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This article aims at rethinking how novels represented by battlefield scenes and published in the 1960s are important linking works between “novels of postwar” and “novels of division” in the history of modern Korean novels. The three novels, Long day’s Journey into Night by Kang Yong-jun, The Revolution at Bangat-gol by Oh Yu-Gueon, and Market and Battlefield by Park Kyung-ri, have been relatively neglected in the history of modern Korean novels although the literary acceptance of war experiences has been understood as an important research theme. Writers in the 1950s showed a sense of doubt, defiance, and despair in “novels of postwar,” which reflected the fact that they could not be relieved of their war experience oppression. In “novels of division” writers in the 1970-80s presented the present lives of the nation after the war and attempted to deal with the sharp contradiction of a divided nation. In concretizing war experiences, novels published in the 1960s used battlefields for fictional time-space in an attempt to gain distance from the trauma of war. Namely, it gained the distance to see the historical war as fictional material as well as began to understand what the war was and why it had happened, resulting in full-scale scenes of the battlefields being fictionalized in a long story form in the 1960s. Most Koreans experienced that they could make new historical situations during the April Revolution (4.19 Revolution) of 1960. Having escaped from the feeling of being victimized by the war, the novels seriously began with a reasonable understanding of the war in the 1960s. It should be considered that these novels concretized battlefields of the war are important linking works between “novels of postwar” and “novels of division” beyond the division era in the history of modern Korean novels.

This project investigated whether or not chicks of broiler and layer strains would adapt to a simulated brooding cycle which allowed them to rest synchronously, and how allowing the chicks to rest would affect growth and maintenance activities. There were four trials with four groups of 10 layer chicks and four groups of 10 broiler chicks in each trial. Half the groups were subjected to a long-day schedule (LD) of 19.33 h light (L):4.67 h dark (D); half to a simulated brooding cycle (SBC) which consisted of the same long day but with alternating 40 min light:40 min dark periods throughout the main light period. There were significant strain effects for growth rate, gain:feed, body composition and shank length ( P P > 0.10). All chicks spent a large proportion of the first 14 days resting. Chicks on the SBC rested more than chicks on the LD ( P

Floral induction and development requirements of a range of latitudinal and altitudinal Norwegian populations of the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca L. have been studied in controlled environments. Rooted runner plants were exposed to a range of photoperiods and temperatures for 5 weeks for floral induction and then transferred to long day (LD) at 20°C for flower development. A pronounced interaction of temperature and photoperiod was shown in the control of flowering. At 9°C, flowers were initiated in both short day (SD) and LD conditions, at 15 and 18°C in SD only, whereas no initiation took place at 21°C regardless of daylength conditions. The critical photoperiod for SD floral induction was about 16 h and 14 h at 15 and 18°C, respectively, the induction being incomplete at 18°C. The optimal condition for floral induction was SD at 15°C. A mini mum of 4 weeks of exposure to such optimal conditions was required. Although the populations varied significantly in their flowering performance, no clinal relationship was present between latitude of origin and critical photoperiod. Flower development of SD-induced plants was only marginally advanced by LD conditions, while inflorescence elongation and runnering were strongly enhanced by LD at this stage. The main shift in these responses took place at photoperiods between 16 and 17 h. Unlike all other populations studied, a high-latitude population from 70°N ('Alta') had an obligatory vernalization requirement. Although flowering and fruiting in its native Subarctic environment and after overwintering in the field in south Norway, this population did not flower in the laboratory in the absence of vernalization, even with 10 or 15 weeks of exposure to SD at 9°C. Flowering performance in the field likewise indicated a vernalization requirement of this high-latitude population.

Two nearly utopian moments mark the heart of the films La Promesse (1996) and Rosetta (1999), written and directed by Luc and JeanPierre Dardenne. In the first, we find Rosetta at the end of a very long day. She has a made a friend, Riquet, and through that friendship found an off-the-books job at a waffle maker, escaped her alcoholic and sexually profligate mother, and, with Riquet, spent the evening imitating what it might be like sometime to have fun with a friend or in a couple. She is awkward at this thing called relaxing, but she is game; she’ll take the risk of submitting to someone else’s pleasure economy in order to get that thing she wants, whose qualities she describes as she goes to sleep: “Your name is Rosetta. My name is Rosetta. You found a job. I found a job. You have a friend. I’ve got a friend. You have a normal life. I have a normal life. You won’t fall through the cracks. I won’t fall through the cracks. Good night. Good night.” Many reviews of Rosetta call this catechistic quasi-prayer the film’s most heartbreaking moment: for Rosetta, all the world of possible desires has been paired down to a friend and a job, a state of attaining some bare minimum of social recognition. Moreover, this is an episode of intimacy, belonging, and sociability that, ultimately, Rosetta can have only with herself, in a private, hoarded space that’s usually occupied by the pain of her ulcer, a condition of attrition that the film suggests is a symbol and consequence of the intensity of aching life-making activity

The present study examined the effects of photoperiod on spatial and temporal memory in adult Sprague-Dawley rats that were conceived and reared in different day lengths, i.e., short day (SD-8:16 light/dark) and long day (LD-16:8 light/dark). Both male and female LD rats demonstrated increased spatial memory capacity as evidenced by a lower number of choices to criterion in a 12-arm radial maze task relative to the performance of SD rats. SD rats also demonstrated a distortion in the content of temporal memory as evidenced by a proportional rightward shift in the 20 and 60 s temporal criteria trained using the peak-interval procedure that is consistent with reduced cholinergic function. The conclusion is that both spatial and temporal memory are sensitive to photoperiod variation in laboratory rats in a manner similar to that previously observed for reproductive behaviour.

