295 results on '"Lewis, Claire A."'
Search Results
252. The Potential of Digital Image Analysis to Determine Tumor Cell Content in Biobanked Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples
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Greene, Christine, O'Doherty, Edwina, Abdullahi Sidi, Fatima, Bingham, Victoria, Fisher, Natalie C., Humphries, Matthew P., Craig, Stephanie G., Harewood, Louise, McQuaid, Stephen, Lewis, Claire, and James, Jacqueline
- Abstract
Introduction:Best practices dictate that biobanks ensure accurate determination of tumor content before supplying formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples to researchers for nucleic acid extraction and downstream molecular testing. It is advisable that trained and competent individuals, who understand the requirements of the downstream molecular tests, perform the microscopic morphological examination. However, the special skills, time, and costs associated with these assessments can be prohibitive, especially in large case cohorts requiring extensive pathological review. Determination of tumor content reliably by digital image analysis (DIA) could represent a significant advantage if validated, utilized, and deployed by biobanks.Materials and Methods:Whole slide digital scanned images of colorectal, lung, and breast cancer specimens were created. The scanned images were imported into the DIA software QuPath and digital annotations were completed by biobank technicians, under the direction of trained histopathology senior scientists. Automated cell detection was conducted and tumor epithelial cells were classified and quantified.Results:DIA scores were highly concordant with the manual assessment for 376 of 435 samples (86%). A detailed review of discordant cases indicated digital scores had a higher accuracy than the manual estimation.Conclusion:Automated digital quantification has the potential to replace visual estimations with reduced subjectivity and increased reliability compared with manual tumor estimations. We recommend the use of DIA by biobanks involved in provision of FFPE tissue samples, especially in large research studies requiring high volumes of cases to be analyzed.
- Published
- 2021
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253. The impact of a simulated intervention on attitudes of undergraduate nursing and medical students towards end of life care provision
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Lewis, Claire, Reid, Joanne, McLernon, Zara, Ingham, Rory, and Traynor, Marian
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Medicine(all) ,education - Abstract
Background: The concerns of undergraduate nursing and medical students’ regarding end of life care are well documented. Many report feelings of emotional distress, anxiety and a lack of preparation to provide care to patients at end of life and their families. Evidence suggests that increased exposure to patients who are dying and their families can improve attitudes toward end of life care. In the absence of such clinical exposure, simulation provides experiential learning with outcomes comparable to that of clinical practice. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the impact of a simulated intervention on the attitudes of undergraduate nursing and medical students towards end of life care.Methods: A pilot quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design. Attitudes towards end of life care were measured using the Frommelt Attitudes Towards Care of the Dying Part B Scale which was administered pre and post a simulated clinical scenario. 19 undergraduate nursing and medical students were recruited from one large Higher Education Institution in the United Kingdom.Results: The results of this pilot study confirm that a simulated end of life care intervention has a positive impact on the attitudes of undergraduate nursing and medical students towards end of life care (p Conclusions: Active, experiential learning in the form of simulation teaching helps improve attitudes of undergraduate nursing and medical students towards end of life. In the absence of clinical exposure, simulation is a viable alternative to help prepare students for their professional role regarding end of life care.
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254. A Magic Carpet to Caribbean Art
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Lewis, Claire A., primary
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- 1949
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255. Designing and developing a medical device to facilitate dosing of free-flowing multiparticulates to the paediatric population.
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Lewis, Claire Jasmin, Segal, Joel, McGovern, James, Simmons, Joanna, and Burley, Jonathan
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MEDICAL equipment , *BIOMEDICAL engineering , *DRUG dosage , *PROTOTYPES , *ENGINEERING design - Published
- 2016
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256. Factors influencing the design of a multiparticulate dosing device
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Lewis, Claire Jasmin
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- 618.92, RJ Pediatrics ; RS Pharmacy and materia medica
- Abstract
Paediatric specific medicines have become increasingly researched since the introduction of paediatric investigation plan requirements in 2007. Various dosage forms continue to be investigated for their appropriateness for children, including multiparticulates. Multiparticulates are currently available as tablets, capsules, sachets and medicated spoons/straws/syringes. These presentations offer limited dose flexibility with some only providing a single fixed dose. A device capable of repeated flexible multiparticulate dosing is therefore required to exploit the inherent flexibility of the dosage form and allow for patient-specific personalised dosing. This thesis takes a user-centered approach to conceptualise multiparticulate dosing devices through qualitative participatory design studies with user groups including children, caregivers and patients. Having explored User and Formulation requirements in terms of device design, a device specification has been generated with subsequent concept generation and mechanism prototyping. The research with users provided further understanding of the different contributors to ease of use, and highlighted the importance of device simplicity, accuracy and speed of use. Exploration of the concepts of self-administration and context of use with potential paediatric MP device users discovered that self-administration was more than a single step process. Caregivers also found it difficult to provide an age at which they would be happy for their child to self-administer and highlighted various influences upon their decision including child maturity, adult supervision and child familiarity with administration. A knowledge gap surrounding the use of mass-based mechanisms to determine multiparticulate dose has also been addressed. With new knowledge surrounding MP measurement and the mechanical specifications required for a personalised dosing device presented. A case study is presented, highlighting a possible application of multiparticulates and their dosing device in Cystic Fibrosis patients. This population was selected given their familiarity with a multiparticulate like dosage form as part of their pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. This study demonstrates how the global device requirements (presented in this work) can be refined on a case-specific basis allowing for a refined, user-centered device specification. This work provides an industry road map for user engagement, acting as a platform for future multiparticulate dosing device design and development, guiding multiparticulate formulation design and ultimately advancing the field of personalised medicines and improving health outcomes (particularly of paediatric patients).
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- 2018
257. Wales Branch.
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Lewis, Claire
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- 2019
258. Cancer: Macrophages limit chemotherapy.
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De Palma, Michele and Lewis, Claire E.
