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Burn injuries in newborns are particularly complex cases. Since these patients are rare, there is little experience and no existing standardized treatment. This report examines a case of accidental second to third-degree burning of the heel and toes on the left foot in a new-born girl. The burns covered an estimated 1% of the total body surface area (TBSA). After an initial debridement and 32 days of non-surgical wound therapy with Adaptic® fat gauze dressings, we were able to achieve an aesthetically and functionally satisfactory result including the complete preservation of all toes. Modern wound treatment following the principle of less frequent dressing changes allows the burn wound to have better re-epithelialization. New findings in stem cell research indicate that the high proportion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in postnatal blood is also involved in the regeneration and healing of burns. To our knowledge, this is the first case report dealing with initial non-surgical combustion therapy in a newborn. In order to eliminate a scar contracture, we carried out a Z-plasty one year later.

Theloderma khoii sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 491C280C-F0CA-475E-8DC9-377603DCA558 Figs 2–3 Diagnosis Theloderma khoii sp. nov. shows the diagnostic characters of the genus Theloderma, for instance a distinct tympanum, round canthus rostralis, bony ridges from canthus rostralis to occiput absent, and skin of head not co-ossified to the skull, and also molecular analyses revealed it to be nested within Theloderma. The new species is distinguished from its congeners and other small rhacophorid species by a combination of the following characters: 1) large-sized frog of the genus Theloderma (SVL 52.2 mm in a single male, 59.4 mm in a single female); 2) head length and width equal; 3) vomerine teeth present; 4) snout pointed and truncated (SNL/SVL 16.3% in male; 16.0% in female); 5) eye large, eye diameter about a half of snout length (ED/SNL 54.60% in male; 58.9% in female), spinules on upper eyelid; 6) tibiotarsal articulation reaching to the posterior border of the eye or the tip of the snout; 7) dorsal skin very rough, with large irregular gland ridges and warts, ventral surface granular; 8) fingers rudimentary webbed, toes almost four-fifths webbed, tips of all digits dilated but all considerably smaller than tympanum; 9) dorsal surface mossy green or olive mottled with dark magenta; 10) lateral and ventral surfaces black with irregular lemon yellow pattern and some white granules; 11) male with large nuptial pads and an inner vocal sac. Etymology The specific epithet is in honor of Professor Dr Le Vu Khoi of the VNU Hanoi University of Science, Ha Noi, Vietnam, in recognition of his great support of teaching, mentoring, research and conservation work in Vietnam. As common names we suggest Khoi’s Mossy Frog (English) and Ếch cây sần khôi (Vietnamese). Type material Holotype VIETNAM • adult ♂; northern Vietnam, Ha Giang Province, Quan Ba District, in the karst forest near Tung Vai Commune; 1641 m a.s.l; 8 Jun. 2020; H.Q. Nguyen leg.; VNMN 012757. Paratype VIETNAM • adult ♀; same collection data as for holotype; VNMN 012758. Description Holotype SIZE. Large, body distinctly flattened (SVL 52.2 mm). HEAD. Very strongly depressed, length and width equal (HL 19.7 mm, HW 19.7 mm), snout pointed and truncated, snout length double the diameter of eye (SNL 8.5 mm, ED 4.7 mm). CANTHUS ROSTRALIS. Oval, loreal region very oblique, slightly concave; interorbital distance wider than internarial distance and upper eyelid width (IOD 6.0 mm, IN 3.7 mm, UEW 4.5 mm); distance between anterior corners of eyes (DAE 10.1 mm) about 59.8% distance between posterior corners of eyes (DPE 16.3 mm). NOSTRIL. Oval, inside rather enlarged tubercle on tip of snout, nostrils nearer to tip of snout than to eyes (NS 3.1 mm, EN 6.1 mm). PUPIL. Circular. TYMPANUM. Distinct, diameter less than eye diameter and slightly larger than width of third finger disc (TYD 3.7 mm), tympanum separated from eye by distance (TYE) 65.0% of tympanum length (TYD). PINEAL OCELLUS. Absent; conical tubercles on eyelid, smaller than those in the back. SUPRATYMPANIC FOLD. Distinct, interrupted, extending from behind eye to beyond level of axilla, composed of large irregular glandular ridges. VOMERINE TEETH. Arranged in two small oblique groups between choanae and widely separated from each other. TONGUE. Large, accounting for almost half of mouth, heart-shaped, dorsal surface smooth, notched and free posterior. FORELIMBS. Moderately strong and long (FLL 13.2 mm, HAL 15.1 mm, 54.3% of SVL), much shorter than hindlimbs (FLL 87.5% of HAL); relative length of fingers: I large, rounded and flattened discs, with grooves separating dorsum of discs from venter; disc of finger III approximately two times width of finger III (fd3/fw3 219.2%) but smaller than tympanum