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SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents (DOC 123 kb)

Thermophoresis refers to the motion of small particles suspending in a fluid with non-uniform temperature distribution due to the temperature gradient around the particle. Usually, the fluid molecules coming from the hot side carry more kinetic energy than those from the cold side, which results in a net thermophoretic force in the direction opposite to the temperature gradient. Since it was discovered more than 100 years ago, thermophoresis has been of major importance in a variety of applications, where it can play either beneficial role or adverse role, including material synthesis, micro- and nano-fabrication, and environmental science. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the thermophoretic force. In the present work, the thermophoretic force on nanoparticles is examined in the free molecule regime by using non-equilibrium molecule dynamics (MD) simulation. It has been widely accepted that the thermophoretic force conforms with the Waldmann equation for large Knudsen numbers. However, due to the effect of the nonrigid-body interactions between the particle and gas molecules, the thermophoretic force on nanoparticles might deviate greatly from the classical theory. In our MD model, a single nanoparticle with a diameter of several nanometers suspends in a diluted gas. The Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential is employed to simulate the intermolecular interactions. To avoid deforming the nanoparticle, the solid molecules within the nanoparticles are linked to their nearest neighbors through a finite extensible nonlinear elastic bonding potential. The thermophoretic force on a nanoparticle is calculated by imposing a harmonic potential on the nanoparticle, which eliminates the effect of the Brownian motion of the nanoparticle on the thermophoresis. The effective thermal conductivity of the ambient gas is employed in Waldmann equation for the thermophoretic force due to the finite volume effect. It is found that the Waldmann theory for thermophoresis is still valid for nanoparticles in the case of weak gas-particle interaction or high gas temperature. With the increase of the gas-particle interaction strength or the decrease of the gas temperature, the Waldmann theory is invalid due to the effect of gas-particle nonrigid-body collisions and the adsorption of gas molecules on the particle surface. By considering the gas-particle nonrigid-body interaction and the modified particle size, the theoretical results for thermophoretic force accord with the MD simulations quite well.

Key to the species of Oxyporus of Yunnan Province 1 Body entirely black; known from Baoshan ......................................................................................................... O. femoratus Zheng - Body bicolor...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Head black to brownish black…………………............................................................................................................................... 3 - Head yellow to reddish yellow.......................................................................................................................................................... 8 3 Maximum length more than 9 mm................................................................................................................... ……………….........4 - Maximum length no more than 9 mm............................................................................................................................................... 5 4 Pronotal disc without transverse depression; known from Lijiang ...................................................................... O. germanus Sharp - Pronotal disc with 1 deep, transverse depression located just before middle; known from Mojiang .............. O. wangae sp. nov. Li 5 Abdomen brownish yellow, with two longitudinal black fasciae on tergites 3–7; known from Binchuan ....... O.bifasciarius Zheng - Abdomen without black longitudinal fasciae.................................................................................................................................... 6 6 Abdominal tergites 3–4 or 3–5 yellow to reddish yellow; known from Dali ......................................................... O. riparius Zheng - Abdominal tergites 3–4 or 3–5 black................................................................................................................................................ 7 7 Elytra with black area in basal part of suture; pronotal disc bearing 2 vague longitudinal depressiions in middle just behind the transverse depression; know from Lijiang ....................................................................................... O. transversesulcatus Bernhauer - Elytra without black area in basal part of suture, pronotal disc bearing 3 vague longitudinal depressiions in middle just behind the transverse depression; known from Kunming ......................................................................................................... O. kunmingius Li 8 Abdominal segments 3–5 black; known from Lijiang............................................................................................. O. yulong Zheng - Abdominal segments 3–5 brownish yellow to reddish yellow.......................................................................................................... 9 9 Posterior portion of gula and metasternum brownish yellow; known from Puer............................................................ O. lii Zheng - Posterior portion of gula and metasternum reddish yellow............................................................................................................. 10 10 Pronotal anterior without macula, disc with 2 deep, transverse depressions before middle; known from Puer ............ O. puerius Li - Pronotal anterior 1/2 bearing a black small subquadrate macula, disc with 1 deep, transverse depressions before middle; known from Mojiang .......................................................................................................................................................... O. bingshengae Li