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MACROPHAGES , *CANCER invasiveness , *BREAST cancer , *DRUG therapy , *T cells - Abstract
The article focuses on the study of D.G. DeNardo and colleagues regarding the effect of immune cells in promoting malignant breast tumour progression. It states that DeNardo and colleagues show that breast tumours with low cytitixic T cells numbers and high numbers of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) poorly response to chemotheraphy before surgery. It also mentions that TAMs ability to limit tumour's response to chemotheraphy is due to antitumour function suppression of cytotoxic T cells.
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- 2011
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259. The Multifaceted Role of Perivascular Macrophages in Tumors.
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Lewis, Claire E., Harney, Allison S., and Pollard, Jeffrey W.
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MACROPHAGES , *TUMORS - Published
- 2016
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260. Evaluating The Precocial-altricial Axis of Motor Skill at Birth in A Preterm Pig Model.
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Young, Jesse W, Mayerl, Christopher J, Mannava, Alekhya, Lewis, Claire, Fan, Tianhui, Nair, Manas, Mamone, Christopher, Schapker, Nicole M, Mossor, Angela M, and German, Rebecca Z
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MOTOR ability , *EQUILIBRIUM testing , *SWINE , *WILD boar , *MUSCLE mass , *GAIT in humans , *PREMATURE labor - Abstract
The pace of locomotor development is a critical component of lifetime evolutionary fitness. Developmental researchers often divide species into two broad categories based on functional competence at birth: precocial infants who can independently stand and locomote soon after birth versus altricial infants who are either incapable of independent movement or can only do so in a rudimentary manner. However, investigating the lower level neuromotor and biomechanical traits that account for perinatal variation in motor development is complicated by the lack of experimental control inherent to all comparative analyses. Precocial and altricial animals often differ along a host of dimensions that can obfuscate the specific factors controlling motor development per se. Here, we propose an alternative approach of examining locomotor development in a nominally precocial species—the domestic pig (Sus scrofa)—in which gestation length has been experimentally manipulated, thereby creating "functionally altricial" cohorts for comparison. We have used standard biomechanical testing to evaluate balance and locomotor performance in preterm pigs born at 94% full-term gestation (N = 29 individuals) and compared these data to a similar dataset on age-matched full-term piglets (N = 15 individuals). Static balance tests showed that preterm pigs were characterized by increased postural sway, particularly in the fore-aft (anteroposterior) direction. Locomotor analyses showed that preterm piglets tended to take shorter, more frequent strides, use higher duty factors, and preferentially choose gait patterns that ensured they were supported by at least three limbs during most of the stride cycle, though differences between preterm and full-term animals were often modulated by variation in locomotor speed. Morphometric analysis showed no differences in relative extensor muscle mass between preterm and full-term animals, suggesting that neurological immaturity might be more determinant of preterm piglet motor dysfunctions than musculoskeletal immaturity per se (though much work remains to be done to fully document the neuromotor phenotype of the preterm infant pig model). In many ways, the postural and locomotor deficits shown by the preterm piglets paralleled the locomotor phenotype of altricial mammals. Overall, our study demonstrates the utility of a "within-species" design for studying the biomechanical correlates and neuromotor basis of evolutionary variation in motor skill at birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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261. Directing cell therapy to anatomic target sites in vivo with magnetic resonance targeting.
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Muthana, Munitta, Kennerley, Aneurin J., Hughes, Russell, Fagnano, Ester, Richardson, Jay, Paul, Melanie, Murdoch, Craig, Wright, Fiona, Payne, Christopher, Lythgoe, Mark F., Farrow, Neil, Dobson, Jon, Conner, Joe, Wild, Jim M., and Lewis, Claire
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- 2015
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262. Secretion of epidermal growth factor by macrophages associated with breast carcinoma.
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O'Sullivan, Colette and Lewis, Claire E
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GENETICS of breast cancer - Abstract
Studies cell populations derived from primary breast carcinoma. Cytokine release assay; Secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by cells with characteristic morphological and immunophenotypic profile of activated macrophages.
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- 1993
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263. Child and family social workers' experiences of working with parents who have intellectual disabilities
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Lewis, Claire
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- 150, BF Psychology
- Abstract
An increasing number of adults with an intellectual disability (ID) are having children. However, research suggests that they face an increased risk of having their children freed for adoption. Although parenting interventions have been found to be effective for parents with ID, such services are rarely offered. Research suggests that multiple factors impact upon child and family social workers decision making in this area, including personal experiences and attitudes. It was therefore thought that exploring social workers’ experiences of parents with ID might enable a greater understanding of why parents with ID face this increased risk. Interviews were carried out with seven child and family social workers who had experience of working on safeguarding cases where at least one parent had an ID. Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and five super-ordinate themes were identified. These were: ‘feeling torn’ between parents and their children; experiencing a ‘power imbalance’ between themselves, parents and the local authority; feeling ‘hopeless’; having a sense of ‘pride’ in their work; and experiencing ‘barriers’. The results are discussed in the context of the increased risk parents with ID face of losing custody of their children. Recommendations are made regarding clinical practice and future research.