SummaryPerpetual-flowering strawberry cultivars are commonly classified as photoperiodically day-neutral, even though early investigations demonstrated long-day (LD) regulation. An important reason for this inconsistency is that these freely flowering plants are difficult to establish in a true vegetative state, and experiments have therefore often been started using runner plants with pre-formed inflorescences. In order to circumvent this problem, we have used the perpetual-flowering F1-hybrid ‘Elan’ that is propagated by seed, and is thus not pre-conditioned by its earlier life history. The results demonstrated a marked quantitative LD response across a range of temperatures from 9° – 27°C. Seedlings were responsive to the LD stimulus at an early stage, and early flowering required LD exposure almost from germination. The critical daylength for the early flowering response was about 15 h at 18°C. Because of this threshold LD response, it is concluded that regulation of flowering is truly photoperiodic i...

SummaryPhotoperiod and temperature control of flowering in a number of perpetual-flowering or everbearing strawberry cultivars of widely varying pedigree has been studied in controlled environments. Flower bud initiation in the cultivars ‘Flamenco’, ‘Ridder’, ‘Rita’ and ‘Rondo’ was significantly advanced by long-day (LD) conditions at temperatures of 15°C and 21oC; while, at 27oC, flowering took place under LD conditions only. Some plants of the seed-propagated F1-hybrid ‘Elan’, raised at 21°C, also flowered under short-day (SD) conditions at 27°C, but reverted to the vegetative state after a few weeks when maintained under these conditions. When vegetative plants growing in SD at 27°C were transferred to LD conditions at the same temperature, they consistently initiated flower buds and started flowering after about 4 weeks. At such a high temperature, flowering could thus be turned on and off by switching between SD and LD conditions. This applied to all the cultivars studied. Also the cultivar ‘Everest’...

There have been several reports on the effects of various photoperiods on flowering in Capsicum annuum, but few on such effects on other species of the genus Capsicum. In this study, the flowering under various photoperiods of two C. frutescens lines from the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands in Japan and C. annuum cv. ‘Takanotsume’ (referred as BON, RYU, and TK, respectively) was investigated. The main differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum were evident under long-day photoperiods. TK plants grown under photoperiods longer than 15 h bore flowers normally, whereas BON and RYU plants grown under the same conditions did not bear flowers at first, because their buds failed to grow, and eventually aborted. BON plants bore flowers under a 24-h photoperiod, although the time to flowering was much longer than that for TK plants, but RYU plants exposed to photoperiods longer than 14 h bore no flowers during the entire experimental period. Therefore, long-day photoperiods strongly inhibit C. frutescens flower bud growth, and there are interspecific differences in flowering between C. frutescens and C. annuum and intraspecific differences in flowering between the two C. frutescens genotypes.

William Eastlake's first three novels, Go in Beauty (1956), The Bronc People (1958), and Portrait of an Artist with Twenty-Six Horses (1963), are generally regarded as constituting a trilogy not only because they have a common setting the Checkerboard region of northern New Mexico, with its landscapes, languages, and people but also because of the genealogical cohesion represented by the Bowmans, a white family whose stories as ranchers and traders merge with the destinies of a number of Indian characters. Despite these converging elements, however, it must be acknowledged that these novels do not share the diegetic continuity and the consistency of plot structures commonly associated with a trilogy. Specifically, their narrative organization appears to be less the result of Eastlake's response to the rich mixture of cultures and experiences he finds in Indian Country than a comprehensive frame for different, scattered stories. The editorial history of Portrait of an Artist with Twenty-Six Horses bears out this impression. It is well known that the central episode of the narrative, concerning Ring Bowman's thoughts as he is sinking in quicksand, actually derives from a short story published a few months earlier under the title "A Long Day's Dying."1 Although the functional segmentation of this story provides the framing event and, consequently, the unifying plot and a central formal order to the entire narrative, still Portrait strikes the reader as less a novel than a collection of short sto

Cows exposed to short day photoperiod (SD, 8L:16D) during the 60-day nonlactating period prior to parturition produce more milk in their subsequent lactation compared with cows exposed to long day photoperiod (LD, 16L:8D). Although this response is well established in dairy cows, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We hypothesized that differential gene expression in cows exposed to SD or LD photoperiods during the dry period could be used to identify the functional basis for the subsequent increase in milk production during lactation. Pregnant, multiparous cows were maintained on an SD or LD photoperiod for 60 days prior to parturition. Mammary biopsies were obtained on days −24 and −9 relative to parturition and Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Arrays were used to quantify gene expression. Sixty-four genes were differentially expressed ( P ≤ 0.05 and fold-change ≥ |1.5|) between SD and LD treatments. Many of these genes were associated with cell growth and proliferation, or immune function. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted upstream regulators to include TNF, TGF-β1, interferon-γ, and several interleukins. In addition, expression of 125 genes was significantly different between day −24 and day −9; those genes were associated with milk component metabolism and immune function. The interaction of photoperiod and time affected 32 genes associated with insulin-like growth factor I signaling. Genes differentially expressed in response to photoperiod were associated with mammary development and immune function consistent with the enhancement of milk yield in the ensuing lactation. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms by which photoperiod affects the mammary gland and subsequently lactation.

