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This article examines the continuity of incidents linking Greta Thunberg to an ongoing stream of political shifts. It first takes us back to 1992 to her preteen predecessor, Severn Suzuki, and then forward to the COVID‐19 period and its consequences. The connecting thread that runs from 1992 to the present is the use of rhetoric to inspire terror in the population. Terror is used to promote acceptance of censorship and authoritarian restrictions that ironically interfere with the capacity of democracies to solve the problems confronting the world, such as climate change and pandemics. Elite actors create anxiety and terror to retain legitimacy in their control of narratives that preserve their power. This article shows how the World Economic Forum is transforming the acerbic language of Greta Thunberg into the basis for what is called the Great Reset, a set of policies that will enable the state and select businesses and NGOs to monitor and track the population and eliminate dissent. In short, when children are put in the world spotlight with a message, those who shine the light are the ones preventing real progress in solving problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School-based aggression prevention programs may not be equally effective for all students and classes, depending on student and class characteristics. This study investigated moderators of a cluster randomized controlled socio-ecological aggression prevention program's effectiveness (change from pretest to posttest, sample: 2,042 preadolescents, mean age = 11.7 years, SD = 0.09, 47.6% girls) and sustainability (change from posttest to follow-up test, sample: 659 preadolescents, mean age = 12.7 years, SD = 0.08, 47.9% girls). The program worked better in multicultural classes, as greater ethnic diversity strengthened the program's effectiveness and sustainability. Moderating effects of a positive social class climate and higher baseline levels of aggressive behavior and victimization were also found. These results advance socio-ecological theorizing and can help develop more contextualized interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If performance goals (i.e., motivation to prove ability) increase children's vulnerability to depression (Dykman, 1998), why are they overlooked in the psychopathology literature? Evidence has relied on self-report or observational methods and has yet to articulate how this vulnerability unfolds across levels of analysis implicated in stress–depression linkages; for example, hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA), sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Utilizing a multiple-levels-of-analysis approach (Cicchetti, 2010), this experimental study tested Dykman's goal orientation model of depression vulnerability in a community sample of preadolescents (N = 121, Mage = 10.60 years, Range = 9.08–12.00 years, 51.6% male). Self-reports of performance goals, attachment security, and subjective experience of internalizing difficulties were obtained in addition to objective behavioral (i.e., task persistence) and physiologic arousal (i.e., salivary cortisol, skin conductance level) responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and two randomly assigned coping conditions: avoidance, distraction. Children with performance goals reported greater internalizing difficulties and exhibited more dysregulated TSST physiologic responses (i.e., HPA hyperreactivity, SNS protracted recovery), yet unexpectedly displayed greater TSST task persistence and more efficient physiologic recovery during avoidance relative to distraction. These associations were stronger and nonsignificant in the context of insecure and secure attachment, respectively. Findings illustrate a complex matrix of in-the-moment, integrative psychobiological relationships linking performance goals to depression vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kidfluencers comprise a relatively new form of advertising to which young adolescents are exposed. Therefore, this study explored the relation between exposure to kidfluencers and the purchase of products found in kidfluencer content among a sample of 300 U.S. young adolescents. Results of a survey revealed that tweens' exposure to kidfluencers is associated with their purchase of kidfluencer-related products through a desire to emulate kidfluencers, and that materialism moderates this relationship. Findings suggest that kidfluencers may propagate a lifestyle to which tweens aspire that may manifest itself in changes to consumer behavior. IMPACT SUMMARY a. Prior State of Knowledge: Exposure to advertising, including sponsored content promoted by social media influencers on social networking sites, has the potential to alter youths' consumer behaviors and aspirations of fame, especially for youth high in materialism. b. Novel Contributions: Tweenagers' exposure to social media influencers who are themselves kids (kidfluencers) is related to their desire to emulate kidfluencers, which is ultimately related to tweenagers' purchase of kidfluencer-sponsored products, but only for those at relatively higher levels of materialism. c. Practical Implications: Parents should be aware of and monitor children's kidfluencer exposure. Educators should provide media literacy training that incorporates content related to social media influencers. As new media platforms are created/monetized, policymakers should adapt policies related to marketing to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, essential oils have been become popular materials in many research on food, drug and cosmetic production. In this study, black pepper essential oil (Piper nigrum L.) was loaded in nanoemulsion by Emulsion Phase Inversion method. For understanding clearly phase behavior of this system, pseudo‐ternary phase diagram was constructed and suitable parameters relating to components concentration were found: 10% (v/v) of essential oil and 2.0 surfactant‐oil ratio. Besides, the difference