- Published
- 2013
264. Extracytoplasmic stress response systems in S. Typhimurium
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Lewis, Claire
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- 579.344, Q Science (General)
- Abstract
Salmonella species can cause wide-ranging disease from mild food-poisoning enteritis to a systemic, sometimes fatal typhoid infection. These bacteria have evolved to survive in different environments within and outside the host and do so through the regulation of differential gene expression following activation of certain stress response systems. In gram negative bacteria such as Salmonella, envelope stress responses (ESR) are response systems that target stresses affecting components of the cell envelope such as the periplasm and outer membrane proteins. The two best characterised ESRs are the RpoE stress response system and the CpxAR two-component signal transduction system. Two further ESRs, the BaeSR response and the phage shock response have also recently been identified. The intention of this thesis was to characterise the ESR systems of S. Typhimurium to widen our current knowledge of genes involved in these systems and their role in the pathogenesis of S. Typhimurium with the ultimate aim of identifying possible candidate vaccine genes that may be used in future therapeutics against Salmonella infection. Firstly, extensive mutagenesis and phenotypic analysis studies were undertaken to characterise genes thought to be members of the RpoE regulon. Study of the phage shock response was initiated through mutagenesis, characterisation and regulation studies. A microarray experiment was designed in collaboration with colleagues at the Sanger Centre to identify members of the S. Typhimurium CpxAR regulon, with several members of this regulon being characterised further. The structural components of HtrA, an important ESR protein in S. Typhimurium, were analysed and finally work within this thesis was involved in the investigation of potential overlaps between both the RpoE and CpxAR systems. This led to the establishment of preliminary studies to investigate the vaccine potential of the tol - pal genes in S. Typhimurium.
- Published
- 2008
265. Macrophage Delivered HSV1716 Is Active against Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
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Kwan, Amy, Howard, Faith, Winder, Natalie, Atkinson, Emer, Jailani, Ameera, Patel, Priya B., Allen, Richard, Ottewell, Penelope D., Shaw, Gary C., Conner, Joe, Wilson, Caroline, Srivastava, Sanjay K., Danson, Sarah J., Lewis, Claire, Brown, Janet E., and Muthana, Munitta
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BREAST cancer , *CANCER cells , *MACROPHAGES , *CANCER , *BIOLUMINESCENCE - Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) promote anti-tumour responses through the initiation of immunogenic cancer cell death which activates the host's systemic anti-tumour immunity. We have previously shown that intravenously administered HSV1716 is an effective treatment for mammary cancer. However, intravenous administration of a virus has the potential to result in neutralization and sequestration of the virus which may reduce efficacy. Here, we show that the oncolytic virus HSV1716 can be administered within a cellular carrier (macrophages). PyMT and 4T1 murine mammary cancer cell lines were implanted into immuno-competent murine models (orthotopic primary, early metastatic and brain metastasis models). HSV1716 or macrophages armed with HSV1716 (M-HSV1716) were administered intravenously, and tumour size was quantified using caliper measurement or bioluminescence imaging. Administration of M-HSV1716 led to tumour shrinkage and increased the survival of animals. Furthermore, these results were achieved with a 100-fold lower viral load, which has the potential for decreased toxicity. Our results demonstrate that M-HSV1716 is associated with activity against murine mammary cancers and provides an alternative platform for the systemic delivery of OV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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266. Studies on the urokinase receptor and its role in cartilage breakdown
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Lewis, Claire Louise
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- 572, Biochemistry
- Published
- 1999
267. Observable jets in deep inelastic scattering as a probe of small x dynamics
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Lewis, Claire Anne
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- 539.72, BFKL dynamics; HERA
- Abstract
The observation of the underlying small x dynamics arising from the resummation of large terms in In 1/x QCD descriptions of the gluon distribution have been searched for ill deep inelastic scattering experiments at the electron proton collider HERA since the early 1990's. It has been recognized that the first fully inclusive measurements of the proton structure function F2 are too inclusive to identify underlying dynamics. Less inclusive quantities need to be considered. In this thesis a modified form of the BFKL equation is derived which enables the structure of the gluon emissions to be studied in small x deep inelastic scattering. The equation incorporates the resummation of the virtual and unresolved real gluon emissions and is solved to calculate the number of small x deep-inelastic events containing 0,1,2...resolved gluon jets, that is jets with transverse momenta qr > µ. We study the jet decomposition for different choices of the jet resolution parameter to look for possible signatures of BFKL dynamics in the x dependence of the exclusive observable quantities of the n-jet contributions to F(_2).We also study the application of the BFKL equation to forward jet events at HERA. We calculate the rate of deep inelastic scattering events containing two forward jets adjacent to the proton remnants and compare with the production rate of only one forward jet - the so-called Mueller process. We obtain a stable prediction for this two to one jet ratio, which may serve as a measure of the BFKL vertex function.
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- 1997
268. Adults with learning disability audiological campaign (ALDAC)
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Davies, Janice, Lewis, Claire, Reed, Scilla, Roberts, Gwenan, and Whelan, Rachael
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- 1995
269. the view from inside.
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Lewis, Claire
- Abstract
The article presents tips on upgrading the looks of gardens from the indoors during winter which includes using evergreens, ornamental grasses and hardscaping.
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- 2010
270. DIY decorations.
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Lewis, Claire
- Abstract
The article offers decorating tips for the winter season, including use of birch tree branches, evergreen magnolia leaves, and dogwood stems. Ornaments can be hung on birch branches. Dogwood stems are good for tall arrangements. Glossy evergreen magnolia leaves can last for months. When trimming, the author suggests doing it close to the base of the branch.
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- 2010
271. Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Its Receptors in the Central Nervous System in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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Brockington, Alice, Wharton, Stephen B., Fernando, Malee, Gelsthorpe, Catherine H., Baxter, Lynne, Ince, Paul G., Lewis, Claire E., and Shaw, Pamela J.
- Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) prolongs survival in the mutant SOD1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), whereas dysregulation of VEGF through deletion of its hypoxia-regulatory element causes motor neuron degeneration in mice. We investigated the expression of VEGF and its major agonist receptors in the normal central nervous system and in patients with ALS. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated similar expression patterns of VEGF and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in the spinal cord with finely punctate staining of the neuropil and strong expression in anterior horn cells (AHCs). Granular staining on the surface of some AHCs, similar to that seen with synaptic markers, suggested synaptic labeling. VEGFR2 staining was reduced in the neuropil of ALS cases (p = 0.018) associated with a reduction of synaptophysin but not SNAP25 expression. A greater proportion of AHCs in ALS cases showed low expression of VEGF (p = 0.006) and VEGFR2 (p = 0.009) compared with controls. Expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 was confirmed by Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). The similar expression patterns of VEGF and VEGFR2 suggests autocrine/paracrine effects on spinal motor neurons, and the reduction in their expression seen in ALS cases would support the hypothesis that, as in mouse models of the disease, reduced VEGF signaling may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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- 2006
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272. Exploring the impact of doxorubicin on the perivascular niche in cancer
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Rowan, Charlotte, Lewis, Claire, Staton, Carolyn, and Tozer, Gill
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610 - Abstract
Aims: Previous studies have shown that tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) limit the efficacy of chemotherapy agents like paclitaxel in mouse tumours. Furthermore, perivascular (PV) MRC1+ TAMs stimulate tumour regrowth after their exposure to cyclophosphamide. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the presence and origin of these PV cells in orthotopic mammary (TS1) tumours after doxorubicin (DOX) treatment. Attempts were also made to characterise their interaction with the tumour vasculature in such tumours. Methods and Results: When TS1 tumours had become established in the mammary fat pads of FVB/N mice, their hosts were treated with a single injection of DOX or PBS. 48 hours later, mice were culled and their tumours removed for analysis. Immunofluorescent staining of tumours sections revealed the presence of increased numbers of MRC1+ TAMs in the well-vascularised (normoxic) stromal areas of TS1 tumours, compared to their less well-vascularised, tumour cell islands. Moreover, the number of these cells making direct contact with the tumour vasculature increased after DOX. These cells were mature Gr-1- cells, rather than newly recruited monocytes or immature TAMs. They were not seen to associate with vessels of a particular size. DOX had no effect on the luminal area, patency or pericyte coverage of tumour blood vessels but increased the expression of VegfA mRNA by CD31+ endothelial cells. Moreover, both endothelial cells, and other, as yet undefined cells, upregulated mRNA for Angiopoietin-2, Cx3cl1, Osteopontin and Plgf in response to DOX. Conclusions: DOX increases the number of MRC1+ TAMs associated with blood vessels in TS1 tumours, possibly in response to various genes upregulated by tumour endothelial cells (and other cells in the tumour microenvironment). The impact of these on the recruitment, retention and/or activation of TAMs in the PV niche merits further investigation.
- Published
- 2017
273. Palliative and End of Life Care in Nursing (Second edition).
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Lewis, Claire
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NURSING practice ,NURSING specialties ,HOSPICE nurses - Published
- 2018
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274. reviews. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare (Fourth edition).
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Lewis, Claire
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QUALITATIVE research - Published
- 2018
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275. Tumor-associated macrophages: Effectors of angiogenesis and tumor progression
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Coffelt, Seth B., Hughes, Russell, and Lewis, Claire E.
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MACROPHAGES , *CANCER invasiveness , *NEOVASCULARIZATION , *CANCER treatment , *GENE therapy , *DRUG delivery systems , *LITERATURE reviews , *IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - Abstract
Abstract: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a prominent inflammatory cell population in many tumor types residing in both perivascular and avascular, hypoxic regions of these tissues. Analysis of TAMs in human tumor biopsies has shown that they express a variety of tumor-promoting factors and evidence from transgenic murine tumor models has provided unequivocal evidence for the importance of these cells in driving angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immunosuppression, and metastasis. This review will summarize the mechanisms by which monocytes are recruited into tumors, their myriad, tumor-promoting functions within tumors, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment in driving these activities. We also discuss recent attempts to both target/destroy TAMs and exploit them as delivery vehicles for anti-cancer gene therapy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2009
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276. Effects of hypoxia on transcription factor expression in human monocytes and macrophages
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Elbarghati, Laila, Murdoch, Craig, and Lewis, Claire E.
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KILLER cells , *IMMUNOCOMPETENT cells , *CELL-mediated cytotoxicity , *ANTIBODY-dependent cell cytotoxicity - Abstract
Abstract: The presence of multiple areas of hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is a hallmark feature of human and experimental tumours. Monocytes are continually recruited into tumours where they differentiate into tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) and often accumulate in hypoxic and/or necrotic areas. A number of recent studies have shown that macrophages respond to hypoxia by up-regulating transcription factors such as HIF-1α and HIF-2α, which in turn up-regulate the expression of a broad array of mitogenic, pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic genes. Here we show that primary human macrophages but not monocytes rapidly up-regulate HIF-1α and HIF-2α proteins upon exposure to hypoxia, and that these proteins then translocate to the nucleus. We also demonstrate differences in the temporal expression and responses to re-oxygenation for HIF-1α and HIF-2α in macrophages. Here we found that, compared to HIF-1α, HIF-2α expression was prolonged and persisted with re-oxygenation. ATF-4 and Egr-1 were also found to be hypoxia-responsive transcription factors in macrophages but not monocytes, but only early after exposure to hypoxia. Taken together, these findings indicate that a number of transcription factors work together in a tightly regulated fashion to control macrophage activities in ischaemic areas of diseased tissues. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
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277. Use of bacteria in anti-cancer therapies.
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Ryan, Rachel M., Green, Jeffrey, and Lewis, Claire E.
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ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *ANAEROBIC bacteria , *CANCER treatment , *BACTERIA , *ONCOLOGY - Abstract
The article focuses on the development of cancer gene therapy protocol that use bacteria. Researchers revealed that non-pathogenic obligate anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria could infiltrate and selectivity replicate within solid tumors. The author of this article evaluates the efficacy of these cancer therapies.
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- 2006
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278. A Multiphase Model Describing Vascular Tumour Growth
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Breward, Christopher J. W., Byrne, Helen M., and Lewis, Claire E.