Melatonin treatment for out of season breeding in goats may also affect skin hair follicle activity, thereby influencing the spring growth phase and yield of cashmere. Female Spanish goats (15 does and 65 kids) were allotted to five treatments: control (C), melatonin implants (MI; 18 mg, 42-day release); melatonin and bromocryptine implants (MIB; 225 mg, 60-day release period); oral administration of melatonin (MO; 3 mg/day); oral administration of melatonin and bromocryptine implants (MOB). Treatments began in March (spring), and hair follicle characteristics were monitored monthly from February to May. Mean initial and final body weights were 27.9 ± 1.2 and 35.3 ± 1.2 kg, respectively. The total follicle number was greater ( P P P P P r = 0.32), and the correlation ( P r = 0.31. The primary active follicle ratio did not differ between treatments, but the secondary active follicle ratio was greater ( P 2 , 26.8 ± 1.22 mm 2 , 30.8 ± 1.31 mm 2 , 7.0:1 ± 0.23, 74.0 ± 2.87 μm, 15.6 ± 0.19 μm and 4.7:1 ± 0.18, respectively. Positive correlations were recorded ( P r = 0.99), secondary to primary ratio ( r = 0.68), group follicle number ( r = 0.63) and group secondary to primary follicle ratio ( r = 0.63), and primary follicle diameter with primary secondary diameter ratio ( r = 0.96). Negative correlations were recorded ( P r = −0.42), secondary follicle diameter ( r = −0.33) with secondary and primary follicle ratio ( r = −0.48), and primary follicle number with primary and secondary diameter ratio ( r = −0.33). Of the follicular groupings, 90% were of the trio primary follicle type, whereas the remaining 10% were of the solo, duo and quartet primary follicular group formations. All primary follicles possessed medullae and some secondary marginal follicles (intermediate type) were medullated, but few follicles of the pure cashmere follicle type had medullae. Hair follicles varied from low, moderate to high density in Spanish goats. Fiber growth rate, fiber diameter and extended follicular activity rate during the spring months suggest that an accelerated breeding program for Spanish goats by melatonin treatment for breeding in the spring could be also profitable by extending the spring cashmere growth phase into a commercially harvestable cashmere length.

SUMMARYSpecies with different reproductive schedules may differ in how they respond to the annual change in photoperiod (the adaptive specialization hypothesis). Seasonally breeding species are predicted to use photorefractoriness to terminate reproduction prior to inclement conditions in autumn and winter, whereas opportunistically breeding species may not exhibit photorefractoriness. We tested for absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in their reproductive schedules:opportunistically breeding red crossbills, flexibly breeding pine siskins, and seasonally breeding Cassin's finches and gray-crowned rosy-finches. Field observations indicated that all four species regress their gonads and begin prebasic feather molt in late summer or autumn. However, exposure to a long day photoperiod in autumn (24 h:0 h L:D) resulted in elevation of gonadotropins and testicular recrudescence in all species except Cassin's finches. Thus, by this criterion, some of the seasonally breeding species tested here did not exhibit absolute photorefractoriness. These results indicate that phylogenetic history needs to be taken into account when considering the adaptive nature of photoperiod response systems.

While early childhood professionals in NSW are accountable to a substantial collection of regulatory requirements, little research has explored the outcomes of this regulatory environment, both intended and otherwise. This paper presents findings from a NSW study and shows how early childhood professionals working in long day care centres perceive the regulatory environment to impact on their professional practice. Specific attention is given to the impact of the national Quality Improvement and Accreditation System and the NSW Children's Services Regulation. The notion of the regulatory environment as a ‘double-edged sword’ emerges as a useful conceptual metaphor to understand how early childhood professionals perceive these regulatory frameworks to impact on their practice. Findings show that the benefits afforded by accreditation and the Regulation are offset by unfulfilled intentions and unintended outcomes.

The rotation of our planet results in regular changes in environmental cues such as daylength and temperature, and organisms have evolved a molecular oscillator that allows them to anticipate these changes and adapt their development accordingly. In many plants, the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is controlled by photoperiod, which synchronises flowering with favourable seasons of the year. Here, we describe the notable progress that has been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms that measure daylength and control of flowering time in Arabidopsis, a long day (LD) plant, and in rice, a short day (SD) plant. Although the components of the Arabidopsis regulatory network seem to be conserved in other species, the difference in the function of particular genes may contribute to the reverse response to daylength observed between LD and SD plants. We also highlight the recent advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms that underlie other developmental transitions contr...