in physical characteristics between frozen—thawed nanoemulsion and control nanoemulsion was indicated by thermal analysis, chemical components determination and stabilized test. Especially, the frozen—thawed step (frozen at −15°C for 24 hr then thawed at room temperature) not only remained volatile compounds well, but also improved black pepper essential oil nanoemulsion stabilization during five‐week storage. Last but not least, Tween 80 was really reasonable for fabricating the most stable nanoemulsion among four testing Tweens. Novelty impact statement: In our work, the EPI process for formulation of black pepper nanoemulsion was studies in order to obtain optimum parameters. The SOR of 2.0 and utilization of Tween 80 as surfactant was proved suitable in forming this system. Especially, a frozen step combined with thawing at room temperature of EPI nanoemulsion not only affected the system characteristics including thermal behavour, chemical components, but also effectively stabilized our nanoemulsion by decreasing both of droplet size and polydispersity index. Therefore, BPEO nanoemulsion could prolong the storage period for application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the effect of nutritional supplementation on height, weight and body composition in short and lean male preadolescents. Methods: A randomised, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of nutritional supplementation of short and lean prepubertal 10–14.5‐year‐old boys. Primary outcomes included Δheight‐SDS and Δweight‐SDS. Secondary outcomes included changes in body composition and BMI‐SDS. Results: Of 160 boys enrolled, 126 (80%) completed 6 months' intervention. Baseline age, height‐SDS, weight‐SDS, BMI‐SDS, body composition and dietary intake were similar in the formula and placebo groups. 'Good' formula consumers (intake of ≥50% of the recommended dose, n = 30) gained significantly more in weight‐SDS, BMI‐SDS, fat‐free‐mass and muscle mass (p < 0.05) than did 'poor' consumers (n = 35) and the placebo group (n = 61). Only in the formula group, positive dose‐response correlations were found between consumption of the formula and changes in the outcome parameters examined, including Δheight‐SDS (r = 0.301, p = 0.015). Boys aged >11.4 years who were 'good' formula consumers maintained their Δheight‐SDS, while Δheight‐SDS declined in 'poor' consumers and the placebo group of the same age (p = 0.033). Conclusion: Intervention with a multi‐nutrient, protein‐rich formula was effective in increasing weight‐SDS, fat‐free‐mass, muscle mass and BMI‐SDS in short and lean prepubertal male adolescents. Good consumption of the formula prevented Δheight‐SDS decline in the older participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper was to examine the significance and impact of the family structure on the proneness to conflict of preadolescent students. The research involved 400 seventh grade students. At the very beginning of the presentation of the results, the proneness to conflict of preadolescent students was established. By applying the X2testfor one variable, it has been determined that the highest number of students enter into conflicts one or two times per month (N = 205). The second place is occupied by a group of students who enter into conflicts one or two times per week (N = 91). In the second part of the analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was applied, whereby an independent variable (completeness of the family) was crossed with a dependent variable (related to the frequency of conflicts, ranging from 1-very rarely to 4-daily).A conclusion was reached that a significantly higher number of conflicts (Z = -2.18, p < .05) are initiated by children from incomplete families (Mrank = 218.51), ascompared to children from complete families (Mrank = 192.16). In the third part of the paper, Spearman's correlation coefficient - rho (rs) was applied.A multiple regression analysis indicated that the educational level of the parents has a more significant impact on the proneness to conflict of students, i.e. that students who come from families where the parents have completed university education, master's or doctoral studies, more rarely enter into conflicts, in comparison with students who come from families where the parents have completed college, secondary or primary education, namely, that the lower the educational level of the parents (father or mother), the greater the child's proneness to conflicts. In order to examine the correlation between the sociodemographic characteristics of the family (education of the father, education of the mother and completeness of the family) and the child (sex and age), and the frequency of conflicts, a multiple regression analysis was applied. The predictor (independent) variables, presented as the sociodemographic characteristics of the family and the child, in relation to the criterion variable, which represents the frequency of conflicts, indicate the results of this analysis and point to the conclusion that the sociodemographic characteristics of the family and the child are significantly related to the outcomes of the conflicts (F(388, 5) = 2.74, p < .05; R = .185). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Psicología (1669-2438) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was aimed to find out the fanatical behavior of Persija supporters at ages between 10 – 12 years old in the area of Sawangan, Depok. This was a qualitative study with qualitative descriptive research design. The sample of the study were 4 children with ages between 10 – 12 in and the sub area coordinators of Sawangan. The data was collected by observation, interview, documentation and field note. The data was analyzed through data collection, data reduction, data description and verification or conclusion. The results of the research found that the children with ages between 10 – 12 already had the sense to like something. Thus, these children still needed guidance from their parents in order to avoid any negative behaviors. The nearest persons also had big influences to teach or tell these children about what was good to be imitated and what was not since these children were very easy to imitate something that they had seen or heard, unless these children had anarchist behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Preadolescence is an important period for the consolidation of certain arithmetic facts, and the development of problem-solving strategies. Obese subjects seem to have poorer academic performance in math than their normal-weight peers, suggesting a negative effect of obesity on math skills in critical developmental periods. To test this hypothesis, event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during a delayed-verification math task using simple addition and subtraction problems in obese [above 95th body mass index (BMI) percentile] and non-obese (between 5th and 90th BMI percentile) preteens with different levels of math skill; thirty-one with low math skills (14 obese, mean BMI = 26.40, 9.79 years old; 17 non-obese, BMI = 17.45, 9.76 years old) and thirty-one with high math skills (15 obese, BMI = 26.90, 9.60 years old; 16 non-obese, BMI = 17.13, 9.63 years old). No significant differences between weight groups were observed in task accuracy regardless of their mathematical skill level. For ERPs, electrophysiological differences were found only in the subtraction condition; participants with obesity showed an electrophysiologic pattern associated with a reduced ability to allocate attention resources regardless of their math skill level, these differences were characterized by longer P300 latency than their normal-weight peers. Moreover, the participants with obesity with high math skills displayed hypoactivity in left superior parietal lobule compared with their normal-weight peers. Additionally, obese preteens with low math skills displayed smaller arithmetic N400 amplitude than non-obese participants, reflecting difficulties in retrieving visual, semantic, and lexical information about numbers. We conclude that participants with obesity are less able than their normal-weight peers to deploy their attention regardless of their behavioral performance, which seems to have a greater effect on obese participants with low math skills because they also show problems in the retrieval of solutions from working memory, resulting in a delay in the development of mathematical skills.

Lesser trochanter avulsion fracture is a rare injury. It is most common in 7 to 16 years age group and needs to be considered as an important but a very rare differential diagnosis of acute onset groin or hip pain in this age group. Clinical findings would include difficulty in weight bearing, sitting cross legged and positive Ludloff sign. Although plain radiographs are enough for avulsion fracture diagnosis, computerized tomography will provide a better picture for surgical decisions. This case report describes a lesser trochanter avulsion fracture in a preadolescent patient, who had an excellent functional outcome following conservative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strengthening pre-adolescents knowledge and skills through an age- and culturally-appropriate intervention could prevent health issues later in life. Early interventions could influence the trajectory of future risky behaviour, and may influence health behaviour amongst their parents. The CIrCLE of Life Initiative was developed to address HIV and obesity. We evaluated whether the combined intervention increased knowledge, enhanced skills, and/or promoted healthy behaviour among students (9-12 years old) and their parents.Methods: The study was conducted from May to December 2018. Trained educators delivered 30-min lessons over ten consecutive weeks with 537 Grade 6 students at five government-run schools, in a district, in South Africa. Schools were purposively selected based on socioeconomic status and urban-rural classification. Students communicated with parents through shared homework activities. A pretest-posttest study design was used, with a 3-month follow up. Both groups completed self-administered paper-based questionnaires. A score of subscales was used in analysis. The pretest and posttest scores were compared for students and parents using a dependent t-test. Differences in outcomes by school quintile were compared using one-way ANOVA.Results: Response rates were high for both students (80.6%) and their parents (83.4%). Statistically significant differences were observed in HIV knowledge in students pretest (mean 8.04, SD 3.10) and posttest scores (mean 10.1, SD 2.70; p < 0.01), and their parents (mean 10.32, SD 2.80 vs 11.0, SD 2.50; p < 0.01). For both students and parents, pre- and post-test obesity awareness mean scores were similar, 1.93, SD 0.92 and 2.78, SD 0.57; p < 0.01, for students; and 2.47, SD 0.82 and 2.81, SD 0.54; p < 0.01, for parents. In the posttest, statistically significant changes were also observed in both groups, enhancing skills in measuring body mass index and pulse rate, and interpreting food labels. Students had a high intention to share gained knowledge with parents who had a high intention to receive it (89.4 and 89.5%, respectively).Conclusion: The intervention increased knowledge about HIV and obesity-related awareness, and it enhanced skills in selected outcomes among pre-adolescents and parents. Accurate messages and enhanced communication skills could support inter-generational knowledge transfer.