cm ivory-colored lens that mainly consists of phengite, calcite, albite, and garnet. Aragonite, omphacite, and paragonite occur as inclusions in the garnet of the ivory lens. The aragonite has a composition that is close to the CaCO3 end-member: the FeCO3 and MnCO3 components are both less than 0.3 mol% and the SrCO3 component is about 1 mol%. The aragonite + omphacite + quartz assemblage in garnet indicates equilibrium conditions of P > 1.1–1.3 GPa and T = 430–550°C. Quartz grains sealed in garnet of the aragonite and omphacite-bearing sample and other metapelites in the Togu area preserve a high residual pressure that is equivalent to the Sambagawa eclogite samples. These facts suggest that: (i) the Togu area experienced eclogite facies metamorphism; and (ii) thus, eclogite facies metamorphism covered the Sambagawa belt more extensively than previously recognized.

Omphacite-bearing metapelite was found from the Seba area of the Besshi region, Sambagawa metamorphic belt, central Shikoku, Japan. Omphacite occurs as inclusions in garnet together with quartz, sodic amphibole, phengite, and paragonite. The major matrix phases are quartz, albite, phengite, chlorite, subcalcic amphibole, calcite, dolomite, and graphite. Garnet shows a prograde zoning and comprises three segments in order from the crystal center to the margin: the core, inner mantle, and outer mantle. The garnet core shows monotonous decrease of MnO content outward, and includes sodic phases: paragonite and glaucophane. The garnet mantle is substantially homogeneous in composition, and poorer in MnO and richer in MgO than the core. The inner mantle of garnet includes omphacite, paragonite and glaucophane. The outer mantle includes omphacite, but paragonite and glaucophane grains are absent. The jadeite content of omphacite inclusions (XJd) increases slightly from 0.55 in grains included in the inner mantle to 0.62 in the outer mantle of garnet. The systematic distribution of sodic minerals in garnet documents a prograde evolution of metamorphism from the blueschist to eclogite facies conditions. The occurrence of omphacite-bearing metapelite in the Seba area of the Besshi region is direct evidence of: (1) at least some of the Sambagawa metapelites in the Besshi region certainly experienced eclogite facies metamorphism, and (2) eclogite facies metamorphism extends beyond the previously assumed eclogite facies area in the Sambagawa belt.

This study aimed to clarify the effect of mobile bag size and ratio of sample size to bag surface area on intestinal digestibility of forage in sheep. Four Suffolk ewes fitted with ruminal and proximal duodenal cannulae were fed second-cut Italian rye- grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) hay twice daily, and the same forage was used to measure intestinal digestibility. The forage samples were incubated in the rumen for 16 h and then in pepsin-HCl solution for 3 h before intestinal incubation. The incubated forage samples were placed in a nylon mobile bag. The bag sizes used were either 20 mm×20 mm (small bag size; SBS) or 30 mm×30 mm (large bag size; LBS) and the ratio of the sample size to the surface area of the bag was either 5.5 mg/cm 2 (low ratio; LR) or 11.0 mg/cm 2 (high ratio; HR) resulting in four different treatment conditions: SBS-LR, SBS-HR, LBS-LR and LBS-HR. Eight bags per animal were inserted through the duodenal cannulae at 15-min intervals and were subsequently collected from the feces of the animal. The mean intestinal bag transition time did not differ significantly between animals, but ranged from 23.2 to 27.0 h. The intestinal digestibility of dry matter (IDDM) ranged from 0.162±0.019 g/g in the SBS-HR treatment group to 0.195±0.018 g/g in the SBS-LR treatment. The intestinal digestibility of crude protein (IDCP) ranged from 0.610±0.031 g/g in the LBS-LR treatment to 0.693±0.018 g/g in the SBS-LR treatment. There was no difference in the IDDM and IDCP between different treatments. It was therefore concluded that the size of the mobile bag and the ratio of the sample size to the bag surface area did not influence the intestinal digestibility of forage. Future studies

The aim of this study was to determine and characterize the ruminal degradability and passage rate of fresh dwarf bamboo (Pleioblastus argenteostriatus f. glaber) cut in spring and autumn, to study the influence of these variables on intake and digestibility by sheep. The experiment was conducted in late spring (May to early June) and autumn (late September to early October). Eight Suffolk ewes, surgically fitted with ruminal cannulae, were used to measure the ruminal degradability and passage rate. Half of the animals received fresh dwarf bamboo and the other half fresh bahiagrass twice daily to meet maintenance requirements. In spring, the lignin content of dwarf bamboo was similar to that of bahiagrass and approximately twice that of bahiagrass in autumn. The slowly degradable fraction of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDFom) was lower in dwarf bamboo than in bahiagrass. This fraction decreased in dwarf bamboo in the autumn, in contrast to bahiagrass which maintained similar levels as in the spring (Grass × Season interaction; P=0.005 and 0.016 for DM and NDFom, respectively). However, no difference was observed in degradation rate between grasses and seasons. The degradation rate of crude protein (CP) in dwarf bamboo was lower than that of bahiagrass, particularly in autumn. The ruminal passage rate was unaltered by the type of grass and season. DM intake was similar between the grasses, although a seasonal decrease was observed in both the grasses (P=0.006). The digestibility of DM and NDFom were clearly lower in dwarf bamboo than in bahiagrass (P

