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This paper aimed to ascertain whether the rights of the child conflict with traditional child-rearing patterns in rural and urban Ghana among 60 participants. Qualitative exploratory study was undertaken using semi-structured interviews with parents of children who both were and were not involved in child labour (10), and stakeholders, including government officials and NGO representatives (10); focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) in order to gather the needed data. Participants were purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor) in Ghana. The average age of parents interviewed was 31 years. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and a framework approach was used as the main data analysis method. The discussion shows that inconsistencies between parental expectations in traditional child-rearing patterns and participation rights as expressed in Article 3 (1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) are reconcilable and provides a genuine prospect for reform.

Summary The article explores the problem of significance the termination of pregnancy in the context of criminal responsibility. In the first step, the legal analysis is focused on establishing the change of legal status connected with abortion and all the consequences for criminal responsibility. The second section refers to the current act, trying to find the answer how to recognized the termination of pregnancy. The third part refers to legal situation in Czech Republic at this area. Finally, some reflections on the criminal liability for the place of the offence have been presented. The possibility of conviction for abortion in a country where it is legal should be examined..

The concept of social participation of children is today understood multidimensionally, as an idea that is in fact polymorphous but also as an idea that is required to be implemented on different social levels. Since the clear expression of the idea placed in the Convention on the right of the child in 1989 its development in scientific discourse but also in practice one may be characterized as an evolution. The main change of it is perceiving today the participation more as a value and goal that should be reached rather than – as it was the past decades – as a tool and a method of developing the subjectivity of a child and democracy in a society. At the same time, it means that the discourse on children’s participation has shifted towards the collective sense and is directed now to social and political theories which has become its theoretical background. The paper presents a draft describing this evolution.

В статье рассмотрены зарождение и влияние ювенальной юстиции на домохозяйства в России и за рубежом. Анализируются модель ювенальной юстиции, внедряемая в России, и ее влияние на домохозяйства. В отличие от западных стран традиционная российская модель базируется на отношениях духовного и материального взаимодействия, доверия, рутины и терпения, а не на правовых и возмездных отношениях между родителями и детьми.The article considers the origin and impact of juvenile justice on households in Russia and abroad. The model of juvenile justice introduced in Russia and its impact on households are analyzed. Unlike Western countries, the traditional Russian model is based on the relations of spiritual and material interaction, trust, routine and patience, and not on legal and onerous relations between parents and children.

RESUMEN: Este artículo presenta algunas reflexiones en torno al reclutamiento y uso de niñas y adolescentes en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano, estas ideas se presentan en concordancia con los instrumentos ofrecidos en la Ley 1098, emitida en el 2006 para el restablecimiento de los derechos de los cuales son titulares las menores de edad que fueron combatientes. El documento que presentamos es de tipo socio-jurídico, mediante una metodología cualitativa, un enfoque interpretativo y una estrategia de investigación documental. A partir de dicho proceso se concluye que las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno nacional resultan ser insuficientes para la restitución de los derechos de esta población, puesto que algunos siguen siendo vulnerados incluso luego de la desvinculación del grupo armado y la reintegración social.

RESUMEN:Los í­ndices de adopción en Chile, en relación al número de niños ubicados en sistemas de cuidados alternativos, resulta considerablemente bajo. Si bien existen una multiplicidad de factores que motivan la situación anterior, uno que estimamos de particular releí‚­vancia, se vincula a una errada interpretación del principio de subsií‚­diaridad de la adopción; en función de la cual, se privilegia el derecho de los padres, por sobre el derecho de los niños a vivir y criarse en el el seno de una familia, lo que estimamos contraviene su interés superior. El objetivo del presente artí­culo es analizar el derecho del niño a vivir en familia y el principio de subsidiaridad de la adopción, a la luz del interés superior del niño. ABSTRACT:Adoption rates in Chile, in relation to the number of children placed in alternative care systems, are considerably low. Although there are a multiplicity of factors that motivate the previous situation, one that we consider of particular relevance, is linked to a mistaken interpretation of the principle of subsidiarity of adoption; according to which, the right of the parents is privileged, over the right of the children to live and be raised in the bosom of a family, which we consider to be in contravention of their superior interest. The objective of this article is to analyze the child’s right to live in a family and the principle of subsidiarity of adoption, in the light of the best interests of the child. KEY WORDS: subsidiarity of adoption, rights of the child, best interests of the child, family, parents. JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K36, D1 Adoption rates in Chile, in relation to the number of children placed in alternative care systems, are considerably low. Although there are a multiplicity of factors that motivate the previous situation, one that we consider of particular relevance, is linked to a mistaken interpretation of the principle of subsidiarity of adoption; according to which, the right of the parents is privileged, over the right of the children to live and be raised in the bosom of a family, which we consider to be in contravention of their superior interest. The objective of this article is to analyze the child’s right to live in a family and the principle of subsidiarity of adoption, in the light of the best interests of the child. JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: K36, D1

Resumen (descriptivo) Este artículo explora las diferentes concepciones de niño y las formas de relación que tienen los profesionales y los cuidadores de niños y adolescentes en una institución de protección en Colombia. Se parte del supuesto que tanto las concepciones de sujeto, como los modos de relación orientan las prácticas de los cuidadores en la institución. Durante el estudio se analizan 13 entrevistas realizadas a cuidadores y profesionales de la institución de protección, observaciones participantes y documentos. Emergen tres concepciones de niño: el niño como hijo de Bienestar, el niño resiliente, y el niño en carencia. Los profesionales y cuidadores se encuentran en tensión entre su labor profesional de restitución de derechos y la labor de crianza tradicionalmente desempeñada por las familias. Abstract (descriptive) This article explores the different conceptions of children and the ways of relating between caregivers and professionals and children and adolescents in a protection institution in Colombia. It is assumed that both the conceptions of children and the different ways that adults have of relating to them guide the caregivers’ practices in the institution. During the study, 13 interviews with caregivers and professionals of from protection institution were conducted along with participant observation and documents analysis. Three conceptions of the child subject emerged: the child as a son/daughter of the welfare system, the resilient child and the child in need. Professionals and caregivers face tension between their professional work to facilitate the restitution of these children’s rights and the parenting role traditionally carried out by families. Resumo (descritivo) Este artigo considera as diferentes concepções de crianças e os tipos de relacionamento que profissionais e cuidadores de crianças e adolescentes têm em uma instituição de proteção na Colômbia. Parte-se do suposto que tanto as concepções de sujeito, como os modos de relacionamento orientam as práticas dos cuidadores em uma instituição. Neste estudo, analisam-se 13 entrevistas realizadas a cuidadores e profissionais da instituição de proteção, observações participantes e documentos. Emergem três concepções de criança: a criança como filho de bem-estar, a criança resiliente, e a criança em carência. Os profissionais e cuidadores encontram-se em tensão entre o seu labor profissional de restituição de direitos e o labor de criação tradicionalmente desempenhado pelas famílias.

