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This study investigates the phenomenon of defectiveness in Russian case and number noun paradigms from the perspective of distributional semantics. We made use of word embeddings, high-dimensional vectors trained from large text corpora, and compared the observed paradigms of nouns that are defective in the genitive plural, as suggested by Zaliznjak (1977), with the observed paradigms for non-defective nouns. When the embeddings of about 20,000 inflected forms were projected onto a two-dimensional space, clusters of case and number within case were found, suggesting global semantic similarity for words with the same inflectional features. Moreover, defective lexemes were characterized by lower semantic transparency, in that inflected forms of the same lexeme are semantically less similar to each other, and their meanings are also more idiosyncratic. Furthermore, compared to non-defective lexemes, inflected forms from defective lexemes are further away from the idealized average case-number meanings, obtained by averaging over the vectors of all inflected forms of the same case-number combination. As a consequence, the semantics of defective forms are predicted less precisely by a simple model of conceptualization that assumes that the meaning of a given Russian inflected form is approximated well by the sum of pertinent embeddings of the lexeme, case, and number within case. We conclude that the relationship between defectiveness and semantics, at least the kind captured by word embeddings, is stronger than has been anticipated previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the dictionary meanings of the lexeme "bliss" on the material taken from the explanatory dictionaries of Vladimir Dal, Dmitry Ushakov, the Great Academic Dictionary and the Small Academic Dictionary, as well as the Russian Semantic Dictionary. The article highlights the process of semantic transformation of the word "bliss" over time, as well as semantic transformation of this lexeme in the predicative function, the dynamics of the appearance of the proper estimation value in the content of the "bliss" lexeme, use of the actual value in the content of this lexeme on the basis of the main sub-corpus of the National Corpus of the Russian language. The material of the main subcorpus of the National Corps of the Russian language has been examined in detail, the statistics of the analyzed word is given. On the basis of this material, a component analysis of the meaning and meanings of the lexeme "bliss" as a noun with an appraising character typical of the predicative use of the named noun is performed. By means of component analysis of the lexical unit with a positivevalue meaning, the frequency of use as an evaluation predicate is defined, the lexical-thematic groups "objects", "phenomena", "states" and "processes" are presented, in which the lexeme "bliss" functions as a predicate. The novelty of the article is that, as a result of the research, the specificity of the component composition of the meaning of the lexeme is revealed, and it is also established that the noun "bliss" expresses communicative intentions of the interlocutors that are associated with their pragmatic attitudes actualized when addressing different types of context.

The article discusses the origins of interpretations of the concept "genius" by Russian cultural consciousness. The first cases of use of the lexeme "genius" are analyzed, its interpretations are systematized оп the extensive material of dictionaries of the Russian language of XVIII-XX centuries. It is observed that the ancient Greek "demon" /'6alpwv' and 'devil' /'byuroLod', adopted by Russian Orthodoxy in the meaning of "unclean spirit", "fallen angel", "evil spirit", "evil spirit", received the Old Russian and the Old Slavonic analogues and were perceived exclusively through the prism of the New Testament struggle and the victory of Jesus Christ, and then of Christians over the devil, while in the Roman pagan analogue - genius - there was no urgent need. It is indicated that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries in the Russian language picture of the world, these concepts were perceived as synonymous, which appeared in the Russian language in the XVIII century (and not directly through Latin) the concept of genius already had the value of the immanent property of human nature and began its separate existence, often taking on the function of a nominal word and acquiring its own verbalizers and associative semantic fields. The examples of fiction texts of the XIX century examine the variants of the use of the lexeme "genius", the formation of the concept of genius is proved, the emergence of new semantic fields as evidence of its acceptance by Russian cultural consciousness. By analyzing the phrases "genius" and "spirit" in the XVIII-XIX centuries proves that the values of "creative gift in man" and "man possessing creative gift" have superseded the original inner semantics of the lexeme "genius". It is noted that the emergence of new semantic fields of this concept is the evidence of significant transformations of the national, scientific and artistic picture of the world in the domestic cultural space.

