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CoZr columnar structured magnetic films were fabricated by oblique sputtering onto porous aluminum oxide substrates with different oblique angles. The scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of columnar structure and nanoporous structure was disappeared with increasing oblique angle. The static magnetic properties showed larger coercivity and lower magnetization squareness due to columnar structure resulted from nanopores. Dynamic magnetic properties were determined by effect of holes and oblique sputtering. Enhanced microwave absorption was obtained by complex permeability measurement, which line width of columnar film increased 1.4 GHz comparing with 0.5 GHz of continuous film. Therefore, it is an effective way to get the adjustable anisotropy field and line width, which is desirable for obtaining the high resonance and high permeability ferromagnetic film materials for high frequency application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the genealogy of 'Chinese' political geography, which, to a certain extent, can be read as a national report of the status of political geography in Chinese scholarship. It begins by outlining the short duration of the development of political geography in China, compared to the longer history of western political geography. Looking at the extant studies related to political geography in China, this paper suggests an existence of a duality in this field. One strand of scholarship is termed 'exogenous political geography', which is largely influenced by western scholarship with a particular focus on theories and vocabularies from classical geopolitics and geo-economy. The other strand is termed as 'endogenous political geography', which covers rich topics, including, yet not limited to, political and geographical views of inter-state relationships, central-local relationships and emperor-people relationships. Such a duality is important for understanding the condition of current political geography in China. The dualised understanding, however, seems to have undermined the comprehensiveness of political geography in China. In this regard, this paper calls for a more complete, integrated and critical agenda for political geography in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) show promising potential for electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the energy density of ASCs is limited by the poor electrochemical performance of anodes. To achieve high-performance ASCs, herein, Fe2O3 nanotubes constructed from Fe2O3 nanoneedles were fabricated by employing MnO2 nanotubes as a self-sacrificing template, and then a layer of polypyrrole (PPy) was coated through an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method to enhance their performance. The electrochemical tests indicate that the resultant PPy-coated Fe2O3 nanotubes (Fe2O3@PPy) exhibit a high areal capacitance of 530 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2 and good cycling stability, which are superior to those of the Fe2O3 nanotubes. The superior performance of the Fe2O3@PPy nanotubes can be attributed to the synergistic effect between the PPy shell and Fe2O3 core, in which the conducting PPy shell not only works as a superhighway for charge transport, but also stabilizes the Fe2O3 nanotubes during charge–discharge processes. When the Fe2O3@PPy nanotubes were assembled with MnO2 nanotubes, the as-assembled ASCs possess a high cell voltage of 2.0 V and deliver a high energy density of up to 51.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 285.4 W kg−1 with an excellent cycling stability (83.5% capacitance retention over 5000 cycles). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing affordability has become a critical challenge worldwide, consequently constraining young generation from entering the housing market. Despite growing attention to housing inequality in China, little research has been undertaken to reveal the extent to which a family of origin contributes to housing inequality among young adults. Family resources could support the young generation to achieve homeownership not only directly through intergenerational transfers of wealth, but also indirectly through intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic characteristics. Using the 2013 Fudan Yangtze River Delta Social Transformation Survey, this study constructs a structural equation model to examine the direct and indirect influence of parents' resources on the young generation's housing outcomes. The results show that the direct influence of parents' homeownership is prominent, whereas the impact of transmitted socioeconomic status is limited. Housing advantages of parents, derived from their superior institutional status during China's housing reforms, are being transmitted to their offspring, particularly to sons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear‐thickening fluid (STF) refers to a system where nonaggregating solid particles are suspended in a specific fluid. Due to its unique viscosity variation, STFs have attracted a lot of attention as soft body armor materials for impact protection. In this work, two kinds of STFs were designed using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and spherical or irregularly shaped silica particles. Rheological results showed that shear thickening can even occur at lower shear rates in the irregularly shaped silica‐based STF; however, the thickening range of the spherical silica‐based STF was broader. Meanwhile, the composites prepared with STFs and aramid fabrics exhibited better antistab properties than neat fabrics. Compared to composite prepared with irregularly shaped silica‐based STF, spherical silica‐based STF/aramid composite had better stabbing resistance. In addition to the binding effect of silica particles to the fiber bundle, it was considered that when the fabric composite was subjected to impact, spherical particles were easier to slide so that the STF was more likely to be thickened to achieve a greater viscosity, resulting in the better stabbing resistance performance. Our studies will provide guidance for the design of the high‐performance soft body armor equipment. