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Objectives This study aimed to investigate post‐COVID‐19 symptoms amongst elderly females and whether they could be a risk factor for developing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) later on. Methods This was a retrospective cross‐sectional study, in the form of an online survey. A total of 115 responses were finally included. Results The mean age was 73.18 ± 6.42. Eighty‐nine reported symptoms in the post‐recovery period; of these 54 had no symptoms of CFS, 60 were possible, and only 1 was probable. Fatigue was reported by 66, musculoskeletal symptoms by 56, and sleep problems by 73. Twenty‐nine patients visited a doctor's office as a result. Post‐recovery symptoms were significantly related to stress, sadness and sleep disturbances. Also, stress, sadness, sleep disturbances, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and recurrent falls were all significantly associated with CFS‐like symptoms. Conclusions From our findings, the presence of fatigue, cognitive impairment, stress, sadness, sleep disturbances and recurrent falls in the post‐recovery period were all significantly associated with CFS‐like symptoms. To conclude it would be reasonable to screen for long COVID and consider the potential for developing CFS later on. Whether it can be a risk factor for developing CFS‐like other viral infections will need more larger scale studies to confirm this.

Objective: To provide a reference for the treatment of Qi and Yin deficiency in convalescent period of COVID-19 by data mining. Methods: By consulting the CNKI database from 2010 to 2020, the data about the treatment of deficiency of Qi and Yin with traditional Chinese medicine were collected. According to the standard, traditional Chinese medicine was input into excel 2013 to establish database, and Clementine 12.0 and IBM SPSS statistics 19 were used for association rule statistics and cluster analysis. Results: There were 110 prescriptions that could treat the deficiency of Qi and Yin. The most frequently used herbs were Astragalus (79 times, 71.8%), Ophiopogon japonicus (56 times, 50.9%) and Rehmannia (51 times, 46.4%). The dosage range of traditional Chinese medicine is mostly 6g-10g, including 10 herbs such as liquorice and ginseng, 11g-15g including 11 herbs such as Ophiopogon japonicus and raw rehmannia; Most of the herbs used to treat the deficiency of Qi and Yin were warm (11 times, 44%), cold (7 times, 28%), flat (7 times, 28%), sweet (18 times, 45%), bitter (9 times, 22.5%), pungent (6 times, 15%), most of them are lung meridians (14 times, 20.9%), heart meridians (12 times, 17.9%), spleen meridians (12 times, 17.9%); 12 groups of core Chinese medicine combinations were obtained by association rule analysis; 4 kinds of drug combinations were obtained by cluster analysis. Conclusion: The rule of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Qi and yin deficiency syndrome is summarized, which provides a reference for the treatment of COVID-19 in the recovery period.

We derive a novel model escorted by large scale compartments, based on a set of coupled delay differential equations with extensive delays, in order to estimate the incubation, recovery and decease periods of COVID-19, and more generally any infectious disease. This is possible thanks to machine learning algorithms applied to publicly available database of confirmed corona cases, recovered cases and death toll. In this purpose, we separate i) the total cases into 14 groups corresponding to 14 incubation periods, ii) the recovered cases into 406 groups corresponding to a combination of incubation and recovery periods, and iii) the death toll into 406 groups corresponding to a combination of incubation and decease periods. In this paper, we focus on recovery and decease periods and their correlation with the incubation period. The estimated mean recovery period we obtain is 22.14 days (95% Confidence Interval(CI): 22.00 to 22.27), and the 90th percentile is 28.91 days (95% CI: 28.71 to 29.13), which is in agreement with statistical supported studies. The bimodal gamma distribution reveals that there are two groups of recovered individuals with a short recovery period, mean 21.02 days (95% CI: 20.92 to 21.12), and a long recovery period, mean 38.88 days (95% CI 38.61 to 39.15). Our study shows that the characteristic of the decease period and the recovery period are alike. From the bivariate analysis, we observe a high probability domain for recovered individuals with respect to incubation and recovery periods. A similar domain is obtained for deaths analyzing bivariate distribution of incubation and decease periods.

As female astronauts participate in space flight more and more frequently, there is a demand for research on how the female body adapts to the microgravity environment. In particular, there is very little research on how the neuromuscular system reacts to gravitational unloading in women. We aimed to estimate changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the lower leg muscles in women after 3-day exposure to Dry Immersion (DI), which is one of the most widely used ground models of microgravity. Six healthy female volunteers (mean age 30.17 ± 5.5 years) with a natural menstrual cycle participated in this experiment. MEPs were recorded from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles twice before DI, on the day of DI completion, and 3 days after DI, during the recovery period. To evoke motor responses, transcranial and trans-spinal magnetic stimulation was applied. We showed that changes in MEP characteristics after DI exposure were different depending on the stimulation site, but were similar for both muscles. For trans-spinal stimulation, MEP thresholds decreased compared to baseline values, and amplitudes, on the contrary, increased, resembling the phenomenon of hypogravitational hyperreflexia. This finding is in line with data observed in other experiments on both male and female participants. MEPs to transcranial stimulation had an opposing dynamic, which may have resulted from the small group size and large inter-subject variability, or from hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Central motor conduction time remained unchanged, suggesting that pyramidal tract conductibility was not affected by DI exposure. More research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Consumers often have multiple choices when purchasing retail lawn products in stores. In this study, we evaluated the acute drought performance of locally available retail lawn seed products (mixtures or blends) at two mowing heights of 2.5 and 3 inches. We hypothesized that the species present in the products and the height-of-cut differentially influence the drought resistance and recovery of the mixtures and blends. In Fall 2016 and 2017, 28 different products consisting of 25 mixtures and 3 blends of turfgrass seeds were established under a fully automated rainout shelter at the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The drought treatments lasted for 67 days in 2017, and 52 days in 2018; both the 2017 and 2018 treatments were followed by a recovery period. Data were obtained during acute drought treatments and recovery periods for visual turfgrass quality and green turfgrass cover using digital images of the plots. During the first year, several products displayed higher green stability (or the ability to remain green) at the 3-inch height-of-cut compared with the 2.5-inch height-of-cut. Products with tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and fine fescue (Festuca sp.) as dominant species generally performed better during the drought treatments, whereas an increasing presence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) decreased the visual drought performance of the products. During the recovery period, an effect of the interaction between mowing height and the date of data collection on the percentage of green cover was observed: the lower mowing height improved the early recovery of green cover after acute drought. These findings suggest that consumers in the upper midwestern United States and areas with a climate similar climate to that of St. Paul, MN, who are challenged with multiple choices of lawn seed products should choose products containing a higher tall fescue content and adjust their mowing heights to optimize recovery. Published version