Pérez, S. E. (2019). Prácticas de comunicación del Estado en la gestión de políticas públicas para la infancia y la adolescencia. Análisis de caso del Consejo Provincial de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia. (Tesis de posgrado). Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina. Este proyecto de investigación surgió a partir de la existencia y objetivos a los que apunta la Ley 26.061, y su decreto reglamentario de octubre de 2005, que creó el Sistema de Protección Integral de Derechos de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes, la Secretaría Nacional de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia (en adelante SENAF), un Consejo Federal de Infancia, además de la asignación como órgano de aplicación de dicha ley a organismos preexistentes o a crearse. La ley con este sistema apunta a establecer los medios a través de los cuales se asegura el efectivo goce de los derechos y garantías reconocidos en la Constitución Nacional, la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, demás tratados de derechos humanos ratificados por el Estado argentino. De ahí la importancia de la dimensión comunicacional de ese sistema como un conjunto de procesos de construcción de significación y de sentidos en la gestión de políticas públicas. Conformando el Sistema de Protección de Derechos se encuentran diversos actores sociales, gubernamentales y no gubernamentales relacionados en la gestión de políticas públicas. La ley explícitamente establece en su articulado el derecho a la comunicación e información. Indica claramente que los organismos del Estado deben garantizar campañas permanentes de difusión y promoción de sus derechos dirigidos a la comunidad a través de los medios de comunicación social. Uno de los niveles del sistema es el provincial por lo cual se crea el Consejo Provincial de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia (en adelante COPNAF). Sin embargo, su implementación no ha contemplado disponer al mismo tiempo de políticas específicas que planifiquen sus prácticas y actividades de comunicación, que colaboren en la difusión, comprensión y ejercicio pleno y efectivo de los derechos. Las políticas públicas son prácticas, es decir constituyen actividades interconectadas, situadas, históricamente construidas y condicionadas en su trayectoria. Su significación y propósito deriva de las posibilidades efectivas de encuentro y participación de los diferentes actores involucrados –con sus propios intereses, visiones y poder- y no solo de la implementación de regulaciones y órdenes estructurales. Ello supone la necesidad de planificar los cursos de acción en la gestión de la política pública, incluyendo la comunicación como una práctica en su faz instrumental e interaccional. En el artículo 29°, la ley al aludir al principio de efectividad, estableció que esos organismos deberán adoptar todas las medidas administrativas, legislativas, judiciales y de otra índole (el subrayado es del autor), entre ellas prácticas de comunicación, para garantizar el efectivo cumplimiento de los derechos y garantías reconocidos. De esta manera comunicar los derechos y garantías es una actividad que debe desarrollarse en el funcionamiento del sistema de protección. Los estados provinciales, entre ellos el de Corrientes con similitudes y diferencias a otros estados, atraviesan procesos de implementación del sistema, adecuaciones legislativas y aprendizajes a partir de la ley nacional. Las prácticas de comunicación del COPNAF, como parte de este sistema, son abordados en este trabajo como evidencia empírica en un estudio de caso, al efecto de dar cuenta del valor y la necesidad de visibilizar la dimensión comunicacional de la política pública. Los propósitos de este proyecto son: • Describir las prácticas de comunicación en la efectivización de dichos derechos, como parte de las acciones de protección de derechos de niñas, niños y adolescentes; • Revalorizar esas prácticas comunicativas, y • Reconocer a esas prácticas como procesos de aprendizajes de los diferentes actores en la dinámica de reconfiguración permanente del sistema.

From an action research it is sought to identify the necessary elements to incorporate the psychoeducational approach to the educational management of a Family Residence in the south of Chile. The qualitative techniques of interviews and participatory diagnostic workshop were used to produce data. The results refer to components of the psychoeducational approach such as, their understanding of the relationship helps, the strategies to use the shared experience and the tools of diagnosis, planning and evaluation, positively influence the educational management of the center. Its incorporation requires a systematic and permanent process over time, as well as the confluence of the presence of criteria and conditions for its appropriation as an approach and intervention methodology by the center’s staff. A partir de una investigación acción, se busca identificar los elementos necesarios para incorporar el enfoque psicoeducativo a la gestión educativa de una residencia familiar en el sur de Chile. Se emplearon para la producción de datos, las técnicas cualitativas de entrevistas y taller diagnóstico participativo. Los resultados refieren que componentes del enfoque psicoeducativo tales como, su comprensión de la relación ayuda, las estrategias para utilizar la vivencia compartida y las herramientas de diagnóstico, planificación y evaluación, influyen positivamente en la gestión educativa del centro. Su incorporación requiere de un proceso sistemático y permanente en el tiempo, así como también que confluyan la presencia de criterios y condiciones para su apropiación como enfoque y metodología de intervención por parte del personal del centro. A partir de uma pesquisa-ação, procura-se identificar os elementos necessários para incorporar a abordagem psicoeducacional à gestão educacional de uma Residência de Família no sul do Chile. As técnicas qualitativas de entrevistas e oficinas de diagnóstico participativo foram usadas para produzir dados. Os resultados referem-se a componentes da abordagem psicoeducativa, tais como, a compreensão do relacionamento ajuda, as estratégias para usar a experiência compartilhada e as ferramentas de diagnóstico, planejamento e avaliação, influenciam positivamente a gestão educacional do centro. Sua incorporação requer um processo sistemático e permanente ao longo do tempo, bem como a confluência da presença de critérios e condições para sua apropriação como metodologia de abordagem e intervenção pela equipe do centro.

This article explores children's understanding of the role that neighbourhood plays in their health and well-being. Whilst evidence exists on the relationship between the environment and children's health, we have little knowledge of this from the perspective of children themselves. Children's experiences are all too frequently researched through the eyes of adults. Following a Rights of the Child framework, respecting children's views and giving them due weight, this paper reports from a project that worked with children from two relatively deprived urban neighbourhoods in Scotland. Using this framework, the children themselves were the researchers who designed the themes, decided upon the methods, conducted the research and analysed the resulting data. Using focus groups, visual mapping and community walks the children explored their local neighbourhoods and the findings reveal features of the environment that the children perceive as important for their health and well-being. The children selected three themes to explore in the research: safety, littering, and family and friends, through which they elicit their experiences, feelings and attitudes towards the environment and their well-being. The paper reveals that not only do the children have a deep understanding of the link between environment and health, but that they also understand how aspects of disadvantage, including place-based stigma, can limit their social participation and inclusion in society. We conclude with recommendations made by the children themselves, ranging from access to affordable activities, improved open spaces, ‘support not stigma’ and the need to be heard in local decision making., Highlights • Children understand the relationship between neighbourhoods and health. • Three key themes were highlighted: safety, littering and family and friends. • Place-based stigma and exclusion may limit children's social participation. • The ‘in place’ experiences of children are important for health research. • Children can play a role in creating places to improve their health and well-being.