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EXAMPLE , *TUMORS , *BLOOD - Abstract
In this paper we present a new model framework for studying vascular tumour growth, in which the blood vessel density is explicitly considered. Our continuum model comprises conservation of mass and momentum equations for the volume fractions of tumour cells, extracellular material and blood vessels. We include the physical mechanisms that we believe to be dominant, namely birth and death of tumour cells, supply and removal of extracellular fluid via the blood and lymph drainage vessels, angiogenesis and blood vessel occlusion. We suppose that the tumour cells move in order to relieve the increase in mechanical stress caused by their proliferation. We show how to reduce the model to a system of coupled partial differential equations for the volume fraction of tumour cells and blood vessels and the phase averaged velocity of the mixture. We consider possible parameter regimes of the resulting model. We solve the equations numerically in these cases, and discuss the resulting behaviour. The model is able to reproduce tumour structure that is found in vivo in certain cases. Our framework can be easily modified to incorporate the effect of other phases, or to include the effect of drugs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2003
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279. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare (Fourth edition).
- Author
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Lewis, Claire
- Subjects
MEDICAL research ,NONFICTION ,NURSING research ,QUALITATIVE research - Published
- 2017
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280. The response of tumour-infiltrating myeloid cells to the chemotherapy-treatment of tumours
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Harwood, Reuben, Lewis, Claire, and Biswas, Subhra
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616.99 - Abstract
Myeloid cells are a major component of most forms of malignant tumour. The plasticity of such cells means that they can alter their phenotype in response to changes in the tumour microenvironment, including the pronounced ones that take place after chemotherapy. Tumour cell death, as well as the various cytokines and chemokines released by cells in tumours after such treatments, are now known to alter both the recruitment and function of myeloid cells. Recent studies have shown that monocytes recruited into tumours during/following chemotherapy can promote tumour chemoresistance and metastasis. The data presented in this thesis suggest that, following chemotherapy, tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) may increase their expression of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5, and possibly stimulate the intratumoural accumulation of neutrophils. Responding to these CXC chemokines (and possibly other secreted factors in chemotherapy-treated tumours), neutrophils may then upregulate their expression of such inflammatory cytokines as TNFα, CCL2 and CCL3. Furthermore, data from in vitro invasion assays suggest that neutrophil-derived TNFα is capable of inducing tumour cell invasiveness. Notably, the number of tumour-infiltrating neutrophils was significantly increased after chemotherapy in 3 of the 4 mouse tumour models used. Furthermore, in all 4 tumour models there were significantly more TNFα+ neutrophils after chemotherapy compared to control tumours. Combined treatment with chemotherapy and SB 265610, a CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL5 signalling, successfully reduced both the number of these tumour-infiltrating, TNFα+ neutrophils, and the overall level of immunodetectable TNFα in tumours after chemotherapy. Although TNFα is known to be capable of supporting tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, it remains to be seen whether such an increase in neutrophil TNFα expression contributes significantly to the post-chemotherapy regrowth of either primary or metastatic tumours. This could be achieved by giving chemotherapy to mice in which TNFα has been selectively knocked out/down in neutrophils. Data presented here suggest that combining chemotherapy with CXCR2 inhibitors like SB 265610 to inhibit the above neutrophil-mediated events could improve patient tumour responsiveness to chemotherapy and reduce tumour relapse.
- Published
- 2013
281. In the know.
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Lewis, Claire
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CRIMINAL psychology , *NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "Criminal Psychology," by David Canter.
- Published
- 2009
282. Enhancing utility and understanding of evidence based practice through undergraduate nurse education.
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Reid, Joanne, Briggs, Jordan, Carlisle, Susan, Scott, David, and Lewis, Claire
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NURSING education , *STATISTICAL correlation , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *HEALTH attitudes , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *STATISTICS , *SURVEYS , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *PILOT projects , *DATA analysis , *QUANTITATIVE research , *UNDERGRADUATES , *HEALTH literacy , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *MANN Whitney U Test - Abstract
Background: The concept of evidence-based practice is globally relevant in current healthcare climates. However, students and teachers struggle with integrating evidence based practice effectively into a curriculum. This has implications for nurse education and in particular the way in which research is presented and delivered to students. A new undergraduate Evidence Based Practice module (Evidence Based Nursing 1) was developed in a large University within the United Kingdom. It commenced in October 2014 running in year one of a 3 year undergraduate nursing programme. This study sought to formally evaluate attitudes and beliefs, knowledge level and utilization of evidence based practice though using two validated questionnaires: Evidence Based Practice Beliefs Scale© and Evidence Based Practice Implementation Scale©. Method: This was a pilot study using quantitative pre and post-test design. Anonymised data was collected from Year 1 undergraduate student nurses in the September 2014 intake (n = 311) at two time points. Time 1: pre-module in September 2014; and Time 2: post -module in August 2015. All data was collected via Survey Monkey. Results: Results demonstrate that the educational initiative positively impacted on both the beliefs and implementation of evidence based practice. Analysis highlighted statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) in both the Evidence Based Practice Beliefs Scale (7/16 categories) and the Evidence Based Practice Implementation Scale (13/18 categories). Conclusions: The significance of integrating evidence based practice into undergraduate nurse education curriculum cannot be underestimated if evidence based practice and its positive impact of patient care are to be appreciated in healthcare settings internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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283. Perivascular M2 Macrophages Stimulate Tumor Relapse after Chemotherapy.
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Hughes, Russell, Bin-Zhi Qian, Rowan, Charlotte, Muthana, Munitta, Keklikoglou, Ioanna, Olson, Oakley C., Tazzyman, Simon, Danson, Sarah, Addison, Christina, Clemons, Mark, Gonzalez-Angulo, Ana Maria, Joyce, Johanna A., De Palma, Michele, Pollard, Jeffrey W., and Lewis, Claire E.
