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A mucocele do apêndice (MA) apresenta-se como uma dilatação obstrutiva do apêndice vermiforme associada a um acúmulo de substância mucinosa e que se não tratada pode evoluir a uma ruptura do apêndice, acarretando uma doença potencialmente fatal conhecida como pseudomixoma peritoneal (PP). A MA trata-se de uma patologia incomum com incidência em apendicectomias de 0,1% a 0,4%. A MA pode ser de origem benigna ou maligna, através da hiperplasia mucosa ou cistoadenoma mucinoso ou cistoadenocarcinoma mucinoso, respectivamente. O diagnóstico geralmente é intraoperatório e achados ultrassonográficos ou radiológicos são raros.

INTRODUCTION: Standard-of-care systemic chemotherapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) currently have limited clinical benefits, in addition to causing adverse side effects in many patients. One factor known to contribute to the poor chemotherapy response is the poor drug diffusion into PDAC tumors. Novel treatment methods are therefore drastically needed to improve targeted delivery of treatments. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the 3DNA® Nanocarrier (3DNA) platform to direct delivery of therapeutics to PDAC tumors in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A panel of PDAC cell lines and a patient tissue microarray were screened for established tumor-specific proteins to identify targeting moieties for active targeting of the 3DNA. NRG mice with or without orthotopic MIA PaCa-2-luciferase PDAC tumors were treated intraperitoneally with 100 μl of fluorescently labeled 3DNA. RESULTS: Folic acid and transferrin receptors were significantly elevated in PDAC compared to normal pancreas. Accordingly, both folic acid- and transferrin-conjugated 3DNA treatments significantly increased delivery of 3DNA specifically to tumors in comparison to unconjugated 3DNA treatment. In the absence of tumors, there was an increased clearance of both folic acid-conjugated 3DNA and unconjugated 3DNA, compared to the clearance rate in tumor-bearing mice. Lastly, delivery of siLuciferase by folic acid-conjugated 3DNA in an orthotopic model of luciferase-expressing PDAC showed significant and prolonged suppression of luciferase protein expression and activity. CONCLUSION: Our study progresses the 3DNA technology as a reliable and effective treatment delivery platform for targeted therapeutic approaches in PDAC.

Considerando a possibilidade de a arte promover reflexão e alento em momentosde adversidade, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi ampliar a experiência de estudantesdo Ensino Médio articulando arte e pandemia, tendo em vista o fortalecimento para oenfrentamento das adversidades ocasionadas pela pandemia da COVID-19, incluindoaspectos subjetivos, sociais e de ensino-aprendizagem. A partir da canção "O Bêbado e aEquilibrista" , composta por Aldir Blanc e João Bosco, buscamos discutir, refletir e criar comalunos de uma escola estadual de ensino integral através da participação em uma disciplinaeletiva com ensino remoto. Adotamos uma abordagem qualitativa pautada na pesquisaaçãoe fundamentada na Pedagogia histórico-crí­tica e Psicologia histórico-cultural. Após aapresentação e discussão da música – significados e contexto da composição, propomosa criação de paródias a fim de incentivar os alunos a expressarem seus sentimentos emforma de arte. Como resultado, identificou-se nos relatos e nas composições dos alunosexpressões de solidão, isolamento, perdas, medo, saudade e, ao mesmo tempo, esperançaem relação ao futuro. Destaca-se que, antes da atividade proposta, os sentimentos dosalunos eram predominantemente negativos e, após a expressão artí­stica, os sentimentosse transformaram e foram identificados a, por exemplo, feliz, calmo, tranquilo, entre outros.