The effects of artificial photoperiod regimes on reproductive patterns have been studied in several species, as have haematological parameters. However, information on how artificial photoperiods may affect blood components is scarce, especially under field conditions. We have assessed the effects of constant light [long day (LD) photoperiod: 24 h (light):0 h (dark)] on haematological parameters of cultured rainbow trout in Chile (Southern Hemisphere). In the initial stage (March up to June), two groups of fish were maintained under similar conditions and under the ambient (natural) photoperiod (NP). One group was then placed under the LD photoperiod regime for 2 months (June/July), following which it was returned to␣the NP (August–January); the control group remained under the NP throughout the experiment (March–January). All fish were assessed for haematological parameters and growth performance at various times during the experiment. During the initial stage, no differences were found between groups. However, at the end of the LD 24:0 period, the LD fish had increased haematocrit values and erythrocyte numbers and diminished mean corpuscular haemoglobin. After the LD fish had been returned to the NP, they developed secondary sexual characteristics and had a 40–44% decrease in the number of leukocytes.

Miltoniopsis orchids have appealing potted-plant characteristics, including large, fragrant, and showy pansylike flowers that range from white and yellow to shades of red and purple. Scheduling orchid hybrids to flower on specific dates requires knowledge of how light and temperature regulate the flowering process. We performed experiments to determine whether a 9- or 16-h photoperiod [short day (SD) or long day (LD)] before vernalization and vernalization temperatures of 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, or 23 °C under SD or LD regulate flowering of potted Miltoniopsis orchids. Flowering of Miltoniopsis Augres `Trinity' was promoted most when plants were exposed to SD and then vernalized at 11 or 14 °C. Additional experiments were performed to determine how durations of prevernalization SD and vernalization at 14 °C influenced flowering of Miltoniopsis Augres `Trinity' and Eastern Bay `Russian'. Plants were placed under SD or LD at 20 °C for 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 weeks and then transferred to 14 °C under SD for 8 weeks. Another set of plants was placed under SD or LD at 20 °C for 8 weeks and then transferred to 14 °C with SD for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks. After treatments, plants were grown in a common environment at 20 °C with LD. Flowering of Miltoniopsis Augres `Trinity' was most complete and uniform (≥90%) when plants were exposed to SD for 4 or 8 weeks before 8 weeks of vernalization at 14 °C. Flowering percentage of Miltoniopsis Eastern Bay `Russian' was ≥80 regardless of prevernalization photoperiod or duration. This information could be used by greenhouse growers and orchid hobbyists to more reliably induce flowering of potted Miltoniopsis orchids.

A total of 139 cucumber germplasms collected from within the country and abroad were sown on May 15 and 29, 2000 on single row observation at Horticulture Farm, Lamjung Campus, Lamjung and Yampaphant, Tanahun, respectively. The germplasms varied widely in leaf color, duration of producing the first male and female flowers after sowing, number of node bearing first male and female flowers, number of nodes and branches per plant, sex ratio, number of female flowers and fruits per plant, yield per plant and market acceptability of the fruits at both sites. Altogether, 25 entries produced fruits at Yampaphant. Of them, the entry collected from Makwanpur (seed distributed by the Plan Office) and the next entry collected from Dhankuta and named Dhankuta Local produced the highest fruit yield of 4.69 and 4.50 kg/plant, respectively. At Lamjung site, the entry named Mahyco Green Long produced the highest yield of 1.77 kg/plant followed by Bhaktapur Local with 1.67 kg/plant. Only ten entries produced yield at both sites. Of them, the entry collected from Suryapur of Chitwan gave the highest yield of 2.59 and 1.17 kg/plant at Yampaphant and Lamjung, respectively. Hence, these collections were found the most promising with high tolerance to high temperature and long day photoperiod condition as compared to other entries. Key words: Cucumber germplasm, screening, high temperature, long day J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27:45-51 (2006)

Results from hemp experiments in European countries indicate that long day conditions may be beneficial for the fibre content and quality of hemp. The long day conditions during summer in Sweden are therefore of interest. This paper presents results from the first fibre hemp experiments carried out in Sweden since the 1960s. Field trials were performed in southern Sweden, during the years 1999-2001, testing three monoecious varieties (Felina, Fedora and Futura) at seed rates of 30 and 60 kg/ha. Total biomass yield in autumn varied from 7.8 to 14.5 ton DM/ha and fibre yield from 1.9 to 3.3 ton DM/ha. The highest fibre yields per hectare were produced by the variety Futura, the lowest by Fedora. The seed rates 30 and 60 kg/ha gave similar biomass and fibre yields, but the plant density was lower and the stem diameter was larger at 30 kg/ha. Results of chemical analyses of stem and leaves are presented.

The influence of three photoperiods, viz. short day [8 : 16 h; light : dark (L : D)], long day (16 : 8 h; L : D) and continuous light (24 : 0 h; L : D) and four wavelengths of light, viz. white (control), yellow, blue and red on pre-imaginal development and reproductive performance of a ladybird, Coelophora (=Lemnia) saucia (Mulsant) (Col., Coccinellidae) have been investigated under laboratory conditions. Long-day photoperiod and white light resulted in low immature stage mortality. Total larval period was longest under short-day and red-light conditions. Females kept at long-day photoperiod and under white light showed better reproductive performance than those placed under other photoperiods and wavelengths.