- Subjects
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TUMORS , *CANCER chemotherapy , *CANCER treatment , *MACROPHAGES , *KILLER cells - Abstract
Tumor relapse after chemotherapy-induced regression is a major clinical problem, because it often involves inoperable metastatic disease. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are known to limit the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy in preclinical models of cancer. Here, we report that an alternatively activated (M2) subpopulation of TAMs (MRC1+TIE2HiCXCR4Hi) accumulate around blood vessels in tumors after chemotherapy, where they promote tumor revascularization and relapse, in part, via VEGF-A release. A similar perivascular, M2-related TAM subset was present in human breast carcinomas and bone metastases after chemotherapy. Although a small proportion of M2 TAMs were also present in hypoxic tumor areas, when we genetically ablated their ability to respond to hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factors 1 and 2, tumor relapse was unaffected. TAMs were the predominant cells expressing immunoreactive CXCR4 in chemotherapy-treated mouse tumors, with the highest levels expressed by MRC1+ TAMs clustering around the tumor vasculature. Furthermore, the primary CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, was upregulated in these perivascular sites after chemotherapy, where it was selectively chemotactic for MRC1+ TAMs. Interestingly, HMOX-1, a marker of oxidative stress, was also upregulated in perivascular areas after chemotherapy. This enzyme generates carbon monoxide from the breakdown of heme, a gas known to upregulate CXCL12. Finally, pharmacologic blockade of CXCR4 selectively reduced M2-related TAMs after chemotherapy, especially those in direct contact with blood vessels, thereby reducing tumor revascularization and regrowth. Our studies rationalize a strategy to leverage chemotherapeutic efficacy by selectively targeting this perivascular, relapse-promoting M2-related TAM cell population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
284. Community and Federal Collaboration to Assess Pregnancy Outcomes in Alaska Native Women, 1997-2005.
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Kim, Shin, England, Lucinda, Shapiro-Mendoza, Carrie, Wilson, Hoyt, Klejka, Joseph, Tucker, Myra, Lewis, Claire, and Kendrick, Juliette
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CONFIDENCE intervals , *HYPERTENSION in pregnancy , *INTERPROFESSIONAL relations , *EVALUATION of medical care , *PREGNANCY , *PREGNANCY complications , *STATISTICAL sampling , *DISEASE prevalence , *CASE-control method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The objectives are to report the estimated prevalence of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a defined population of Alaska Native women and also examine factors contributing to an intensive and successful collaboration between a tribal health center and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigators abstracted medical record data from a random sample of singleton deliveries to residents of the study region occurring between 1997 and 2005. We used descriptive statistics to estimate the prevalence and 95 % confidence intervals of selected pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Records were examined for 505 pregnancies ending in a singleton delivery to 469 women. Pregnancy complication rates were 5.9 % (95 % CI 4.0, 8.4) for gestational diabetes mellitus, 6.1 % (95 % CI 4.2, 8.6 %) for maternal chronic hypertension and 11.5 % (95 % CI 8.8, 14.6) for pregnancy associated hypertension, and 22.9 % (95 % CI 19.2-26.5 %) for anemia. The cesarean section rate was 5.5 % (95 % CI 3.5, 7.5) and 3.8 % (95 % CI 2.3, 5.8) of newborns weighed >4,500 g. Few previous studies reported pregnancy outcomes among Alaska Native women in a specific geographic region of Alaska and regarding the health needs in this population. We highlight components of our collaboration that contributed to the success of the study. Studies focusing on special populations such as Alaska Native women are feasible and can provide important information on health indicators at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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285. Effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use on selected pregnancy outcomes in Alaska Native women: a case-control study.
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England, Lucinda J., Kim, Shin Y., Shapiro‐Mendoza, Carrie K., Wilson, Hoyt G., Kendrick, Juliette S., Satten, Glen A., Lewis, Claire A., Tucker, Myra J., and Callaghan, William M.
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PREGNANCY complications , *ABRUPTIO placentae , *SMOKELESS tobacco , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *ALASKA Native women , *CASE-control method - Abstract
Objective To examine the potential effects of prenatal smokeless tobacco use on selected birth outcomes. Design A population-based, case-control study using a retrospective medical record review. Population Singleton deliveries 1997-2005 to Alaska Native women residing in western Alaska. Methods Hospital discharge codes were used to identify potential case deliveries and a random control sample. Data on tobacco use and confirmation of pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from medical records for 1123 deliveries. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between tobacco use and pregnancy outcomes. Adjusted odds ratios ( OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and p-values were calculated. Main outcomes measures Preterm delivery, pregnancy-associated hypertension, and placental abruption. Results In unadjusted analysis, smokeless tobacco use was not significantly associated with preterm delivery ( OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.97-2.15). After adjustment for parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and maternal age, the point estimate was attenuated and remained non-significant. No significant associations were observed between smokeless tobacco use and pregnancy-associated hypertension (adjusted OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.56-1.51) or placental abruption (adjusted OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.53-2.33). Conclusions Prenatal smokeless tobacco use does not appear to reduce risk of pregnancy-associated hypertension or to substantially increase risk of abruption. An association between smokeless tobacco and preterm delivery could not be ruled out. Components in tobacco other than nicotine likely play a major role in decreased pre-eclampsia risk in smokers. Nicotine adversely affects fetal neurodevelopment and our results should not be construed to mean that smokeless tobacco use is safe during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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286. Maternal smokeless tobacco use in Alaska Native women and singleton infant birth size.
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ENGLAND, LUCINDA J., KIM, SHIN Y., SHAPIRO-MENDOZA, CARRIE K., WILSON, HOYT G., KENDRICK, JULIETTE S., SATTEN, GLEN A., LEWIS, CLAIRE A., WHITTERN, PERSENIA, TUCKER, MYRA J., and CALLAGHAN, WILLIAM M.