A linear stability analysis was conducted for a three-layer primitive equation model including viscosity with a basic state, which modeled the stratification and velocity fields with the vertical and horizontal variations across the Kuroshio Extension. An unstable wave with a wavelength of 220 km and a phase speed of 0.24 m s−1 propagating in the downstream direction was found to grow the fastest. Characteristics of this unstable baroclinic wave were similar to those of waves observed along the Kuroshio Extension. The growth rate of the fastest-growing waves became greater with an increase of the cross-stream difference of the potential vorticity (PV) in the intermediate layer. For a cross-frontal stratification structure without the PV gradient in the intermediate layer, which is similar to that in the Gulf Stream, the wavelength of the fastest-growing unstable wave changed to 390 km and the unstable wave had a much different structure. Thus, the unstable frontal waves observed along the Kuroshio Extension occur only for the cases when low-PV Oyashio water exists on the northern side of the main stream in the intermediate layer. The unstable frontal waves revealed in the present study greatly contribute to the formation of a clear salinity minimum in the Kuroshio Extension.

Two species of Japanese toads, Bufo japonicus formosus and Bufo torrenticola, were identified in a mountain stream using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA sequencing techniques. We detected RAPD fragments and mtDNA sequences specific for each species collected from allopatric areas. These molecular data indicated that most of the toads collected from their sympatric areas in a mountain stream in central Japan were backcross hybrids to B. torrenticola, even though they possessed the mtDNA of B. j. formosus. Directional introgression probably occurred between the males of B. torrenticola and females possessing the mtDNA of B. j. formosus, resulting from B. j. formosus being compelled to spawn in stream side pools, especially during the initial period of contact between the two species. Furthermore, most of the hybrid individuals probably backcrossed to the numerically predominant B. torrenticola. Such conditions might have resulted from recent and continuous flooding which created changes in the topography of the Bufo spawning habitat.

The influence of plasma power and substrate temperature on the structure of nanocrystalline germanium carbon thin films was investigated. Films were deposited by the very high frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition technique using hydrogen diluted monomethylgermane (MMG). Plasma power strongly affected the decomposition of hydrogen and MMG. Crystalline volume fraction and bonding states of the atoms in the films depends on plasma power and substrate temperature. FT-IR measurements also revealed that Ge–H n and CH n bonds are sensitive to these factors.

Volcanic clouds from the eruption of Jebel at Tair (south-central Red Sea, Yemen) on 30th September 2007 were observed by ground based lidar at Nagoya, Japan, and also by the space borne lidar CALIOP. The cloud was found as a non-depolarized cloud layer in the upper troposphere by ground based Mie/Depolarization lidar. By tilted lidar observations from ground it was demonstrated that these clouds were not composed of ice particles. Clouds with similar characteristics were also observed by CALIOP. Some evidence confirmed their origin to be the said eruption. The estimated total mass of the cloud particles by lidar-observed data coincides with the estimated sulfuric acid oxidized from SO2 included in the volcanic cloud observed by Aura satellite. All of the clouds were observed at altitudes lower than the cold point tropopause for a week after the eruption. Since then parts of the clouds were observed in the stratosphere, indicating transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere.

An event emitting a Σ- -hyperon from a Ξ- -hyperon nuclear capture at rest has been observed in a hybrid-emulsion experiment. The event has been analyzed as the first observation of the weak decay of the S = - 2 system.

A poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer composite membrane with an excellent CO2/N2 separation factor was developed in-situ. The In-situ Modification (IM) method was used to modify the surface of commercial porous membranes, such as ultrafiltration membranes, to produce a gas selective layer by controlling the interface precipitation of the membrane materials in the state of a received membrane module. Using the IM method, a chitosan layer was prepared on the inner surface of a commercially available ultrafiltration membrane as a gutter layer, in order to affix PAMAM dendrimer molecules on the porous substrate. After chitosan treatment, the PAMAM dendrimer was impregnated into the gutter layer to form a PAMAM/chitosan hybrid layer. The CO2 separation performance of the resulting composite membrane was tested at a pressure difference of 100 kPa and a temperature of 40 °C, using a mixed CO2 (5 vol%)/N2 (95 vol%) feed gas. The PAMAM dendrimer composite membrane, with a gutter layer prepared from ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and a 0.5 wt% chitosan solution of two different molecular weight chitosans, revealed an excellent CO2/N2 separation factor and a CO2 permeance of 400 and 1.6 × 10−7 m3 (STP) m−2 s−1 kPa−1, respectively. SEM observations revealed a defect-free chitosan layer (thickness 200 nm) positioned directly beneath the top surface of the UF membrane substrate. After PAMAM dendrimer treatment, the hybrid chitosan/PAMAM dendrimer layer was observed with a thickness of 300 nm. XPS analysis indicated that the hybrid layer contained about 20–40% PAMAM dendrimer.