This research is motivated by the decreasing awareness of some people towards the preservation of the Javanese language, especially the younger generation. In their daily communication, some of them do not speak Javanese but speak Indonesian. In fact, in Javanese, there is a complex and complete lexicon that can express livelihoods, such as farming. At this time, these activities are starting to be abandoned due to technological developments and changing mindsets. This study aims to find and explain the semantic components of the lexicon of the verb ngethok [ngǝthͻ?] 'to cut' and its lexemes and socio-cultural factors contained in the meaning of each lexeme. This research used a qualitative descriptive method and sociosemantic approach. The data was taken in the Borobudur area, Magelang Regency, Central Java Province. Data collection was carried out by interviewing, recording, and taking notes. In this study, three informants were used. The results of this study indicate that the lexicon of the verb ngethok 'to cut' has fifteen lexemes, namely mancung, mapras, mbabat, mbacok, mlathok, munthes, ngarit, nugel, nggraji, nggunting, ngiris, nyacah, nyembeleh, nyeset, and nyigar. Each lexeme has different lexical meanings. The socio-cultural factors of the community that are revealed in the ngethok ‘to cut’ lexicon and its lexemes are people who live in villages and work as farmers, people who work using traditional tools, people have a simple mindset and a strong spirit of mutual cooperation, and people help selflessly.

It is obvious that investigating a text or a poem, regardless of the culture of the period in which the writer or poet lived, is futile. The current study explores the conceptual metaphors formed by culture in the functioning of the autumn word in the works of Russian poetry. The relevance of the work is due to the need for a comprehensive study of those language units that play an essential role in the embodiment of the author’s intention. At the same time, not all words expressing a temporary meaning have received comprehensive coverage in the scientific literature. Among these, lexemes are the word “autumn”. The purpose of the study is to analyze the functioning of the “autumn” lexeme in poetic works of the XX-XXI centuries. Considerable attention is paid to the realization of the creative potential of the temporal lexeme. The material for the study was poetry texts extracted from the “National Corpus of the Russian Language”.

This paper investigates personal name compounds (PN compounds) with a personal name in the second position and a lexeme or a proper name as a modifier (cf. Veggie-Renate). Based on 1194 types from the web corpus of the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS) and Twitter, the paper aims at testing the following hypotheses from the previous studies (Wildgen 1981, Kürschner 2020): PN compounds are infrequent, irregular and bear mainly an evaluative function. By drawing on the semantic relations holding between the components of nominal compounds in German (cf. Ortner et al. 1991), we provide evidence for 15 regular semantic patterns underlying PN compounds. However, these patterns cannot fully account for the properties of PN compounds as the patterns are too abstract and neglect the contextual factors and extra-linguistic knowledge about the name bearer. Therefore, to arrive at the properties of PN compounds, semantic patterns must be pragmatically enriched in the context by taking into account the linguistic knowledge about the modifier, the linguistic context and knowledge about the name bearer that is not included in the semantic pattern. Furthermore, apart from their evaluative function, PN compounds also evoke knowledge about the name bearer's appearance, function, occupation, origin or participation in a social event. Finally, the analysis indicates a large frequency of PN compounds in DWDS and Twitter compared to the German Reference Corpus (DeReKo). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an attempt of tracing an ancient PIr. cultural lexeme in the language of the Talishis, an Iranian people inhabiting the south-western shores of the Caspian Sea, historically known as Talysh or Talyshistan. The term—a unique living remnant of the Old Iranian vocabulary in the whole Western New Iranian expanse (its only cognate in New Persian survived in Classical literature)—belongs to the sphere of syrup-making and denotes primarily date-plum syrup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of collostructional analysis or, more precisely, simple collexeme analysis, is to quantify the statistical association between a construction c and a lexeme l that occurs in a particular slot of the construction. The analysis is based on 2×2 contingency tables that ought to represent a cross-classification of the units of analysis. So far, the units of analysis have been identified either as all constructions in the corpus or all instances of a class C of constructions to which construction c belongs. In practice, it is often not possible or feasible to identify these constructions. Therefore, the sample size is typically approximated by heuristic estimates. The bottom-right cell of the contingency table is most affected by these approximations. I suggest that the units of analysis be defined on the word level, instead, as the class W of word forms that satisfy the restrictions on the collexeme slot of c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Journal of Linguistics is the property of Graduate Institute of Linguistics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Overlapping