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BIRTH size , *BIRTH weight , *CIGARETTES , *PREGNANCY , *GESTATIONAL age , *SMOKELESS tobacco , *ALASKA Native women - Abstract
Objective. To examine the effects of maternal prenatal smokeless tobacco use on infant birth size. Design. A retrospective medical record review of 502 randomly selected deliveries. Population and Setting. Singleton deliveries to Alaska Native women residing in a defined geographical region in western Alaska, 1997-2005. Methods. A regional medical center's electronic records were used to identify singleton deliveries. Data on maternal tobacco exposure and pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Logistic models were used to estimate adjusted mean birthweight, length and head circumference for deliveries to women who used no tobacco ( n=121), used smokeless tobacco ( n=237) or smoked cigarettes ( n=59). Differences in mean birthweight, length and head circumference, 95% confidence intervals and p-values were calculated using non-users as the reference group. Main Outcome Measures. Infant birthweight, crown-heel length and head circumference. Results. After adjustment for gestational age and other potential confounders, the mean birthweight of infants of smokeless tobacco users was reduced by 78g compared with that of infants of non-users ( p=0.18) and by 331g in infants of smokers ( p<0.01). No association was found between maternal smokeless tobacco use and infant length or infant head circumference. Conclusions. We found a modest but non-significant reduction in the birthweight of infants of smokeless tobacco users compared with infants of tobacco non-users. Because smokeless tobacco contains many toxic compounds that could affect other pregnancy outcomes, results of this study should not be construed to mean that smokeless tobacco use is safe during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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287. TIE2-expressing macrophages limit the therapeutic efficacy of the vascular-disrupting agent combretastatin A4 phosphate in mice.
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Welford, Abigail F., Biziato, Daniela, Coffelt, Seth B., Nucera, Silvia, Fisher, Matthew, Pucci, Ferdinando, Di Serio, Clelia, Naldini, Luigi, De Palma, Michele, Tozer, Gillian M., and Lewis, Claire E.
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VASCULAR diseases , *TUMORS , *RETICULO-endothelial system , *ANTIGEN presenting cells , *ONCOLOGY , *NECROSIS , *MACROPHAGES , *ANIMAL experimentation , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *CELL receptors , *CELL separation , *COMPARATIVE studies , *CYTOKINES , *FLOW cytometry , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MICE , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *STILBENE , *TRANSFERASES , *EVALUATION research , *PHARMACODYNAMICS - Abstract
Vascular-disrupting agents (VDAs) such as combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) selectively disrupt blood vessels in tumors and induce tumor necrosis. However, tumors rapidly repopulate after treatment with such compounds. Here, we show that CA4P-induced vessel narrowing, hypoxia, and hemorrhagic necrosis in murine mammary tumors were accompanied by elevated tumor levels of the chemokine CXCL12 and infiltration by proangiogenic TIE2-expressing macrophages (TEMs). Inhibiting TEM recruitment to CA4P-treated tumors either by interfering pharmacologically with the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis or by genetically depleting TEMs in tumor-bearing mice markedly increased the efficacy of CA4P treatment. These data suggest that TEMs limit VDA-induced tumor injury and represent a potential target for improving the clinical efficacy of VDA-based therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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288. Angiopoletin 2 Stimulates TIE2-Expressing Monocytes To Suppress I Cell Activation and To Promote Regulatory T Cell Expansion.
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Coffelt, Seth B., Yung-Yi Chen, Muthana, Munitta, Welford, Abigail F., Tal, Andrea O., Scholz, Alexander, Plate, Karl H., Reiss, Yvonne, Murdoch, Craig, de Palma, Michele, and Lewis, Claire E.
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MONOCYTES , *MACROPHAGES , *CANCER invasiveness , *T cells , *CYTOKINES , *NEOVASCULARIZATION - Abstract
Angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) is a proangiogenic cytokine whose expression is often upregulated by endothelial cells in tumors. Expression of its receptor, TIE2, defines a highly proangiogenic subpopulation of myeloid cells in circulation and tumors called TIE2-expressing monocytes/macrophages (TEMs). Genetic depletion of TEMs markedly reduces tumor angiogenesis in various tumor models, emphasizing their essential role in driving tumor progression. Previously, we demonstrated that ANGPT2 augments the expression of various proangiogenic genes, the potent immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-10, and a chemokine for regulatory T cells (Tregs), CCL17 by TEMs in vitro. We now show that TEMs also express higher levels of IL-10 than TIE2- macrophages in tumors and that ANGPT2-stimulated release of IL-10 by TEMs suppresses T cell proliferation, increases the ratio of CD4+ T cells to CD8+ T cells, and promotes the expansion of CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ Tregs. Furthermore, syngeneic murine tumors expressing high levels of ANGPT2 contained not only high numbers of TEMs but also increased numbers of Tregs, whereas genetic depletion of tumor TEMs resulted in a marked reduction in the frequency of Tregs in tumors. Taken together, our data suggest that ANGPT2-stimulated TEMs represent a novel, potent immunosuppressive force in tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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289. Hypoxia-induced secretion of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor from MCF-7 breast cancer cells is regulated in a hypoxia-inducible factor-independent manner
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Larsen, Mona, Tazzyman, Simon, Lund, Eva L., Junker, Nanna, Lewis, Claire E., Kristjansen, Paul E.G., and Murdoch, Craig
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HYPOXEMIA , *BIOLOGICAL transport , *BREAST cancer , *BREAST cancer patients - Abstract
Abstract: The cytokine MIF is over-expressed in tumors and is associated with tumor proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Hypoxia, a hallmark feature of tumors, increases MIF expression from tumor cells. We examined the role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors on MIF secretion from MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Secretion of MIF was induced by hypoxia after 24h but up-regulation of MIF mRNA was minimal. Inhibition of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, NF-κB and C/EBPβ using siRNA had no effect on hypoxia-induced MIF secretion. However, inhibition of transcription and translation significantly decreased MIF production, suggesting that hypoxia-induced secretion of MIF in MCF-7 cells is via an alternative pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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290. Tie2-expressing monocytes: regulation of tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic implications
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De Palma, Michele, Murdoch, Craig, Venneri, Mary Anna, Naldini, Luigi, and Lewis, Claire E.