Up to 30 May 2021, the cumulative number of patients diagnosed with corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) globally has exceeded 170 million, with more than 152 million patients recovered from COVID-19. However, the long-term effect of the virus infection on the human body's function is unknown for convalescent patients. It was reported that about 63% of COVID-19 patients had observable lung damage on CT scans after being released from the hospital. Bufei Huoxue (BFHX) capsules, including three active ingredients of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has been used clinically to prevent and treat pulmonary heart diseases with Qi deficiency and blood stasis syndrome. Some small-scale clinical trials have found that BFHX can improve lung ventilation function, reduce blood viscosity, and improve cardiopulmonary function. However, the efficacy and safety of BFHX in the treatment of the recovery phase of COVID-19 are unknown. This study is a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Subjects with convalescent COVID-19 were randomized (1:1) into either a BFHX or control group and observed for three months concomitant with receiving routine treatment. The primary efficacy indicators are the evaluation results and changes of the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire score, Fatigue Assessment Inventory, and 6-min walk distance. Based on the intention-to-treat principle, all randomly assigned participants will be included in the statistical analysis. The last visit's outcomes will be used as the final outcomes for participants who prematurely withdraw from the trial. Per protocol set will pick up from the full analysis set for analysis. Efficacy analysis will be performed on the intention-to-treat datasets and per-protocol datasets. This study and its protocol were approved by the Ethics Committee of our University. Prior to participation, all subjects provided written informed consent. Results will be disseminated at medical conferences and in journal publications. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of BFHX for the treatment of the convalescent COVID-19 patients. Trial registration number: ChiCTR2000032573.

Background. Walking dysfunction exists in most patients after stroke. Evidence regarding gait training in two weeks is scarce in resource-limited settings; this study was conducted to investigate the effects of a short-term robot-assisted gait training plan for patients with stroke. Methods. 85 patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, with 31 patients in withdrawal before treatment. The training program comprised 14 2-hour sessions, for 2 consecutive weeks. Patients allocated to the robot-assisted gait training group were treated using the Gait Training and Evaluation System A3 from NX (RT group, n = 27 ). Another group of patients was allocated to the conventional overground gait training group (PT group, n = 27 ). Outcome measurements were assessed using time-space parameter gait analysis, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) scores. Results. In the time-space parameter analysis of gait, the two groups exhibited no significant changes in time parameters, but the RT group exhibited a significant effect on changes in space parameters (stride length, walk velocity, and toe out angle, P < 0.05 ). After training, FMA scores ( 20.22 ± 2.68 ) of the PT group and FMA scores ( 25.89 ± 4.6 ) of the RT group were significant. In the Timed Up and Go test, FMA scores of the PT group ( 22.43 ± 3.95 ) were significant, whereas those in the RT group ( 21.31 ± 4.92 ) were not. The comparison between groups revealed no significant differences. Conclusion. Both the RT group and the PT group can partially improve the walking ability of stroke patients within 2 weeks.

NAD+ is an abundant molecule in the body and vital to all living cells. NAD+ levels decline with age, and this decline correlates with age-related diseases. Therefore, sustaining NAD+ levels offers potential benefits to healthspan and longevity. Here we conducted toxicity studies to evaluate the safety of Restorin® NMN, a high purity form of the direct NAD+ precursor, β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Based on the preliminary toxicity study and a 14-days repeated dose toxicity study at a higher dose level exposure, Restorin® NMN was administered orally to Sprague-Dawley rats for 91 days followed by a 14-days recovery period. The oral doses of 500, 1,000, and 2000 mg/kg/day were compared. There were no test item-related findings that could be considered adverse events in animals dosed at 500 mg/kg/day. The findings in the Restorin® NMN high dose group (2000 mg/kg/day) were similar to the reference item (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) dosed at 1740 mg/kg/day: reduced body weight, reductions in body weight gains, and diminished food consumption. In conclusion, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for Restorin® NMN is 1,000 mg/kg/day in female rats and 500 mg/kg/day in male rats, and the Low-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (LOAEL) for Resotrin® NMN is 2000 mg/kg/day.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of listening to preferred versus non-preferred warm-up music on anaerobic sprint performance in Division I NCAA female athletes. Female collegiate athletes (n = 14) were recruited for this study. In a counterbalanced, crossover study design, participants completed two separate visits, each with a different warm-up music condition: preferred (Pref) or non-preferred (Non-pref). During each visit, participants completed a 3 min standardized cycling warm-up at 50 Watts while listening to Pref or Non-pref music. Following this, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) with a 2 min active recovery period in between tests. Motivation to exercise was measured immediately following the warm-up (WU), WAnT1, WAnT2, and WAnT3. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each WAnT. Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 48 h. Mean power, total work, RPE, and motivation were analyzed. Mean power (p = 0.044, d = 0.91) and total work (p = 0.045, d = 0.78) were significantly higher during the Pref music condition versus Non-pref. RPE remained unchanged regardless of condition (p = 0.536, d = 0.01). Motivation was significantly higher with Pref warm-up music compared to Non-pref (p &lt, 0.001, d = 1.55). These results show that listening to Pref warm-up music has an ergogenic benefit during repeated sprints in comparison to Non-pref music and improves motivation to exercise. Listening to warm-up music prior to high-intensity repeated exercise may aid in optimizing performance and training in collegiate athletes.

Background In equine anaesthesia, the recovery period is a time of considerable risk and has been the focus of prolific research. Risk factors, including age, type and duration of procedure or temperament may influence recovery quality. Unfortunately, the anaesthetist is unable to control for these factors, therefore various pharmacological interventions and recovery methods have been developed with the objective of improving recovery quality. However, no consensus among anaesthetists has been reached for many of these interventions and their implications for recovery-related mortality and morbidity. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of the published evidence relating to risk factors and interventions in the recovery period which may influence recovery quality from equine general anaesthesia. Study design A systematic evaluation of the equine veterinary literature using the GRADE framework. Methods A literature search was performed and studies were assessed for eligibility by both authors utilising PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were evaluated by both authors, categorically summarised and the quality of evidence for each sub-topic was assessed using the GRADE framework. Results Thirty-nine studies were identified which directly assessed the impact of risk factors and recovery interventions on recovery quality after equine general anaesthesia. There was evidence to support that peri-anaesthetic risk factors such as anaesthesia duration, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status and surgical procedure influenced recovery quality. We also identified sufficient evidence that administration of α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists immediately prior to recovery, improves recovery quality. Main limitations The validity of the results of some studies may have been compromised by missing data and small sample sizes. Conclusions Recovery quality is influenced by factors including: anaesthesia duration, ASA physical status and surgical procedure. Recovery quality can be improved by the administration of an α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist immediately prior to recovery.