diameter (fd3/TYD 83.1%); subarticular tubercles large and distinct, with indistinct supernumerary tubercles; formula of subarticular tubercles: 1, 1, 2, 2; well-developed nuptial pad on lateral side of thumb; outer side of fourth finger fringed, outer edge of fourth finger distinctly serrated; webbing between fingers slightly developed, about 50% between base of finger up to proximal subarticular tubercles (Fig. 3). HINDLIMBS. Strong and long, tibia length about five times greater than tibia width (TbL 27.3 mm, TbW 5.65 mm, TbL/TbW 4.6), tibia longer than thigh length and foot length (TbL/FeL 107%; TbL/ FoL 108%), tibio-tarsal articulation reaching posterior edge of snout when hindlimbs pressed forward as opposed to eye; relative length of toes I SKIN TEXTURE IN LIFE. Dorsal surface of head, dorsum, arms and legs above very rough, with large irregular glandular ridges ordered symmetrically in middle vertebral region; a large, distinct horn gland behind head in X-shape; on top of each supraorbital 3–4 enlarged glands, distinctly conical; lateral parts of body become granular; large conical tubercles on back of thighs near vent; throat and chest with some small blurred pattern; belly and ventral surface and underside of thigh with thickened flat granules or warts on groin; axillary region and underside of tibia smooth; surroundings of tympanum with small tubercles, with 4–5 enlarged tubercles posteriorly. COLORATION IN LIFE. Dorsal surface mossy-green or light-olive mixed with mossy-green, resembling moss; tips of skin ridges and tubercles reddish-brown; flank with clearly shaped dark brown pattern, ventrally joining a yellowish-green band; dorsal surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs with army-green bands, and some irregular patches on webbing; both finger and toe discs green, in center deep olive; nuptial pad ivory; throat and chest dark-brown with yellowish-green warts; belly has black shape of irregular size with yellowish-green pattern and some cream warts; pupil black, iris yellowish-green with irregular black reticulation; tympanum dark-olive (Fig. 2). COLORATION IN PRESERVATIVE. In ethanol, dorsal surfaces of head, dorsum, and upper part of flanks dark indigo with brown markings and blotches; tympanum light brown; forelimb, dorsal surface of thigh, tibia and foot black with lights bands, posterior part of thigh below vent dark-grey with large ivory bands; chin and throat light-grey with small ivory spots; chest and belly dark to black, with cream areas on chest (Fig. 3). Variation of paratype Male smaller than female, with single vocal sac and nuptial pads. For measurements of the type series see Table 3. Comparison with other species We compared Theloderma khoii sp. nov. with other members of the genus Theloderma based on morphological specimen examination (see Appendix 1) and data obtained from the literature (e.g., Tschudi 1838; Boulenger 1903; Smith 1924; Ahl 1927, 1931; Bourret 1937, 1942; Liu & Hu 1962; Taylor 1962; Chanda 1994; Inger et al. 1999; Chanard 2003; Bain & Nguyen 2004; Stuart & Heatwole 2004; Orlov & Ho 2005; Orlov et al. 2006, 2012; McLeod & Norhayati 2007; Bain et al. 2009; Chan & Norhayati 2009; Fei et al. 2009, 2012; Jiang et al. 2009; Kunz et al. 2010; Rowley et al. 2011; Nguyen et al. 2014). Species of Theloderma inhabiting Indochina, Sumatra, southern China and eastern India can be assigned to three different size groups (Dever 2017): small species (SVLT. albopunctatum (Liu & Hu, 1962); T. annae Nguyen, Pham, Nguyen, Ngo & Ziegler, 2016; T. asperum (Boulenger, 1886); T. auratum Poyarkov, Kropachev, Gogoleva & Orlov, 2018; T. baibungense Jiang, Fei & Huang, 2009; T. lacustrinum Sivongxay, Davankham, Phimmachak, Phoumixay & Stuart, 2016; T. laeve (Smith, 1924); T. lateriticum Bain, Nguyen & Doan, 2009; T. licin McLeod & Ahmad, 2007; T. nebulosum and T. palliatum Rowley, Le, Hoang, Dau & Cao, 2011; T. petilum (Stuart & Heatwole, 2004); T. pyaukkya Dever, 2017; T. rhododiscus (Liu & Hu, 1926); T. (Stelladerma in Poyarkov et al. 2015) stellatum Taylor, 1926; T. (Stelladerma in Poyarkov et al. 2015) vietnamense (Poyarkov et al., 2015); and T. truongsonense (Orlov & Ho, 2005); medium-sized species with SVL of 40–45 mm, T. horridum (Boulenger, 1903); T. moloch (Annandale, 1912); T. phrynoderma (Ahl, 1927); T. nagalandense and T. ryabovi Orlov, Dutta, Ghate & Kent, 2006; and T. schmardana (Kelaart, 1853); large-sized species with SVL 48–75 mm (Orlov 1997), including T. bicolor (Bourret, 1937); T. corticale (Boulenger, 1903); T. gordoni Taylor, 1962; T. leporosum Tschudi, 1838; and Theloderma khoii sp. nov. Compared to T. bicolor, another large-sized group member in Vietnam, Theloderma khoii sp. nov. can be distinguished by its coloration pattern: the lateral part from the axilla to groin is black with an irregular yellowish-green pattern in T. bicolor vs flank pattern with clear brown-dark speckles, ventrally joining the yellowish-green