suppletion, where two or more lexemes share identical forms taken from one of them, interacts in surprising ways with periphrasis. Based on evidence from dialectal data from Gallo-Romance varieties, the paper aims to study the interaction between the two. The first four sections describe the patterns of overlapping suppletion found to occur between the verbs 'be', 'have' and 'go' in Gallo-Romance varieties. Some theoretical conclusions are drawn, which show that incursion is directional for good historical reasons, on which semantics plays an important role, in particular paradigmatically local synonymy (see Maiden 2014). By examining periphrastic forms, a distinction can be made between overlapping suppletion that only targets the stem, that which only targets a wordform (participle), and that which targets the whole inflectional cell. All three situations are shown to be possible. A number of splits within periphrasis in these varieties call for considering periphrastic tenses as part of the paradigm in their whole extensions, not only as far as their lexical part (here the participle) is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different kinds of nominal categorial prefixes are employed in the Bodo, Dimasa, Kokborok and Tiwa languages, such as classifier prefixes, class prefixes, genus prefixes, person possessive prefixes, body part prefixes, nominalizing prefixes, adjectivizer prefixes, etc. Usually, these prefixes have lexical meanings as they are exact or obsolete forms of corresponding existing lexemes. The exact forms are used as free words whereas the obsolete forms are used exclusively as bound morphemes. They may refer to respective classes, genera, species, persons, body/plant parts, etc. because they carry the corresponding meaning. Hence, it is very likely that these prefixes originally belonged to a noun category which have been incorporated to the co-occurring bases; whereas, the other types of categorial prefixes like nominalizer and adjectivizer belong to derivational category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the relationship between self, identity, and face in the Iranian culture by examining three lexemes shaxsiat ('personality', 'character'), āberu (lit. water-of-face), and ru (lit. 'front part of head'). Drawing on Goffman's theory of face (1967) and the Self-Aspect Model of Identity (Simon, 2004), instances of the use of the lexemes in online sources and in daily conversations are ethnographically analyzed in their contexts of use to explore which aspect(s) of self are foregrounded in each case and what they reveal about a person's identity and face. The findings suggest that shaxsiat comprises the individual self or identity of a person by foregrounding both the positively and negatively valenced self-aspects, and while āberu and ru are both relational aspects of shaxsiat; the former foregrounds primarily positively evaluated self-aspects that comprise collective identity, or face in its Goffmanian sense, and the latter highlights selfaspects that under traditional Iranian ways of thinking have to be concealed, suppressed, denied. The findings also suggest that facework is embedded in identity work and they co-construct each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fluminensia is the property of Fluminensia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on theories in pragmatics, rhetoric, argumentation and discourse analysis, the genre of "journalistic film review", relatively little examined, has been analysed in this paper as a discourse reflecting a justified assessment. Our analysis, presented as a case study, concerns the persuasive function of the titles of 53 French and francophone film reviews. In this analysis, the act of persuasion, anchored in Perelman's (1971) concept of argumentation, corresponds to the rhetorical structure of public discourse. For the act of persuasion, we focus on discursive and stylistic parameters related to the rhetorical principle of "movere" as the basis of the film review's deliberative (advisory and justifying) dimension. The role of this dimension is to invite the addressee to co-create the meaning of the discourse through the process of co-schematisation, implemented with the help of emotional argumentation in the form of appraisive and affective lexemes. These stylistic devices also constitute a mechanism of persuasion typical of advertising discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was inspired by the recent monograph Lemko Etymologies (Fałowski, Hojsak, 2020) which analyses more than 520 words from the Lemko ethnolect, mostly lexicon of unclear and unreliable origin, lexicon for which new explanations may be proposed, as well as rare lexemes which had not yet been interpreted etymologically. The present article consists of 18 etymological notes in which the author discusses a fragment of the lexicon included in the monograph (additional arguments in favour of the proposed etymologies, alternative etymological explanations, attempts at interpretation of obscure lexemes). Against the background of recent advances in Slavonic etymology (more emphasis on etymological research into dialectal lexicon), the author also expresses his unequivocal support for the intended project of a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Lemko ethnolect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos is the property of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos is the property of Studies about Language / Kalbu Studijos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to