Background Child care workers play an important role in caring for children attending child care yet there is little research regarding their health. Methods The study consisted of focus groups with child care workers and a survey, conducted as part of a larger study known as the Healthy Child Care Study, which focused on children. The study investigated carers working in formal child care [long day care (LDC) and family day care (FDC)]. Results Questionnaires to caregivers in centres showed that 86% had taken sick leave in the previous year and 75% of staff had taken leave for infectious illness. Carers in FDC reported that 24% had taken sick leave in the previous year and 12% of carers had taken leave for infectious illness. Of responding caregivers from centres, 22% were cigarette smokers while in FDC homes, 8% of carers smoked. In focus groups, carers reported that their major areas of health concern were stress, infectious illness and physical trauma such as lifting injuries. Conclusions Child care workers in LDC took more sick leave than those in FDC but this is not necessarily due to more illness. Child care workers are a diverse and important group that require further research.

George Washington died much as he lived, stoic, dignified, controlled to the very end. True to form, his last moments, much like his life, saw him surrounded by slaves. At daybreak on the day he died – Saturday, 14 December 1799 – Caroline, a housemaid, bustled into his room to make a fire. Three other slaves fetched the physicians, who ministered to the dying General. Washington's body servant, twenty-four-year-old Christopher, otherwise known as Christopher Sheels, attended his master throughout the long day of his last illness. Indeed, in the afternoon Washington motioned Christopher to take a seat by his bedside as he had been standing throughout his vigil. At the moment of death, blacks outnumbered whites in the room. Caroline, Charlotte, a seamstress, and Molly, a domestic, were all standing near the door, and Christopher was by the bed, while only three whites – Dr. James Craik, his primary physician and old friend; Tobias Lear, his secretary; and Martha Washington, his wife – were present. At Martha's behest, Christopher aroused Lear from his grief by asking him to take care of the General's keys and other personal items which the body servant had taken out of the dead man's pockets. On the day after Washington's death, Frank Lee, the family's mulatto butler, Christopher, and Marcus, another house servant, received new shoes so that they would look presentable at the funeral.

This study examined the influence of photoperiod on affective behavior (anxiety) of adult male and female meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), maintained in either a long or short day photoperiod, when tested in an automated (VersaMax) light-dark test. The light-dark test is based on an innate aversion of rodents to novel, brightly illuminated spaces and has been used with laboratory raised species, such as mice, to assess anxiety and/or fear related behaviors. Male and female meadow voles, housed either in a long day (LD: 16 h light) or short day (SD: 8 h light) photoperiod, were tested in the light-dark apparatus for 30 min on 3 consecutive days. All animals spent significantly (p0.001) less time in the brightly lit chamber (900 lux) than in the dark chamber. LD voles, especially females, spent significantly less time in the brightly lit area than did SD voles. Both horizontal and vertical movements occurred less frequently per unit time in the dark area relative to the light, but only in the LD voles. LD female voles were the least active group in the dark area on the first test day but the most active group in the light area, despite spending the least amount of time in this area on the second and third test days. The present results show that LD voles exhibit more anxiety related behaviors in this test situation than do SD voles. LD females avoided the brightly lit area the most, particularly when the apparatus was novel. Thus, both photoperiod and sex influence situation-based anxiety in this species. These findings suggest that meadow voles are an excellent animal model in which to examine the role of gonadal hormones, and their modulation of defence related neural systems, in the induction of anxiety.

This article is concerned with the continuing staff shortages in Australian long day care services. To expand possibilities for addressing this ongoing problem, the article advocates the use of discourse as a theoretical and practical tool for reframing discussions about staff shortages. Drawing on discourses of crisis and professionalism as examples, it suggests refocusing conversations and action around discourses of opportunity and critical professionalism, rather than the gendered professionalism traditionally associated with children's services.

Forty‐eight toddlers aged 17 to 31 months attending long‐day childcare participated in this project, which examined some of the influences of the day‐care context on their emerging pretend play. Ninety minutes of video‐taped observations were collected for each participant as they engaged in free play with their same‐age peers and their pre‐school‐aged peers. The play environment was assessed on a number of dimensions, including the provision of play materials, the quality of care and staff attitudes toward play. Additionally, the participants' weekly attendance pattern was taken into consideration. The complexity of pretend play was coded in accordance with Westby's Symbolic Play Scale (1991). Two components of the long‐day childcare context—play with pre‐school‐aged peers and the unsatisfactory provision of play materials—were found to be significantly influential on the participants' complexity of pretend play. An attendance of four or more days in childcare was also found to be favourable. A number of...

It is the perseverating Jamie who employs the expression “That goes for Sweeny” (as O’Neill spells the name) when he wants to dismiss a remark he has just directed at Edmund in Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day's Journey Into Night. This expression appears to have originated in the horse-racing and betting world, though its usage later expanded. Such is the claim—“A New Slang Phrase and How It Originated”—put forth in the New York Morning Telegraph, a newspaper published for horse-racing followers, on February 12, 1901

It can be tough to leave a memorable impression when you are the last conference speaker of a long day, three days into a scientific conference. The University of Tokyo’s Eiichi Nakamura, however, wasn’t fazed. “I promise you this won’t be boring,” Nakamura assured an auditorium’s worth of chemists at the 2013 National Organic Chemistry Symposium (NOS). “I’m going to show you molecular movies.” As the conference-goers settled in, some surreptitiously sipped wine they secreted in from the evening’s banquet, past the watchful eyes of ushers instructed to keep food and drink out of the hall. Not long after the lights dimmed, Nakamura clicked “play” on black-and-white footage of real molecules twisting and turning inside carbon nanotubes, visible to human eyes in a way unimaginable a generation ago. Nakamura and his collaborators began making microscopic motion pictures in 2007, and they continue to explore new questions with the technology. Nakamura ...