Background: We investigated whether a brief cold water immersion between two cycling time trials (TT) improves the performance of the latter compared with passive and active recovery in normothermic conditions (~20°C).Methods: In Experiment 1 10 active participants (4 women) completed two 4-km TT (Ex1 and Ex2, each preceded by a 12 min moderate-intensity warm-up) separated by a 15 min recovery period consisting of: (a) passive rest (PAS) or (b) 5 min cold water immersion at 8°C (CWI-5). In Experiment 2, 13 different active males completed the same Ex1 and Ex2 bouts separated by a 15 min recovery consisting of: (a) PAS, (b) 10 min cold water immersion at 8°C (CWI-10) or (c) 15 min of moderate-intensity active recovery (ACT).Results: In both experiments, the time to complete the 4-km TT-s was not different (P > 0.05, ES = 0.1) among the trials neither in Ex1 (Experiment 1: PAS: 414 ± 39 s; CWI-5: 410 ± 39 s; Experiment 2: PAS: 402 ± 41 s; CWI-10: 404 ± 43 s; ACT: 407 ± 41 s) nor Ex2 (Experiment 1: PAS: 432 ± 43 s; CWI-5: 428 ± 47 s; Experiment 2: PAS: 418 ± 52 s; CWI-10: 416 ± 57 s; ACT: 421 ± 50 s). In addition, in all conditions, the time to complete the time trials was longer (P < 0.05, ES = 0.4) in Ex2 than Ex1. Core temperature was lower (P < 0.05) during the majority of Ex2 after CW-5 compared with passive rest (Experiment 1) and after CWI-10 compared with PAS and ACT (Experiment 2). Perceived exertion was also lower (P < 0.05) at mid-point of Ex2 after CWI-5 compared with PAS (Experiment 1) as well as overall lower during the CWI-10 compared with PAS and ACT conditions (Experiment 2).Conclusion: A post-exercise 5–10 min cold water immersion does not influence subsequent 4-km TT performance in normothermia, despite evoking reductions in thermal strain.

Objective — to investigate the indicators of the quality of life in patients suffering from a hemorrhagic hemispherestroke in the early recovery period in dynamics using SF‑36v2 questionnaire and to reveal the factors which affect these indicators. Methods and subjects. An open‑label, cohort study of 46 patients suffering from a hemorrhagic hemispherestroke (HHS) in the early recovery period was performed in ZSMU nervous diseases clinic. Among the patients there were 31 (67.4 %) men and 15 (32.6 %) women. The average age of the patients was 57.15 ± 9.53 years. The patients underwent comprehensive investigation of HHS on the 30th, 90th, and 180th day of the disease using the following scales: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) to objectively evaluate the condition severity; Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) to assess the rate of functional recuperation and disability; Barthel Index (BI) to evaluate the possibility of everyday skills and self‑care; Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) to indicate the muscle spasticity in the upper and lower limbs; quality of life assessment according to the SF‑36v2 Health Survey questionnaire. Results. The study found that significant decrease of all life quality indicators, evaluated on SF‑36v2 scale, was observed on the 30th day of HHS patients. The physical functioning, the physical role functioning, and the social role functioning section scores were the most decreased. A reliable improvement of the physical and mental part of health during the early recovery period was observed. Conclusions. A statistically significant correlation was found between the NIHSS, mRS, BI scores and all quality of life indicators according to SF‑36v2, except for the intensity of pain on the 30th day of the disease. A statistically significant effect of the presence of manifestations of spasticity on the physical component of health during the early recovery period, as well as on the indicator of pain intensity on the 30th day of the disease, was established.

Objective— toinvestigate theindicators ofthequality oflife inpatients suffering from ahemorrhagic hemispherestroke intheearly recovery period indynamics using SF‑36v2 questionnaire and toreveal thefactors which affect these indicators. Methods and subjects. An open‑label, cohort study of46 patients suffering from ahemorrhagic hemispherestroke (HHS) intheearly recovery period was performed inZSMU nervous diseases clinic. Among thepatients there were 31 (67.4%) men and 15 (32.6%) women. Theaverage age ofthepatients was 57.15±9.53 years. Thepatients underwent comprehensive investigation ofHHS on the30th, 90th, and 180th day ofthedisease using thefollowing scales: National Institutes ofHealth Stroke Scale (NIHSS) toobjectively evaluate thecondition severity; Modified RankinScale (mRS) toassess therate offunctional recuperation and disability; Barthel Index (BI) toevaluate thepossibility ofeveryday skills and self‑care; Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) toindicate themuscle spasticity intheupper and lower limbs; quality oflife assessment according totheSF‑36v2 Health Survey questionnaire. Results. Thestudy found that significant decrease ofall life quality indicators, evaluated on SF‑36v2 scale, was observed on the30th day ofHHS patients. Thephysical functioning, thephysical role functioning, and thesocial role functioning section scores were themost decreased. Areliable improvement ofthephysical and mental part ofhealth during theearly recovery period was observed. Conclusions. Astatistically significant correlation was found between theNIHSS, mRS, BI scores and all quality oflife indicators according toSF‑36v2, except fortheintensity ofpainon the30th day ofthedisease. Astatistically significant effect ofthepresence ofmanifestations ofspasticity on thephysical component ofhealth during theearly recovery period, as well as on theindicator ofpainintensity on the30th day ofthedisease, was established. &nbsp, Цель— изучить показатели качества жизни сприменением опросника SF‑36v2 упациентов сгеморрагическим полушарным инсультом (ГПИ) вранний восстановительный период заболевания вдинамике ивыявить факторы, влияющие на эти показатели. Материалы иметоды. Вклинике нервных болезней Запорожского государственного медицинского университета проведено открытое когортное наблюдение 46 пациентов сГПИ ввосстановительный период заболевания. Среди пациентов был 31(67,4%) мужчина и15(32,6%) женщин. Средний возраст больных составил (57,15±9,53) года. Пациентам проведено комплексное обследование на 30, 90 и180‑е сутки ГПИ соценкой тяжести состояния по шкале инсульта Национальных институтов здоровья США (NIHSS), степени функционального восстановления иинвалидизации по модифицированной шкале Рэнкина (mRS), возможностей бытовых навыков исамообслуживания по индексу Бартел (BI), наличия спастических проявлений вмышцах верхних инижних конечностей икачества жизни по опроснику SF‑36v2 HealthSurvey. Результаты. На 30‑е сутки заболевания упациентов сГПИ зарегистрировано значительное снижение всех показателей качества жизни по опроснику SF‑36v2. Внаибольшей степени были снижены показатели физического функционирования, ролевого функционирования, обусловленного физическим состоянием, исоциального функционирования. Отмечено статистически значимое улучшение физического ипсихического компонентов здоровья втечение раннего восстановительного периода. Выводы. Выявлена статистически значимая корреляционная связь между оценками по NIHSS, mRS, BI ивсеми показателями качества жизни по SF‑36v2, кроме интенсивности боли на 30‑е сутки заболевания. Установлено статистически значимое влияние наличия проявлений спастичности на физический компонент здоровья втечение раннего восстановительного периода, атакже на показатель интенсивности боли на 30‑е сутки заболевания. &nbsp, Мета— вивчити показники якості життя із застосуванням опитувальника SF‑36v2 упацієнтів із геморагічним півкульовим інсультом (ГПІ) уранній відновний період захворювання удинаміці та виявити чинники, які впливають на ці показники. Матеріали іметоди. Уклініці нервових хвороб Запорізького державного медичного університету проведено відкрите когортне спостереження 46 пацієнтів зГПІ увідновний період захворювання. Серед пацієнтів був 31(67,4%) чоловік та 15(32,6%) жінок. Середній вік хворих становив (57,15±9,53) року. Пацієнтам проведено комплексне обстеження на 30, 90 і180‑ту добу ГПІ зоцінкою тяжкості стану за шкалою інсульту Національних Інститутів здоров’я США (NIHSS), ступеня функціонального відновлення та інвалідизації за модифікованою шкалою Ренкіна (mRS), можливостей побутових навичок ісамообслуговування за індексом Бартел (BI), наявності спастичних виявів ум’язах верхніх та нижніх кінцівок та якості життя за опитувальником SF‑36v2 HealthSurvey. Результати. На 30‑ту добу захворювання упацієнтів зГПІ зареєстровано значне зниження всіх показників якості життя за опитувальником SF‑36v2. Найбільшою мірою були знижені показники фізичного функціонування, рольового функціонування, зумовленого фізичним станом, та соціального функціонування. Відзначено статистично значуще поліпшення фізичного та психічного компонентів здоров’я протягом раннього відновного періоду. Висновки. Виявлено статистично значущий кореляційний зв’язок між оцінками за NIHSS, mRS, ВІ та всіма показниками якості життя за SF‑36v2, окрім інтенсивності болю, на 30‑ту добу захворювання. Встановлено статистично значущий вплив наявності виявів спастичності на фізичний компонент здоров’я впродовж раннього відновного періоду, атакож на показник інтенсивності болю на 30‑ту добу захворювання. &nbsp