band in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; a comparatively lighter belly pattern, consisting of irregular blackish brown speckles with whitish pattern in T. bicolor vs belly irregular black with yellowish-green pattern and some cream warts, and the presence of few smaller bluish spots on the throat, in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. (Fig. 4); by the comparatively dark-colored posterior part of the thighs, consisting of black blotches and irregular light-green or olive reticulations (vs black with yellowgreenish bands and a few red-brown warts in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; Fig. 4); and foot webbing well-developed: I(0) – (1)II(0) – (1/2)III(0) – (1)IV(1) – (0)V (vs I(1/3) – (1)II(0) – (1/2)III(0) – (1) IV(1) – (1/3)V in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.; Fig. 4). Theloderma khoii sp. nov. (Bourret 1937; Hou et al. 2017) differs from T. corticale by its shorter body size: SVL 52.2 mm in male and 59.4 mm in female in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs SVL up to 67 mm in T. corticale; by colour pattern: a much lighter belly pattern, yellow-lemon with irregular small black patterns and creamy warts (vs dark belly pattern, blackish ground color with thin yellowish-green pattern and some cream warts in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); by skin texture: the absence of enlarged warts in the scapular area (vs large irregular prominent warts on dorsum, forming large groups at the base of the head and scapular area in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); by the head being slightly wider than long (vs head length and width equal in Theloderma khoii sp. nov.); and foot webbing well developed: webbing formula: I(0) – (1 + 12)II(0) – (1)III(0) – (1) IV(1) – (0)V (vs I(1/3) – (1)II(0) – (1/2)III(0) – (1)IV(1) – (1/3)V in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. Theloderma khoii sp. nov differs from T. gordoni by its coloration pattern: dorsal surface mossy-green or light-olive mixed with mossy-green, resembling moss; ventral yellowish-green band in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs dorsum dark brown or coffee with some clusters light brown or orange on enlarged gland ridges; ventral surface dark blue with numerous irregular grayish white patterns and speckles in T. gordoni. Tympanum and tympanic fold distinct in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs tympanum and tympanic fold invisible in T. gordoni; head width equal to head length in Theloderma khoii sp. nov. vs head width greater than head length in T. gordoni (Qui et al. 2018). Ecological notes Theloderma khoii sp. nov. appears to be closely associated with karstic environments. Specimens were found at night between 19:00 and 23:30 h near cave entrances and in valleys surrounded by limestone cliffs, about 5–6 m from water sources (Fig. 5). Advertisement calls, eggs and tadpoles of the species have not been recorded during our field surveys. The main habitat at the type locality was secondary karst forest of medium and small hardwoods mixed with shrubs and vines. One specimen was found on a leaf, about 0.5–1.2 m above the ground, the other specimen was collected on a limestone cliff, about 0.5–1.2 m above the ground. The air temperature at the time of collection ranged from 18.3 to 23.2 oC and relative humidity from 91 to 100%. In Tung Vai, several species of Theloderma have been recorded, viz. T. albopunctatum (Liu & Hu, 1962), T. gordoni (Taylor, 1962), T. lateriticum (Bain, Nguyen & Doan, 2009), and T. rhododiscus (Liu & Hu, 1962), but all were found in tree holes filled with water or on tree leaves near streams in the valleys. Other tree frogs that were found at the same site were Polypedates sp. (of the P. megacephalus Hallowell, 1861 species complex), Zhangixalus duboisi (Ohler, Marquis, Swan & Grosjean, 2000), Z. jodiae Nguyen, Ninh, Orlov, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2020, Z. franki Ninh, Nguyen, Orlov, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2020, Z. pachyproctus Yu, Hui, Hou, Wu, Rao & Yang, 2019 and Kurixalus sp. Distribution Theloderma khoii sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality in Ha Giang Province, northeastern Vietnam (Fig. 6). The species was recorded at elevations between 1320 and 1750 m a.s.l. Conservation status The range of the new species is not expected to extend outside of Mount Tung Vai and it is expected to be found in evergreen forests of Yunnan Province, southern China. However, the actual distributional range should be the focus of further studies. Currently, we assume that the new species is restricted geographically, likely having an Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) of only et al. 2013). Therefore, Theloderma khoii sp. nov. likely qualifies as Endangered (EN) B1ab(iii) in accordance with the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2012).