form a certain image, media employ various linguistic means, such as metaphors, comparative structures, etc. Based on the material from "Gazeta Wyborcza" concerning the topic of the Katyn massacre, the present study attempts to reconstruct the image of Polish-Russian relations and decide what role the linguistic means used in the articles play in creating the discussed phenomenon. As a result the author concludes that there are two points of view about Russia presented in "Gazeta Wyborcza". On the one hand, Russia is a criminal country and a debtor that cannot fulfil its obligations. On the other hand, Russia is a state that is open for cooperation and capable of helping. There are also two different points of view about the Polish-Russian relationships. As stated by some experts, Polish-Russian relations in the analyzed period are characterized as negative. According to the other opinions (prior to the 2022 war), these relations are getting better and perhaps will continue to improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper argues for two radical consonantal changes in Late Proto-Turkic, which can be formulated as *t₁ > g /V_iVr₁/₂ and *d₁ > g /V_iVr₁. Using this new sound law, some lexemes that have the phonemic shape /°VgVr/ or /°VgVz/ in Common Turkic are etymologised as being derived from verbs ending in °t- or °d-. The reconstructed Turkic forms are also partly supported by Mongolic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I attempt a linguistic analysis of how lexeme values is used in academic sources. Without criticising the extensive use of this notion, I address the gap between what values are supposed to mean and what they can mean in a broader scholarly discourse. I start by discussing the lexicographic understanding of values and proceed to analyse scholastic literature where the meaning of values may be stretched. Within this approach, I question if the effective use of values is feasible in the future due to the increasingly controversial nature of the term and try to motivate a discussion of terminological precision in academic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both in Poland and China, the pig is one of the most valuable of all livestock. Bred mainly for meat, it provides people with prosperous lives. This article explores the semantic potential of the word pig in Polish and Chinese. The analysis of the lexical material is preceded by a short description of the cultural image of the pig. In this article, a total of 62 phraseological compounds containing the lexeme pig were analyzed, of which 53 were negative expressions. The linguistic picture of the world presented in the article is fragmentary, it includes only the analysis of Polish idiomatic expressions and Chinese chengyu. A thorough analysis of the linguistic material, extended for example by proverbs, is an interesting future research topic that would reveal how Poles and Chinese perceive the animal more fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of the relationship between language and culture are becoming increasingly important in connection with the processes of globalization, increasing migration flows, the expansion of international contacts, and the aggravation of interethnic conflicts. The study of the works of migration literature provides access to the cognitive structures of thinking and the worldview of the migrant author, which determine the specifics of his penetration into other linguistic cultures. The peculiarities of the migrant's interaction with the new cultural environment, the identification of his behavior patterns taking into account differences in national mentalities, his assimilation in society with other stereotypes of thinking and value orientations are of interest to researchers. Also, the intercultural specificity of the migrant image needs a more thorough study, since this specificity is due to the intersection of two linguistic pictures of the world in the perception of one person. The work is an analysis of the lingua-cultural image of migrant in modern migration literature - the novels by American writers M. Schrayer and J. Kwok. Semantic field migrant was modeled on the basis of some typical characteristics. The image of a migrant acts as a conceptual center in the novels, combining contexts with cultural labeling, the presence of several variants of meaning and author's connotative shades. Lexical units were selected from the novels by continuous sampling. The analysis of 110 dictionary units allowed us to conclude that the "migrant" acts as the core of the lexical and semantic field, i.e. a lexeme with a generalizing, integral meaning. The analysis of language means showed also the content of the image of a migrant. The composition of the lexical and semantic field, as well as the nearest lexical environment, reveal a certain inconsistency inherent in the author's image of a migrant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a string recognition approach, engraved in the parsers generated by Tunnel Grammar Studio that use the tunnel parsing algorithm, of how a lexer and a parser can operate on the input during its recognition. Proposed is an addition of the augmented Backus-Naur form syntax that enables the formal language to be expressed with a parser grammar and optionally with an additional lexer grammar. The tokens outputted from the lexer are matched to the phrases in the parser grammar by their name and optionally by their lexeme, case sensitively or insensitively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]