Firewood extraction by mule forwarding is still common in oak coppices in Central and Southern Italy. This is due to the scarce presence of aerial extraction systems such as cable yarders. Considering the importance of forest soil for all ecosystem services, the evaluation of the disturbance that a given extraction system has on the forest soil is a fundamental aspect in the framework of sustainable forest management. Therefore, this study was developed to assess the disturbance caused to the physicochemical and biological features of soil and to coppice after mule logging according to the standards of silvicultural treatment, as well as the recovery time needed after the logging intervention. Four cutting blocks located in Central Italy represented the study area, one cutting block represented the unharvested control, while the others were logged 3 years (CB-2019), 8 years (CB-2014) and 10 years (CB-2012) prior to the field surveys. In each harvested cutting block the soil was subdivided into disturbed soil (DIST—mule trails) and low disturbance soil (LD—area within the harvested cutting block not affected by mule passage). This experimental design assessed the disturbance caused by logging operations by mules (DIST soil) and the silvicultural treatment (LD soil) to soil physicochemical (bulk density, penetration resistance, shear resistance, and soil organic matter) and biological properties (soil microarthropod community evaluated with the QBS-ar index). The results revealed a significant disturbance in the mule trails for all the investigated variables. The disturbance was particularly strong for the QBS-ar index, with values which were lower than half of those of the control area. Furthermore, no recovery process was evident even after 10 years from the logging interventions. Instead, values of the various parameters became worse with time after harvesting. On the other hand, no marked disturbance was revealed in LD soil, except for a significant decrease in soil organic matter. Although this is a preliminary evaluation that needs to be confirmed with further study, this trial suggested that mule logging cannot be considered a fully low-impact approach to forest operations and that studies with a longer time span after harvesting are needed to assess the recovery process in the mule trails.

La captura y encarcelamiento de Luis Fernando Camacho ha devuelto a Bolivia a la crispación política y mantiene vivos los sucesos de 2019, cuando el presidente Evo Morales fue derrocado en medio de una profunda crisis política. Esta medida, tomada por la Fiscalía de La Paz, no es ajena a la decisión del gobierno de avanzar con los casos judiciales “Golpe I” y “Golpe II” que ya han llevado a la cárcel a jefes militares y policiales y a la expresidenta interina Jeanine Áñez. Y tampoco es extraña a las disputas en el interior del MAS entre arcistas y evistas con vistas, ya, a las elecciones del Bicentenario en 2025.

Abandonment of agricultural lands promotes the global expansion of secondary forests, which are critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services. Such roles largely depend, however, on two essential successional attributes, trajectory and recovery rate, which are expected to depend on landscape-scale forest cover in nonlinear ways. Using a multi-scale approach and a large vegetation dataset (843 plots, 3511 tree species) from 22 secondary forest chronosequences distributed across the Neotropics, we show that successional trajectories of woody plant species richness, stem density and basal area are less predictable in landscapes (4 km radius) with intermediate (40–60%) forest cover than in landscapes with high (greater than 60%) forest cover. This supports theory suggesting that high spatial and environmental heterogeneity in intermediately deforested landscapes can increase the variation of key ecological factors for forest recovery (e.g. seed dispersal and seedling recruitment), increasing the uncertainty of successional trajectories. Regarding the recovery rate, only species richness is positively related to forest cover in relatively small (1 km radius) landscapes. These findings highlight the importance of using a spatially explicit landscape approach in restoration initiatives and suggest that these initiatives can be more effective in more forested landscapes, especially if implemented across spatial extents of 1–4 km radius.

