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Investigation of proteinaceous components of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and possible hormone-barrier characteristics was made in adult female chickens. 1. 1. Fasting for periods up to 72 hr caused mainly a decrease in immunoglobulin levels (G and M), minor transferrin and ultimately major transferrin. Fasting was without significant impact on plasma or CSF glucose and insulin levels. 2. 2. Tolbutamide effected early increases in plasma insulin levels, and to a lesser degree in CSF insulin levels, which subsequently led to a marked hypoglycemia. The transferrin moieties (both) of the disc gel patterns appeared most altered by Tolbutamide in both plasma and CSF. 3. 3. Removal of 99% of the pancreas results four days later in a prominent rise in both plasma and CSF insulin levels. Also, pancreas removal causes alterations in transferrin (both) and IgM in both plasma and CSF.

A survey of clinical psychologists determined that both objective and projective tests were used with high frequency. The two tests clinicians most frequently recommended clinical students learn to administer were projective (the Rorschach and the TAT) and, among the 10 most frequently recommended tests, projective tests were recommended approximately 30% more often than objective tests. Clinicians who were frequent test users recommended both objective and projective tests more often than those not using tests. Clinicians doing substantial teaching and research tended to recommend projective tests less often than clinicians not engaged in those activities. Behavior therapists recommended projective tests less often than eclectic, Freudian, and neo-Freudian therapists.

This study used imagery instructions to examine cardiac patients' physiological responses to Type A-relevant situations. Twenty Type A and Type B patients, classified by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS), were presented both "Type A" and "Neutral" imagery scripts, followed by the administration of the Structured Interview (SI). Subjects rated each scene for vividness and their emotional reaction to the image. Heart period, pulse transit time, finger temperature, finger pulse volume, frontalis EMG, neck EMG, forearm flexor EMG, and forearm extensor EMG were monitored throughout the experiment. Results showed that (a) Type A's had greater heart period and neck EMG responses to Type A scenes compared to Neutral scenes, (b) Type A's had faster pulse transit times and lower finger temperatures than Type B's throughout the imagery task and the SI, (c) both Type A's and Type B's rated Type A scenes as more emotionally arousing than Neutral scenes, and (d) although the pattern of results was the same when subjects were classified by the SI, results were no longer statistically significant.

This study of subjects with multiple sclerosis or hemiparesis assessed the interrater and test-retest reliability of temporal-distance (TD) gait measures and examined the relationship of TD values to functional ambulation ability. Sixty-one subjects ambulated twice on a 9-m (30-ft) paper walkway and rested 15 minutes between trials. An ink footprint record and ambulation time were used to calculate velocity, cadence, step and stride lengths, stride length to lower extremity length ratio, and step- and stride-time differentials. Subjects were rated on a scale that assessed the amount of manual assistance required for ambulation. Interrater and test-retest reliability were high for all TD measures except stride-time differential for the total sample and within diagnostic categories. The TD values were highly reliable in all functional categories except one. All TD measures except stride- and step-time differential displayed a strong linear relationship to the functional ambulation category. Implications for using TD measures in clinical settings are discussed.

SummaryIn this double-blind, four-week study, 28 chronic schizophrenic patients receiving neuroleptic medication plus the antiparkinsonian drug, benztropine mesylate, were either switched to placebo or maintained on benztropine. Patients withdrawn from benztropine reliably increased their overall scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale in comparison with the drug group. Sub-test scores suggest that deficits in attention and concentration were induced by treatment with benztropine. Psychotio decompensation appeared to develop simultaneously with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in some patients, but only 14.2 per cent of the placebo group experienced extrapyramidal symptoms severe enough to require resumption of benztropine therapy. It is suggested that antiparkinsonian agents should be prescribed only if and when EPS occur.

Skin resistance, corrugator muscle tension, and self-report were used to assess the effect of visually and verbally processing depressive, neutral, and pleasant scenes in 10 dysphoric and 10 nondysphoric college students. The dysphoric students scored above 10 on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Data were analyzed in a 2 ×2 ×3 (dysphoria group ×type of processing ×scene affect) analysis of variance design. Verbal processing increased autonomic and skeletal arousal more than did visual imaging. Verbal processing was rated more depressing than, and generated more related, visual imaging. Depressive stimuli were rated more vivid and stronger when verbally processed, whereas neutral and pleasant stimuli were rated more vivid when visually imaged. Dysphoric subjects showed low resting autonomic arousal, and less muscular but more autonomic arousal to stimulation than nondysphoric subjects. The BDI correlated .75 with the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (hence “dysphoria”). The relationship of these findings to current issues in psychopathology, assessment, cognitive-behavior therapy, and cognitive theory was discussed.

The present study examined the effects of a footshock reminder in restoring memory after discrete electrical brain stimulation. Rats received low-level bilateral electrical stimulation of either the amygdala or the hippocampus after training in a one-trial passive avoidance task. Rats receiving stimulation showed amnesia when tested 24 hr after training. One hour after the retention test, rats received a footshock reminder cue. Twenty-three hours later, in a second retention test, hippocampus-stimulated animals showed recovery of memory, while amygdala-stimulated rats did not. Stimulated rats that did not receive a reminder footshock remained amnesic. In addition, the effects of amygdala and hippocampal stimulation applied after the footshock reminder cue were examined. On the second retention test, amygdala stimulation disrupted the reminder effect, while hippocampal stimulation had no deleterious effects. The data are interpreted from a memory-attribute point of view which suggests that the amygdala and hippocampus may be differentially involved in the processing of particular attributes of the learning task.