De tous temps, les humains ont manifesté à l’égard des enfants une double attitude, en apparence contradictoire : le besoin de les protéger pour conserver à travers eux une bribe d’immortalité; et le besoin de s’en protéger car les enfants sont une menace puisque, comme le dit l’adage, ils nous enterront tous. Les cultures humaines ont toutes vécu avec cette double conception qui leur a inspiré des mouvements divers mais le deuxième terme de la contradiction l’a toujours emporté. Le besoin de mettre les enfants à distance, de les contrôler, même au prix de la violence, a dominé pendant des siècles jusqu’au moment où a émergé, non sans mal, l’idée que les enfants avaient des droits et que ces droits devaient être protégés par des textes, au même titre que les droits de l’homme dont ils sont issus. Mais ce chemin sera encore long., At all times, humans have had an ambivalent attitude towards children : the need to protect them in order to preserve through them some claim on immortality; and the need to protect themselves from them, since as the saying goes, they will bury us all. All human cultures have known this dual conception of childhood which has engendered many movements, but the second claim seems to have won more often than not. The need to hold children at bay, to control them, even by violent means, has dominated our cultures for centuries, until such time as there emerged, albeit hesitantly, the notion that children had rights and that these should be enshrined in treaties much like the human rights treaties that inspired them. There remains of course a long road ahead.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direitos das Crianças, Família e Sucessões, A presente pesquisa visa analisar o quadro legal moçambicano sobre o acesso à saúde infantil como forma de reforçar a sua implementação e consequentemente o respeito pelos direitos fundamentais das crianças. Propomo-nos relacionar as convenções internacionais e o direito interno referente aos direitos das crianças como forma de reforçar a sua proteção, discutir as normas de proteção dos direitos das crianças no seio da família, comunidade, da saúde e da educação e, por fim, chamar a atenção para o facto de a infância como uma fase especial no desenvolvimento do ser humano requerer uma proteção específica, através de ações concretas de todos os membros da sociedade. Foi definido como problema de pesquisa até que ponto a existência ou não de um quadro legal sobre direitos das crianças determina o seu respeito. Para enquadrar o desenvolvimento do tema, é feita uma análise descritiva de um conjunto de conceitos relativos aos direitos da saúde infantil, assim como um historial da evolução dos direitos da criança no mundo, bem como dos principais princípios da Convenção dos Direitos da Criança. Do ponto de vista da metodologia foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa bibliográfica, elaborada principalmente através de uma análise de livros, artigos de periódicos e outros documentos relevantes sobre a matéria em estudo. A pesquisa permitiu-nos chegar à posição conciliadora de que não é suficiente a existência apenas de normas internacionais e internas para o efectivo respeito dos direitos da criança, é necessário que o Estado defina políticas que permitirão a transformação de práticas enraizadas na submissão da criança no mundo adulto, desconsiderando as suas necessidades específicas., This research aims to analyze the Mozambican legal framework on access to child health as a way to reinforce its implementation and consequently respect for the fundamental rights of children. We propose to relate international conventions and domestic law relating to children's rights as a means of strengthening their protection, to discuss norms for the protection of children's rights within the family, community, health and education, and finally draw attention to the fact that childhood as a special phase in human development requires specific protection through the concrete actions of all members of society. It has been defined as a research problem to what extent the existence or otherwise of a legal framework on children's rights determines its respect. To frame the development of the theme, a descriptive analysis is made of a set of concepts related to the rights of child health, as well as a history of the evolution of the rights of the child in the world, as well as the main principles of the Convention of the Rights of the Child. From the point of view of the methodology, a bibliographical research was developed, elaborated mainly through an analysis of books, journal articles and other relevant documents on the subject under study. The research has allowed us to arrive at the conciliating position that it is not sufficient to have only international and internal standards for the effective respect of the rights of the child. It is necessary for the State to define policies that will allow the transformation of practices rooted in the submission of the child in the adult context, disregarding their specific needs.

В статье исследованы нематериальные блага в гражданском и семейном праве Российской Федерации, обеспечивающие правовое благополучие российского ребенка. Анализ законодательства РФ и доктрина позволили автору определить понятие, назначение и структуру правового благополучия ребенка. В статье сделан вывод о том, что правовое благополучие — благо, право, объект прав, ценность, состояние. Доказано, что все названные понятия определяют и обеспечивают благополучие ребенка в правовой сфере жизнедеятельности: право на юридическую помощь, право на юридическую информацию, право на юридическое образование и т.д., This article explores intangible benefits in the civil and family law of the Russian Federation that ensure the legal well-being of a Russian child. An analysis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and doctrine allowed the author to determine the concept, purpose and structure of the legal well-being of the child. The article concludes that legal wellbeing is a blessing; right; object of rights; value; state. It is proved that all these concepts define and ensure the well-being of the child in the legal sphere of life: the right to legal assistance, the right to legal information, the right to legal education, etc.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы обеспечения прав несовершеннолетних в цифровой среде, которая в настоящее время во многом формирует жизнь детей. Информационные и коммуникационные технологии и социальные СМИ становятся все более значимой частью их существования. Все это оказывает самое прямое воздействие на эмоциональное и физическое развитие подрастающего поколения. Доказывается, что в целом имеется качественная и достаточно обширная правовая база, способная обеспечить реализацию и защиту прав ребенка в информационной среде., In article questions of ensuring the rights of minors in the digital environment which in many respects forms now life of children are considered. Information and communication technologies and social mass media become more and more significant part of their existence. All this makes the most direct impact on emotional and physical development of younger generation. It is proved that in general there is qualitative and rather extensive legal base capable to provide realization and protection of the rights of the child in the information environment.