The ejido Cieneguita de la Barranca has an annual possibility of 2,357.50 cubic meters total roll tree (m3RTA) of the genus Pinus, In2019, the community consolidated a contract for the purchase of pinewood with the Munerachi ejido for a volume of 1,319.05 m3RTA. The ejido is part of 87 % of the ejidos and forest communities are dedicated only to the logging timber and their sale in roll, due to this situation. The objective of this research was to determine the feasibility of an investment project of the forestry industry through a comparative analysis of two economic scenarios established by the method of sale of the sawn timber produced. Through the sale of Mill Run sawn timber, the ejido can reach an annual profit of $ 241,325.95 with a Balance Point at 279,965 Thousand produced, however, in terms of their financial indicators, they all turn out to be negative. On the other hand, theclassification of wood would generate profits to the ejido for $ 2,417,010.52 per year with a Recovery Period of 1.12 years and a Balance Point 50.00 Thousand produced, The Net Present Value was estimated at 493,553.58, the Internal Rate of Return is 1.85% higher than the TREMA and finally the Benefit / Cost Ratio is 1.02, this indicates that the project under these conditions is viable.Additionally, it is recommended to analyze the richness of Dasylirion serekefor its subsequent commercialization as non-timber

This study determines the influence of the main Spanish think tanks in the national and international media during the period from 2004 to 2018. We use quantitative analysis on the published contents (from FactivaVR ) of the main Spanish think tanks between 1st January 2004 and 31st December 2018 in national and international media. The results suggest that the impact of think tanks has increased since the crisis period and has remained constant thereafter, thereby confirming the relevant role of think tanks in public opinion. Moreover, during the process of economic policy design, there has been a significant increase in the hegemony of a few think tanks’ influence in media debates

Key points Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed.We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks.Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training.Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy. Abstract We measured the impact of postexercise cooling on acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during adaptation to resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks. Twelve healthy males (aged 21 ± 2 years) performed a single resistance‐type exercise session followed by water immersion of both legs for 20 min. One leg was immersed in cold water (8°C: CWI), whereas the other leg was immersed in thermoneutral water (30°C: CON). After water immersion, a beverage was ingested containing 20 g of intrinsically (l‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine and l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine) labelled milk protein with 45 g of carbohydrates. In addition, primed continuous l‐[ring‐2H5]‐phenylalanine and l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine infusions were applied, with frequent collection of blood and muscle samples to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in vivo over a 5 h recovery period. In addition, deuterated water (2H2O) was applied with the collection of saliva, blood and muscle biopsies over 2 weeks to assess the effects of postexercise cooling with protein intake on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during more prolonged resistance‐type exercise training (thereby reflecting short‐term training adaptation). Incorporation of dietary protein‐derived l‐[1‐13C]‐phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein was significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (0.016 ± 0.006 vs. 0.021 ± 0.007 MPE; P = 0.016). Postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were lower in CWI compared to CON based upon l‐[1‐13C]‐leucine (0.058 ± 0.011 vs. 0.072 ± 0.017% h−1, respectively; P = 0.024) and l‐[ring‐2H5]‐phenylalanine (0.042 ± 0.009 vs. 0.053 ± 0.013% h−1, respectively; P = 0.025). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates assessed over 2 weeks were significantly lower in CWI compared to CON (1.48 ± 0.17 vs. 1.67 ± 0.36% day−1, respectively; P = 0.042). Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise reduces myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and, as such, probably impairs muscle conditioning., Key points Protein ingestion and cooling are strategies employed by athletes to improve postexercise recovery and, as such, to facilitate muscle conditioning. However, whether cooling affects postprandial protein handling and subsequent muscle protein synthesis rates during recovery from exercise has not been assessed.We investigated the effect of postexercise cooling on the incorporation of dietary protein‐derived amino acids into muscle protein and acute postprandial (hourly) as well as prolonged (daily) myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during recovery from resistance‐type exercise over 2 weeks.Cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers the capacity of the muscle to take up and/or direct dietary protein‐derived amino acids towards de novo myofibrillar protein accretion. In addition, cold‐water immersion during recovery from resistance‐type exercise lowers myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during prolonged resistance‐type exercise training.Individuals aiming to improve skeletal muscle conditioning should reconsider applying cooling as a part of their postexercise recovery strategy.

Wildlife vaccination is an important tool for managing the burden of infectious disease in human populations, domesticated livestock and various iconic wildlife. Although substantial progress has been made in the field of vaccine designs for wildlife, there is a gap in our understanding of how to time wildlife vaccination, relative to host demography, to best protect a population.We use a mathematical model and computer simulations to assess the outcomes of vaccination campaigns that deploy vaccines once per annual population cycle.Optimal timing of vaccination is an important consideration in animals with short to intermediate life spans and a short birthing season. Vaccines that are deployed shortly after the birthing season best protect the host population.The importance of timing is greater in wildlife pathogens that have a high rate of transmission and a short recovery period. Vaccinating at the end of the birthing season best reduces the mean abundance of pathogen‐infected hosts. Delaying vaccination until later in the year can facilitate pathogen elimination. Policy Implications. Tuning wildlife vaccination campaigns to host demography and pathogen traits can substantially increase the effectiveness of a campaign. Our results suggest that, for a fluctuating population, vaccinating at, or shortly after, the end of the birthing season, best protects the population against an invading pathogen. If the pathogen is already endemic, delaying vaccination until after the birthing season is over can help facilitate pathogen elimination. Our results highlight the need to better understand and predict host demography in wildlife populations that are targeted for vaccination., Tuning wildlife vaccination campaigns to host demography and pathogen traits can substantially increase the effectiveness of a campaign. Our results suggest that, for a fluctuating population, vaccinating at, or shortly after, the end of the birthing season, best protects the population against an invading pathogen. If the pathogen is already endemic, delaying vaccination until after the birthing season is over can help facilitate pathogen elimination. Our results highlight the need to better understand and predict host demography in wildlife populations that are targeted for vaccination.