Lötters, Stefan, Plewnia, Amadeus, Hönig, Alana, Jung, Alisha, Laudor, Jörn, Ziegler, Thomas (2022): -The-gastromyzophorous-tadpole-of-the-pink-harlequin-frog-from-Suriname-withcomments-on-the-taxonomy-of-Guianan-Clade-Atelopus-(Amphibia,-Bufonidae). Zootaxa 5087 (4): 591-598, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.4.7

Hintergrund: Voraussetzung für das klinische Verständnis in der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde ist die genaue Kenntnis der Anatomie. Dieses Fachgebiet beinhaltet besonders komplexe anatomische Strukturen wie etwa den Larynx und den Hals. Es wird ein hohes Maß an räumlichem Vorstellungsvermögen verlangt, um komplexe Krankheitsprozesse zu verstehen. Um diesen hohen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, greifen immer mehr Studierende zu Lernplattformen, welche die Anatomie dreidimensional darstellen. Erste Studien(34–36) zeigen bereits, dass Studierende, welche mit solchen Methoden lernen, signifikant effektivere Ergebnisse erzielten als Studierende, die traditionelle Lernmethoden nutzten. Häufig sind Lernplattformen mit dreidimensionaler Visualisierung nicht von Medizinern entwickelt und fehleranfällig. Daher ist es sinnvoll nicht auf Lernplattformen, welche aus kommerziellen Gründen am Markt sind, zu setzen, sondern an echten Patientenaufnahmen die Anatomie zu erlernen. Eine bereits in der Lehre der Medizinischen Fakultät der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz eingesetzte Methode ist Cinematic Rendering. Dies ist eine neuartige Software zur dreidimensionalen Visualisierung von Patientenaufnahmen, für welche keine zusätzliche Strahlenbelastung entsteht, da die Aufnahmen aus bereits vorhandenen Datensätzen errechnet werden können.(4, 5) Bei dieser Technik werden Photonenpfade aus allen möglichen Richtungen simuliert und mit HDR-Belichtungsprotokollen kombiniert. Eine von der Software kalkulierte Umgebungslichtabdeckung ermöglicht zudem eine realitätsgetreue Verschattung mit deutlich verbesserter Tiefenwahrnehmung.(4, 6) Nachteile von Cinematic Rendering-Aufnahmen sind die eingeschränkte Verfügbarkeit, die anspruchsvolle Bedienung und die langen Rechenzeiten. Methoden: In der Lehrveranstaltung „Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Betrachtung der Erkrankungen des HNO-Bereichs“ an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz wird erstmalig die Anatomie im HNO-Bereich mit dem Einsatz von Cinematic Rendering-Aufnahmen erläutert. Im Anschluss an die Vorlesung werden die Studierenden gebeten den Einsatz von Cinematic Rendering in der Lehre mittels eines Fragebogens zu evaluieren. Dabei sind dichotome Merkmale wie Geschlecht, Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering und Erfahrung im Bereich HNO anzugeben. Außerdem sind sechs Grundaussagen in einem Zahlenstrahl zu bewerten, welche unter anderem das räumliche Vorstellungsvermögen mit Hilfe von Cinematic Rendering und einen direkten Vergleich zu herkömmlichen CT-Aufnahmen beschreiben. Die in dieser Masterarbeit durchgeführte Studie soll die Wertigkeit von Cinematic Rendering als Bildgebung in der Lehre der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde untersuchen und den Studierenden einen Benefit durch den Einsatz von dreidimensionalen Bildern im Rahmen des Lehrmoduls „Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Betrachtung der Erkrankungen des HNO-Bereichs“ an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse werden mittels entsprechenden deskriptiven Verfahren wie die Berechnung des arithmetischen Mittelwerts und der Standardabweichung statistisch aufbereitet. Weiters werden die Grundaussagen auf mögliche Zusammenhänge in Abhängigkeit von Geschlecht, Erfahrung im Bereich der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde und Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering mittels Rangkorrelationskoeffizient nach Spearman Rho ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Insgesamt nahmen 22 Medizinstudierende an der Vorlesung, in der im Anschluss die Wertigkeit von Cinematic Rendering evaluiert wurde, teil. Die Rücklaufquote der Evaluation liegt bei 100% (22/22). Die Studienteilnehmer haben ein Durchschnittsalter von 24,73 Jahren (± 3,14). Von den Teilnehmern sind 64,64% (14/22) weiblich und 36,36% (8/22) männlich. 