Магденко Александр Дмитриевич - кандидат юридических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой теории и истории права и государства, Российский государственный университет правосудия, Уральский филиал, г. Челябинск. E-mail: dozent0760@mail.ru. Агаджанов Андрей Азатович - кандидат юридических наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой государственно-правовых дисциплин, Российский государственный университет правосудия, Уральский филиал, г. Челябинск. E-mail: аagadzhanov@list.ru. Alexander Dmitrievich Magdenko - Candidate of Sciences (Law), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Theory and History of Law and State, Russian State University of Justice, Ural branch, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. E-mail: dozent0760@mail.ru. Andrey Azatovich Agadzhanov - Candidate of Sciences (Law), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of State and Legal Disciplines, Russian State University of Justice, Ural branch, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. E-mail: aagadzhanov@list.ru. В статье рассмотрены основные этапы создания и развития международной системы защиты прав детей. Авторы обращают внимание на необходимость корреляции международного механизма прав и свобод детей с региональными и национальными механизмами. Защита прав ребенка является составной частью международного механизма защиты прав человека. По мнению авторов, наблюдается недостаточность научно-исследовательской практики в сфере изучения механизма защиты прав детей, в том числе в отечественной государственно-правовой науке. Исследование проведено на основе анализа широкого спектра глобальных международных документов, принятых как главными органами ООН, так и специализированными учреждениями системы ООН. Механизм международной защиты прав детей представляет собой совокупность международно-правовых принципов и норм, закрепляющих права и свободы ребенка, обязательства государств по обеспечению и реализации этих прав и свобод, а также международные системы контроля за исполнением этих обязательств. В статье также осуществлен научный анализ основных принципов международно-правовой защиты прав детей. Определены направления развития институтов и подсистем международно - правового регулирования в сфере защиты прав ребенка.The article discusses the main stages of the creation and development of an international system for protecting the rights of children. The authors draw attention to the need to correlate the international mechanism of children's rights and freedoms with regional and national mechanisms. The protection of the rights of the child is an integral part of the international mechanism for the protection of human rights. According to the authors, there is a lack of research practice in the study of the mechanism for protecting the rights of children, including in the domestic state-legal science. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of a wide range of global international documents adopted by both the main UN bodies and specialized agencies of the UN system. The mechanism for the international protection of children's rights is a combination of international legal principles and norms enshrining the rights and freedoms of the child, the obligations of states to ensure and realize these rights and freedoms, as well as international systems for monitoring the imple mentation of these obligations. The article also carried out a scientific analysis of the basic principles of international legal protection of children's rights. The directions of the development of institutions and subsystems of international legal regulation in the field of protecting the rights of the child are determined.

Rad donosi pregled društvenoga, stručnoga i znanstvenoga djelovanja dr. sc. Emila Paravine, višegodišnjega tajnika Saveza društava „Naša djeca” Hrvatske. Afirmirao se u području društvene potpore djeci, teorije i prakse slobodnoga vremena djece i mladih, prava djeteta i mirovnoga odgoja, dječjih organizacija i sl. Tijekom svojega radnog vijeka inicirao je niz akcija i aktivnosti s djecom i za djecu. Istaknuo se i kao pedagoški pisac te predavač na seminarima za stručno usavršavanje odgojitelja i učitelja., The paper provides an overview of the social, professional and scientific activities of Emil Paravina, PhD, a long-time secretary of the Union of “Our Children” Societies of Croatia. He proved himself in the area of social support for children, theory and practice of children’s and youth’s leisure time, child rights and peace education, children’s organizations, etc. In the course of his career, he initiated a number of campaign and activities with and for children. He was also a prominent pedagogical writer and a lecturer at professional training seminars for educators and teachers.

Among sub-Saharan migrants who enter irregularly in Europe, there is a particularly vulnerable group: the one formed by single mothers with dependent children and pregnant women. This article addresses the characteristics of this peculiar migration and the deficiencies of the system to achieve effective protection. Entre los migrantes subsaharianos que entran irregularmente en Europa existe un colectivo especialmente vulnerable: el formado por madres solas con hijos a cargo y las mujeres gestantes. Este artículo aborda las características de esta peculiar migración y las deficiencias del sistema para lograr una protección eficaz.

RESUMEN: La importancia de la educación es un tema trascendental en el mundo que nos rodea. Las personas cuyos bienes no son escasos (primer mundo), no (nos) se dan cuenta de lo necesario que es poder acudir a la escuela. Por otra parte, están aquellos niños cuya travesía hacia el conocimiento es mucho más costosa. Estos últimos sí que dan a la educación la importancia que en esta radica. El marco teórico de referencia que apoya este trabajo como material educativo se basa en la película y serie francesa "Sur le chemin de l'école" (Camino a la escuela). Un viaje lleno de aventuras hacia la conquista del saber, donde la educación es la mejor herramienta para modificar el sino de muchos niños ABSTRACT: The importance of education is a transcendental topic in the world around us. Wealthy and fortunate people from the First World, usually do not appreciate the transcendental importance of education inside and outside their ordinary environments. On the other hand, most children from the third world countries must embark into a trip to knowledge which is much more expensive and hazardous. These children, as well as their families, do give education its crucial relevance as a strategy for living, and even for their own survival. The theoretical frame of references supporting this work as an educational material is based upon the French film and series "Sur le chemin de l'école" (Way to school). A journey full of adventures towards the conquest of knowledge, where education will become the best tool in orther to change these children´s way of living. Grado en Magisterio en Educación Primaria

Relatório de Estágio apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção de grau de mestre em Educação Pré-Escolar Submitted by Rui Teófilo (ruit@eselx.ipl.pt) on 2019-02-06T09:40:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATORIO DE ESTAGIO final.pdf: 841873 bytes, checksum: 5706af4ff90f1de6c6f0b5ed82d2a4ba (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-06T09:40:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RELATORIO DE ESTAGIO final.pdf: 841873 bytes, checksum: 5706af4ff90f1de6c6f0b5ed82d2a4ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-08 N/A

Resumen: El presente artículo propone un acercamiento teórico analítico al concepto de juego para favorecer procesos de inclusión en la infancia temprana en niños con desarrollo típico o aquellos que presentan retrasos en el desarrollo o discapacidad. Se esboza un programa de acompañamiento y desarrollo del juego en edades tempranas, considerando un perfil de fortalezas y debilidades de cada niño, en una intervención multidisciplinaria que integra a la familia y considera los aspectos afectivos y socioemocionales como elementos centrales en el desarrollo de habilidades a partir del juego. Se concluye que la participación en sesiones sistemáticas, con una intensidad ajustada a los requerimientos de cada niño permitiría desarrollar funciones cognitivas, comunicativas y sociales, transitando hacia el logro de habilidades complejas. Abstract: This article proposes an analytical theoretical approach to the concept of play for favoring processes of early childhood inclusion in children with typical development or those with developmental delays or disabilities. It outlines a program of support and development of play at early ages, considering a profile of strengths and weaknesses of each child, in a multidisciplinary intervention that integrates to the family and considers the socio-emotional and affective aspect as central elements in the development of skills from play. It is concluded that the systematic participation in session, with an intensity adjusted to the requirements of each child would develop cognitive, communicative and social moving toward the achievement of complex skills.

