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An essential biomarker for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases is serum homocysteine (Hcy). In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and nanocomposite were used to create a label-free electrochemical biosensor for reliable Hcy detection. A novel Hcy-specific MIP (Hcy-MIP) was synthesized using methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). The Hcy-MIP biosensor was fabricated by overlaying the mixture of Hcy-MIP and the carbon nanotube/chitosan/ionic liquid compound (CNT/CS/IL) nanocomposite on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). It showed high sensitivity, with a linear response of 5.0 to 150 µM (R2 of 0.9753) and with a limit of detection (LOD) at 1.2 µM. It demonstrated low cross-reactivity with ascorbic acid, cysteine, and methionine. Recoveries of 91.10–95.83% were achieved when the Hcy-MIP biosensor was used for Hcy at 50–150 µM concentrations. The repeatability and reproducibility of the biosensor at the Hcy concentrations of 5.0 and 150 µM were very good, with coefficients of variation at 2.27–3.50% and 3.42–4.22%, respectively. This novel biosensor offers a new and effective method for Hcy assay compared with the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay at the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9946. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omeprazole selective molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by polymerization using 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as a monomer, N-vinylcaprolactam as a thermo-sensitive polymer, and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linker, respectively. This study aimed to develop a novel polymer as a nanoadsorbent for the extraction of omeprazole in biological and pharmaceutical samples. To achieve maximum extraction recovery of the drug, the Nd:YAG pulsed laser irradiation was used to convert adsorbent particles into smaller sizes using water solvent at different irradiation times. Properties of prepared thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer were characterized by different analyses. The optimal extraction conditions were thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer dosage of 0.01 g, a cross-linking agent of 0.15 g, contact time of 15 min, eluent of methanol, the temperature of 25°C, initial drug concentration of 20 mg L−1, and solution pH of 4. The sorption isotherms and selective recognition of thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer were investigated in detail. Sorption results fitted well into the linearized Langmuir equation. The selectivity experiment has shown that the sorption capacity and selectivity of thermo-sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer to omeprazole were higher than those of bicalutamide and prednisolone. A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet detector method was validated and utilized for analysis of drug extracted from biological and pharmaceutical samples. The method was linear in the range of 0.5–80 mg L−1 with a relative standard deviation value of 0.094 and a limit of detection and a limit of quantification of 0.9 and 30 µg L−1, respectively. The recovery of omeprazole drug ranged from 94.3%, 99.2%, and 98.1%, respectively, in human plasma, human urine, and pharmaceutical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blocking the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 has become an effective strategy in inhibition of tumor immune escape. At present, it mainly depends on the employment of macromolecular antibodies, which target PD-1/PD-L1 protein through binding one of PD-1 or PD-L1 domains. In this study, we present a different strategy, an aptamer modified molecularly imprinted polymer layer (APD–PD-L1–MIPL), to break PD-1/PD-L1 binding for the inhibition of tumor immune escape. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL is prepared by a MIP layer on the surface of CaCO3 nanospheres using the peptide segment of the PD-L1 protein as a template. The subsequent removal of CaCO3 nanospheres core formats the MIP layer, to ensure high specifically matching capacity and short equilibrium time. A PD-L1 antagonistic DNA aptamer, is modified into the MIP layer to enhance recognition capacity, resulting in dual-targeting functionality. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL is able to bind PD-L1 and allow suppressing the engagement of PD-L1 with PD-1, inducing to block of the downstream signaling pathways and, therefore, restore T cell function and inhibition of cancer growth. The APD–PD-L1–MIPL can quantitatively detect the bound proteins and the LOD of APD–PD-L1–MIPL is 0.003 mg mL−1. This strategy enables provide a new idea for tumor immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new electrochemical biosensor based on Fe3O4 nanoparticles and molecularly imprinted polymer-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was built to record the HGH molecules. The HGH is an important metabolic hormone and is responsible for body growth, stimulating the growth and differentiation of muscle, bone, and cartilage. A stable SPCE/Fe3O4/Poly-pyrrole/MIP layer was formed by the electro-polymerization of pyrrole molecules as functional monomers and HGH as template molecules. The accuracy and sensitivity of the prepared SPCE were confirmed using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. According to the results, the MIP showed a linear range of 1× 10-6 to 1×10-11 g/cm³ for the HGH under study conditions with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.927×10-12 g/cm³. The calibration curve showed 99.9% correlation of the data. It can be concluded that the MIP made for HGH molecules has high sensitivity and stability, low cost, short response time, and excellent reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an efficient method for chloramphenicol (CAP) detection is of great significance for food safety. Arginine (Arg) was selected as a functional monomer. Benefiting from its excellent electrochemical performance, which is different from traditional functional monomers, it can be combined with CAP to form a highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) material. It overcomes the shortcoming of poor MIP sensitivity faced by traditional functional monomers, and achieves high sensitivity detection without compounding other nanomaterials, greatly reducing the preparation difficulty and cost investment of the sensor. The possible binding sites between CAP and Arg molecules were calculated by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). A low-cost, non-modified MIP electrochemical sensor was developed for the high-performance detection of CAP. The prepared sensor has a wide linear range from 1 × 10−12 mol L−1 to 5 × 10−4 mol L−1, achieves a very low concentration CAP detection, and the detection limit is 1.36 × 10−13 mol L−1. It also exhibits excellent selectivity, anti-interference, repeatability, and reproducibility. The detection of CAP in actual honey samples was achieved, which has important practical value in food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excess use of artificial sweeteners poses a serious issue to the environment and human health. Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) is a non-nutritive artificial sweetener excessively used as an alternative sugar substitute in various foods and beverages. Here a simple, selective and rapid method to determine Ace-K in dietary products is proposed. In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor is designed for the sensitive and selective determination of Ace-K. MIP was developed by the electropolymerization of ortho-phenylenediamine (o-PD) thin film around template molecules (Ace-K) on a glassy carbon electrode. Various parameters such as deposition cycle, template removal and rebinding parameters were optimized for sensor fabrication. The sensor was characterized after each stage of fabrication using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The MIP sensor exhibited wide linear range for the determination of Ace-K from 0.1 to 17.0 μM. The developed sensor attained the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.35 µM and 1.2 µM, respectively. The applicability of the proposed sensor was examined for Ace-K determination in real samples. The MIP sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, repeatability, stability and commercialization potential for Ace-K detection.