We study the effects of delivering a shock to a complex system comprising components (‘agents’) that interact in a pairwise fashion, independent of other parts of the system and with no central control. There are three aspects to the contribution of this paper. First, shock propagation in a network is developed purely from fundamental principles of complex systems. Second, systemic risk is shown to arise naturally in such a complex system. If a shock is delivered either to one agent or to many agents simultaneously, that shock may be transmitted further, thereby resulting in systemic risk. Third, the monetary loss to the entire system as a result of systemic shock is quantified. Simulations are used to study two particular characteristics of the interactions. The first is the resistance or susceptibility of individual agents to a shock. The second is the time it takes for the shock to affect the entire system. The results show that if a shock is applied to all agents in a network, the systemic effect of that shock is transmitted very quickly. Applying a shock to very few agents results only in an idiosyncratic effect. If an agent can transmit the shock further, a systemic effect will result. The recovery period for agents affected by a systemic shock can be orders of magnitude greater than the time taken for the shock to take effect. The overall effect of the shock on the system is quantified by formulating a ‘contagion index’, which measures the ratio of the total capital lost due to the systemic effect to the total capital before the shock was delivered. The result (approximately 7%) is consistent with other studies, but is more widely applicable because it is not based on one empirical data set.

The aim of this work was to estimate the effect of vaccinating stallions against anthrax on the sperm quality and its criostability. Vaccination of stallions against anthrax led to a decrease in the sperm quality. During the first week after vaccination, the sperm productivity decreased by 10%. In freshly diluted sperm, the sperm motility decreased by 12%, survival by 38% (Р > 0.99), and membrane integrity by 20% (Р > 0.95) on average. Their recovery was observed not earlier than 28 days after vaccination. Vaccination had an especially strong effect on sperm quality after cryopreservation: sperm motility decreased by 35% (P > 0.99), survival by 45% (P > 0.99), and membrane integrity by 46% (P > 0.99) on average, and these parameters remained low for 1 month. Rejection of sperm doses in the postvaccination period was 50% because of the decrease in quality below the standard level. The amount of pathological types of sperm increased 45 days after vaccination: by 27% (Р > 0.95) in fresh sperm and 34% (Р > 0.99) in deconserved sperm. In the case of cryoconservation of stallions' sperm, it is necessary to take into account the recovery period after antiepizootic measures.

Aim: The aim of the present work was to study the possible cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles on the palate of albino rats using routine HE hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination, Masson’s trichrome stains for collagen evaluation and immune-histochemical localization of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa) for detection of any possible cellular changes.Results: The histological and immune-histochemical results revealed atrophy and degenerative changes in the palatal tissues associated with increased expression of nuclear factor kappa. A recovery period of one month resulted in regeneration and improvement in the histological structure and function of the tissues.

This study was designed to show the rule of Vitamin C in the treatment of Bell's palsy when adding to the treatment of bell's palsy in compares to treatment without ascorbic acid and how its effect of fastening time of recovery. Six months from February to July 2019, and 60 patients were collected for this study, 22 patients treated with classical treatment for Bell's palsy, and on the other side 38 patients, we added Vitamin C (500mg) besides classical treatment for Bell's palsy. The results of the current study revealed that Patients with IFP were treated with vitamin C and classical treatments are gotten complete recovery within 4 weeks (92.1%) as compared to classical treatment alone (14.6%) with significant P value 0.0001. About complete resolution after4 to 6 weeks, there is no difference between both vitamin C and classical treatment (92.1%) and classical treatment alone (86.4%) with non-significant P-value. About facial residual, after 6 weeks, there is no difference between both vitamin C and classical treatment (10.5%) and classical treatment alone (10%) with non-significant P-value. It has been concluded that there is the significant value of vitamin C in the treatment of Bell's palsy as compares with classical treatment alone; but this positive value when treated early and good recovery in the first 4 weeks of IFP. A very good result in the hastening of the recovery period in the first 4 weeks but the same as a classical treatment alone after 4 weeks. In this study, no significant values of vitamin C to prevent complications of IFP.

Fish swimming behavior is important for their survival. Burst swimming, prolonged swimming, and their effect on each other were examined for Gymnocypris potanini firmispinatus. Test fish were randomly assigned to two groups, one group was tested for critical swimming speed (Ucrit), and the other was tested for burst speed (Uburst). After a 30-min recovery period, both groups were subjected to Uburst testing. The Uburst value measured following the Ucrit test was termed Uburst-c and Uburst-b was measured following the initial Uburst test. Results include two primary findings. (1) There were significant differences between Uburst and Uburst-c, and between Uburst and Uburst-b, indicating that the effect of fatigue from both prolonged and burst swimming on subsequent burst swimming performance is significant. (2) The recovery ratio after fatigue resulting from prolonged swimming was significantly lower than the recovery ratio after fatigue resulting from burst swimming. The differences between Uburst-c and Uburst-b was not significant. Therefore, whether or not prolonged swimming leads to deeper fatigue than burst swimming will require additional research. The findings from this study on prolonged and burst swimming and their effects on subsequent burst swimming will support continued improvement of fishway design.

Background: A spray pattern (SP) test is one of the most challenging in vitro tests for nasal spray products (NSPs) associated with a high degree of variation. The total results variation observed in such studies should be in major part representative of product performance to assure high confidence when making conclusions based on obtained results. Analytical methods should be developed in a way to minimize variation contribution of random factors. A systematic statistical assessment of sources of variation is encouraged to be performed during any method development. Methods: This study includes the development of a product-shaking procedure, definition of in vivo relevant actuation parameters, and the development of a robust SP method considering NSP behavior. The final SP method is tested on different days and in different laboratories to evaluate the contribution of individual factors and interactions to the observed variance in SP using a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (GRR) model. Results: It was found that the time lag between consecutive actuations significantly influences the variability of the SP area, suggesting the importance of determining a recovery period. Factor analyst was not found to be important. Factor day was found to have the potential to impact results, mostly through interactions with other factors, suggesting that one should pay attention when performing any comparative studies within the same laboratory on different days. Significant differences were observed when the same product was tested in different laboratories. Conclusion: Key random factors, which significantly contribute to total variation, were identified using a GRR approach. By applying an appropriate control strategy over these factors, one can assure that assessed total variation can be representative of product performance. The same general approach is not only applicable to development of SP method for NSP but to all types of analytical testing as well.