El artículo presenta resultados preliminares de la investigación, obtenidos de la validación de instrumentos realizada con niños y niñas de Benposta-nación de muchach@s en Bogotá (talleres creativos y entrevistas semiestructuradas). Relaciona resultados obtenidos en la aproximación al estado del arte sobre niñez y conflicto armado derechos como salud y alimentación, educación, juego y esparcimiento. Evidencia vulneraciones de derechos de protección (por homicidios, reclutamiento forzado, desplazamiento) y de participación. Analiza la afectación en procesos de construcción de subjetividad. Aborda potencias y capacidades de acción que se develan en estos contextos y en procesos de socialización política en los cuales niños y niñas se involucran. This article presents the preliminary results of a research project obtained through the validation of an instrument, a process carried out with children and young people living in the Benposta care home in the city of Bogotá (through the use of creative workshops and semi-structured interviews). The article presents the results obtained in the production of a literature review on childhood and armed conflict, specifically in the areas of rights such as health and nutrition, education, play and leisure. It evidences violations of the right to protection (due to homicides, forced recruitment and displacement) and participation. The study analyses the impact of these violations on the process of constructing subjectivities and addresses potential and capacities for action that are revealed in these contexts and in the political socialization processes in which children are involved. O artigo apresenta resultados preliminares de pesquisa, obtidos da validação de instrumentos realizada com meninos e meninas de Benposta- nação de muchach@s em Bogotá (oficinas criativas e entrevistas semiestruturadas). Relaciona os resultados obtidos na aproximação ao estado da arte sobre a infância e o conflito armado na Colômbia com os do trabalho de campo, analisando as afetações sobre o exercício dos direitos como: saúde, alimentação, educação, brincadeiras e lazer. Evidencia vulnerações de direitos de proteção (por homicídios, recrutamento forçado, deslocamento forçado) e de participação. Analisa a afetação em processos de construção de subjetividade. Aborda potências e capacidades de ação que são reveladas nestes contextos e em processos de socialização política nos quais meninos e meninas estão envolvidos.

ResumenEl consentimiento informado es un derecho de todos los individuos y nadie puede obligar a ninguna persona a recibir un tratamiento en contra de su voluntad. Este derecho de aceptar o rechazar un tratamiento no desaparece en los individuos que son incompetentes desde un punto de vista legal: este se ejerce en su nombre por un tercero. A los niños se les considera incompetentes para la toma de decisiones médicas respecto de su propia salud, y son sus padres o tutores legales quienes en nombre del niño deben tomar estas decisiones. Sin embargo la autoridad de los padres no es absoluta, y existen situaciones en las que sus decisiones no son las mejores; en ocasiones incluso llegan a poner en riesgo el bienestar y hasta la vida de sus hijos, obligando al Estado a intervenir en nombre del mejor interés del menor. Es por ello que es necesario plantearse las siguientes preguntas: ¿es el interés superior del niño lo que nos mueve a intervenir judicialmente cuando un padre se rehúsa a aceptar el tratamiento médico propuesto, o es el daño que se le causa al menor con esta decisión? ¿Qué tipo de decisiones paternas son las que no deben de tolerarse? Después de hacer una revisión del tema concluiremos que si la decisión de los padres respecto a una decisión médica a tomar en relación con la salud de sus hijos se juzga hecha con maleficencia, es decir dañina para el menor, se justifica que el Estado intervenga. En la segunda parte de este artículo exponemos cuatro criterios que pueden ser utilizados en la toma de decisiones de casos complejos, donde los padres rehúsan aceptar el tratamiento para sus hijos.AbstractInformed consent is a right of all individuals and no one can force anyone to receive treatment against their wishes. The right to accept or refuse treatment persists in individuals who are incompetent from a legal point of view; this is exercised on their behalf by a third party. Children are considered incompetent to make medical decisions about their own health and their parents or legal guardians are empowered to make those decisions. However, parental authority is not absolute and there are situations where their decisions are not the best, sometimes leading to jeopardizing the well-being and even the lives of their children, forcing the state to intervene on behalf of the best interests of the child. This is the reason why it is necessary to ask the following questions: is it really the child's best interest that moves us to legally intervene when a parent refuses to accept the proposed medical treatment or is the damage done to make this decision? What kind of parental decisions are those that should not be tolerated? After a review of the theme, we conclude that if the decision of the parents regarding a medical decision is considered to be made with maleficence that is harmful to the child, it is justified that the State intervenes. Finally, we exposed four criteria that can be used in making decisions in complex cases where parents refuse treatment for their children.

本研究は、2013 年12 月に韓国において行った面接調査をもとに、近年の韓国の養子縁組政策の動向について明らかにすることを目的とした。面接対象は、「中央養子縁組センター」、「ホルト児童福祉会」、「東方社会福祉会」、「未婚母子家族福祉施設」であった。韓国では、民間団体による養子斡旋が活発であるが、2011年の養子縁組特例法の全面改正以降、①裁判所が養子縁組に関与したり、②子どもが自らの出自を知ることができるシステムがより一層整備されたり、③養子縁組に関わるケース・マネジメントが確立されたことにより、以前よりも養子縁組をされる子どもの権利が擁護されるようになったことが明らかとなった。また、韓国では、非婚の母親と子どもへの差別が強いため、彼女たちが生きにくい状況があるが、今後、養子縁組政策と並行して、非婚の母親と子どもが安心して暮らせるシステムづくりを推進していく必要があることが明らかとなった。

This paper examines the continued reliance on biology in establishing the parent/child relationship in Scots law, particularly in cases of natural insemination. Where there is any challenge, by way of an action for a declarator of parentage or non-parentage, legal parental status (and particularly paternity) will be established solely by reference to biology. This article challenges the status quo and advocates the need for a more nuanced approach, in particular one which takes into account the best interests of the child, and children's rights. The consequent proposals for law reform seek to recognise the importance of social relationships, and balance these against the need to respect the genetic truth.