The recovery of soil conditions is crucial for successful ecosystem restoration and, hence, for achieving the goals of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Here, we assess how soils resist forest conversion and agricultural land use, and how soils recover during subsequent tropical forest succession on abandoned agricultural fields. Our overarching question is how soil resistance and recovery depend on local conditions such as climate, soil type and land-use history. For 300 plots in 21 sites across the Neotropics, we used a chronosequence approach in which we sampled soils from two depths in old-growth forests, agricultural fields (i.e. crop fields and pastures), and secondary forests that differ in age (1-95 years) since abandonment. We measured six soil properties using a standardized sampling design and laboratory analyses. Soil resistance strongly depended on local conditions. Croplands and sites on high-activity clay (i.e. high fertility) show strong increases in bulk density and decreases in pH, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) during deforestation and subsequent agricultural use. Resistance is lower in such sites probably because of a sharp decline in fine root biomass in croplands in the upper soil layers, and a decline in litter input from formerly productive old-growth forest (on high-activity clays). Soil recovery also strongly depended on local conditions. During forest succession, high-activity clays and croplands decreased most strongly in bulk density and increased in C and N, possibly because of strongly compacted soils with low C and N after cropland abandonment, and because of rapid vegetation recovery in high-activity clays leading to greater fine root growth and litter input. Furthermore, sites at low precipitation decreased in pH, whereas sites at high precipitation increased in N and decreased in C : N ratio. Extractable phosphorus (P) did not recover during succession, suggesting increased P limitation as forests age. These results indicate that no single solution exists for effective soil restoration and that local site conditions should determine the restoration strategies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding forest landscape restoration: reinforcing scientific foundations for the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration'., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 378 (1867), ISSN:0962-8436, ISSN:1471-2970, ISSN:0080-4622

Precipitation information ;Metadata of the 22 databases analyzed in our study. Stem inclusion criterion refers to the diameter at breast height (dbh), except for data from Vieira et al., who used height values. The data used in the analysis from Chazdon and Griffith et al. are for repeated measures over three years, given the small number of plots (n = 6). For these databases, the age range in the chronosequences corresponds to the variation in the last year sampled. S. G. Letcher database include some plots studied by R. L. Chazdon. ;Effect of precipitation on the predictability of successional trajectories. Predictability was measured as the goodness-of-fit (R²adj) of the relationship between each vegetation attribute and forest stand age. ;Effect of precipitation, minimum stem diameter, and plot size on the recovery rate of species richness, density of individuals and basal area along secondary succession. We estimated recovery rate through the equation: [(15 years predicted value – 20 years predicted value)/5], where 5 corresponds to the age interval in years. The predicted values for the fixed age of 15 and 20 years were obtained from the relationship between each vegetation attribute and forest stand age, using generalized additive models.;Effect of landscape forest cover on the predictability of successional trajectories considering differently sized concentric landscapes (i.e. buffers of 1 to 10-km radius, at 1 km intervals). Predictability was measured as the goodness-of-fit (R²adj) of the relationship between each vegetation attribute and forest stand age using generalized additive models. Because the deviance explained by the models was highest when considering landscapes of 4-km radius for all vegetation attributes (in bold), this landscape radius was selected as the scale of forest cover effect (Jackson & Fahrig 2015).

Bromus auleticus is a winter wild species with promissory characteristics for domestication as forage that inhabits temperate-warm grasslands from a wide region from South America. Populations from regions with different environmental conditions are considered as ecotypes and are associated with different seedborne Epichloë fungal endophytes. Association with Epichloë provides B. auleticus with increased growth capacity and resistance against pathogens. The seeds mature at the end of spring and germinate in autumn, remaining dormant during wet and warm summer. As the persistence of Epichloë endophytes in the seed is highly sensitive to temperature and humidity, we studied how the endophytes modulate seed germination in response to these factors in two B. auleticus ecotypes named La Pampa (LP) and El Palmar (EP). We also studied how environmental factors during germination affect endophyte survival. In the LP ecotype, adapted to coldest temperatures in autumn, Epichloë improved final germination under alternating temperatures, but had no effects on germination inhibition imposed by low water availability. In the EP ecotype, adapted to warm humid summer and autumn, the endophyte promoted germination at constant 25°C and alternating 15/25°C temperatures, and prevented germination at low water potentials. At 30°C, seed germination was inhibited and whereas seeds remained viable, endophyte survival was significantly lowered. The effect of Epichloë on B. auleticus seed germination was ecotype-specific: promoting germination at alternating temperatures in La Pampa ecotype or at high temperatures in El Palmar ecotype, while inhibiting it at low water availabilities, could be an endophyte-mediated ecotypic strategy minimising endophyte mortality and increasing seedling establishment. Fil: Stefanoni Rubio, Pablo Jose. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Gundel, Pedro Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura; Argentina. Universidad de Talca; Chile Fil: Novas, María Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina Fil: Iannone, Leopoldo Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Micología y Botánica. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Micología y Botánica; Argentina