Immature gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) with a mean initial weight of 25.6 g were reared over 11 months to market size under different photoperiods: 16L:8D; 24L:0D and a control. Differences in final mean weight were significant between the three treatments (P

Experiments were conducted in environmental chambers to the evaluate effects of photoperiod and temperature on Florida betony growth and development. Plants were exposed to two photoperiods, short day (9 h) and long day (9 + 3 h night interruption), and three day/night temperature regimes, 18/14, 22/18, and 26/22 C. After 10 wk of growth, shoot length and weight were 3.4 and 3.5 times greater, respectively, in the long-day photoperiod and with the 26 and 22 than with the 22 and 18 C day and night temperature regime, respectively. Shoot number, however, was greatest in the short-day photoperiod and at a lower temperature of 22/18 C. Shoot number in long day 22/18 C and 26/22 C environments increased asymptotically. No difference in root weight was observed between long- and short-day environments, but root weight increased with increasing temperature. Flowering and tuber production only occurred in long-day environments, with greater production of both at higher temperatures. Results provide a general framework for understanding Florida betony growth and development characteristics in the field and provide insights that should be considered in developing control strategies.

To gain an understanding of the adaptation of Australian and Canadian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars to the environments of western Canada and Western Australia, phyllochron and number of leaves on the mainstem in eight cultivars of two-row, spring barley were examined when sown at two dates in two locations. The locations were a short-day environment at Northam, Western Australia, Australia in 1997 and a long-day environment at Lacombe, Alberta, Canada in 1998. At each location highly significant relationships between leaf number on the mainstem and thermal time were found (r2 > 0.94). Using linear estimates, the phyllochron of barley under short days was longer than under long days and was correlated to time to awn emergence. Later sowing shortened phyllochron under short days, but generally not under long days. Error messages from the linear regression analysis suggested that residuals were not random for all cultivars. Bilinear models were fitted to those datasets. Bilineal responses were observed under both short and long days, being independent of cultivar, date of seeding, final leaf number, phenological development pattern and time to awn emergence. The occurrence of a bilinear response was also independent of any ontogenetic events. The change in phyllochron occurred between leaves 4–7 at Northam and between leaves 6–9 at Lacombe. The leaf number at which the phyllochron change occurred was positively related to final leaf number and time to awn emergence. The phyllochron of early forming leaves was positively related to time to awn emergence and shorter than later forming leaves. Leaf emergence patterns in spring barley under both long-day and short-day conditions may therefore be linear or bilinear. Key words: barley (spring), Hordeum vulgare L., phyllochron, leaf emergence, daylength

Echinacea purpurea cv. Bravado and Magnus have been reported to be intermediate daylength plants (IDP) which flower in response to photoperiods between 13 and 16 h. The present experiments with E. purpurea cv. Bravado show that E. purpurea is actually a dual induction short-long-day plant which flowers promptly and consistently when grown in short day (SD) followed by long day (LD) conditions, but not with the reverse sequence of photoperiods. The flowering response increased with increasing duration of both the SD and the LD treatments. A minimum of 4 weeks of SD followed by 12 LD was required for complete flowering. No flowering occurred in continuous SD or LD, whereas a high proportion of plants flowered in continuous 14-h daylength. However, flowering was more variable in intermediate daylength than after transition from SD to LD. Furthermore, photoperiods between 13 and 16 h could satisfy both the primary SD induction and the secondary LD induction requirements. As a number of dual induction plants, both short-long-day and long-short-day plants, have such an overlapping window of effective photoperiods that can trigger both the SD and LD responses, the rationale for maintaining IDP as a separate and genuine flowering response group is seriously challenged.

Comparaison entre le semis direct, la transplantation a racine nue et diverses densites de plants en godets dans la dynamique du developpement et la production d'oignon de jour long. Developpement d'oignon transplante a densite augmentee. Le developpement de la racine, du bulbe et du tige d'oignon transplante obtenu a partir de plants en godets de 228 compartiments a ete etudie. Les traitements ont ete un (TC1), deux (TC2), ou trois (TC3) plants/compartiment, et une plante separee dans la transplantation de celles developpees avec deux (TC2-1) ou trois (TC3-1) plants/compartiment. Les controles ont ete: semis direct (DC) et transplantation a racine nue (BR). Les plantes transplantees ont ete disposees en rangee avec les distances suivantes: 5 cm (BR, TC1, TC2-1, TC3-1), 10 cm (TC2), et 15 cm (TC3). Pendant le premier et le mi-developpement le nombre de racines et le poids sec de racines a ete superieur pour TC 1 compare avec BR. La masse de feuilles des plantes transplantees s'est dessechee dans les 64 et les 80 jours apres la transplantation (DAT). Initialement, DS a eu un taux de formation de bulbe rapide, tandis que les plantes transplantees ont montre un taux plus rapide 60 DAT. Avant la maturite finale, TC1 a eu une taille des bulbes plus grande que DS et TC3. Les productions totales ont ete semblables, mais la production en classes de taille a differe de maniere significative entre les traitements. DS et TC3 ont eu une augmentation dans la taille des bulbes petits (35-50 mm de diametre). Tous les plants en godet, excepte TC3, ont eu une augmentation significative dans la taille des bulbes grands (60-70 mm). TC1 a eu 36 % de la production totale commercialisable avec la taille jumbo (> 70 mm) par rapport a 16 % pour le semis direct et a 24 % pour la transplantation a racine nue.