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04307966 retrospectively registered on 12 March 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SARM1, an executioner in axon degeneration, is an autoinhibitory NAD‐consuming enzyme, composed of multiple domains. NMN and its analogs, CZ‐48 and VMN, are the only known activators, which can release the inhibitory ARM domain from the enzymatic TIR domain. Here, we document that acid can also activate SARM1, even more efficiently than NMN, possibly via the protonation of the negative residues. Systematic mutagenesis revealed that a single mutation, E689Q in TIR, led to the constitutive activation of SARM1. It forms a salt bridge with R216 in the neighboring ARM, maintaining the autoinhibitory structure. Using this 'acid activation' protocol, mutation K597E was found to inhibit activation, while H685A eliminated SARM1 catalytic activity, revealing two distinct inhibitory mechanisms. The protocol has also been applied to differentiate two classes of chemical inhibitors. NAD, dHNN, disulfiram, CHAPS, and TRX‐100 mainly inhibited the activation process, while nicotinamide and Tweens mainly inhibited SARM1 catalysis. Taken together, we demonstrate a new mechanism for SARM1 activation and decipher two distinct inhibitory mechanisms of SARM1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a four‐wave/seven‐month longitudinal design with a sample of 1595 preadolescents (53% boys, 47% girls, Mage = 10.2 years) from 63 fourth‐, fifth‐ and sixth‐ grade classrooms in nine mixed‐sex schools in Bogotá, Colombia, we examined whether growth trajectories of measures of overt and relational aggression varied as a function of classroom norms for aggression. Multilevel growth mixture modeling revealed (a) distinct trajectories of overt and relational aggression for boys and girls and (b) that norm salience (i.e., the process by which a group norm is made salient via the punishments or reinforcements to the behavior within the group) was a better predictor of associations with trajectories of overt and relational aggression than were perceived injunctive norms (i.e., the perceived standards of what is approved or disapproved in a social context). In classrooms where popular or accepted children were perceived by their peers as aggressive, more boys followed an increasing trajectory of overt and relational aggression than a low‐stable trajectory, and more girls followed a high‐stable trajectory of relational aggression than a low‐stable trajectory. These findings are discussed in terms of the practical implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at preventing aggression in classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research findings have indicated that aerobic fitness and motor fitness are related to specific executive functions (EF). However, it is not clear whether the relationships of these fitness factors with executive functions are dependent on each other. The goal of this study was thus to investigate the relationship of aerobic fitness, motor fitness, and their interaction with EF in preadolescents. The sample consisted of 137 students (67 boys) aged 9–10 years. Physical fitness assessment included measures of aerobic fitness (20 m shuttle run test) and motor fitness (Hurdle and crawl test), while EF assessment encompassed measures of inhibition (Modified Stroop task), shifting (Smiley task) and updating (Letter memory task). The results showed that motor fitness was positively related to inhibition, r =.22, p <.05, while aerobic fitness was positively related to shifting r =.22, p <.05. Multiple regression and post hoc analyses indicated that aerobic fitness was positively related to shifting only when motor fitness was also high (β =.44, p <.01). This pattern of results could indicate the potential relevance of high levels of both motor and aerobic fitness for EF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the information-seeking behaviors and search influences of children 9 to 13 years old ("tweens") – as well as the effects of applying the term "digital natives" to this group – by examining their use of an online library catalog. Results of this qualitative research study indicate that these children become information seekers at a young age, often with little direct instruction. Examining the challenges and successes faced by this group of 10 tweens, this study provides insights into potential opportunities for teachers and librarians to assist children in becoming effective and discerning searchers in the library and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a lack of nationally representative estimates for the consequences of early childhood undernutrition on preadolescent outcomes in India. Understanding this relationship is helpful to develop interventions that not only prevent child undernutrition but also mitigate its consequences.Methods and Findings: In this cohort study, we analyzed prospectively gathered data from 2 waves of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) to investigate the association of undernutrition during early childhood (0 to 5 years) in 2004 to 2005 with physical and cognitive outcomes during preadolescent (8 to 11 years) years in 2011 to 2012. These surveys interviewed 41,554 households across all 33 states and union territories in India in 2004 to 2005 and reinterviewed 83% of the households in 2011 to 2012. Primary exposure was assessed using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) based on 2004 to 2005 survey. Primary outcomes were short stature (height-for-age z-score [HAZ] <-2), thinness (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2), reading, and arithmetic skills during preadolescence based on the 2011 to 2012 survey. Survey-weighted generalized linear models were used, and effect modification based on child sex and sociodemographic variables were evaluated using 3-way interaction terms. Of the 7,868 children included in this analysis, 4,334 (57.3%) were undernourished. Being undernourished was associated with increased odds of short stature (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45 to 2.06) and thinness (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.73) during the preadolescent period, while it was associated with decreased odds of achieving a higher reading (cumulative odds ratio [cumOR]: 0.76, 0.66 to 0.87) and arithmetic (cumOR: 0.72, 0.63 to 0.82) outcomes. The disparity in outcomes based on CIAF increased with age, especially for female children. Increased level of female education within the household reduced the disadvantages of undernutrition among female children. Study limitations include observational and missing data, which limit our ability to draw strong causal inferences.Conclusions: In this study, we found that early child undernutrition was associated with several adverse preadolescent physical and cognitive outcomes, especially among female children. Improved female education mitigates this association. Female education promotion should assume a central role in Indian public health policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