La decisión de Pedro Castillo de cerrar el Congreso, que desde el comienzo actuó de manera obstruccionista e intentó una y otra vez destituirlo, fue un salto al vacío que acabó con la detención del mandatario. Proveniente del Perú profundo, el presidente nunca pudo armar un gobierno y se recostó en un círculo opaco de colaboradores que acabó generando un fuerte aislamiento del jefe de Estado. La nueva presidenta se enfrenta hoy con fuertes protestas que demandan la disolución del Congreso, más impopular que Castillo, y el adelanto electoral para 2023, en un nuevo capítulo de una sucesión de crisis políticas que llevó a la mayoría de los expresidentes a la prisión.

La situación venezolana se ha venido transformando en el plano interno y externo. Se observa una consolidación de Nicolás Maduro en el poder, en medio de un esfuerzo del gobierno bolivariano por mostrar que el país salió del pozo, pese a las sanciones económicas. La coyuntura política latinoamericana y la invasión rusa de Ucrania han cambiado también el contexto geopolítico internacional. Con negociaciones en varios planos entre Caracas y Washington, la oposición —al igual que el debilitado “gobierno encargado”— busca reposicionarse en el nuevo escenario —y reorganizarse internamente— con vistas a las presidenciales de 2024.

Information on the spatial distribution of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) and its uncertainty is important to evaluate management and conservation policies in tropical forests. However, the scarcity of field data and robust protocols to propagate uncertainty prevent a robust estimation through remote sensing. We upscaled AGB from field data to LiDAR, and to landscape scale using Sentinel-2 and ALOS-PALSAR through machine learning, propagated uncertainty using a Monte Carlo framework and explored the relative contributions of each sensor. Sentinel-2 outperformed ALOS-PALSAR (R2 = 0.66, vs 0.50), however, the combination provided the best fit (R2 = 0.70). The combined model explained 49% of the variation comparing against plots within the calibration area, and 17% outside, however, 94% of observations outside calibration area fell within the 95% confidence intervals. Finally, we partitioned the distribution of AGB in different management and conservation categories for evaluating the potential of different strategies for conserving carbon stock.

Este articulo documenta y analiza las leyes que en Mexico habilitaron el espacio sobre el cual se construyo el paradigma prohibicionista en materia de drogas. Esa posicion gubernamental de indole punitiva se consolido durante el periodo comprendido entre 1917 y 1947, es decir, entre la promulgacion de la Constitucion Politica y una serie de reformas realizadas al Codigo Penal Federal. La exploracion y analisis de esas leyes requirio documentar la discusion cientifica en torno a los procesos legislativos: una discusion que en ciertos momentos respaldo, y en otros critico, la posicion gubernamental. En funcion de este trabajo de documentacion historica —y en el marco de las primeras prohibiciones nacionales e internacionales sobre el cannabis— se articulan opiniones medicas y juridicas, y se exploran los puntos donde la ciencia y las leyes coincidieron, y aquellos donde se contrapusieron. Abstract This article documents and analyzes the drug laws that enabled and created the space for the implementation of a prohibitionist paradigm in Mexico. An increasingly punitive government posture was adopted during the period from 1917 to 1947, i.e., between the promulgation of the Constitution and the incorporation of a series of reforms into the Federal Penal Code. The study and analysis of these laws required the documentation of scientific discussions surrounding the legislative process: discussions which sometimes supported and, at others, were critical of the government's position. Based on this review of the historical documentation—and within the framework of the initial domestic and international prohibitions of cannabis—medical and legal opinions are articulated, and the areas in which science and the law either coincided or entered into conflict are explored. Keywords: History of drugs, prohibitionism, degeneration, public policy, cannabis, marijuana.