SummaryWhen strawberries (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) are produced in a greenhouse, usually two crops a year are obtained; in the fall and in the spring. To increase productivity, new cultivation techniques are needed. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of daylength treatments on the performance of strawberry plants to improve plant production protocols. The possibility of obtaining two successive crops during forcing was explored by exposing plants of cultivar Korona to two successive short day (SD) treatments followed by cold storage. The following daylength treatments were studied: 3 wk SD + 2 wk long day (LD) + 3 wk SD (3SD2LD3SD), 3 wk SD + 4 wk LD + 3 wk SD (3SD4LD3SD), and 10 wk SD (10SD). In addition, crown branching was studied in plants subjected to SD treatments. Two successive SD treatments enabled two successive flowering and cropping periods during greenhouse forcing after eight weeks of cold storage.The first SD treatment caused crown branching and induced flowering in the apical ...

This study explored early childhood teachers’ views relating to culture and play by collecting information from them on cultural differences and parental perceptions of play, culturally appropriate play (CAP) practices and barriers in its implementation. The participants of the study were 14 early childhood educators working in long day care (LDC) or out, of, school, hours care (OOSH) settings located in Sydney, Australia. Children in the selected centers represented various cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Teachers in the present study reported noticeable differences in the play of children of diverse cultural backgrounds. However, they believed that the differences in children's play were attributable to the children's proficiency in English language and gender rather than to their culture. The teachers reported they had limited or no information on the children's cultural patterns of play at home. The lack of information on cultural patterns of play, perhaps, has led to difficulties in und...

Effect of photoperiod on flowering response and growth of 18 ornamental sunflower cultivars was evaluated. Plants were grown in a glasshouse under 16 h long day (LD) or 11.5 h short day (SD) conditions. In 12 of the cultivars tested (66.7%), visible flower bud stage was significantly earlier under the SD than under the LD. All of the cultivars flowered under both the SD and the LD conditions. However, 16 cultivars (88.9%) had a quantitative SD response, that is, their flowering was significantly delayed under LD. Delay of flowering under LD was variable among the cultivars, and was 14 days or greater in 11 of them. Photoperiod had no effect on flowering of ‘Jamboree’. This cultivar behaved clearly as a day-neutral (DN) plant. The cultivar ‘Sailor Moon’ showed a LD response; its flowering was earlier under LD. In 14 of the cultivars showing a SD response, photoperiod also influenced plant height, resulting in taller plants under LD. In the most of cultivars there was no effect of photoperiod on flower and stem diameters.

Plastics that selectively reduce the transmission of far-red light (FR, 700 to 800 nm) reduce extension growth of many floricultural crops. However, FR-deficient (FRd) environments delay flowering in some long-day plants (LDPs), including `Crystal Bowl Yellow' pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana Gams). Our objective was to determine if FR light could be added to an otherwise FRd environment to facilitate flowering with minimal extension growth. In one experiment, plants were grown under a 16-hour FRd photoperiod, and FR-rich light was added during portions of the day or night. For comparison, plants were also grown with a 9-hour photoperiod [short-day (SD) control] or under a neutral (N) filter with a 16-hour photoperiod (long day control). Flowering was promoted most (i.e., percent of plants that flowered increased and time to flower decreased) when FR-rich light was added during the entire 16-hour photoperiod, during the last 4 hours of the photoperiod, or during the first or second 4 hours after the end of the photoperiod. In a separate experiment, pansy was grown under an FRd or N filter with a 9-hour photoperiod plus 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 hours of night interruption (NI) lighting that delivered a red (R, 600 to 700 nm) to FR ratio of 0.56 (low), 1.28 (moderate), or 7.29 (high). Under the N filter, the minimum NI duration that increased percent flowering was 2 hours with a moderate or low R:FR and 4 hours with a high R:FR. Under the FRd filter, 2 or 4 hours of NI lighting with a moderate or low R:FR, respectively, was required to increase percent flowering, but a 4-hour NI with a high R:FR failed to promote flowering. Pansy appears to be day-neutral with respect to flower initiation and a quantitative LDP with respect to flower development. The promotion of reproductive development was related linearly to the promotion of extension growth. Therefore, it appears that in LDPs such as pansy, light duration and quality concomitantly promote extension growth and flowering, and cannot readily be separated with lighting strategies.

Newspapers provided a significant portion of the political education that farmers received during the 1890s. Most were small, highly partisan, and run on a shoe-string budget. To supplement local news and activities, Populist editors frequently purchased 'boiler plate' syndications that contained national news, party propaganda, and cartoons. The messages in these illustrations could be cutting, controversial, or even poignant. They probably left a stronger impression than the editorials, particularly among those tired from a long day's work or with questionable reading skills. These cartoons provide us with a window into the world of Populist politics in the 1890s.