27,27% (6/22) gaben an, Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering zu besitzen. Kein Studienteilnehmer (0/22) gab an, bereits Erfahrungen im Bereich HNO gesammelt zu haben. Alle der Grundaussagen erhalten im arithmetischen Mittel starke Zustimmung. Betrachtet man alle Bewertungen einzeln gibt es insgesamt nur zwei neutrale und eine negative Bewertung. Eine Verbesserung des räumlichen Vorstellungsvermögens durch Cinematic Rendering wird von 81,82% (18/22) und Cinematic Rendering als zusätzliches Hilfsmittel für ein besseres Verständnis von komplexen Krankheits-prozessen von 77,27% (17/22) der Studienteilnehmer mit starker Zustimmung beurteilt. Zwischen dem Geschlecht und der sechs Grundaussagen gibt es keine statistischen Zusammenhänge. Statistisch Tendenzen können in Abhängigkeit von bereits gemachter Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering jedoch gezeigt werden. Mit einem statistisch hohen Zusammenhang (ρ = 0,8 mit p = 0,02) wird bereits gemachte Erfahrung im Rahmen der vorklinischen, anatomischen Lehre an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Johannes Kepler Universität Linz und eine Verbesserung des räumlichen Vorstellungsvermögens von anatomischen Strukturen aus dem HNO-Bereich angegeben. Weiters gibt es deutliche Korrelationen zwischen bereits gemachter Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering und den beiden Grundaussagen „Cinematic Rendering hilft mir beim Verständnis von komplexen Krankheitsprozessen aus dem Fachgebiet HNO“ (ρ = 0,76 mit p = 0,02) und „Cinematic Rendering in der Lehre verbessert mein allgemeines Verständnis in dem jeweiligen Fachgebiet“ (ρ = 0,74 mit p = 0,02). Diskussion/Conclusio: Durch die Möglichkeit der dreidimensionalen Visualisierung von radiologischen Bilddaten, steigt auch das Interesse der Studierenden bezüglich der Implementierung von radiologischen Bildern in der Lehre.(91, 92) Es wurde bereits publiziert, dass der Einsatz von Cinematic Rendering-Aufnahmen in der Lehre hohe Beliebtheitswerte bei Studierenden hat.(95) Dies konnte auch in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden. Eine weitere Erkenntnis ist zudem, dass Studierende, welche bereits in der Vorklinik Erfahrung mit Cinematic Rendering-Aufnahmen gemacht haben, den Einsatz in Bezug auf eine Erhöhung des räumlichen Vorstellungsvermögens, Verständnis von komplexen Krankheitsprozessen und den allgemeinen Einsatz von Cinematic Rendering in der Lehre tendenziell besser evaluierten als Studierende, die keine Erfahrung mit solchen Aufnahmen haben. Die Ergebnisse weisen stark daraufhin, dass eine frühe Implementierung dieser Technologie in der Lehre der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde den Studierenden einen Benefit in Bezug auf räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen ermöglicht und infolgedessen zu einem erhöhten Verständnis von komplexen Krankheitsprozessen führen kann. Generell muss erwähnt werden, dass bei den Ergebnissen dieser Studie nicht von statistischer Signifikanz gesprochen werden darf und die Ergebnisse begrenzte Aussagekraft besitzen. Durch die kleine Anzahl an Studienteilnehmer werden lediglich Tendenzen aufgezeigt. Diese Studie dient in erster Linie als Grundlage zur weiteren Hypothesengenerierung. Darüber hinaus sollen in Zukunft weitere Möglichkeiten für den Einsatz von Cinematic Rendering-Aufnahmen untersucht werden. Background: A prerequisite for clinical understanding in otorhinolaryngology is a precise knowledge of anatomy. This field of expertise includes particularly complex anatomical structures such as the larynx and the neck. A high degree of spatial imagination is required to understand complex disease processes. In order to meet these high demands, more and more students are turning to learning platforms that present anatomy in three dimensions. Studies(34–36) already show that students who learn with such methods achieve significantly more effective results than students who use traditional learning methods. Often, learning platforms with three-dimensional visualization are not developed by medical professionals and are prone to errors. Therefore, it makes sense not to rely on learning platforms that are on the market for commercial reasons, but to learn anatomy using real patient images. A method already used in teaching at the Medical Faculty of the Johannes Kepler University Linz is Cinematic Rendering. This is a new type of software for the three-dimensional visualization of patient images, for which there is no additional radiation exposure, as the images can be calculated from already existing data sets.(4, 5) In this technique, photon paths are simulated from all possible directions and combined with HDR exposure protocols. Ambient light coverage calculated by the software also enables realistic shadowing with significantly improved depth perception.