Ajjimaporn, A, Chaunchaiyakul, R, Pitsamai, S, and Widjaja, W. Effect of cold shower on recovery from high-intensity cycling in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 33(8): 2233-2240, 2019-Post-exercise cooling, e.g., cold water immersion has shown beneficial cardiovascular and hormonal effects during recovery from exercise in a hot environment. However, not much is known about the effects of a cold water shower (CWS) as a recovery intervention. This study examined the effects of a CWS on heart rate (HR), core temperature (Tc), salivary cortisol, and thermal comfort sensation (TCS) after exercise in the heat. Nine healthy male subjects (age, 21 ± 1 year) performed 45 minutes of cycling in a hot environment (35° C, 40-60% relative humidity) at 65% of peak oxygen uptake. Thereafter, subjects underwent the CWS condition (15 minutes, 15° C water shower) or control (SIT25; 15 minutes passive recovery in 25° C room) in a randomized crossover design. After each 15 minutes, subjects sat in a 25° C room for another 2-hour recovery. Heart rate, Tc, and TCS were recorded before and immediately after exercise, immediately after CWS or SIT25, and at 30 minutes, 1, and 2 hours during additional recovery. Salivary cortisol was collected at the same time points except at 30 minutes of the additional recovery period. Thermal comfort sensation was higher immediately after CWS (+4; very comfortable) than SIT25 (+1; just comfortable). The change of HR decreased faster with CWS (-18.3 ± 2.3%) than with SIT25 (-7.0 ± 4.6%) at the first 30-minute recovery time point (p < 0.01). No differences between recovery conditions were observed for the Tc or salivary cortisol at any time point during the 2-hour recovery period. The findings demonstrate that a 15-minute, 15° C CWS was not effective in reducing Tc or salivary cortisol during recovery from exercise in a hot environment. However, CWS can promote TCS by facilitating a faster HR recovery after 30-minute postintervention compared with passive recovery. The cooling benefits of a CWS could be only recommended to reduce cardiac stress after routine workout in a hot environment.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that leads to sensory, motor and autonomic symptoms. We report a 26-year-old female patient with GBS revealed headache and limbs weakness. Treatment with gammaglobulin and corticosteroids led to a rapid improvement of muscle strength. However, she developed more severe headache and increased intracranial pressure which can be relieved by ventricular drainage during recovery period of GBS. Headache and increased intracranial pressure in GBS was relatively rare. This report reviews some literatures about this disorder and analyses possible pathophysiological mechanisms of intracranial hypertension in GBS. We should pay attention to patients who exhibit atypical presentations.

Skeletal muscle immune cells, such as macrophages, are necessary for proper regrowth following muscle disuse. We suggest that the important role of macrophages concerning muscle regrowth following disuse is divergent compared to young mice (i.e. dysregulated) during the recovery period. Modulation of macrophages may be a promising future therapeutic target to enhance the impaired muscle growth during recovery from disuse in older adults.

Background: Nasal packings can help in control of postoperative bleeding and healing following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) and nasal surgeries, but traditional non-resorbable packs have several inherent drawbacks. Objectives: This study was done to evaluate the effect of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) gel and merocel nasal packs after sinonasal surgery regarding postoperative bleeding, pain, pressure headache and formation of synechia. Patients and Methods: A total of 40 patients who had undergone sinonasal surgery were studied prospectively. At the end of the operation each patient was packed with dissolvable CMC gel in the right side of the nose and merocel in the left side. The haemostatic effect of the CMC and merocel was assessed during the recovery period. Results: six (15%) of the patients packed with CMC had primary postoperative bleeding during the recovery period. Bleeding appeared in four (10%) patients packed with merocel. We observed significant intergroup differences in the level of pain and pressure headache. The CMC group was superior to merocel group and there was a significant low level of pain and pressure headache in the CMC group. Two (5%) of CMC patients and six (15%) of merocel patients developed a synechia at the 4 weeks period. Four (10%) of CMC patients and Ten (25%) of merocel patients developed synechia at the 8 weeks period post operative. Conclusion: We found that dissolvable CMC pack is associated with very low levels of localised pain, pressure headache and with low levels of postoperative bleeding and synechia formation.

Keratoconus is one of the topical problems in modern ophthalmology. Among the currently used treatment methods is intralamellar keratoplasty that utilizes allomaterials or homotransplants. The surgery technique has obvious advantages over penetrating and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. There is no risk of tissue incompatibility, the recovery period is shorter, and prolonged use of corticosteroids is not necessary. In recent years, technological development has made the application of femtosecond laser a standard procedure for various surgical interventions on the cornea, particularly for creation of intrastromal tunnels and corneal bags. This article presents an analysis of the modern literature data about different intralamellar keratoplasty techniques for treatment of keratoconus. The described techniques show its great clinical possibilities, especially the intrastromal keratoplasty variant with implantation of biological tissues. One of such techniques was developed and tried by a group of specialists at Research Institute of Eye Diseases in 2014. It involves recovery of corneal thickness in the ectatic area by intralamellar transplantation of a layered transplant of adequate size, which acts as a bandage. The surgery simultaneously affects the stabilization action, corrects refractive errors and eliminates the structural changes; it was accordingly named bandage therapeutic-optical keratoplasty (BTOK). The indication for its usage is progressing keratoconus in stage II–III patients. Among the described outcomes are cease of the disease progression in long-term follow-up, improvement of corrected and uncorrected visual acuity. The foreign analogue of the technique is Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments (CAIRS) by Jacob S. et al. His study included 20 patients with stages I to IV keratoconus; all patients undergone corneal cross-linking as the first stage, then they had CAIRS implanted into the intrastromal tunnels prepared with femtosecond laser. In both methods, the authors point at the improvement of corrected and uncorrected visual acuity. None of the patients had implant dislocation or keratoconus progression during the follow-up period.

Background Indoor residual spray (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets are the two principal intervention methods of vector control. Zero vector durable lining (ZVDL), a relatively new vector control method, was evaluated to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors in hard to reach areas in the Balaghat district, where malaria transmission is perennial. Methods ZVDL was installed in six experimental villages during November–December 2012. In control villages, IRS was carried out with Alphacypermethrin. Cone bioassays were performed to assess the efficacy and persistence of insecticide-treated ZVDL following WHO bioassays. Results The mean per man hour density of Anopheles caught during 2013 was 12.1 in experimental villages and 16.2 in control villages. No sporozoite-positive Anopheles culicifacies were found in experimental villages; however, in control villages, four sporozoite-positive A. culicifacies were found (two Plasmodium vivax and two P. falciparum). The knock-down rate of A. culicifacies was 95–100% with 100% mortality during the 24 h recovery period. Malaria declined sharply in experimental villages showing a slide positivity rate of 22.3% compared with control villages (36.4%) (p Conclusions A supplementary vector control intervention such as ZVDL has the potential to become a viable alternative to IRS in malaria endemic areas.

The article presents a modern view at the problem of postoperative pain syndrome. The importance of its management is due to the impact on the duration and course of the recovery period. The pathophysiological mechanisms of primary and secondary sensitization, as well as the possibilities of pharmacological management are considered. Multimodal analgesia - a combination of different analgesic medications - is the most justifiable approach of adequate postoperative pain relief. The advantages and disadvantages of possible combinations of analgesic medications depending on the type of surgical intervention are highlighted. The place of adjuvant drugs, in particular gabapentin or pregabalin, is shown in order to achieve the opioid-saving effect and minimize the side effects of opioid analgesics.