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Дитина як повноцінний член українського суспільства має свої права, ефективність механізму забезпечення яких обумовлена насамперед тим, що через її фізичну і розумову незрілість дитина потребує спеціальної охорони, дієвого правового захисту. Сьогодення ставить перед Україною нові виклики та випробування, пов’язані з військовим конфліктом на сході України, а також із масштабними кризовими явищами у політичній, соціально-економічній і гуманітарній сферах, жертвами яких стають передусім діти.

El presente trabajo de investigación analiza la situación de los menores extranjeros no acompañados (MENA) en el contexto migratorio y se centra, particularmente, en el estudio del procedimiento de determinación de la edad como puerta de entrada al sistema de protección de la infancia. Ante la ausencia de un procedimiento uniforme para determinar la edad, esta investigación ha reunido las recientes orientaciones del Comité de los Derechos del Niño, la normativa internacional y las buenas prácticas en la materia para concluir cuáles son las garantías procesales aplicables y qué métodos han de utilizarse. Por último, se examinan las principales carencias del procedimiento de la determinación de la edad en España. Por un lado, se identifican las preocupaciones fundamentales y las recomendaciones en la materia expuestas por Comité de Derechos del Niño en sus últimas observaciones finales a España y, por otro lado, se estudian las posibles vulneraciones de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño derivadas de la falta de aplicación de las garantías procesales, que han sido reiteradamente señaladas mediante el procedimiento de comunicaciones ante este Comité., This project analyses the situation of unaccompanied minors in the context of international migration and is particularly focused on the age assessment procedure as the entrance gate to the child protection system. Since age assessment differs from state to state, this study gathers the recent general comments of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the international legal framework and the practical guidelines in the field in order to conclude which are the procedural safeguards and the methods that must be applied. Finally, this research highlights the main deficiencies of the Spanish age assessment system. On the one hand, it outlines the major concerns and recommendations regarding the aforementioned process that the Committee on the Rights of the Child identified in its last concluding observations to Spain. On the other hand, it presents the alleged violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child resulting from the current age assessment procedure as claimed through the communication procedure before this Committee.

Research concerning children and childhood has been developing on the background of the evolution of different narrations (discourses) about a child. After the Convention on the rights of the child, narrations on the children’s rights and then about child well-being and the quality of children’s life became the very meaningful. As a consequence, a new type of research on childhood has been developing which has some specific foundations as for the object and procedures used. In the paper an attempt to expose main methodological assumptions of the new paradigm is presented, the role of subjective treatment of children in research and some patterns of childhood studies. This paradigm is dedicated to pedagogues, especially social pedagogues, as the way of researching childhoods close to their perception of studies as socially engaged and as interdisciplinary in the spectrum of exploration.

El presente artículo es de tipo analítico y es fruto de una revisión constante de la literatura y la jurisprudencia relacionadas con el principio de interés superior de los niños y niñas. El interés superior de los niños y niñas, tanto en la doctrina como en la jurisprudencia, ha sido objeto de múltiples definiciones, pero con muy poco contenido. Con el presente trabajo destaco tres elementos ineludibles del interés superior de los niños y niñas que se deben hacer valer en cada caso concreto, siendo estos: la manifestación del sujeto menor, su entorno, y la predictibilidad. Con estos tres elementos, al analizarlos y encuadrarlos en cada caso concreto, se podría ofrecer una mejor decisión y una mejor explicación al Interés superior de los niños y niñas. This article is analytic and is the result of a consistent review of the literature and case law concerning the principle of the best interests of the child. The best interests of the child, both in doctrine and case law, has been redefined over time, but with very little content included these definitions. This article highlights three essential elements of the principle of the best interests of the child that should be applied in each case: the child’s wishes, their environment and the predictablity of their circumstances. Identifying and analyzing these three elements in each concrete case can lead to better decisions being made as well as a better explanation of the best interests of the child principle. Este artigo é analítico e é resultado de uma ampla revisão da literatura e jurisprudência sobre o princípio do interesse superior da criança. Os interesses da criança, tanto na doutrina e na jurisprudência, passou por várias definições, mas com muito pouco conteúdo. Neste artigo destacam-se três elementos irrefutáveis de interesse superior da criança que devem se fazer valer em cada caso concreto, sendo estes: a manifestação do sujeio menor, seu ambiente e previsibilidade. Com estes três elementos, ao analisá-los e enquadrá-los em um caso particular, que poderia proporcionar uma mehor ducisão e uma melhor explicação para os melhores interesses da criança.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito A presente dissertação tem como ponto de partida o exercício do Princípio da Audição da Criança nos Processos de Promoção e Proteção das Comissões de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens na sua realidade prática. Depois das indispensáveis considerações sobre a evolução histórico-legal dos Direitos da Criança e do atual paradigma do estatuto da Criança, passaremos à análise sobre a orgânica, procedimentos e princípios pelos quais as Comissões de Proteção se regem.Sendo um exemplo de como a comunidade atua em parceria com o Estado sobre um problema social e jurídico, equivale-se aos processos administrativos de proteção de infância de outros países que o art. 12.º da Convenção dos Direitos da Criança abrange.Tendo como finalidade principal (assim como critério para deliberação da decisão do processo) o Superior Interesse da Criança, conduzir-nos-emos para a questão de como podemos alcançá-lo. Os instrumentos legais internacionais, europeus e nacionais apontam todos para a mesma resposta: através da concretização da Audição da Criança.A doutrina e jurisprudência também demonstram esta crescente uniformização: pelo direito das crianças serem ouvidas, pelo direito de participação e expressão da sua opinião de forma que seja relevante para a tomada da decisão do terceiro imparcial (no caso a Comissão de Proteção).No entanto a realidade prática mostra que apesar das recentes alterações legislativas, os profissionais das Comissões continuam com dificuldade a proceder à Audição. É neste sentido que nos propomos a dar uma resposta orientadora, para que por fim, se consiga defender o seu Superior Interesse em concreto, ouvindo quem por direito pode se pronunciar e participar: a criança. The present dissertation has as its starting point the exercise of the ‘Hearing’ of the Child in the Child Protection System (called Processes of Promotion and Protection of Child Protection Commissions) in their practical reality. After the indispensable considerations about the historical-legal evolution of the Children’s Rights and the current paradigm of the status of the Child, we will proceed to the analysis of the organization, procedures and principles by which the Protection Commissions are governed.It is an example of how the community acts in partnership with the State on a social and legal problem and it is equivalent to the administrative processes of child protection of other countries, that art. 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child refer.Having as main purpose (as well as criterion for deliberation of the decision of the process) the Child’s Best Interests, we will lead to the question of how we can reach it. The international, European and national legal instruments point to the same answer: listening what children have to say.The legal doctrine and jurisprudence also demonstrate this increasing standardization: for children's right to be heard, for the right to participate and express their opinion in a way that is relevant to the decision of the impartial third party (in this case, the Child Protection Commission).However, practical reality shows that despite the recent legislative changes, the professionals of the Commissions continue to have difficulty hearing the Children. That’s why we propose to give a guiding answer, to finally be possible defending the Best Interest in the particular case, hearing who by right can speak and participate: the Child.