Diabetes is a primary factor that is accountable for health problems and results in millions of deaths. 4 million deaths approximately occurred due to diabetes every year and about 170 million people are suffering universally. For diabetes, no treatment is present that promises to cure this condition. Only blood glucose monitoring is recommended for diabetics. Regular and close monitoring of glucose levels can help to avoid further serious problems. Determining the level of glucose in the blood is an important requirement. This is done by monitoring the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which is a biomarker for glucose. But HbA1c monitoring is unreliable in the presence of certain medical conditions. In such cases another biomarker glycated albumin (GA) is used for glucose monitoring as it remains unaffected by such conditions. As a result, a bimetallic nanomaterial-based sensitive platform was created. This research focuses on the development of a biosensor that utilizes micro-screen printed electrodes (μSPE). The platform was designed to measure the level of GA and demonstrated the synergistic effects of bi-metallic gold-platinum (Au-Pt) nanomaterial. Additionally, the electrochemical response of mono-metallic and bi-metallic nanoparticles was investigated in order to detect glycated albumin, a diabetes biomarker. The biosensor constructed using bimetallic nanoparticles exhibits a broad range of concentrations, lower limit of detection, heightened sensitivity, and selectivity.

An environmentally friendly and sustainable approach was adopted to produce a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) via electropolymerization, with remarkable electrochemical sensing properties, tested in tyrosine (tyr) detection. The 2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bithianaphtene (BT2-T4) was chosen as functional monomer and MIP electrosynthesis was carried out via cyclic voltammetry on low-volume (20 μL) screen-printed carbon electrodes (C-SPE) in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ((BMIM) TFSI). An easy and rapid washing treatment allowed us to obtain the resulting MIP film, directly used for tyr electrochemical detection, carried out amperometrically. The sensor showed a linear response in the concentration range of 15–200 μM, with LOD of 1.04 µM, LOQ of 3.17 μM and good performance in selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Tyrosine amperometric detection was also carried out in human plasma, resulting in a satisfactory recovery estimation. The work represents the first use of BT2-T4 as a functional monomer for the production of a molecularly imprinted polymer, with a green approach afforded by using a few microliters of a room temperature ionic liquid as an alternative to common organic solvents on screen-printed carbon electrodes, resulting in a valuable system that meets the green chemistry guidelines, which is today an essential criterion in both research and application field.

Molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to produce stable polymeric materials due to their highly selective binding sites to determine the analyte (target molecule) in food products. MIPs begin with a complex compound between the template molecule and the functional monomers that can be polymerized when there is a closely crossed link. MIPs left specific cavities after the removal of templates during washing, which complements the size and shape of the templates. The use of MIPs has contributed to novel advances in materials science, polymer science, natural science, and other multi-disciplinary systems. Optical chemical sensor is an exciting field in MIPs today due to comprehend the unique affirmation limit of associated polymers giving stable polymers with high molecular recognition capabilities. MIPs display a wide extent of relevance, incredible flexibility, security, and high selectivity; their internal affirmation districts can be explicitly gotten together with design molecules to achieve specific affirmation. This review covers the various achievements of sensors used in laboratory analyses. The advancement in the development of MIPs is evaluated with an accentuation on the preparation principle, the discovery process, the molecular recognition mechanism and future perspectives and challenges for MIPs in building an optical chemical sensor.

The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) is useful for measuring the amount of riboflavin (vitamin B2), in various samples using UV/Vis instruments. The practical optimization of the MIP synthesis conditions has a number of drawbacks, like the need to spend money, the need to spend time, the use of the compounds that cause contamination, needing laboratory equipment and tools. Using machine learning (ML) to predict the amount of riboflavin absorbance is a creative solution to overcome the problems and shortcomings of optimizing polymer synthesis conditions. In fact, by using the model without needing real work in the laboratory, the optimum laboratory conditions are determined, and as a result the maximized absorption of the riboflavin is obtained. In this paper, MIP was synthesized for selective extraction of the riboflavin, and UV/Vis spectrophotometry was used to quantitatively measure riboflavin absorbance. Various factors affect the performance of the polymer. The effect of six important factors, including the molar ratio of the template, the molar ratio of monomer, the molar ratio of cross-linker, loading time, stirring rate, and pH, were investigated. Then, using ensemble ML algorithms, like gradient boosting (GB), extra trees (ET), random forest (RF), and Ada boost (Ada) algorithms, an accurate model was created to predict the riboflavin absorption. Also, the mutual information feature selection method was used to determine the important features. The results of using feature selection method was shown that variables such as the molar ratio of the template, the molar ratio of the monomer, and the molar ratio of the cross-linker had a high effect on riboflavin absorbance. The GB and Ada boost algorithms performed better than ET and RF algorithms. After tuning the n-estimator hyper parameter (n-estimator = 300), the GB algorithm was shown an excellent performance in predicting the absorbance of riboflavin and the maximum R2-scoring of the model was obtained at 0.965995, the minimum of the mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE) of the model respectively were obtained −0.003711 and −0.000078. Therefore, by using the proposed model, it is possible to predict riboflavin absorbance theoretically, and with high accuracy by changing the inputs of model, and using the model instead of working in the lab saves time, money, chemical compounds, and lab ware.