第6回極域科学シンポジウム[OA] 南極隕石11月16日（月） 国立国語研究所 2階 講堂

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer composite membranes with high CO 2 /N 2 selectivity and CO 2 permeance were developed in situ according to the in situ modification (IM) method. This method utilizes the interfacial precipitation of membrane materials on the surface of porous commercially available, polysulfone ultra-filtration hollow fiber membrane (molecular weight cutoff: 6000) substrates. A thin layer of amphiphilic chitosan, which has a potential affinity for both hydrophobic PSF-substrates and hydrophilic PAMAM dendrimers, was employed as a gutter layer directly beneath the inner surface of the substrate by the IM method. PAMAM dendrimers were then impregnated into the chitosan gutter layer to form a hybrid active layer for CO 2 separation. Permeation experiments of the PAMAM dendrimer composite membrane conducted in a pencil module (an effective membrane area: ca. 17 cm 2 ) were carried out using a mixed CO 2 (5%)/N 2 (95%) feed gas at a pressure difference of 97 kPa at 40 °C. The PAMAM composite membrane exhibited an excellent CO 2 /N 2 selectivity of 230 and a CO 2 permeance of 4.6 × 10 −7 m 3 (STP) m −2 s −1 kPa −1 (=61 GPU). SEM observations of the composite membrane revealed a thin chitosan layer (ca. 200 nm thick) directly beneath the surface of the porous substrate. Hybridization of the PAMAM dendrimer with a chitosan gutter layer afforded a defect free active layer (ca. 300 nm thick) suitable for CO 2 separation.

To find novel histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-selective inhibitors and clarify the structural requirements for HDAC6-selective inhibition, we prepared thiolate analogues designed based on the structure of an HDAC6-selective substrate and evaluated the histone/alpha-tubulin acetylation selectivity by Western blot analysis. Aliphatic compounds 17b-20b selectively caused alpha-tubulin acetylation over histone H4 acetylation. In enzyme assays using HDAC1, HDAC4, and HDAC6, compounds 17a-19a exhibited HDAC6-selective inhibition over HDAC1 and HDAC4.

A dendritic aromatic polyamide having carboxyl groups on the periphery and a benzyl chloride group at the core (Cl-G1-4COOH) was prepared as an initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The ATRP of 4-vinylpyridine initiated by Cl-G1-4COOH was carried out in the presence of tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6 TREN) and CuCl to form tadpole-shaped dendritic-linear copolymers (P4VP-G1-4COOH). The structure of P4VP-G1-4COOH was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared measurements. The thermal and solution properties of P4VP-G1-4COOH are influenced by the multiple hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl groups on the periphery and vinylpyridine segments. A glass transition temperature value that is higher than that of Cl-G1-4COOH could be due to the contribution of the multiple hydrogen bonding. The decreased solubility in methanol and chloroform suggests the presence of the multiple hydrogen bonding. The solubility of each component also affected the association of P4VP-G1-4COOH in solution. A structural model for the molecular interaction of P4VP-G1-4COOH in methanol, chloroform and N, N-dimethylformamide based on the hydrodynamic radii and NMR measurements is proposed..

The preparation and properties of the multiple hydrogen-bonded complexes between polyamide dendrons and poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) are described. Polyamide dendrons with or without carboxyl groups were prepared as components for the complex with P4VP. A hydrogen-bonded G1-GA (polyamide dendron having five carboxyl groups)/P4VP 1/5 (molar ratio) complex was prepared by mixing G1-GA with P4VP in methanol, followed by removing the solvent. The formation of the hydrogen bond was confirmed by IR measurements. A glass transition temperature ( Tg) of the complex was observed at 179′C by DSC measurement, whereas the melting point of G1-GA (156′C) and Tg of P4VP (144′C) disappeared. The Tg of G1-GA/P4VP complexes was dependent on the molar ratio ([Acceptor]/[Donor]). The maximum Tg at 184′C was observed in the acceptor-rich region. 1H NMR spin-lattice relaxation time ( T1) and diffusion coefficient ( D) were measured to evaluate the mobility of G1-GA or P4VP in solution. Both T1 and D values suggest that the mobility of the dendron and P4VP in the complex is restricted by the formation of multiple hydrogen bondings in solution.