Zaradi otrokove ranljivosti in občutljivosti je potrebno še posebej skrbno varovati njegove koristi in pravice. Kadar to v primarni družinski skupnosti ni zadovoljivo doseženo, nastopijo ukrepi omejevanja roditeljske pravice, ki predstavljajo intervencijo države, katere namen je zavarovati korist otroka. S tem namenom Ustava Republike Slovenije in Zakon o zakonski zvezi in družinskih razmerjih predvidevata ukrepe, s katerimi je mogoče poseči v intimno družinsko okolje. Ti ukrepi morajo biti na podlagi Ustave Republike Slovenije urejeni stopnjevito, saj se je le na takšen način mogoče ustrezno odzvati na različne življenjske okoliščine. Načelo sorazmernosti izhaja iz mednarodnopravnih aktov, kakršna sta Evropska konvencija o varstvu človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin ter Konvencija Združenih narodov o otrokovih pravicah, ki zavezujejo tudi Slovenijo. To načelo predvideva uporabo v prvi vrsti milejših ukrepov, s katerimi je mogoče v zadostni meri zavarovati otrokove koristi. Država si zato prizadeva pomagati družini najprej s pozitivnimi ukrepi. Kadar pa to ne prinese želenih rezultatov, sme poseči v pravice staršev in tako poskrbeti za otrokovo dobrobit. Zakon o zakonski zvezi in družinskih razmerjih ne uresničuje v celoti ustavne zahteve po stopnjevitosti ureditve ukrepov omejevanja roditeljske pravice, saj predvideva le nekaj ukrepov centra za socialno delo, s katerimi se omejujejo določena upravičenja, ki izhajajo iz roditeljske pravice in, kot skrajni ukrep, popoln odvzem roditeljske pravice s strani sodišča. Ne ureja pa milejših ukrepov sodišča, s katerimi bi se hitro in učinkovito zavarovalo koristi otroka, ne da bi bila obenem staršem popolnoma odvzeta roditeljska pravica in bi posledično prišlo do dejanske ločitve otroka od družine. Tudi sodna praksa potrjuje, da zakonska pravna podlaga sodiščem in centrom za socialno delo ne omogoča izvajanja vseh potrebnih ukrepov, s katerimi bi na najboljši možen način zavarovali položaj otroka v različnih kompleksnih življenjskih okoliščinah. Odgovore na navedene pomanjkljivosti trenutne zakonodajne ureditve prinaša novi Družinski zakonik, ki preko svojih določb uvaja stopnjevitost ukrepov za zavarovanje koristi otrok. Na to kaže med drugim tudi nova določba Družinskega zakonika z naslovom 'Omejitev starševske skrbi'. Ena izmed pomembnejših sprememb, ki jih prinaša Družinski zakonik, je tudi prenos velikega dela pristojnosti s centrov za socialno delo na sodišča. Na novo uveden pojem starševske skrbi, ki nadomešča pojem roditeljske pravice, pa jasno izraža zahtevo zakonodajalca, da se skrb za otroka vedno postavi na prvo mesto. Because of the child’s fragility and vulnerability, the child's interests and rights need particular care and protection. If this is not accomplished satisfactory in the primary familial community measures of restricting parental rights step into place. They represent an intervention by the state, the main purpose of which is to protect interests of the child The Slovenian Constitution and the Law on Marriage and Family Relations provide measures that allow an intervention in a private family environment. Based on the Slovenian Constitution, these measures have to be organized gradually, because this is the only way to properly react to different life situations. The principle of proportionality originates from the International legal acts, such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which Slovenia is also obligated to follow. This principle primarily provides the use of milder measures, which are able to adequately protect the child's interests. The state, therefore, helps families with positive measures, and if this kind of action does not bring wanted results, it can intervene into the parental rights and thusly take care of the child's welfare. Law on Marriage and Family Relations does not fully carry out the Constitutional requirement of the staging measure of restricting parental rights, since it provides only a few measures of the Centre for Social Work, which restricts certain powers deriving from parental right and as the last measure, the complete termination of the parental right by the court. This legislation act does not regulate milder measures in order to quickly and effectively protect the interests of the child without completely depriving the parents of their parental right and consequent separation of the child from the family. We can also find Slovenian Case-Law confirming that the Slovenian legal basis of the courts and the Centres for Social Work, does not allow them to carry out all the necessary measures that would protect the position of the child in various complex life situations. The answer to the above-mentioned shortcomings of the current regulatory regime is brought by the new Family Code, which through its provisions introduces staging measures for the protection of the interests of the children. As a novelty of the Family Code, there is also a new provision entitled 'Restriction of Parental Care'. One of the major changes introduced by the Family Code is the transfer of the large part of the Centre for Social Work jurisdiction directly to the courts. The newly introduced concept of parental care, which replaces the concept of parental rights, clearly expresses that the legislators demand to always put the child care in the first place.

Depuis 1990, le syndrome de la femme battue est admis en droit pénal canadien. Certes, cela constitue une avancée pour le droit des femmes, car on reconnaît ainsi la complexité de la situation à laquelle elles sont confrontées et on évite de condamner une innocente. La violence familiale ne touche pas seulement les femmes. Trop souvent, les enfants en sont malheureusement aussi les victimes. Si la pierre d’assise du système judiciaire est l’égalité, alors peut-on prétendre au droit des enfants battus d’obtenir une pareille défense ?, Since 1990, the Battered Women Syndrome has been acknowledged in Canadian criminal law. Undoubtedly, it promotes the advancement of women's rights, because it recognizes the complexity of the situation that battered women are confronted with and as such, fewer innocent women are condemned for their defensive actions. Family violence does not only concern women. In too many cases unfortunately, the children are also the victims. If the foundation of the judicial system is equality, then can we claim that the battered children also have a right to obtain such a defence?