➤: Early sport specialization has been recognized as a potential factor in the relationship between physical activity and health since the early 1970s.➤: There is no universally agreed-upon terminology or definition for early sport specialization, but early sport specialization typically encompasses preteen athletes who play 1 sport competitively throughout the year or play on several teams within 1 season, leading to intensive participation without variation in physical activity.➤: There is a limited number of comprehensive long-term outcome studies that have identified a potential link between early sport specialization and musculoskeletal injury or burnout.➤: Methodologically sound prospective research looking at chronologic age and years of participation by sports played will help to answer whether there is an impact from early sport specialization on the relationship with successful participation and injury occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between physical exercise and improvement in specific cognitive domains in children and adolescents who play sport has been recently reported, although the effects on visuospatial abilities have not yet been well explored. This study is aimed at evaluating in school-age children practicing artistic gymnastics the visuospatial memory by using a table version of the Radial Arm Maze (table-RAM) and comparing their performances with those ones who do not play any sport. The visuospatial performances of 14 preadolescent girls practicing artistic gymnastics aged between 7 and 10 years and those of 14 preadolescent girls not playing any sport were evaluated in the table-RAM forced-choice paradigm that allows disentangling short-term memory from working memory abilities. Data showed that the gymnasts obtained better performances than control group mainly in the parameters evaluating working memory abilities, such as within-phase errors and spatial span. Our findings emphasizing the role of physical activity on cognitive performances impel to promote physical exercise in educational and recreational contexts as well as to analyse the impact of other sports besides gymnastics on cognitive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are in a youth mental health crisis with unprecedented and staggeringly high rates of suicidal ideations and suicide behaviors in preteens. In the United States, 14.5% of children aged 9-10 have experienced suicidal thoughts and behaviors, including 1.3% with a suicide attempt. American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines call for universal suicide risk screening of youth aged 12 years and older during preventative health care visits and screening in preteens aged 8-11 years when clinically indicated. However, what constitutes a clinical indication at 8-11 years can be difficult to systematically detect, and pediatric practitioners may not be equipped with necessary age-specific assessment tools. This is compounded by the lack of emphasis on preteen suicide risk screening (and focus on adolescents), which leaves practitioners without age-appropriate resources to make clinical determinations for at-risk preteens. The objective of this project was to develop an evidence-informed suicide risk screening pathway for pediatric practitioners to implement with preteen patients in outpatient settings. Suicide risk assessment in younger children (<8 years) is also briefly addressed. We convened a group of researchers and practitioners with expertise in preadolescent suicide, pediatric medicine, behavioral health screening integration with primary care, and child development. They reviewed the empirical literature and existing practice guidelines to iterate on a multi-informant clinical suicide risk screening pathway for preteens that includes both caregivers and preteens in the screening process. We also developed tools and accompanying guidelines for a preteen suicide risk screening workflow and risk determination to aid practitioners in deciding who, when, and how to screen. Finally, we provide scripts for introducing suicide risk screening to caregivers and preteens and to discuss screening findings., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Young children involved in the child welfare system (CWS) are at high risk for suicidal ideation (SI) at a time when overall rates of suicide death in this age group are rising. Yet risk factors for and changes in SI over time are poorly understood in this population., Method: We combined data from two large representative longitudinal studies of children involved in the United States CWS. We examined patterns of SI among children who were between ages 7 and 12 years at the initial survey wave (N = 2,186), assessed at three waves using a measure of SI in the past 2 weeks. We conducted a multinomial regression to understand the baseline demographic, child maltreatment, and mental health characteristics that distinguish the trajectories., Results: There were eight different subgroups (Non-Ideators, Late Ideators, Boomerang Ideators, Delayed Ideators, Desisters, Boomerang Non-Ideators, Late Desisters, and Persisters). Differences in race, type of maltreatment, sex, and mental health symptoms were identified when comparing Persisters (SI at all three waves) to other groups., Conclusions: These findings can help researchers and practitioners to develop strategies for better identifying CWS-involved children who are in greatest need of suicide risk monitoring and intervention., (© 2024 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.)