To further explore symptoms in patients beyond the expected recovery period post mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) that are potentially indicative of impairment.Ninety-four individuals (62 diagnosed with mTBI within the previous 4-24 weeks and 32 healthy controls) participated in the study. Participants in the mTBI group were further grouped as symptomatic (n = 33) or asymptomatic (n = 29) based on their spontaneous report of symptoms at the time of screening. Measures included a demographic questionnaire, 8 impairment specific self-report clinical tools, and a standard post-mTBI self-report symptom scale (Head Injury Scale (HIS)).Compared to the control group, scores for all instruments (including the HIS) were higher in the symptomatic mTBI group (P 0.05), and higher for the neck disability and hyperarousal measures in the asymptomatic mTBI group (p 0.035), but not the HIS (p 0.093). Overall 94% of the symptomatic and 62% of the asymptomatic participants post-mTBI, recorded scores considered to be clinically relevant on at least one impairment screening tool. In contrast, only 28% of the asymptomatic mTBI group recorded a clinically relevant score for the HIS.Symptoms indicative of persisting impairments beyond the expected recovery period were apparent in a substantial proportion of individuals post mTBI. Furthermore, a high percentage of individuals initially reporting as symptom free demonstrated clinically relevant scores on at least one impairment screening tool. Findings also suggest that a standard post-mTBI self-report symptom scale may often not detect the presence of persisting symptoms.

Background: Verruca vulgaris is a common dermatological problem. The conventional treatments for verruca vulgaris are usually invasive, low efficacy, and need a long recovery period. Aims of study: evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of long pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of verruca vulgaris. Methodology: In this therapeutic clinical trial, thirty five patients with a total of 105 lesions were enrolled. Each patient was eligible for up to three treatment sessions at 2 weeks interval with long pulsed Nd:YAG laser. All verrucae were evaluated before every session and three months after the last treatment session. The response classifies as complete (when there is complete disappearance of lesions), no response when there was no change, and partial (when the reduction in verruca size 50% or greater). Results: complete response was seen in 96 (91.43%), partial response in 4 (3.81%), and no response in 5 (4.76%) verruca. The cumulative clearance rate after first, second, third treatment sessions was 60%, 80%, and 91.43 % respectively. At end of follow up, relapse rate was 2.08%. Side effects were generally mild and did not prevent normal activity. Conclusion: long pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) appears to be effective and safe for treatment of verruca vulgaris. Recommendations: 1. Increase the sample size. 2. Make comparative study with other traditional treatment modality for verruca vulgaris . Keywords: wart, Nd:YAG, laser, Verruca, 1064 nm.

OBJECTIVE To compare physiological responses between two firefighting simulations with different recovery periods, one having work bouts intercalated by a shortened recovery period. METHODS Thirteen male firefighters participated in two different simulations, which comprised two identical 25-minute effort bouts (E1 and E2) intercalated by a recovery period of either 20 (T20) or 5 (T5) minutes. RESULTS From E1 to E2, the increase of mean heart rate (HR) (26 ± 5 vs 14 ± 5 bpm, P

A 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorse had LF lameness that began post high-speed exercise and persisted for two days before the horse once again became sound. Diagnostic analgesia localized the lameness to the LF distal metacarpus, and a standing MRI identified a unicortical condylar fracture. A single 5.5 mm cortical screw was placed in lag fashion. The horse began hand walking at 14 days, racetrack jogging at 30 days, and racing at 5 months after the day of surgery. Placement of a single lag screw ahead of the tip of the crack in unicortical condylar fracture may be useful for reducing the recovery period for horses returning to training and racing.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to identify the potential benefits of both intermittent and continuous training programs in improving cardiovascular parameters and decreased decline in lung function among cigarette or hookah smokers. Methods Fifteen cigarette smokers (CS), 14 hookah smokers (HS), and 14 non-smokers (NS) participated in the low-intensity continuous training (LCT). Eleven CS, 12 HS, and 12 NS participated in the moderate-intensity intermittent training (MIT). The LCT groups performed a 20 to 30-minute continuous exercise at 40% of the VO2max. The MIT groups performed 6 to 10 sets of 2-minute sprint at 70% of the VO2max interspersed by a 1-min recovery period. Before and after 12 weeks of training, lung function and cardiovascular capacity parameters were determined using respectively spirometry and maximal treadmill exercise test. Results The LCT and the MIT programs induced significant increases in the velocity at maximum oxygen uptake v V ˙ O 2 max for NS and CS participants. Similarly, the VO2max improvement was significant for CS and HS groups who participated in the LCT program (P Conclusion In conclusion, both LCT and MIT programs improve cardiovascular capacity and reduce lung function decline in both cigarette and hookah smokers. These both training programs could have important implications in prevention and defense programs.

Objectives This study aimed to examine the effects of different recovery durations on self-selected running velocities, physiological responses, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in a commonly used high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol. Design & methods Twelve trained runners performed an incremental treadmill exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max) and heart rate (HRmax). In four subsequent visits, participants performed a HIIT session comprising six 4-min work intervals, in which the recovery duration between work intervals equalled either a fixed (1MIN, 2MIN, 3MIN) or a self-selected duration (ssMIN). HIIT sessions were run on a non-motorized treadmill, and were performed under isoeffort conditions. Results Mean running velocity was significantly higher in 3MIN compared with all other protocols, and higher in ssMIN compared with 2MIN. No significant differences in time spent ≥90% and 95% V ˙ O2max, or ≥90% and 95% HRmax were evident between the four protocols. RPE responses were similar across and within the protocols showing a gradual increase with each progressive interval. Conclusion In a self-paced HIIT session of six 4-min work intervals, the length of recovery durations had a limited effect on the total physiological strain endured in the training. However, running velocities were higher when participants received the longest recovery period (3MIN). Longer recovery durations may facilitate a higher external training load (faster running), whilst maintaining a similar internal training load (physiological stimulus), and may therefore allow for greater training adaptations.

Background: For many patients, returning to driving after right foot and ankle surgery is a concern, and it is not uncommon for patients to ask if driving may be performed with their left foot. A paucity of literature exists to guide physician recommendations for return to driving. The purpose of this study was to describe the driving habits of patients after right-sided foot surgery and assess the safety of left-footed driving using a driving simulator. Methods: Patients who underwent right foot or ankle operations between January 2015 and December 2015 were retrospectively identified. A survey assessing driving habits prior to surgery and during the recovery period was administered via a REDCap database through email or telephone. Additionally, simulated driving scenarios were conducted using a driving simulator in 20 volunteer subjects to compare characteristics of left- versus right-footed driving. Results: Thirty-six of 96 (37%) patients who responded to the survey reported driving with the left foot postoperatively. No trends were found associating left-footed driving prevalence and socioeconomic status. In driving simulations, patients exceeded the speed limit significantly more ( P < .001) and hit other vehicles more ( P < .026) when driving with the right foot than the left. The time to fully brake and fully release the throttle in response to vehicular hazards was significantly prolonged in left-footed driving compared with right ( P = .019 and P = .034, respectively). Conclusion: A significant proportion of right foot ankle surgery patients engaged in left-footed driving during postoperative recovery. Driving with both the right and left foot presents a risk of compromised safety. This study provides novel objective data regarding the potential risks of unipedal left-footed driving using a standard right-footed console, which indicates that driving with the left foot may prolong brake and throttle release times. Further studies are warranted for physicians to be able to appropriately advise patients about driving after foot and ankle surgery. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