The Bachelor thesis deals with the problematics of surrogate maternity, firstly focused on theory, which describes legal, ethical and psychosocial aspects having influence on surrogacy, secondly is focused on practise. Through qualitative research find out attitude of social workers who work with social and legal child protection to this problematic. The thesis solves problematic aspects in application of surrogacy in practise use from the legal and ethical side and psychosocial consequences including attitudes of workers with social and legal protection. This thesis should point out the inconsistency and risks arising from implementation of surrogacy. The research shows different attitudes of legal surrogacy. What have conflicting views in common is fact to not be abused this institute and having finally the same purpose. The attitudes of social workers are similar and consider surrogacy to be risky and problematic from an ethical and psychosocial side of view. It is necessary don´t let the institute to be legally unprepared and set clear boundaries and rules to don´t be abused of surrogacy institute and prevent any negative impacts.

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito das Crianças, Família e Sucessões, A investigação sobre as famílias e os seus conflitos perante os Tribunais não são inéditos nas ciências sociais, no entanto, o direito de a criança ser ouvida continua apresentando-se como relevante e pertinente, por conta das atuais dificuldades inerentes à sua efetivação. A aprovação do novo diploma legal do Regime Geral do Processo Tutelar Cível, Lei n.º 141 de 8 de setembro 2015, estabeleceu um novo paradigma, no qual a criança, com capacidade de compreensão dos assuntos em discussão, é sempre ouvida sobre as decisões que lhe digam respeito. A audição da criança nos processos que lhe dizem respeito, administrativos ou judiciais, é a concretização do princípio do seu superior interesse, conforme a Convenção dos Direitos da criança. Este estudo, mediante revisão de literatura e investigação empírica, também verifica quais são os contextos nos quais as crianças foram ouvidas nos processos de regulação do exercício das responsabilidades parentais. Para tanto, foi feita uma coleta de dados nos processos onde houve a regulação do exercício das responsabilidades parentais entre dezembro de 2015 e julho de 2016, junto à dez Secções de Tribunais de Família e Menores. Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo doutrinário e empírico sobre a necessidade da audição da criança. A pesquisa demonstrou que as crianças são pouco ouvidas nos processos de regulação do exercício das responsabilidades parentais. Somente pouco mais da metade das crianças acima de doze anos, envolvidas nos processos pesquisados, foram ouvidas. Portanto, constata-se que ainda há um longo caminho a ser percorrido para efetivação do direito de audição e participação da criança nos Tribunais de Família e Menores em Portugal., Research on families and their conflicts in judicial proceedings are not new in the social sciences, however, the right of the child to be heard continues to be relevant and pertinent, bearing in mind the difficulties inherent to its realization. The approval of the new legal decree of the General Regime of the Civil Tutelar Process, Law no. 141 of September 8, 2015, established a new paradigm in which the child, who can understand the subjects under discussion, shall be heard in any proceedings affecting him. The hearing of the child in administrative or judicial proceedings is the realization of the best interest principle, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This study, through literature review and empirical research, also verifies the contexts in which children were heard in the proceedings of parental divorce. For that, a data collection was made in the proceedings between December of 2015 and July of 2016 was done, next to the 10 Sections of Courts of Family and Minors. This research is, therefore, a doctrinal and empirical study about the right of the child to be heard. Research has shown that children are poorly heard in the process of regulating the exercise of parental responsibilities. Only a little more than half of the children over the age of twelve, involved in the proceedings surveyed, were heard. Consequently, there is still a long way to go for the implementation of the right of hearing and participation of the child in the Family and Minor Courts in Portugal.

Fil: Porta, Agustina. Universidad Nacional de Villa María; Argentina.

Автор статьи определяет семью в качестве одной из базовых национальных ценностей, рассматривает проблему девальвации института семьи, объясняет причины снижения авторитета семьи и школы в 1990-е гг., предлагает пути расширения взаимодействия участников образовательных отношений. The author of the article defines the family as one of the basic national values, examines the problem of the devaluation of the family institution, explains the reasons for the decline of the authority of the family and school in the 1990s, and suggests ways to broaden the interaction of participants in educational relations.

In 1989, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child lay the groundwork for children´s access to education, to play, to express themselves, and to have their views heard. This article explores participation as a supportive framework for democracy, environmental justice, and cultural inclusion. It presents methods that have fostered cultural inclusion and connection to nature, by analyzing three projects in Boulder, Colorado and Salinas, California. Participatory methods included nicho boxes, photovoice, and garden art. These cases demonstrate how children’s rights to participation, through nature and the arts, help create just sustainabilities through the creation of culturally relevant practices that bridge social and environmental justice, En 1989, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos del Niño establece una base para que los niños tengan acceso a la educación, a jugar, a expresarse y tener sus opiniones oír. Este artículo explora la participación como un marco de apoyo para la democracia, la justicia ambiental y la inclusión cultural. Presenta métodos que han fomentado la inclusión cultural y la conexión con la naturaleza, analizando tres proyectos en Boulder, Colorado y Salinas, California. Los métodos participativos incluyeron cajas nicho, photovoice, y arte del jardín. Estos casos demuestran cómo los derechos de los niños a la participación, a través de la naturaleza y las artes, ayudan a crear sostenibilidad justicia, a través de la creación de prácticas culturalmente relevantes que contribuyen a la justicia social y ambiental, Em 1989, a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos da Criança proporcionou uma base para que as crianças tivessem acesso à educação, para jogar, para se expressar e para que as suas opiniões fossem ouvidas. Este artigo explora a participação como um quadro de apoio para a democracia, a justiça ambiental e inclusão cultural. São apresentados métodos que promoveram a inclusão cultural e a conexão com a natureza, analisando três projetos em Boulder, Colorado e Salinas, Califórnia. Os métodos participativos incluídos nicho, photovoice e jardinagem. Estes casos mostram como os direitos das crianças à participação, através da natureza e das artes, ajuda a criar sustentabilidade através da criação de práticas culturalmente relevantes que contribuem para uma justiça social e ambiental

The aim of this thesis is to analyze development of particular law fields related to the parenthood and to assess how the case law of the European Court of Human Rights influences interpretation of term parenthood, legal regulation thereof as well as practical realization of certain issues related to the parenthood. The thesis focuses especially on development of interpretation of term "family" and "parenthood", determination of parenthood, right to be a parent, right not to become a parent and right of children to know their genetic origin while a special attention is paid to controversial issues such as surrogacy, baby-boxes, assisted reproduction, abortions or secret and anonymous births. In case of all topics is cited, together with the relevant domestic case law, as well case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the thesis analyzes whether and to which extent they do correspond with each other and how the views of the European Court of Human Rights are reflected in the domestic law. Further, the thesis suggests how the Czech legal regulation could be modified in the future thanks to the influence of the European Court of Human Rights. The last part of the thesis deals with case law study and demonstrates how the Czech legal order has been modified in the past due to case law of the...