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CELLS , *MONOCYTES , *LEUCOCYTES , *NEOVASCULARIZATION , *BLOOD-vessel development - Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are involved in crucial processes during tumor development. A subset of monocytes that express the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 play an important role in tumor angiogenesis. Selective depletion of these Tie2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) in tumor-bearing mice inhibits tumor angiogenesis and growth, suggesting that they might regulate angiogenic processes in tumors by providing paracrine support to nascent blood vessels. TEMs have also been identified in human blood and tumors. We discuss here the therapeutic opportunities emanating from the discovery of TEMs, which include the identification of new antitumor targets, monitoring TEMs as surrogate markers for clinical responses in cancer patients, and the possible use of TEMs as cellular vehicles for gene delivery to tumors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2007
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291. Macrophage-Based Anti-Cancer Therapy: Modelling Different Modes of Tumour Targeting.
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Webb, Steven D., Owen, Markus R., Byrne, Helen M., Murdoch, Craig, and Lewis, Claire E.
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MACROPHAGES , *TUMORS , *HYPOXEMIA , *BIFURCATION theory , *GENE therapy , *DIFFERENTIAL equations - Abstract
Tumour hypoxia is associated with poor drug delivery and low rates of cell proliferation, factors that limit the efficacy of therapies that target proliferating cells. Since macrophages localise within hypoxic regions, a promising way to target hypoxic tumour cells involves engineering macrophages to express therapeutic genes under hypoxia. In this paper we develop mathematical models to compare the responses of avascular tumour spheroids to two modes of action: either the macrophages deliver an enzyme that activates an externally applied prodrug (bystander model), or they deliver cytotoxic factors directly (local model). The models we develop comprise partial differential equations for a multiphase mixture of tumour cells, macrophages and extracellular fluid, coupled to a moving boundary representing the spheroid surface. Chemical constituents, such as oxygen and drugs, diffuse within the multiphase mixture. Simulations of both models show the spheroid evolving to an equilibrium or to a travelling wave (multiple stable solutions are also possible). We uncover the parameter dependence of the wave speed and steady-state tumour size, and bifurcations between these solution forms. For some parameter sets, adding extra macrophages has a counterintuitive deleterious effect, triggering a bifurcation from bounded to unbounded tumour growth. While these features are common to the bystander and local models, the crucial difference is where cell death occurs. The bystander model is comparable to traditional chemotherapy, with poor targeting of hypoxic tumour cells; however, the local mode of action is more selective for hypoxic regions. We conclude that effective targeting of hypoxic tumour cells may require the use of drugs with limited mobility or whose action does not depend on cell proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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292. Role of the alternative sigma factors σE and σ5 in survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during starvation, refrigeration and osmotic shock.
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McMeechan, Alisdair, Roberts, Mark, Cogan, Tristan A., Jørgensen, Frieda, Stevenson, Andrew, Lewis, Claire, Rowley, Gary, and Humphrey, Tom J.
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SALMONELLA , *ENTEROBACTERIACEAE , *HOMEOSTASIS , *BACTERIA , *MICROBIOLOGY - Abstract
The article presents a study about the role of sigma factors σE and σS in survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium during refrigeration, and starvation. Here, the researchers examined the relative contribution of σE and σ5, the sigma factors regulating extracytoplasmic and general stress response functions.
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- 2007
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293. Identification of the σE regulon of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium.
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Skovierova, Henrieta, Rowley, Gary, Rezuchova, Bronislava, Homerova, Dagmar, Lewis, Claire, Roberts, Mark, and Kormanec, Jan
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ESCHERICHIA coli , *PLASMIDS , *SALMONELLA , *GENES , *MICROBIAL virulence , *DNA repair - Abstract
The article examines the use of optimized Escherichia coli two-plasmid system to identify and locate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) σE regulon. The deduced functions of the identified genes are described in relation to the virulence of S. Typhimurium. Several functions have emerged, including a role in DNA repair and recombination and outer-membrane protein assembly.
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- 2006
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294. Hemostatic Regulators of Tumor Angiogenesis: A Source of Antiangiogenic Agents for Cancer Treatment?
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Daly, Martina E., Makris, Andreas, Reed, Malcolm, and Lewis, Claire E.
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NEOVASCULARIZATION , *CANCER treatment , *HEMOSTASIS - Abstract
The maintenance of vascular integrity and control of blood loss are regulated by a sophisticated system of circulating and cell-associated hemostatic factors. These factors control local platelet aggregation, the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin polymer, and the dissolution of fibrin. However, hemostatic factors are also involved in a number of physiologic processes, including development, tissue remodeling, wound repair, reproduction, inflammation, and angiogenesis. In this review, we outline ways in which angiogenesis is coordinated with and regulated by hemostasis. We focus on inhibitors of angiogenesis contained within platelets or harbored as cryptic fragments of hemostatic proteins and assess the experimental and preclinical evidence for their ability to inhibit tumor angiogenesis and, thus, their potential to be anticancer agents. Finally, we review the results of recent clinical trials involving angiogenesis inhibitors and the evidence that antiangiogenic therapy may be associated with hemostatic complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
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295. The end of the line
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Arcane Pictures (Firm), Bullfrog Films., Calm Productions (Firm), Dartmouth Films (Firm), Fish Film Company., Barnes, Chris Gorell. Producer, Clover, Charles. End of the line., Danson, Ted, 1947- Narrator, Duffield, George. Producer, Ferguson, Claire (Motion picture editor) Film editor, Hird, Christopher. Producer, Knie, Erica. Producer, Lewis, Claire. Producer, Murray, Rupert. Director Cinematographer, Search, Jess. Producer, Waitt, Ted, 1963- Producer, and Zoullas, Alexis. Producer
- Published
- 2010
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