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48809. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing interests in travel-related subjective well-being in transport research, few studies have explored the effects of residential environment on travel satisfaction, especially how travel satisfaction may change after residential relocation. This study investigates whether and how residential relocation leads to changes in travel satisfaction. Using a two-wave questionnaire survey conducted from 2011 to 2013 in Beijing, we compare home movers' travel satisfaction before and after residential relocation, and further examine how changes in the built environment and that in travel behavior lead to changes in travel satisfaction, taking into consideration the travel-related motivation for home relocation. We find that almost 70% movers reported improvement in travel satisfaction after relocation, suggesting that residential relocation may serve as an opportunity to enhance travel satisfaction; improved neighborhood environments explain increases in travel satisfaction: higher accessibility to facilities, better physical design, enhanced safety and more interactions between neighbors contribute to improved travel satisfaction. On the other hand, increased travel time by transit reduces travel satisfaction. We also find out that relocation motivated by travel-related reasons did not lead to a significant improvement in travel satisfaction. This study contributes to the literature by appreciating the role of neighborhood environment in improving travel experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term application of substantial amounts of fungicides and antibiotic-polluted organic manure (OM) in greenhouse has caused the co-existence of fungicides and antibiotics in soils. However, little is known about the effects of antibiotics on the persistence of fungicides in soils or their combined effects on soil enzyme activity. In this study, fungicide chlorothalonil (CTL) alone and in combination with antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC) or ciprofloxacin (CIP) were repeatedly added to OM-amended soil to investigate the changes in the residual characteristics of CTL and in soil dehydrogenase and urease activity. The results showed that CTL rapidly dissipated in soils with the corresponding half-lives of 0.9–3.2, which initially increased, then decreased and finally stabilized with an increased treatment frequency. The dissipation of CTL was inhibited by CTC and CIP during the first several treatments. The soil dehydrogenase and urease activity in CTL-treated soils was inhibited during the first six treatments and then recovered afterwards. Compared with the OM-amended soil+CTL treatment, the OM-amended soil+CTL+CTC and OM-amended soil+CTL+CIP treatments had stronger inhibitory effects on soil enzyme activity during the first six repeated treatments but exhibited slight stimulating effects afterwards. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggested that the long-term co-existence of CTL, CTC, and CIP altered the dissipation characteristics of CTL in soil and affected the soil enzyme activity levels. The prudent application of large and frequent of fungicides and OM-containing antibiotic residues in greenhouses should therefore be carefully considered in order to reduce the long-term combined pollution in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coordinated development is a major concern in the construction strategy of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). However, there were few studies which have quantitatively measured the level of coordinated development in the YREB. This paper aimed to propose an comprehensive index system of coordinated development based on the theories of growth pole and complex ecosystem and new guidelines of development from the central government. The index system was composed by 18 indicators within 4 domains including economic development, technology & innovation, communication & transportation, and ecological protection. The scores of coordinated development capability of the 110 prefecture-level cities in the YREB were calculated and examined using natural break point analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and rank-size analysis. It was shown that Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan were leading the coordinated development in the YREB. Generally, the scores of coordinated development capability were higher in the eastern region of the YREB, in which the cities performed well in the domains of economic development, technology & innovation and communication & transportation yet showed poor performance in ecological protection. Most cities in the middle reaches of Yangtze river ranked in the middle in the YREB in all the domains, except the provincial capitals. The western region of the YREB got the lowest score in the coordinated development capability besides the largest cities such as Chongqing, Chengdu, Kunming and Guiyang. The correlation coefficients between ecological protection and other domains were very low, suggesting that few cities have achieved a win-win situation between environment protection and socioeconomic development. We suggested 3 ways to promote coordinated development in the YREB: establish multi-level institutional designs; enhance the innovation in green industries; and strengthen the joint prevention and control of ecological risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major latex proteins (MLPs) belong to the MLP subfamily in Bet v 1 protein family and respond to both biotic and abiotic stresses, which play critical roles in plant disease resistance. As the type species of widely distributed and economically devastating Potyvirus, Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the major constraints to important crop plants including tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) worldwide. Despite the great losses owing to PVY infection in tobacco, there is no previous study investigating the potential role of MLPs in developing resistance to viral infection. Results: In this study, for the first time we have identified and