(4, 6) Disadvantages of cinematic rendering-images are the limited availability, the demanding operation and the long computing times. Methods: In the course "Basics and interdisciplinary approach to diseases of the ENT area" at the Medical Faculty of the Johannes Kepler University Linz, anatomy in the ENT area is explained for the first time with the use of cinematic rendering images. After the lecture, the students will be asked to evaluate the use of cinematic rendering in teaching by means of a questionnaire. Dichotomous characteristics such as gender, experience with Cinematic Rendering and experience in otorhinolaryngology to be indicated. In addition, six basic statements are to be evaluated in a number line, which, among other things, describe the spatial imagination with the help of Cinematic Rendering and a direct comparison to conventional CT images. The study carried out in this master’s thesis is intended to investigate the value of cinematic rendering as imaging in the teaching of otorhinolaryngology and to enable students to benefit from the use of three-dimensional images as part of the teaching module "Basics and interdisciplinary approach to diseases of the ENT area" at the Medical Faculty of the Johannes Kepler University Linz. The results are statistically processed by means of appropriate descriptive procedures such as the calculation of the arithmetic mean and the standard deviation. Furthermore, the basic statements on possible correlations depending on gender, experience in the field of otorhinolaryngology and experience with cinematic rendering are determined by means of rank correlation coefficient according to Spearman Rho. Results: A total of 22 medical students took part in the lecture, in which the value of cinematic rendering was subsequently evaluated. The response rate of the evaluation is 100% (22/22). The study participants have an average age of 24.73 years (± 3.14). Of the participants, 64.64% (14/22) are female and 36.36% (8/22) are male. 27.27% (6/22) reported having experience with cinematic rendering. No study participant (0/22) reported having previous experience in otorhinolaryngology. All of the basic statements receive strong agreement in the arithmetic mean. If all evaluations are considered individually, there are only two neutral and one negative evaluation. An improvement of the spatial imagination through Cinematic Rendering is rated with strong agreement by 81.82% (18/22) and Cinematic Rendering as an additional tool for a better understanding of complex disease processes by 77.27% (17/22) of the study participants. There are no statistical correlations between gender and the six basic statements. However, statistical tendencies can be shown depending on previous experience with Cinematic Rendering. A statistically high correlation (ρ = 0.8 with p = 0.02) is indicated between experience gained in preclinical anatomical teaching at the Medical Faculty of the Johannes Kepler University of Linz and an improvement in spatial perception of anatomical structures from the ENT area. Furthermore, there are clear correlations between previous experience with cinematic rendering and the two basic statements "Cinematic rendering helps me to understand complex disease processes from otorhinolaryngology " (ρ = 0.76 with p = 0.02) and "Cinematic rendering in teaching improves my general understanding in the respective field" (ρ = 0.74 with p = 0.02). Discussion/Conclusion: The opportunity of three-dimensional visualization of radiological image data sets increases the interest of students in the implementation of radiological images in teaching.(91, 92) It has already been published that the use of cinematic rendering images in teaching has high popularity values among students.(95) This was also shown in this master’s thesis. A further finding is that students who had already had experience with cinematic rendering images in the preclinical teaching tended to evaluate their use better than students who had no experience with such images in terms of an increase in spatial awareness, understanding of complex disease processes and the general use of cinematic rendering in teaching. The results strongly suggest that early implementation of this technology in otorhinolaryngology teaching can benefit students in terms of spatial awareness and consequently lead to increased understanding of complex disease processes. In general, it must be mentioned that the results of this study are not statistically significant and the results have limited significance. Due to the small number of study participants, only tendencies are shown. This study primarily serves as a basis for further hypothesis generation. In addition, further possibilities for the use of cinematic rendering recordings are to be investigated in the future. eingereicht von Thomas Ziegler, BSc Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Universität Linz 2022

Additional file 1. Supplemental Table 1. Standard breakfast served prior to in vivo assessment of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. Supplemental Table 2. Pearson correlations between monocyte (maximal OCR) and skeletal muscle (ATP max) mitochondrial respiration and body composition. Supplemental Table 3. Partial correlations between monocyte and skeletal muscle mitochondrial metabolism and body composition.