Purpose: To evaluate the factors associated with the perceptions of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children and preadolescents.Materials and Methods: 167 students aged 8-14 years were recruited from the public schools of Piracicaba, Brazil. Participants were examined for caries, gingivitis, fluorosis, malocclusions and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). OHRQoL was measured using the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ 8-10 and 11-14), where higher scores indicate worse OHRQoL. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated using self-applied questionnaires. Sociodemographic characteristics, dental history and oral hygiene habits were evaluated using a questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the variables associated with CPQ scores.Results: Higher CPQ 8-10 scores were associated with fluorosis, TMD and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Higher CPQ 11-14 scores were associated with females, TMD and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Younger children (OR=0.32, p<0.05) with signs and symptoms of TMD (OR=4.38, p<0.01) and anxiety (OR=4.97, p<0.001) were more likely to present higher CPQ 8-10 scores. Poor OHRQoL was associated with TMD (OR=4.29, p<0.01) and depressive symptoms (OR=4.50, p<0.001) in preadolescents.Conclusions: The data indicate that experience of oral diseases and disorders as well as psychological phenomena, such as anxiety and depression, influenced oral health outcomes in this group of children and preadolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Parental history (PH) of problematic substance use has been identified as a risk factor for adolescent substance use, which can lead to increased use in adulthood. Researchers hypothesize that individuals with PH exhibit premorbid differences in their reward processing, increasing their likelihood of engaging in reward-driven behavior. Studies have shown that preadolescents with PH have greater activation in their putamen and nucleus accumbens (NA); however, most research has only investigated PH of alcohol use (PHA), not PH of drug use (PHD). Additionally, limited research has assessed whether reward processing develops differently among youth with (PH+) to youth without (PH-). The present study utilizes the national, prospective Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development SM (ABCD) Study to examine whether reward anticipation in the nucleus accumbens (NA) differs in preadolescents with and without parental substance use history and whether patterns of reward anticipation change over time during a two-year follow-up period. Further, it will also examine whether PHA and PHD predict similar activation patterns. Participants and Methods: The current sample (N=6,600, Mage = 10.9; range = 9-13.8 years old; 46.7% female) was drawn from the national ABCD Study. To assess reward processing, the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MID), a fMRI task-based paradigm, was administered at baseline and 2 year follow-up. The primary regions of interest (ROI) were the left and right NA and neutral vs anticipation of large rewards was the selected contrast. The Family History Assessment was used to assess problematic parental alcohol and drug use for both parents, with scores ranging from 0-2, with two indicating that both parents demonstrate problematic use. Three PH contrasts (PH- vs.PH+1, PH-vs.PH+2, & PH+1 vs. PH+2) were created for each group (PHA and PHD) (Martz et al., 2022). Separate linear mixed-effect models with predictors variables (parental contrasts, timepoint, and parental contrasts-by-time-point) and covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, parental education, parental warmth, parental monitoring, and the random effects of MRI model, family status, and subject) were run to predict reward anticipation. Results: Results indicated that PHA and,not PHD, was predictive of reward anticipation. PHA+1 youth showed greater activation in the l-NA (b=.02827, p=.03) and r-NA (b=.03476, p=.005), compared to PH- youth. Additionally, PHA+1 youth showed greater activation in the r-NA (b=-.07029, p=.008) compared to PHA+2 youth, but not in the l-NA. Those with PHA+2 demonstrated blunted activity in both the l-NA (b= -.07244, p=.02) and right nucleus accumbens (b= -.1091, p=001) when compared to those with PH-. No interactions with time were found. Conclusions: Preadolescents with a PHA+ for both parents had blunted activity in reward anticipation, conferring a unique risk not seen in youth with only one parent with problematic alcohol use, or in youth with a PH of drug use. Future research should attempt to disentangle both genetic and environmental factors that may explain these discrepancies in reward processing, as well as the protective factors that may mitigate it. The current study found no interaction between PHA+ and time, suggesting that during preadolescents, the pattern of reward functioning remains consistent, but future work should assess if this pattern holds up across adolescence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children exposed to cumulative risk (CR) are more likely to have poor physical and psychological health across the lifespan. CR may contribute to children's adjustment, in part through its effects on appraisal and coping. Further, child temperament may alter the effects of CR on appraisal and coping. This study investigated the interactive and prospective effects of CR and temperament on children's appraisal and coping strategies. In this secondary data analysis using a community sample (N=306) of preadolescents (M age = 9.5 at T1), structural equations models were conducted to examine temperament negative emotionality (NE) and effortful control (EC) as moderators of the effect of CR on both levels and proportional use of positive and threat appraisals, and active and avoidant coping. Children higher in NE used more threat appraisal and avoidant coping, whereas children higher in EC used less threat appraisal concurrently and decreased in their use of threat appraisal across 1 year. Both NE and EC altered