functionally analyzed the MLP-like protein 28 from N. benthamiana, denoted as NbMLP28 and investigated its role in conferring resistance to N. benthamiana against PVY infection. NbMLP28 was localized to the plasmalemma and nucleus, with the highest level in the root. NbMLP28 gene was hypothesized to be triggered by PVY infection and was highly expressed in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. Further validation was achieved through silencing of NbMLP28 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) that rendered N. benthamiana plants more vulnerable to PVY infection, contrary to overexpression that enhanced resistance. Conclusions: Taken together, this is the first study describing the role of NbMLP28 in tobacco against PVY infection and provide a pivotal point towards obtaining pathogen-resistant tobacco varieties through constructing new candidate genes of MLP subfamily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on residential mobility pays little attention to the outcomes of residential relocation and their determinants. This study aims to address this shortfall by examining the link between home relocation and change in residential satisfaction based on data from a two-wave sample survey in Beijing, China. The data is collected through interviews with a sample of 537 participants who planned to move and eventually did move in Beijing. A multi-level structural equation model is developed to analyse the determinants of change in residential satisfaction after home relocation. The results show that people generally become more satisfied with their residence after relocation. The major determinants of residential satisfaction changes are adjustments in housing conditions (including housing tenure and dwelling space) and neighbourhood environment (including physical design, absence of nuisance, social interaction and accessibility to various facilities). The findings of this research not only enrich the literature on residential satisfaction and residential mobility, but may also help to improve urban planning and public housing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a nanoflake array composed of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2S4 was in situ assembled on nickel foam (CFS-10/NF) via a simple surface modification by sulfidation; the composition and structure of this array were confirmed by various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. When applied as an additive-free electrode material, the 3D CFS-10/NF sample exhibited an outstanding capacitance property (4.6 F cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2), good rate capability and stable cycling performance. The asymmetric supercapacitor device with CFS-10/NF as an anode and activated carbon as a cathode showed superior performance with the high areal capacitance of 190.5 mF cm−2 and the energy density of 19.8 W h kg−1. Moreover, the sample exhibited good cycling stability with 100% capacitance retention after 3000 cycles. Due to the rich redox reaction and high electrical conductivity boosted by the well-designed composition as well as large specific surface area and a short ion transportation path attributed to its nanoflake structure, the composite material demonstrates a promising prospect in energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ru is an important catalyst in many types of reactions. Specifically, Ru is well known as the best monometallic catalyst for oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) and has been practically used in residential fuel cell systems. However, Ru is a minor metal, and the supply risk often causes violent fluctuations in the price of Ru. Performance‐improved and cost‐reduced solid‐solution alloy nanoparticles of the Cu‐Ru system for CO oxidation are now presented. Over the whole composition range, all of the CuxRu1−x nanoparticles exhibit significantly enhanced CO oxidation activities, even at 70 at % of inexpensive Cu, compared to Ru nanoparticles. Only 5 at % replacement of Ru with Cu provided much better CO oxidation activity, and the maximum activity was achieved by 20 at % replacement of Ru by Cu. The origin of the high catalytic performance was found as CO site change by Cu substitution, which was investigated using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra and theoretical calculations. Copper helps out: The weakening of the CO adsorption energy on Ru atoms by alloying with Cu atoms plays an important role in the enhancement of the CO oxidation activity of CuxRu1−x nanoparticles. The weakening of the CO adsorption energy on Ru atoms originating from the CO adsorption site change was confirmed by experimental and theoretical investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chloride channel (CLC) proteins are important anion transporters conserved in organisms ranging from bacteria and yeast to plants and animals. According to sequence comparison, some plant CLCs are predicted to function as Cl−/H+ antiporters, but not Cl− channels. However, no direct evidence was provided to verify the role of these plant CLCs in regulating the pH of the intracellular compartment. We identified tobacco CLC‐Nt1 interacting with the Potato virus Y (PVY) 6K2 protein. To investigate its physiological function, homologous genes of CLC‐Nt1 in Nicotiana benthamiana were knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Complementation experiments were subsequently performed by expression of wild‐type or point‐mutated CLC‐Nt1 in knockout mutants. The data presented herein demonstrate that CLC‐Nt1 is localized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using a pH‐sensitive fluorescent protein (pHluorin), we found that loss of CLC‐Nt1 function resulted in a decreased ER luminal pH. Secreted GFP (secGFP) was retained mostly in ER in knockout mutants, indicating that CLC‐Nt1 is also involved in protein secretion. PVY infection induced a rise in ER luminal pH, which was dependent on functional CLC‐Nt1. By contrast, loss of CLC‐Nt1 function inhibited PVY intracellular replication and systemic infection. We propose that PVY alters ER luminal pH for infection in a CLC‐Nt1‐dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]