Oxyporus (Oxyporus) wangae sp. nov. (Figs. 1 A���B, Figs. 2 A���E) Type material. Holotype: CHINA: Yunnan Province.: ♂, Mojiang County, Tuan tian village, alt. 1857m, 23��36���N, 101��17���E, 23���31-July-2016, Wang Chun-mei leg. Paratypes: CHINA: Yunnan Province: 1♂, same data as the Holotype (YFTC). Description. BL: 10.18 mm, FBL: 3.18 mm, ML: 1.64 mm, HL: 1.64 mm, HW: 2.22 mm, TL: 0.84 mm, AL: 1.71 mm, LW: 0.83 mm, PL: 1.50 mm, PW: 1.98 mm, ELL: 2.05 mm, ELW: 2.83 mm, EYL: 0.78 mm. Body moderately stout, surface almost smooth and glossy. Color reddish yellow, with mandibles, head, pronotum, scutellum, abdomen (except segments 3���4 and sides of segments 5���6) black, each elytra bearing subtriangular black marking at outer apical angle extending from the posterior 1/2 of lateral margin to middle of posterior margin and ending near suture by narrow black fascia along posterior margin.. (Figs. 1 A). Male: Head oval, wider than long (ratio 1.35), broader than pronotum (ratio 1.12), slightly widened posteriad behind eyes, posterior angles obtuse. Mandibles as long as head, moderately broad, inner edges evenly curved to acute apices. Labrum broadly and deeply emarginate at middle. Clypeus broadly and shallowly emarginate at middle. Maxillary palpi with first segment shortest, second longer than third, third slightly wider than last and almost equal in length, and apical segment of labial palpi slightly wider than length of an eye (ratio 1.06). Frons broadly, shallowly bi-impressed between antennal insertions; Antennae slightly longer than head (ratio 1.04); segments 1���4 elongate, 5���10 transverse, slightly asymmetrical and flattened, apical segment narrower than preceding segment, each segment with long setae near apex, and segments 5���10 glabrous medially and covered with fine setae laterally, the relative length of segments from base to apex as 0.25: 0.13: 0.18: 0.15: 0.14: 0.15: 0.13: 0.14: 0.14: 0.13: 0.20. Eyes large and convex. Vertex nearly smooth, two setiferous punctures near inner margin of eye, one anteriad and one posteriad. Temples slightly longer than eyes seen from above (ratio 1.08). Pronotum subhexagonal, slightly transverse, wider than long (ratio 1.35), shorter (ratio 0.73) and narrower (ratio 0.70) than elytra, lateral margins arcuate at about anterior 1/3 and subarcuately narrowed posteriad, widest at about anterior 1/3; disc almost impunctate, devoid of microsculpture, with 1 deep, transverse depression located just before middle, which is widened to both sides, and additionaly, surface bearing 2 vague longitudinal depressions in middle just behind the transverse depression, which does not reach to posterior margin, and each lateral side with 1 fovea in the middle; 8 setiferous punctures bearing at anterior margin, 4 ones at each lateral margin. Scutellum impunctate, rounded at apex, surface almost smooth. Elytra wider than long (ratio 1.38), slightly widened apicad; each elytron with 1 row of evenly spaced small punctures along suture, 2 longitudinal rows of coarse variably spaced punctures medially, and several, scattered coarse punctures to either side of rows; apical, lateral, and posterior margins bearing a few short setae; humeri produced forward and convex above. Hind Wings developed. Abdomen with tergites 3���4 each with a pair of pruinose spots at middle and tergites 3���6 each with 1���3 irregular setiferous punctures along lateral margin; punctation of tergites very sparse and vague, surface between punctures with exceedingly fine and dense microsculpture of transverse striae; posterior margins of sternites 7 slightly and broadly emarginated at middle but posterior margins of sternites 8 strongly and broadly emarginated at middle. (Fig. 1 B) Aedeagus slightly asymmetrical and moderately sclerotized; median lobe somewhat widened apicad and slightly narrowed in middle, with apical margin rounded; parameres relatively long and slender, gradually narrowed apicad, (Figs. 2 A���C); the right lobe and left lobe without minute seta at each apex. (Figs. 2 D���E) Female: Unknown. Remarks. Oxyporus wangae n. sp. is similar to O. germanus Sharp from Lijiang City (Yulongxueshan Natural Reserve), Yunnan Province, China, in the color of the body, but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters (see key below): elytra without a slightly broad black fascia along full length of suture; apical portion of abdominal tergite 8 orange yellow; right and left paramere without minute seta at each apex. Etymology. The specific epithet is patronymic in honor of the collector of the Holotype, WANG Chun-Mei. Habitat and distribution. The new species was found in fungi. It is at present only known from the type locality in southwest Yunnan Province, China., Published as part of Li, Guo-Feng, Wang, Chun-Mei, Li, Hua-Feng, Li, Zhi-Gang & Huang, Pu-Ze, 2017, A new species of the genus Oxyporus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxyporinae) in Yunnan Province, China, pp. 588-592 in Zootaxa 4268 (4) on pages 589-591, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4268.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/581006