To quantify the effect of duration of long-day (LD) period and plant density on several chrysanthemum external quality aspects, a greenhouse experiment was conducted under summer conditions. Chrysanthemum ‘Reagan Improved’ was planted in May and grown under three durations (2, 9 and 16 days) of LD period combined with three plant densities (48, 64 and 80 plants m-2). Plant height linearly increased with duration of LD period. Decreasing LD period from 16 to 2 days resulted in 25% shorter plants, but a marketable height was always reached (> 65 cm). Plant height showed an optimum response to plant density, however this effect was rather small (= 7%). Total number of flowers and flower buds per plant (NoF) increased with increased assimilate supply, measured as total plant fresh mass (TFM), whereas individual flower size (area and dry mass) was not affected. For example, plants that received 16 days of LD period and grown at 48 plants m-2 were the heaviest (91.5 g plant-1) and obtained the highest NoF (28 flowers plant-1). In contrast, 2 days of LD period and 80 plants m-2, resulted in 57% lighter plants with 67% less flowers. A model to predict NoF was developed based on TFM (NoF= 0.353 TFM – 5.66; R2= 0.93). It was concluded that a similar TFM could be obtained using several combinations of plant density and duration of LD, without affecting either NoF or individual flower size. A photosynthesis-driven crop growth model was validated and used to quantify this trade-off, when aiming at a certain TFM. It was shown that such trade-off is dependent on the planting date throughout the year

Bulbing response of Allium × wakegi Araki cv. Kiharabansei No.1 to temperature prior to bulb formation was investigated. The plants exposed to 5°C for 35 days were grown at 20°C under photoperiods ranging from 11 to 14 hrs. The control plants were kept above 15°C before the photoperiodic treatment. Regardless of the exposure to low temperature, the plants did not form bulbs under 11- and 12-hr photoperiods, whereas they did under a 14-hr photoperiod. Under 13- and 14-hr photoperiods, the plants exposed to low temperature had higher bulbing ratios (the maximum diameter of basal leaf sheath/the minimum neck diameter) and higher percentages of tillers with bulb scales (bladeless swollen leaves) than had the control plants. Low temperature exposure did not induce bulb formation of A. × wakegi, but shortened the critical photoperiod for bulb formation from 14 hrs to 13 hrs. When bulbs were stored between 1 and 25°C for 50 days and grown at 20°C under a 13-hr photoperiod, storage at or below 15°C promoted the formation of new bulbs. Storage at 10°C was more effective than that at 15°C, but below 10°C, it exerted no additional effect. When bulbs were stored at 5°C between 0 and 84 days and grown at 20°C under a 13-hr photoperiod, the formation of new bulbs was promoted as the cold storage period was extended. The promotive effect of low temperature on bulb formation was weakened by subsequent exposure to 25-35°C.

ObjectiveEarly childhood settings are promising avenues to intervene to improve children’s nutrition. Previous research has shown that a nutrition award scheme, Start Right – Eat Right (SRER), improves long day care centre policies, menus and eating environments. Whether this translates into improvements in children’s dietary intake is unknown. The present study aimed to determine whether SRER improves children’s food and nutrient intakes.DesignPre–post cohort study.SettingTwenty long day care centres in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.SubjectsChildren aged 2–4 years (n 236 at baseline, n 232 at follow-up).MethodsDietary intake (morning tea, lunch, afternoon tea) was assessed pre- and post-SRER implementation using the plate wastage method. Centre nutrition policies, menus and environments were evaluated as measures of intervention fidelity. Comparisons between baseline and follow-up were made using t tests.ResultsAt follow-up, 80 % of centres were fully compliant with the SRER award criteria, indicating high scheme implementation and adoption. Intake increased for all core food groups (range: 0·2–0·4 servings/d, PConclusionsSRER is effective in improving children’s food and nutrient intakes at a critical time point when dietary habits and preferences are established and can inform future public health nutrition interventions in this setting.

You awake to the soft sounds of your favorite music growing louder as you listen. The lights slowly begin to brighten. You can already smell the coffee wafting into your bedroom through the climate control system. As you stretch and stand up, rubbing the sleep from your eyes, your T.V. turns to your favorite news channel. You can hear the shower start as you lay out your clothes for the day. After breakfast, you get into your car. You speak the command, “work” and your car begins the drive while you read the latest news feed being projected onto your glasses. When the car stops at a red light, you glance out the window. Overhead you see an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) silently glide past, checking on traffic ahead. Your smart phone beeps, alerting you to your tasks that await you at work. You review the tasks and discover one of your clients has been hacked – again. You see the computer system at work has decided during the night to trace the source of the hack and attempted to disable the offending bot. You hope it made the right decision and found the right culprit. If not, it may be a long day. This scenario may sound far-fetched, part of some imagined future, but the year is 2013 and the time is now.

Production of high quality seed potatoes is normally favoured by a cool climate with minor pest problems. Growth chamber studies aimed to reveal if daylengths (12 and 24 hrs) and temperatures (18/12 and 12/9°C day/night) during production also might influence progeny growth. Results showed no significant carry-over effect from daylength conditions, while growth vigour and yields were affected by parent plant growth temperature. Further experiments, including a greater range of temperatures, different cultivars and measurements of physiological age, are required to discuss theoretical and practical implications of the results.