Gekko khunkhamensis sp. nov. (Figs. 2���4) Holotype. VNUF R.2021.23 (Field no. SL. KM.23), adult male, (18��11��� N, 104��30��� E, at an elevation of 172 m a.s.l.), Nahin Village, Khunkham District, Khammouane Province, central Laos, collected by S. Sitthivong and Lo O. V. on 29 October 2019. Paratypes. NUOL R.2021.22 (Field no. SL. KM.22), adult female; VNUF R.2021.02 ( Field no. SL. KM.02), adult female, the same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Gekko khunkhamensis sp. nov. is a member of the Gekko (Japonigekko) japonicus group and differs from all congeners by a combination of the following characters: a medium-sized gecko species (SVL 69.7���75.2 mm); nares in contact with rostral; internasals absent; postmentals enlarged; interorbital scales between anterior corners of the eyes 31 or 32; dorsal tubercles absent; ventrals between mental and cloacal slit 181���185; midbody scales 127���138; ventral scales 42���45; subdigital lamellae on first toe 13 or 14, on fourth toe 14 or 15; tubercles on upper surface of fore and hind limbs absent; precloacal pores absent in the male and females; postcloacal tubercles two; tubercles absent on dorsal surface of tail base; subcaudals distinctly enlarged; dorsal surface of body with five dark grey bands, which become irregular posteriorly. Description of holotype. An adult male with a total length of 158.1 mm (SVL 69.7 mm, TaL 88.4 mm); body slender, elongate (TrunkL/SVL ratio 0.46); head longer than wide (HW/HL ratio 0.75); rostral quadrangular, nearly twice wider than high (RH/RW ratio 0.50) and wider than mental (MW/RW ratio 0.67), in contact with first supralabial and supranasal on each side; nostrils round, in contact with rostral, first supralabial, supranasal, and two enlarged nasals posteriorly; posterior nasal region concave; internasal absent; preorbitals 18/18, preorbital region deeply concave; interorbitals 31; eye large (OD/HL ratio 0.23), pupil vertical; ear opening oval, oblique, smaller than eye (EarL/OD ratio 0.53); mental triangular, wider than long (ML/MW ratio 0.81); enlarged postmentals two, hexagonal, twice longer than wide, and longer than length of mental, touching mental, first infralabial on both sides and seven gular scales posteriorly, outer gular scales larger than inner scales; supralabials 10/10; infralabials 9/9; dorsal scales on body smooth, round or oval, granular, juxtaposed; lateral fold distinct; ventrals distinctly larger than dorsal scales, smooth, imbricate, and largest in the middle of belly; ventrals at midbody 42; scales around midbody 127; ventrals in a row between mental and cloacal slit 185; scales on dorsal surface of forelimbs slightly enlarged; tubercles on dorsal surface of limbs absent; scales on anterior and ventral parts of femur larger than those on posterior and dorsal parts; enlarged femoral scales absent; fingers and toes basally webbed; subdigital lamellae under first fingers 13/13, under fourth fingers 15/15, under first toes 13/13, under fourth toes 15/15; precloacal pores absent; postcloacal tubercles 2/2; base of tail thickened, without tubercles on dorsal surface; subcaudals enlarged, smooth, imbricate. Coloration in life. Dorsal head dark grey with grey blotches; labials grey with light bars; neck with a grey bar; dorsal surface of body grey with five dark grey bands, which become irregular posteriorly; dorsal surface of fore and hind limbs grey with dark blotches; ventral surface of head, belly, and limbs cream with black spots; upper tail with eight grey transverse bands, more distinct posteriorly; underside of tail grey. Sexual dimorphism and variation. Compared to the male holotype, the two female paratypes have a larger size (SVL 71.6���75.2 mm versus 69.7 mm in the male) and more scale rows at midbody (136���138 versus 