A sensitive electrochemical molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor was fabricated for detection of ezetimibe (Eze) as an effective cholesterol absorption inhibitor on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode based on a magnetic nanoparticle decorated with MIP (Fe3O4@MIP). Placing the magnetic nanoparticle inside the MIP increases the biocompatibility, surface-to-volume ratio, and sensitivity of the sensor. Methacrylic acid (MAA) was used as a monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, and Eze as a template. The fabricated Fe3O4@MIP was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detection of Eze was achieved by differential pulse voltammetry. Using this sensor, Eze can be sensitively detected in the range of 1.0 nM–10 μM and detection limit of 0.7 nM. In addition, we have shown that the proposed sensor successfully detects different concentrations of Eze in human serum samples and thus proves its practical application.

Harnessing innate immunity is an appealing strategy for cancer treatment. Herein, we report a new strategy called molecularly imprinted nanobeacons (MINBs) for redirecting innate immune killing towards triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). The MINBs were molecularly imprinted nanoparticles with the N‐epitope of glycoprotein nonmetastatic B (GPNMB) as the template and grafted with plentiful fluorescein moieties as the hapten. The MINBs could tag the TNBC cells via binding with GPNMB and thereby provide navigation for recruiting hapten‐specific antibodies. The gathered antibodies could further trigger effective Fc‐domain‐mediated immune killing towards the tagged cancer cells. In vivo experiments showed that the TNBC growth was significantly inhibited after MINBs treatment by intravenous injection as compared with control groups. This study not only opens a new access for redirecting innate immunity towards TNBC but also paves the way for innate immunity‐based therapy of other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interfacing recognition materials with transducers has consistently presented a challenge in the development of sensitive and specific chemical sensors. In this context, a method based on near-field photopolymerization is proposed to functionalize gold nanoparticles, which are prepared by a very simple process. This method allows in situ preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer for sensing by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In a few seconds, a functional nanoscale layer is deposited by photopolymerization on the nanoparticles. In this study, the dye Rhodamine 6G was chosen as a model target molecule to demonstrate the principle of the method. The detection limit is 500 pM. Due to the nanometric thickness, the response is fast, and the substrates are robust, allowing regeneration and reuse with the same performance level. Finally, this method of manufacturing has been shown to be compatible with integration processes, allowing the future development of sensors integrated in microfluidic circuits and on optical fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, molecularly imprinted, upconversion fluorescence probe (UCNP@MIFP) for sulfonamide sensing was fabricated by Pickering emulsion polymerization using UCNP@SiO2 particles as the stabilizer and sulfamethazine/sulfamerazine as the co-templates. The synthesis conditions of the UCNP@MIFP were optimized, and the synthesized probe was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, thermogravimetric analyzer, and fluorescence spectrometer. The UCNP@MIFPs showed a good adsorption capacity and a fast kinetic feature for the template. The selectivity experiment revealed that the UCNP@MIFP has a broad-spectrum molecular recognition capability. Good linear relationships were obtained over the concentration range of 1–10 ng/mL for sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and sulfafurazole, with low limits of detection in the range of 1.37–2.35 ng/mL. The prepared UCNP@MIFP has the potential to detect four sulfonamide residues in food and environmental water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) have specific recognition capabilities and have been widely used for electrochemical sensors with high selectivity. In this study, an electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination of p-aminophenol (p-AP) by modifying the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with chitosan-based MIP. The MIP was made from p-AP as a template, chitosan (CH) as a base polymer, and glutaraldehyde and sodium tripolyphosphate as the crosslinkers. MIP characterization was conducted based on membrane surface morphology, FT-IR spectrum, and electrochemical properties of the modified SPCE. The results showed that the MIP was able to selectively accumulate analytes on the electrode surface, in which MIP with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker was able to increase the signal. Under optimum conditions, the anodic peak current from the sensor increased linearly in the range of 0.5–35 µM p-AP concentration, with sensitivity of (3.6 ± 0.1) µA/µM, detection limit (S/N = 3) of (2.1 ± 0.1) µM, and quantification limit of (7.5 ± 0.1) µM. In addition, the developed sensor exhibited high selectivity with an accuracy of (94.11 ± 0.01)%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic antibodies can be used for in vitro neutralization of biomacromolecules with different fragments due to their potential in separation, purification, chemical sensor, catalysis and drug production studies. These polymer nanoparticles with binding affinity and selectivity comparable to natural antibodies were prepared using functional monomer synthesis and copolymerization of acrylic monomers via miniemulsion polymerization. As a result, the in vitro cytotoxic effect from diphtheria toxin was reduced by MIPs. In vitro imaging experiments of polymer nanoparticles (plastic antibodies) were performed to examine the interaction of diphtheria toxin with actin filaments, and MIPs inhibited diphtheria toxin damage on actin filaments. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed with plastic antibodies labeled with biotin, and it was determined that plastic antibodies could also be used for diagnostic purposes. We report that molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), which are biocompatible polymer nanoparticles, can capture and reduce the effect of diphtheria toxic and its fragment A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for gallic acid (GA) was prepared based on the cooperative imprinting of boronate affinity interactions and hydrogen bond. The fabricated MIP were designed by the polymerization of template with co‐functional monomer, 3‐acrylamidophenylboronic acid (AAPBA) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The characteristics of the resulting polymer (AAPBA‐co‐MAA MIP) were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. Bonding performance demonstrated that the AAPBA‐co‐MAA MIP possessed the excellent recognition ability in the incubation solution with pH 7.4 and presented higher adsorption capacity, faster adsorption rate and satisfactory selectivity for GA. Additionally, the AAPBA‐co‐MAA MIP revealed the good applications in the separation and enrichment of GA from Puer tea, and the amount of GA enriched by them was determined to be 2.75 mg g−1. This work suggested that the integration of cooperative imprinting strategy between covalent and non‐covalent would be an effective way to improve the specific recognition performance of the MIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly selective molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to 4-Aminopyridine (4-Ap) target was synthesized starting with azobenzene monomers, which cross-linked initiated by 2, 2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile with the ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. The obtained sorbent, comprised of light-thermosensitive functions, was characterized using FTIR and SEM. The product was finally employed for the 4-AP target in solid-phase extraction. The effect of optimal parameters in the process was studied. The adsorption and release processes for 4-Ap drug delivery were investigated under various conditions, including temperature and radiation wavelengths. This study suggests a facile determination method high selectivity to 4-Ap adsorption/release in a real sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homatropine Methylbromide (HMB) has been used as a template to synthesize two novel molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), HMB-MIP1 and HMB-MIP2, which correspond to the use of two different functional monomers (FMs), methyl acrylate (MA) and acrylamide (AM), respectively. The IR, SEM and TGA techniques are used to characterize these MIPs. Then, their binding characteristics to HMB were evaluated in terms of adsorption isotherm. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were used to study the structures of each of the pre-polymerized complexes, (HMB-Complex1 and HMB-Complex2 refers for HMB-MIP1 and HMB-MIP2, respectively. The study includes calculating the complexation energies and Gibbs free energies of the two complexes. The presence and strength of the non-covalent interactions within pre-polymerized complexes were examined using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting bacteria—Listeria monocytogenes—is an essential healthcare and food industry issue. The objective of the current study was to apply platinum (Pt) and screen-printed carbon (SPCE) electrodes modified by molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) in the design of an electrochemical sensor for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. A sequence of potential pulses was used to perform the electrochemical deposition of the non-imprinted polypyrrole (NIP-Ppy) layer and Listeria monocytogenes-imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) layer over SPCE and Pt electrodes. The bacteria were removed by incubating Ppy-modified electrodes in different extraction solutions (sulphuric acid, acetic acid, L-lysine, and trypsin) to determine the most efficient solution for extraction and to obtain a more sensitive and repeatable design of the sensor. The performance of MIP-Ppy- and NIP-Ppy-modified electrodes was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). According to the results of this research, it can be assumed that the most effective MIP-Ppy/SPCE sensor can be designed by removing bacteria with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. The LOD and LOQ of the MIP-Ppy/SPCE were 70 CFU/mL and 210 CFU/mL, respectively, with a linear range from 300 to 6700 CFU/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite fluorescent probe was fabricated for the simultaneous determination of florfenicol and sparfloxacin based on fluorescence quenching. The probe was synthesized by integrating nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs), cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) into a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The determination was based on the quenching of fluorescence emissions from N-GQDs by florfenicol, detected at 410 nm, and the quenching of fluorescence emissions from CdTe QDs by sparfloxacin, detected at 550 nm. The fluorescent probe was highly sensitive and specific with good linear relationships for florfenicol and sparfloxacin in the range 0.10 to 100.0 μg L−1. The limits of detection for florfenicol and sparfloxacin were 0.06 and 0.10 μg L−1, respectively. The fluorescent probe was used to determine florfenicol and sparfloxacin in food samples and the results agreed well with the results of chromatographic determination. Recoveries of spiked milk, egg and chicken samples reached 93.3–103.4% with good precision (RSD < 6%). The advantages of the nano-optosensor include high sensitivity and selectivity, simplicity, rapidity, convenience, good accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to develop an electroanalytical method to determine one of the most significant antineoplastic agents, topotecan (TPT), using a novel and selective molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) method for the first time. The MIP was synthesized using the electropolymerization method using TPT as a template molecule and pyrrole (Pyr) as the functional monomer on a metal-organic framework decorated with chitosan-stabilized gold nanoparticles (Au-CH@MOF-5). The materials' morphological and physical characteristics were characterized using various physical techniques. The analytical characteristics of the obtained sensors were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). After all characterizations and optimizing the experimental conditions, MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5 and NIP-Au-CH@MOF-5 were evaluated on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5/GCE indicated a wide linear response of 0.4–70.0 nM and a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.298 nM. The developed sensor also showed excellent recovery in human plasma and nasal samples with recoveries of 94.41–106.16 % and 95.1–107.0 %, respectively, confirming its potential for future on-site monitoring of TPT in real samples. This methodology offers a different approach to electroanalytical procedures using MIP methods. Moreover, the high sensitivity and selectivity of the developed sensor were illustrated by the ability to recognize TPT over potentially interfering agents. Hence, it can be speculated that the fabricated MIP-Au-CH@MOF-5/GCE may be utilized in a multitude of areas, including public health and food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposed the developed of thermo‐sensitive and magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the extraction of omeprazole from the human urine and pharmaceutical samples. The ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and N, N′‐methylenediacrylamide were used as the cross‐linkers, poly (N‐vinylcaprolactam) as a thermo‐sensitive monomer, and omeprazole as a template to create molecularly imprinted polymer. The maximum sorption capacity was achieved at a contact time of 15 min, pH=7, temperature of 25 °C, and initial concentration of 20 μg mL−1. Under these conditions, the omeprazole in human urine and pharmaceutical samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra‐violet detection. The obtained polymer was characterized by different techniques. The equilibrium data were fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model.The limit of quantification and limit of detection were 0.24 and 0.061 μg mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations for inter‐day and intra‐day precisions were 1.78 % and 1.51 %, respectively. Omeprazole extraction recoveries from samples exceeded 93 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchically nanostructured chloramphenicol (CLP) imprinted thin polymer films have been developed using a renewable monomer, the antioxidant caffeic acid (CA), using sacrificial nanostructures to induce porosity into the films. The poly(caffeic acid) (PCA) films were synthesized on Au/quartz resonators via greener polymerization conditions (clean energy electropolymerization in aqueous buffer or a non‐ionic deep eutectic solvent). The sacrificial nanostructures explored included zein‐based protein nanobeads, anodized alumina membrane, and Tween 20‐derived polysorbate micelles, where dissolution of the sacrificial nanostructure templates from the PCA films afforded uniform long‐range hyperporous networks, nanowires and nanoparticles, respectively, as revealed by SEM studies. Selective extraction of the CLP template from PCA films, was monitored by XPS, and afforded CLP selective cavities. The CLP‐imprinted PCAzein films demonstrated eight‐ to 25‐fold higher sensitivity than the other nanostructures in a QCM‐sensor format, the limit of detection (LOD) under optimized FIA conditions was 50 mM. Significant sensitivities for CLP in milk were observed (1.5 μg/ml to 3 mg/ml), covering the clinically relevant concentration range. The PCAzein thin films selectively differentiate CLP from structurally related antibiotics and are robust. Their production from renewable feedstocks of biological origin highlights the potential of this class of nanostructured materials for applications utilizing thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates biomimetic sensors for the detection of methotrexate contaminants in environmental samples. Sensors inspired by biological systems are the focus of this biomimetic strategy. Methotrexate is an antimetabolite that is widely used for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. Due to the widespread use of methotrexate and its rampant disposal into the environment, the residues of this drug are regarded as an emerging contaminant of huge concern, considering that exposure to the contaminant has been found to lead to the inhibition of some essential metabolic processes, posing serious risks to humans and other living beings. In this context, this work aims to quantify methotrexate through the application of a highly efficient biomimetic electrochemical sensor constructed using polypyrrole−based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrodeposited by cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multi−walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The electrodeposited polymeric films were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The analyses conducted using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) yielded a detection limit of 2.7 × 10−9 mol L−1 for methotrexate, a linear range of 0.01–125 μmol L−1, and a sensitivity of 0.152 μA L mol−1. The results obtained from the analysis of the selectivity of the proposed sensor through the incorporation of interferents in the standard solution pointed to an electrochemical signal decay of only 15.4%. The findings of this study show that the proposed sensor is highly promising and suitable for use in the quantification of methotrexate in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A novel molecularly imprinted hydrogel (X‐MIP) was developed with poly (allylamine hydrochloride) as monomer and epichlorohydrin as crosslinker. After optimising preparation conditions including reaction temperature, the amount of NaOH and template xylose, the X‐MIP was characterised through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and swelling ratio. Xylose and glucose were employed to evaluate the adsorption capacity and selectivity of the X‐MIP. Its adsorption to xylose followed pseudo‐second‐order rate kinetics and the adsorption process was multilayer adsorption based on the matched Freundlich isotherm model. Its adsorption capacity to xylose was up to 398.68 mg g−1. The similar adsorption abilities in five successive runs and the good desorption rate (98.9%) verified its reusability. The selectivity for xylose and glucose could reach 4.70, and their separation factors in simulated xylitol production feedstocks were 591.05 (xylose:glucose, 99:1) and 15.42 (xylose:glucose, 3:1), respectively. Results indicated the prepared X‐MIP has good potential in industrial xylose purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we demonstrated the synthesis of nanosized molecularly imprinted polymer (nanoMIP) particles via a miniemulsion polymerization strategy for the selective recognition of Penicillin G element, a β-lactam antibiotic (PenG-nanoMIP). The PenG-nanoMIP probe was developed by the mixture of functional monomer, methacrylic acid (MAA) and crosslinking agent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The pre-polymerization of monomer-template mixture was emulsified into miniemulsion via sonication where the PenG-nanoMIP particles were obtained with an average diameter of 60–70 nm. Also, various MIPs were formed by taking different combinations of monomer to crosslinker and among all, the MIP formed with a ratio of 6:24 was chosen as the optimum formulation. In addition, the PenG-nanoMIP probe has been characterized thoroughly for the surface functionality (FTIR), morphological changes (FESEM-EDX), and particles diameter. Finally, the batch rebinding tests via UV–Vis were conducted to investigate that the PenG-nanoMIP 2 has the greatest binding capacity with 4.37 mg/g as compared to PenG-nanoMIP 1 and PenG-nanoMIP 3 having the binding capacities of 3.33 mg/g and 3.62 mg/g respectively. Based on the analysis, it can be suggested that PenG-nanoMIP 2 has offered the highest binding and selectivity for PenG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice of carrier material is critical in the study of natural drug release preparations and glycosylated magnetic molecularly imprinted materials. The stiffness and softness of the carrier material affect the efficiency of drug release and the specificity of recognition. The dual adjustable aperture-ligand in molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) provides the possibility of individualized design for sustained release studies. In this study, a combination of paramagnetic Fe3O4 and carboxymethyl chitosan (CC) was used to enhance the imprinting effect and improve drug delivery. A combination of tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol was used as a binary porogen to prepare MIP-doped Fe3O4-grafted CC (SMCMIP). Salidroside serves as the template, methacrylic acid acts as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) serves as the crosslinker. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the micromorphology of the microspheres. The structural and morphological parameters of the SMCMIP composites were measured, including the surface area and pore diameter distribution. In an in vitro study, we found that the SMCMIP composite had a sustained release property of 50% after 6 h of release time in comparison to the control SMCNIP. The total amounts of SMCMIP released at 25 °C and 37 °C were 77% and 86%, respectively. In vitro results showed that the release of SMCMIP followed Fickian kinetics, meaning that the rate of release is dependent on the concentration gradient, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 3.07 × 10−2 cm2/s to 5.66 × 10−3 cm2/s. The results of cytotoxicity experiments showed that the SMCMIP composite did not have any harmful effects on cell growth. The survival rates of intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) were found to be above 98%. By using the SMCMIP composite, drugs may be delivered in a sustained manner, potentially leading to improved therapeutic outcomes and reduced side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are really interesting for nanomedicine. To be suitable for such application, they need to be small, stable in aqueous media and sometimes fluorescent for bioimaging. We report herein, the facile synthesis of fluorescent, small (below 200 nm), water-soluble and water-stable MIP capable of specific and selective recognition of their target epitope (small part of a protein). To synthesize these materials, we used dithiocarbamate-based photoiniferter polymerization in water. The use of a rhodamine-based monomer makes the resulting polymers fluorescent. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is used to determine the affinity as well as the selectivity of the MIP for its imprinted epitope, according to the significant differences observed when comparing the binding enthalpy of the original epitope with that of other peptides. The toxicity of the nanoparticles is also tested in two breast cancer cell lines to show the possible use of these particle for future in vivo applications. The materials demonstrated a high specificity and selectivity for the imprinted epitope, with a Kd value comparable with the affinity values of antibodies. The synthesized MIP are not toxic, which makes them suitable for nanomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface imprinting used for protein recognition in functional cavities is highly effective in imprinting biomacromolecules to avoid template encapsulation during the formation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) matrix. Herein, we introduce a facile surface-imprinting method based on two-step spin-coating and photopolymerization to design highly efficient imprinted sites on polymeric films to detect trypsin (TRY). Well-distributed template imprinting is successfully achieved for maximized sensing responses by controlling the composition of functional monomers and crosslinkers in the precursor solution and the concentration of TRY in the imprinting solution. The MIP film exhibits higher sensitivity (−841 ± 65 Hz/(μg/mL)) with a coefficient of determination of 0.970 and a higher imprinting factor of 4.5 in a 0.24 µg/mL TRY solution compared to the nonimprinted polymer (NIP) film. Moreover, the limit of detection and limit of quantification are calculated to be 25.33 and 84.42 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the selectivity coefficient is within the range of 3.90–6.78 for TRY against other proteins. These sensing properties are superior to those of the corresponding nonimprinted polymer matrix. Thus, the proposed facile surface-imprinting method is highly effective for protein imprinting with high sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely utilized in the field of sensing due to their specific and high affinity towards target molecules. Combining the selective preconcentration capability of MIPs and the rapid quantitation merit of optical analytical techniques, MIP optical sensors have been applied to the analysis of various kinds of samples and have received considerable attention in recent years. In this review, we overviewed the progress of MIP sensors in combination with various optical detection methods, including fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, Raman scattering, and chemiluminescence. The construction, characterization, working principle, and application of four kinds of MIP optical sensors are covered in detail. Finally, the opportunities and challenges currently encountered by MIP optical sensors are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the occurrence of endotoxin contamination in several products and environments is ubiquitous as existing endotoxin removal procedures are inadequate. This results in several potentially adverse health effects on humans when exposed to endotoxin residues. Among the common treatments (such as boiling, filtration, and pH treatment), the use of a highly selective recognition material based on the molecularly imprinted technique is introduced as an alternative approach for endotoxin removal. In this study, a lecithin molecularly imprinted polymer (LEC-MIP) for endotoxin removal was developed. Prior to MIP synthesis, computational modeling tools, AutoDock Vina and BIOVIA Discovery Studio, were used to screen the occurrence of H-bonding interactions between twenty functional monomers and phosphate on lipid A moiety. Factors affecting LEC-MIP synthesis were studied in terms of types (e.g., methanol, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, and isopropanol) and amounts of solvents (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 mL) and the stoichiometric ratio between LEC, methacrylic acid (MAA), and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) (e.g., 1:4:16 and 1:8:32, respectively). The synthesized MIPs were screened for 24-h binding performance with a 10-EU/mL endotoxin standard solution. Results show that the LEC-MIP synthesized with 4 mL and 