the prospective effect of CR on appraisal and coping. Findings suggest temperament alters the effect of CR on appraisal and coping, implicating EC as a resource and NE as a vulnerability in changes in appraisal and coping during preadolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were introduced by DSM-5 and ICD-11. It remains unclear how well these new definitions of PTSD capture the posttrauma responses of children, particularly when using parent report. This study compared different conceptual models of PTSD in children following the Boston Marathon bombing and manhunt. Parents/caretakers (N = 254) reported on PTSD symptoms of their children (ages 4–11) following the Boston Marathon bombing and manhunt. Algorithms compared criteria from ICD-11, DSM-IV, and DSM-5 (specifically the "Preschool" criteria). DSM-5 Preschool criteria identified twice as many children as ICD-11, and over four times as many as DSM-IV. DSM-5 Preschool criteria identified all cases detected by ICD-11 and DSM-IV. Across models, all identified cases had greater trauma exposure than non-identified children. DSM-5 Preschool and ICD-11 (but not DSM-IV) cases had greater clinical decline than non-identified children. The Avoidance cluster showed the most variability in identifying cases. Newer models of PTSD are likely to identify more children than DSM-IV, mostly related to changes in the Avoidance criteria. The DSM-5 Preschool definition is the most inclusive model. ICD-11 may provide a balance between inclusivity and stringency in detecting childhood PTSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses asking students of literature to generate stereotypes and mentions used method employed by youth to shift focus from adolescents to tweens. Topics discussed include aim of middle-grade literature to believe aimed tweens, focusing on aspects of the novel "King & the Dragonflies" and perspective-taking approach that connects readers, word and world.

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A Literary criticism for the books "The Spiderwick Chronicles" by Tony DiTerlizzi and Holly Black; "Imaginary Veterinary" by Suzanne Selfors and illustrated by Dan Santat; and "Monster Fighter Mystery" by Xavier Garza, is presented. Topics include how human characters meet, help, and may have conflicts with supernatural creatures; and exploration of the chupacabras reveals cultural meanings represented by cryptid, including celebrating Mexican American folklore.

Exposure to metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), may impair kidney function as individual toxicants or in mixtures. However, no single medium is ideal to study multiple metals simultaneously. We hypothesized that multi-media biomarkers (MMBs), integrated indices combining information across biomarkers, are informative of adverse kidney function. Levels of Pb, Cd, and As were quantified in blood and urine in 4-6-year-old Mexican children (n = 300) in the PROGRESS longitudinal cohort study. We estimated the mixture effects of these metals, using weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) applied to urine biomarkers (Umix), blood biomarkers (Bmix), and MMBs, on the cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum cystatin C assessed at 8-10 years of age, adjusted for covariates. Quartile increases in Umix and the MMB mixture were associated with 2.5% (95%CI: 0.1, 5.0) and 3.0% (95%CI: 0.2, 5.7) increased eGFR and -2.6% (95% CI: -5.1%, -0.1%) and -3.3% (95% CI: -6.5%, -0.1%) decreased cystatin C, respectively. Weights indicate that the strongest contributors to the associations with eGFR and serum cystatin C were Cd and Pb, respectively. MMBs detected mixture effects distinct from associations with individual metals or media-type, highlighting the benefits of incorporating information from multiple exposure media in mixtures analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While existing work points to the ways parenting behaviors and specific value socialization approaches influence children's internalization of moral values (Baumrind, Child Development 43, 261-267, 1972; Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, 2001; Grusec & Davidov, Child Development, 81, 687-709, 2010), little work has considered the experiences of African American and lower-income families. The current study capitalized on the availability of 53 videorecorded mother-preadolescent conversations about their disagreements from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project (Vogel et al., Early head start children in grade 5: Long-term follow-up of the early head start research and evaluation study sample. OPRE Report # 2011-8, 2010). Methods: Using inductive analysis, we assessed mothers' affective tone, communication styles, and message content during the discussion of problems involving honesty and lying. Results: Mothers tended to display warm yet firm affect, incorporate both autonomy-supportive and dominant-directive communication styles, assert that lying is never acceptable, and explain why lying is problematic. Conclusions: Mothers' affect, communication styles, and message content reflected a no-nonsense approach to transmitting values about honesty to their children. To our knowledge, the current study is the first qualitative observational investigation of lowincome African American mothers' conversations regarding honesty with their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the risk factors which affect obesity in preadolescents. Materials and Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 500 preadolescents (girls: n=271, boys: n=229) attended in 18 secondary schools in the Cappadocia region of Turkey, and their parents. Data were collected using a questionnaire, the body weight, height, and waist circumference of the preadolescents were measured; the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-toheight ratio were calculated. Results: Of preadolescents; 14.4% were obese, 11.4% were overweight, 35.2% had abdominal obesity, and 27% had likehood of being at high metabolic and cardiovascular risk based on their waist/height ratio. According to the