127 in the male holotype). The dorsal pattern of the paratype (VNUF R.2021.02) is somewhat irregurlarly banded. Measurements and scalation of the female paratypes are shown in Table 2. Comparisons. Based on examination of specimens and data obtained from the literature (Boulenger 1907; Ota et al. 1995; R��sler et al. 2005, 2010, 2011; Yang et al. 2012, Nguyen et al. 2013; Luu et al. 2014, 2015; Ngo et al. 2015; Yang 2015; Luu et al. 2017) we compared the new species from Laos with the remaining members of the Gekko japonicus group (r��sler et al. 2011; Luu et al. 2015, 2017) in Table 3. Below we compared the new species with the closely related species of the G. japonicus group as follows: Gekko khunkhamensis sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to G. tawaensis Okada, 1956. However, the new species can be distinguished from G. tawaensis by having fewer supralabials and infralabials (9 or 10 and 9 or 10 versus 15 and 13, respectively), internasals absent (versus present), postmentals enlarged (versus not enlarged), more subdigital lamellae under first and fourth toes (13 or 14 and 14 or 15 versus 10 and 12, respectively), more postcloacal tubercles (2 versus 1), and marking on upper head present (versus absent). Gekko khunkhamensis sp. nov. does not have dorsal tubercles and thus differs from the following species which have tubercles on the back: G. adleri Nguyen, Wang, Yang, Lehmann, Le, Ziegler & Bonkowski, 2013, G. auriverrucosus Zhou & Liu in Zhou et al., 1982, G. canhi R��sler, Nguyen, Doan, Ho, Nguyen & Ziegler, 2010, G. chinensis Gray, 1842, G. japonicus (Schlegel, 1836), G. hokouensis Pope, 1928, G. kwangsiensis Yang, 2015, G. liboensis Zhou & Li in Zhou et al., 1982, G. palmatus Boulenger, 1907, G. scabridus Liu & Zhou in Zhou et al., 1982, G. shibatai Toda, Sengoku, Hikida & Ota, 2008, G. similignum Smith, 1923, G. swinhonis G��nther, 1864, G. vertebralis Toda, Sengoku, Hikida & Ota, 2008, and G. wenxianensis Zhou & Wang, 2008. Distribution. Gekko khunkhamensis sp. nov. is currently known only from the type locality in Khunkham District, Khammouane Province, central Laos (Fig. 5). Etymology. The specific epithet ��� khunkhamensis ��� refers to the type locality of the new species, Khunkham District of Khammouane Province. We suggest the following common names: Khunkham Gecko (English, German), Kap Ke Khunkham (Laotian) and Gecko de Kunkham (French). Natural history. Specimens of the new species were collected between 19:10 and 20:30, on karst cliffs near the entrance of a cave, from 0.5 to 2.0 m above the ground, at elevations between 172 and 320 m a.s.l. (Fig. 6). The surrounding habitat was disturbed secondary forest of small wood trees and shrubs on the karst cliff. The humidity was approximately 60���70% and the air temperature ranged from 22���26 oC., Published as part of Sitthivong, Saly, Lo, Oanh Van, Nguyen, Truong Quang, Ngo, Hanh Thi, Khotpathoom, Thananh, Le, Minh Duc, Ziegler, Thomas & Luu, Vinh Quang, 2021, A new species of the Gekko japonicus group (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Khammouane Province, central Laos, pp. 553-571 in Zootaxa 5082 (6) on pages 556-562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5797638, {"references":["Boulenger, G. A. (1907) Description of new lizards in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 19 (7), 486 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930709487278","Ota, H., Lau, M. W., Weidenhofer, T., Yasukawa, Y. & Bogadek, A. (1995) Taxonomic review of the geckos allied to Gekko chinensis Gray 1842 (Gekkonidae, Reptilia) from China and Vietnam. Tropical Zoology, 8, 181 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1995.10539278","Rosler, H., Ziegler, T., Vu, N. 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