6 mL of 30% v/v MeOH in dichloromethane at stoichiometric ratios of 1:4:16 and 1:8:32 for LEC, MAA, and EGDMA, respectively, yielded the optimum binding performance. Finally, the chosen LEC-MIPs were packed in solid-phase cartridges and tested for endotoxin removal. Results also show that the synthesized MIP yields the highest endotoxin removal rate of up to 47%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To protect consumers from risks related to overexposure to sulfadiazine, total residues of this antibacterial agent in animal-origin foodstuffs not exceed international regulations. To this end, a new electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposite using overoxidized polypyrrole and copper nanoparticles for the detection of sulfadiazine is elaborated. After optimization of the preparation of the electrochemical sensors, their differential pulse voltammetric signal exhibits an excellent stability and reproducibility at 1.05 V, with a large linear range between 10−9 and 10−5 mol L−1 and a low detection limit of 3.1 × 10−10 mol L−1. The produced sulfadiazine sensor was successfully tested in real milk samples. The combination of the properties of the electrical conduction of copper nanoparticles with the properties of the preconcentration of the molecularly imprinted overoxidized polypyrrole allows for the highly sensitive detection of sulfadiazine, even in real milk samples. This strategy is new and leads to the lowest detection limit yet achieved, compared to those of the previously published sulfadiazine electrochemical sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we developed a novel approach to purify [11C]Raclopride ([11C]RAC), an important positron emission tomography radiotracer, based on tailored shape-recognition polymers, with the aim to substitute single-pass HPLC purification with an in-flow trap & release process. Molecular imprinting technology (MIT) applied to solid phase extraction (MISPE) was investigated to develop a setting able to selectively extract [11C]RAC in a mixture containing a high amount of its precursor, (S)-O-Des-Methyl-Raclopride (DM-RAC). Two imprinted polymers selective for unlabeled RAC and DM-RAC were synthesized through a radical polymerization at 65 °C using methacrylic acid and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate in the presence of template molecule (RAC or DM-RAC). The prepared polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and tested in MISPE experiments. The polymers were used in testing conditions, revealing a high retention capacity of RAC-MISPE to retain RAC either in the presence of similar concentrations of RAC and DM-RAC precursor (96.9%, RSD 6.6%) and in the presence of a large excess of precursor (90%, RSD 4.6%) in the loading solution. Starting from these promising results, preliminary studies for selective purification of [11C]Raclopride using this RAC-MISPE were performed and, while generally confirming the selectivity capacity of the polymer, revealed challenging applicability to the current synthetic process, mainly due to high backpressures and long elution times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecularly imprinted polymer synthesis parameters for curcumin is optimized by the uniform experimental design method. The polymer is prepared by precipitation polymerization method. In this method, curcumin (CUR), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) and 1-vinylimidazole (VI), azobisiobutyronitrile (AIBN) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) are used as template, functional monomers, initiator and cross-linker, respectively. The effects of synthesis parameters on the preparation of curcumin-imprinted polymer have been optimized. The effects of the six following parameters are investigated by uniform experimental design. These are the moles of functional monomers (VI, 0.1–1.0 mmol, NIPAAM, 1.0–10.0 mmol), the moles of cross-linker (EGDMA, 5.0–50.0 mmol), amount of initiator (20–100 mg), moles of template (CUR, 0.1–1.0 mmol) and the kind of porogenic solvent (acetonitrile, toluene or DMSO). Additionally, a regression model representing the adsorption capacity (Q) of CUR is developed and validated by variance analysis (ANOVA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent magnetic surface molecular imprinting method was used to detect naringin by fluorescence polarization technology. By using SiO2-coated magnetic particles as substrate and methacrylic acid and acrylamide as monomers, a surface molecular imprinting polymer with both fluorescence and magnetic characteristics was prepared and loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The binding ability of the prepared polymer was tested by fluorescence polarization and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. Compared with UV detection method, the fluorescence polarization method was more sensitive, and its limit of detection was 0.1 mg/L. The recovery of the fluorescence polarization method was higher than 81.3%. It was shown that the fluorescent magnetic surface molecular imprinting technique could be a new method to detect naringin quickly and efficiently in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are formed of starch molecules that are linked together in a cyclic ring. They are composed of five or more (1, 4) connected D‐glucopyranoside units. CDs have toroidal, hollow truncated cone structures with exterior hydrophilic edges and internal hydrophobic cavities. The numerous hydroxyl groups available in cyclodextrins are active sites capable of forming various sorts of connections. They can be cross‐linked or derived to generate monomers able to form branching or linear networks. Furthermore, they can form inclusion complexes with a variety of guest molecules, including organic and inorganic molecules, thus changing their physicochemical properties, The modification of the imprinting method could produce molecularly imprinted polymers that are stable, dependable, long‐lasting, selective, and cost‐effective. As a result, molecularly imprinted polymers are becoming increasingly popular in chemical separation and analysis. As found in previous studies, the monomers of cyclodextrins used in molecular imprinting have a higher binding impact on target molecules. The purpose of this study is to highlight the application of imprinting technology utilizing cyclodextrins as a valuable functional monomer in the remediation of phenolic compounds by examining and assessing relevant works published in the literature. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based luminescent chemosensors combine the advantages of the highly specific molecular recognition of the imprinting sites and the high sensitivity with the luminescence detection. These advantages have drawn great attention during the past two decades. Luminescent molecularly imprinted polymers (luminescent MIPs) towards different targeted analytes are constructed with different strategies, such as the incorporation of luminescent functional monomers, physical entrapment, covalent attachment of luminescent signaling elements on the MIPs, and surface-imprinting polymerization on the luminescent nanomaterials. In this review, we will discuss the design strategies and sensing approaches of luminescent MIP-based chemosensors, as well as their selected applications in biosensing, bioimaging, food safety, and clinical diagnosis. The limitations and prospects for the future development of MIP-based luminescent chemosensors will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid and effective analysis of foodborne bacteria is crucial for preventing and controlling bacterial infections. Here, we present the synthesis of a self-reporting molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as an inner reference probe (IR), and the in-situ growth of metal-organic frameworks on transition metal carbon nitrides (MOF/Ti 3 C 2 T X -MXene) as a signaling nanoprobe (SP). These advancements are then applied in a ratiometric electrochemical bioassay for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using a hybrid recognition mechanism. When S. aureus is present, the aptamer-integrated MIP (MIP@Apt) efficiently captures it, followed by binding with SP to form a sandwich structure. This leads to decreased current response of IR (I IR) and increased current intensity of SP (I sp), enabling quantification through utilization of the I SP to I IR ratio. The biosensor shows a wide detection range (10–108 CFU mL−1) and low detection limit of 1.2 CFU mL−1. Its feasibility for testing complex samples indicates the potential application in food analysis. • A self-reporting molecularly imprinted polymer was developed for ratiometric electrochemical detection of bacteria. • In-situ growth of MOF on Ti 3 C 2 T x -MXene was proposed, demonstrating exceptional analytical performance. • This study introduced a novel hybrid recognition mechanism utilizing triple synthetic receptors. • The method successfully demonstrated its detection capability in 1-fold diluted complex matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a "Two birds with one stone" strategy was employed to concurrently address the challenges of electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of the environmentally hazardous furazolidone (FRZ). An innovative molecularly imprinted CoWO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 (i.e. MIP-CoWO 4 /g-C 3 N 4) nanomaterials was constructed through a combination of hydrothermal and electrochemical polymerization techniques. The resulting MIP-CoWO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites can be served as an exceptional sensing platform for FRZ detection, demonstrating low detection limit (2.61×10−13 mol L−1), considerable sensitivity (2.03 μA. nM−1. mm−2), excellent selectivity and decent stability. Meanwhile, the MIP-CoWO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites exhibited remarkable photocatalytic efficiency for FRZ degradation (79.87 %). In addition, the systematic investigation into the impact of operational reaction parameters on both the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reactions was conducted, elucidating the plausible mechanisms for both detecting and degrading FRZ. This research provides firm foundation for the development of multifunctional nanomaterials, further advancing the "integration of diagnosis and treatment" in environmental management and control. [Display omitted] • The molecularly imprinted polymer-based composite was constructed. • It showed simultaneous detection and photocatalytic performance for furazolidone. • The plausible mechanisms were elucidated for both detecting and degrading furazolidone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichlorfon (TCF) has the possibility of contaminating agricultural crops and posing some health risks to humans. Herein, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor based on Fe, Cu dual-atom catalysts (Fe/Cu-N-C DACs) and Au@Luminol was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of TCF. Fe/Cu-N-C with diatomic sites has a very high catalytic activity and can be used as a co-reaction accelerator to activate H 2 O 2 to generate a large number of hydroxyl radicals which triggered a strong cathodic ECL signal of luminol. TCF molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was further introduced as a specific recognition element, and the interaction between the template molecule and the functional monomer was verified by molecular docking technique. The developed sensing platform was successfully applied to the ultrasensitive detection of TCF with a linear range from 1.0 pg/mL to 5.0 μg/mL with a low detection limit (0.39 pg/mL). This study broadens the application of DACs in ECL sensing. [Display omitted] • Fe/Cu-N-C dual-atom catalyst was developed as an accelerator for luminol-H 2 O 2 system. • At cathodic conditions Fe/Cu-N-C catalyst activates H 2 O 2 to produce ROS, accelerating luminol ECL emission. • Development of a MIP-ECL sensor for trace trichlorfon detection. • Molecular docking verified interaction on template molecule and functional monomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor is presented for thiamphenicol (TAP) based on MnO-Fe 3 O 4 @C and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). In the synthesis process of MIP, the density functional theory (DFT) was applied to simulated the interaction between different functional monomers and template molecules, and screen the optimal functional monomers and the ratio of optimal template molecules to functional monomers, which guided the electrochemical in-situ polymerization of MIP. The composite materials were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical performance of molecular imprinted electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Under the optimal conditions, there is a strong linear correlation between the current response and TAP concentration in the 0.01–1 μM (R2=0.9988) and 1–40 μM (R2=0.9954) range. The lowest detection limit (S/N = 3) was 0.007 μM. Besides, the sensor has good reproducibility, stability and anti-interference ability, and has successfully detected analytes in milk and egg samples, which provides application prospects for constructing selective detection of TAP in food samples. [Display omitted] • A highly selective electrochemical sensor for TAP detection was created by modifying MnO-Fe 3 O 4 @C nanospheres with MIP. • Based on DFT, the interaction between TAP and several functional monomers was simulated, aiding efficient MIPs synthesis. • Replacing traditional methods, electropolymerization is used to synthesize MIPs, which improves the effectiveness. • Excellent detection performance are demonstrated by MIP/MnO-Fe 3 O 4 @C/GCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]