results of binary multiple logistic regression analysis (the backward stepwise procedure), the presence of an obese person in the family (boys), mother's educational level (girls), leisure time activities (girls), and an increase in eating according to mood (girls) were revealed as significant predictors of being overweight/obese, adjusted for age. Satisfied with current body weight and mother’s BMI were the strongest variable to be associated with overweight/obese for both genders. Conclusion: For early diagnosis and prevention of obesity in childhood, it is recommended to perform height-weight monitoring of students regularly, monitor risky children more frequently, provide training and consultancy for students and parents regarding balanced diets and physical activity, and provide the school-family cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preadolescence is a period in which structural and functional changes occur in brain network reorganization that relate to the development of executive control functions, particularly in the areas of attention and cognitive inhibition. Obesity has been associated with a deficit in executive functions and behavioral and electrophysiological differences using the go/no-go task (proactive inhibition), but no study has assessed brain-electrical activity using the stop-signal task (reactive inhibition) in this population. Therefore, we hypothesized that obese preadolescents would show less efficiency in reactive inhibition than their same-age non-obese peers. To test this hypothesis, event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during a stop-signal task and compared between 27 obese preadolescents (mean BMI = 25.9; 9.65 years old) and 29 normal-weight preadolescents (mean BMI = 17.5; 9.60 years old). No significant differences between groups were observed in behavioral responses. As for ERPs, the obese group had an electrophysiological pattern associated with less efficient conflict monitoring during the "no-go" condition (i.e., less modulation of N200 latency based on the experimental condition), differences in attentional allocation in the "go" condition (less modulation of P300a latency based on experimental condition), and difficulties in rule retrieval from working memory associated with the trial-type in both experimental conditions (smaller P300b amplitude). We conclude that obese preadolescents displayed less ability to modulate conflict-monitoring in the "no-go" condition and attention allocation in the "go" condition, evidencing differences between groups in the development of attention and inhibitory control. • Obesity adversely affects the allocation of attentional and inhibitory resources. • Attentional processing in obese preadolescents reflects a conflict-monitoring problem. • Obese preadolescents differ from non-obese participants in reactive inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic visualization ability refers to the ability to visualize and compare spatial relations between moving objects and to predict their relative motions. This is achieved through the understanding of distance, speed, and time (DST). Research on the development of these concepts advocated a stage-wise development of these concepts, with the understanding of time emerging last. However, there still exists a huge lack of agreement concerning the age of achieving the integration of these three concepts. The present study explored the development of Dynamic Visualization ability (DV) across the preadolescent and adolescent years. Data were collected from 792 participants (Mean=11.55 years; SD=2.87) by administering a newly developed Dynamic Visualization task. The task consisted of two levels: Same speed and Variable speed. The difficulty level of the task across levels was varied by introducing several task parameters. Results showed that adolescents significantly outperformed preadolescents' inaccuracy of estimation across all task parameters, reaction time, and response time. The developmental trajectory of the ability was explored through Trajectory Analysis (TA). It revealed that the rate of development of the ability follows a quadratic function and is therefore non-linear by nature. While the same speed condition required considering only the spatial aspect of the motion, the variable speed required understanding of both the spatial and temporal aspects of the motion. Better performance with growing age indicated that the understanding of the spatial and temporal aspects of relative motion develops with age. Findings were discussed in light of developmental theories of DST understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood obesity is a crucial public health concern. In recent years, numerous studies have employed mobile health technology applications for weight control in children but obtaining varying effects. We conducted a meta-analysis to discuss the effectiveness of mobile health technology in reducing the body mass index (BMI) of obese children. The standardized mean difference (SMD) in BMI between the intervention and control groups was employed to measure the effect of mobile health technology intervention on weight control. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3 software was employed for meta-analysis, and the results are presented in a forest plot. This study included nine randomized control trials, which featured a total of 1,202 participants. The meta-analysis revealed that mobile health technology intervention did not have a significant weight loss effect on subjects with obesity. However, by using ethnicity as a moderating variable for subgroup analysis, we discovered that the BMI of ethnic Chinese groups who received mobile health technology intervention was significantly lower than that of the control group. This effect was not significant in the non-ethnic Chinese subgroup. Therefore, the use of mobile health technology intervention for weight control in ethnic Chinese children resulted in significantly lower BMI in these children; however, the use of mobile health technology intervention for weight control is unsuitable for non-ethnic Chinese children.