The purpose of the work is to determine the features of the reaction of brain energy processes to cold stress in young people -residents of the Arctic zone. Methods. The study of energy processes of the brain, using "Neuro-KM" hardware and software complex to record the distribution of the level of constant potential (SCP) in 97 people (49 boys and 48 girls) aged 18-19 years. Registration of the level of constant potential was carried out at rest and after the cold test. The analysis of the constant potential level was carried out by mapping the values of SCP obtained by monopolar measurement and calculating the deviations of SCP in each of the leads from the mean values recorded in all areas of the head, which makes it possible to estimate the local values of SCP in each of the areas with the exception of the effects coming from the reference electrode. Factor analysis with Varimax-rotation was used to study the relationship between the indicators of energy supply of the brain. Results. Cold stress caused in both groups an increase in the level of permanent potential for all leads: an average of 6,7 % in boys and 10,6 % in girls. Throughout the recovery period, the level of permanent capacity continued to increase across all leads. By the end of the tenth minute in the group of boys the maximum value of the level of constant potential was recorded in the Central lead, in the group of girls in the Central and occipital parts of the brain. Conclusions: Neurophysiological mechanisms that provide energy processes in the cerebral cortex, with cold stress in boys and girls in the climatic and geographical conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, have a different character. Girls have adaptive neurophysiological processes, associated with energy supply brain, proceed more intensely and require big energy costs, compared with boys.

PurposeFocusing on the global trade collapse and the subsequent recovery period, the purpose of this paper is to examine the export performance of firms that are involved in complex internationalization strategies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a random-effects probit model with panel data and a dynamic panel data model (GMM system) for Spanish manufacturing firms from 2006 to 2013 period.FindingsIt is found that, once firm characteristics are controlled for, complex internationalization plays an important role in continuing to export and, additionally, positively influences the level of exports. Firms active in a complex mix of internationalization strategies have an added advantage, which enables them to confront the uncertainty of foreign markets in better conditions and translates to a lower likelihood of ceasing exporting and to higher export values.Practical implicationsThe present paper throws light on this question by showing that the negative impact of trade collapse in 2009 on the export level was lower for firms inserted in complex internationalization strategies and the subsequent recovery was more intense.Originality/valueThe analysis goes one step further and investigates whether the impact is different during the trade collapse in 2009 and the following recovery. Here, previous empirical research at firm level on the role of complex internationalization strategies in trade is contradictory.

Background The procedures for breast reconstruction (BR) after mastectomy frequently initiate a difficult recovery period. A better understanding of women's support needs after surgery would improve patient care. Objective The aim of this study was to identify patients' support needs after BR. Methods In a retrospective study design, 21 participants described their support experiences after BR, including their sources of support and the impact of support on their recovery in a semistructured interview. Transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Four support needs were identified and were composed of elements of instrumental, emotional, and informational support. These needs were addressed to varying degrees by healthcare providers, family members, and other women who had BR experience. Conclusion Women's experience of BR and their ability to cope are markedly better when their support needs are effectively addressed. Greater attention to their needs for support has the potential to improve patient care. Implications for practice Nurses play a pivotal role in providing information to women who are recovering from BR. Improved access to communication channels between nurses and patients would likely improve patients' support experiences. In addition, nurses can assess the women's specific support needs and partner with families to help them understand how best to support women during recovery.

Author(s): Singer, GP; Hansen, MJ; Ho, KV; Lee, KW; Cocherell, DE; Peter Klimley, A; Rypel, AL; Fangue, NA | Abstract: Acoustic telemetry, a commonly used tool for examining movements and survival of aquatic species, is often applied without a comprehensive understanding of transmitter implantation effects. This can be problematic when the goal of the study is to use telemetry results to make inferences regarding broader populations. Here, we examined juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at varying time intervals after transmitter implantation to assess the behavioral implications of tagging. The following behavioral metrics in response to a novel environment were compared across treatment and control groups: time to emergence from shelter into the open portion of the test arena, rheotactic response, total activity, and rates of exploration. Tagged fish (114–132nmm FL) were tested at 0, 1, or 4nd postsurgery (day-0, day-1, and day-4 groups, respectively), and their behavior was compared to that of similarly handled control fish. Emergence from refuge was the only metric that differed significantly between treatment and control groups. Fish tested on the same day as the surgery were less likely to emerge from the refuge, with only 46% of the day-0 tagged fish emerging compared to 88, 93, and 80% of the day-1, day-4, and control groups, respectively. However, day-0 fish that did emerge from the refuge had rheotactic responses, total activity, and exploration rates similar to those of fish from the other treatment and control groups. This study may have fisheries research and management implications, especially for telemetry studies and monitoring efforts. We encourage researchers using this technology to consider (1) observing a post-transmitter-implantation recovery period of at least 24nh prior to release, adjusting study plans and logistics accordingly; (2) applying sufficient scientific rigor to emerging tagging technology prior to wide-scale adoption; and (3) when possible, conducting concurrent battery life and tag effects studies with any field release of tagged fishes, as differing relationships between fish size, tag size, and tagging techniques may yield variable results.

The article aims to provide a better understanding of the urban practices of young people living with a diagnosis of psychosis while recovering. I show the way practices are adjusted according to the temporal dynamics of psychosis. I argue that the continuous variability of symptoms over the recovery period implies alternately practices of withdrawal and reconquest of the urban space. I first outline participants' reconquest of urban spaces, which starts in well-known places and then extends to less familiar ones. In doing so, I point out the diversity of urban spaces inhabited by participants during the recovery process which includes institutional, private, as well as public places. I then outline the various material, relational and sensory resources available in these spaces. I show how participants use them according to the temporal dynamics. I finally highlight the way participants are gradually getting involved in the relationship with a large array of resources as the intensity of symptoms is reducing. My analysis is based on a three months ethnography in a therapeutic institution in Lausanne.

Despite popularity of research on emotion suppression, the moderating effects of trait emotionality on different methods for suppressing emotion remain relatively unexamined. To address this issue, we experimentally tested suppression of emotional expression versus emotional experience on multiple emotions among individuals with varying levels of trait negative affect (NA). Participants were randomly assigned to suppress expression or experience, or to pay attention (control) during a sadness- and anxiety-inducing film clip and a subsequent 2-minute recovery period. Results revealed moderating effects of trait NA and variable effects of suppression across each emotion. There was no effect of experimental group on sadness, anxiety or cardiac responding, but participants suppressing expression showed decreased anxiety and cardiac responding associated with increased levels of trait NA compared to other groups. There were no effects of suppressing experience compared to controls for self-reported emotion or physiology. Findings suggest that individual differences in trait emotionality influence the effects of suppressing expression, that the effects of suppressing emotion may depend on the emotion suppressed, and that these forms of suppression do not constitute the same emotion regulatory process. Additional theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.